[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: Says
Context:
Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. "The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "<t>Says</t> Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target word "Says" in the given context. The target sentence: "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president." Then later: "Says Mr. Baldwin, 'We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience.'" The target surface form is "Says" (capitalized). We need to pick the best sense among the 11 options.

Looking at the context: "says" is used to report what someone said. Specifically, John C. Baldwin, the president, said something. The sentence structure is "..., says John C. Baldwin" and then "'We recognize ...' says Mr. Baldwin." This is a common reporting verb introducing direct or indirect speech. The senses provided:

1. express in words; state, tell. Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you." This is a broad sense for any verbal expression.

2. report or maintain; allege, aver. Example: "He alleged that he was the victim"; "He said it was too late." This sense implies asserting something, often with a nuance of claiming something.

3. express a supposition; suppose. Example: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth" – hypothetical. Not relevant here.

4. have or contain wording; read. Example: "The passage reads as follows" – labeling a text. Not relevant.

5. give instructions; order, tell, enjoin. Example: "I said to him to go home" – directive. Not relevant.

6. speak/pronounce in a certain way; pronounce, articulate. Example: "She pronounces French words" – focusing on articulation. Not relevant.

7. communicate nonverbally. Not relevant.

8. utter aloud. Example: "She said 'Hello' to everyone." This is close, but sense 1 might be more fitting for reporting speech.

9. state as one's opinion; declare. Example: "I say let's forget this whole business." This is about expressing an opinion or declaration, often first-person. Not quite the same as reporting speech.

10. recite a fixed text. Example: "Say grace" – not relevant.

11. indicate; "The clock says noon" – not relevant.

The most relevant senses are 1 and 2, and perhaps 8. Sense 1 is general "express in words; state, tell." Sense 2 is "report or maintain; allege, aver." Sense 8 is "utter aloud." The context is reporting speech: "says John C. Baldwin" and "Says Mr. Baldwin, 'We recognize...'" This is classic reporting of a statement, not just uttering aloud (which might be more about pronouncing a word or greeting). Sense 2 is about reporting or maintaining, with a nuance of alleging. The president says something that sounds like a statement of recognition: "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority..." This is closer to "state" or "report" rather than "allege" (which implies asserting something controversial). But sense 2 includes "He said it was too late" which is similar in tone. However, sense 1 is broader. Typically, in WSD, for "say" as a reporting verb in journalistic context, the sense "express in words" might be the primary. WordNet often has a specific sense for conveying information. Actually, checking sense keys: sense_key=say%2:32:00:: is express in words; state, tell; sense_key=say%2:32:01:: is report or maintain; allege, aver. The difference: "say" in sense 1 is simply "express in words", while sense 2 is "report or maintain" often with a suggestion of assertion. In the sentence, "says John C. Baldwin" – it's a neutral reporting of what he said, not necessarily alleging or maintaining. But many dictionaries have "say" meaning "to state as an opinion or fact" – which might be sense 1 as "state". So I'd lean to sense 1.

Sense 8 "utter aloud" is more about simply vocalizing sounds, like saying hello. It might also fit, but sense 1 is more about conveying a message. I think sense 1 is the default sense for reporting speech.

Thus, choose index 1.

Now, format JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recognize
Target surface form: recognize
Context:
Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. "The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We <t>recognize</t> that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recognize%2:31:02:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognise, know | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
2. sense_key=recognize%2:31:01:: | definition=be fully aware or cognizant of | synonyms=recognise, realize, realise, agnize, agnise
3. sense_key=recognize%2:39:01:: | definition=detect with the senses | synonyms=spot, recognise, distinguish, discern, pick out, make out | examples=The fleeing convicts were picked out of the darkness by the watchful prison guards; I can't make out the faces in this photograph
4. sense_key=recognize%2:31:00:: | definition=perceive to be the same | synonyms=recognise
5. sense_key=recognize%2:41:00:: | definition=grant credentials to | synonyms=accredit, recognise | examples=The Regents officially recognized the new educational institution; recognize an academic degree
6. sense_key=recognize%2:32:01:: | definition=express greetings upon meeting someone | synonyms=greet, recognise
7. sense_key=recognize%2:32:00:: | definition=express obligation, thanks, or gratitude for | synonyms=acknowledge, recognise | examples=We must acknowledge the kindness she showed towards us
8. sense_key=recognize%2:42:00:: | definition=exhibit recognition for (an antigen or a substrate)
9. sense_key=recognize%2:41:01:: | definition=show approval or appreciation of | synonyms=recognise | examples=My work is not recognized by anybody!; The best student was recognized by the Dean

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "recognize" in context. The sentence: "Says Mr. Baldwin, 'We <t>recognize</t> that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience.'"

We need to pick the best sense from the list. Sense 2: "be fully aware or cognizant of" fits: "We are aware that we may no longer have as high a priority..." This is a mental recognition, not greeting, acknowledging authority, sensing, etc. Thus sense_index: 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: no
Target surface form: no
Context:
Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. "The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may <t>no</t> longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=no%4:02:02:: | definition=referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present | synonyms=no more | examples=he was no heavier than a child
2. sense_key=no%4:02:01:: | definition=not in any degree or manner; not at all | examples=he is no better today
3. sense_key=no%4:02:00:: | definition=used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement | examples=no, you are wrong

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "no" and its surface form "no" in the context:

"Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. "The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may <t>no</t> longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers."

The target is inside: "We recognize that we may <t>no</t> longer have as high a priority in church life and experience."

We need to choose the best sense from the three candidates:

1. sense_key=no%4:02:02:: | definition=referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present | synonyms=no more | examples=he was no heavier than a child
2. sense_key=no%4:02:01:: | definition=not in any degree or manner; not at all | examples=he is no better today
3. sense_key=no%4:02:00:: | definition=used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement | examples=no, you are wrong

Now, analyze the context: "we may no longer have as high a priority". The word "no" here is part of the phrase "no longer", which means "not anymore". It is modifying "longer" (comparative of long) to indicate that from now on, we do not have as high a priority. The sense is about degree or extent: "to no degree or not anymore". Looking at the candidate senses:

- Sense 1: "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present | synonyms=no more | examples=he was no heavier than a child". This sense is about comparing degree, like "no more" meaning "not any more". The example "he was no heavier than a child" uses "no" to indicate that his weight did not exceed that of a child; it's a comparative. In our context, "no longer" is similar: it means "not any longer". This sense fits well.

- Sense 2: "not in any degree or manner; not at all | examples=he is no better today". This is also about degree, meaning "not at all". "He is no better today" means he is not in any degree better. But "no longer" is specifically about temporal extent, not just "not at all". The phrase "no longer" is a fixed phrase meaning "not anymore", which often uses "no" as a determiner or adverb of degree. However, the example for sense 2 is "he is no better today", which is similar to sense 1? Actually, both sense 1 and 2 deal with degree. Sense 1 specifically mentions "degree to which a certain quality is present" and the synonym is "no more". Sense 2 says "not in any degree or manner; not at all". The difference is subtle. But in "no longer", it's about the degree of length of time. So it might be more like "no more" (as in, not any more of the length). Sense 1 explicitly has synonym "no more", which is very close. The example "he was no heavier than a child" is a comparative with "no" before a comparative adjective. In "no longer", "longer" is a comparative adverb. So it's similar: we are no longer having as high a priority = we are not having a priority as high as before, to no degree. Actually, "no longer" is a fixed phrase.

- Sense 3: "used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement | examples=no, you are wrong". This is the interjection sense, used as a standalone response. In the context, "no" is not used alone; it's part of "no longer", so it's not an expression of refusal.

Therefore, sense 3 is clearly wrong. Between sense 1 and 2, we need to decide. Both are adverbial senses modifying degree. Sense 1: "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present" with synonym "no more". Sense 2: "not in any degree or manner; not at all" with example "he is no better today". In "he is no better today", "no" modifies a comparative adjective "better", indicating that there is no improvement. In "no longer", "longer" is a comparative adverb. Both are similar. However, WordNet often separates these as two different senses. Looking at the definitions:
- Sense 1 (02:02) is specifically "no more" meaning "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present". That seems to fit the use with comparatives: "no heavier", "no longer", "no more".
- Sense 2 (02:01) is "not at all" which is more general. For example, "he is no better today" could be interpreted as "not at all better". But "no longer" is more like "not any more longer" i.e., "no more long". The sentence "we may no longer have as high a priority" means "we may not have as high a priority any longer". The word "no" directly modifies "longer". The synonym "no more" is given for sense 1. "No longer" is essentially "no more long"? Actually, "no longer" is a fixed phrase working as an adverb meaning "not anymore". In dictionaries, "no longer" is often listed under "no" as an adverb meaning "not now as formerly; not as before" (similar to sense 1). For example, Merriam-Webster: "no longer" meaning "not now as formerly : not any more". So it fits with the "no more" synonym.

Furthermore, the example for sense 1 is "he was no heavier than a child", which is a comparative construction. In our context, "longer" is a comparative of "long". So it's parallel: "no longer" = "not any longer". Thus sense 1 is more appropriate. Sense 2 might be for cases like "he is no better" where it's simply "not at all better", but even then, "no better" can be seen as "not any better". Actually, many dictionaries conflate these. But given the specific indices, we should pick sense 1 because it specifically mentions "degree to which a certain quality is present" and has the synonym "no more". That aligns perfectly with "no longer".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

We need to output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: high
Context:
Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. "The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as <t>high</t> a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "high" in the context: "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience." Let's examine each candidate sense:

1. Definition: greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount. Examples: a high temperature; a high price. This sense relates to magnitude or degree. In context, "high a priority" means the priority is high in degree or importance. This fits well.

2. Definition: (literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension. Examples: a high mountain; high ceilings. This is about physical height. Not applicable here.

3. Definition: standing above others in quality or position. Synonyms: eminent. Examples: people in high places; the high priest. This sense is about status or rank. While priority can be seen as rank, but "high priority" typically means of great importance, not necessarily a position among others. It's more about degree than standing above others in hierarchy. The context doesn't imply a hierarchical position, just that the priority level is high.

4. Definition: used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency. Not applicable.

5. Definition: happy and excited and energetic. Not applicable.

6. Definition: (used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted. Not applicable.

7. Definition: slightly and pleasantly intoxicated. Not applicable.

The phrase "as high a priority" clearly uses "high" to indicate a great degree of importance. Sense 1 (greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount) is the best match. The example "a high price" shows a similar usage where high indicates a large amount. Priority is an abstract noun, and high modifies it to mean great in degree.

Sense 3 might be tempting because "priority" could be seen as a position, but the example "people in high places" refers to social status, not degree of priority. "High priority" is a common collocation meaning very important, not necessarily superior in a ranking. So sense 1 is more precise.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: priority
Target surface form: priority
Context:
Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. "The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a <t>priority</t> in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=priority%1:26:00:: | definition=status established in order of importance or urgency | synonyms=precedence, precedency | examples=...its precedence as the world's leading manufacturer of pharmaceuticals; national independence takes priority over class struggle
2. sense_key=priority%1:07:00:: | definition=preceding in time | synonyms=antecedence, antecedency, anteriority, precedence, precedency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "priority" with context: "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience."

We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=priority%1:26:00:: | definition=status established in order of importance or urgency | synonyms=precedence, precedency | examples=...its precedence as the world's leading manufacturer of pharmaceuticals; national independence takes priority over class struggle
2. sense_key=priority%1:07:00:: | definition=preceding in time | synonyms=antecedence, antecedency, anteriority, precedence, precedency

In the context, "priority" refers to the importance or standing of bell ringing in church life. The speaker is saying that bell ringing may not have as high a status or importance as it used to. This aligns with sense 1: status established in order of importance. Sense 2 means preceding in time, which doesn't fit here.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. "The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in <t>church</t> life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "church", surface form "church", in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses provided.

Let's examine the context: The text discusses church bells, a vicar, bell ringers, and "church life and experience." The target word appears in the phrase: "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience." This is said by Mr. Baldwin, president of the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers. The overall topic is about the role of bell ringing in church life.

Now, analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
   This sense refers to a denomination or a specific Christian group (e.g., the Catholic Church, the Methodist Church). In context, "church life and experience" could refer to life within a particular denomination. However, the context is more about a local church and its activities, not necessarily a specific denomination.

2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
   This sense refers to the physical building. "Church life and experience" might involve activities that take place in the church building, but the phrase "church life" typically refers to the community and activities, not just the building.

3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
   This sense refers to a religious service. "Church life and experience" might include attending services, but the phrase is broader than just a service; it encompasses the whole communal life.

4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week
   This sense refers to the congregation or the community of people belonging to a local church. "Church life and experience" likely means the life and experience of that community. The context talks about vicars, ringers, improving relations, and bell ringing as part of church life. This aligns with the idea of the church as a community of people, not just a building or a service.

The phrase "church life and experience" typically refers to the communal, spiritual, and social life within a church community. It is about the people and their activities. Sense 4 (the body of people) fits best because "church life" is the life of the congregation. The text mentions "vicar" (clergy), "ringers", "relations with vicars", and "the joys of bell ringing" as something to share with theological students. All of this points to the church as a community.

Thus, sense 4 is the most appropriate.

Now, we need to return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. "The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church <t>life</t> and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. 'The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church,' he says. 'I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life.' The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, 'The Bells in Your Care.' Says Mr. Baldwin, 'We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience.' Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers."

The target word is "life" in the phrase "church life". The context is about bell ringers and their role in the church community. The word "life" here refers to the collective activities, experiences, and way of living within the church community. Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life → This fits "church life" as a mode of living, like social life, city life. Church life is a characteristic state or mode of living within the church.

2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life → This is more general, the overall experience of life, not specifically a mode of living within a group.

3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others → This is individual life course, not appropriate for "church life" which is collective.

4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes → This is the literal biological state, not applicable.

5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life → This is about duration, not applicable.

6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life → Duration, not applicable.

7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life → Duration, not applicable.

8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life → Not applicable.

9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it → Not applicable; "church life" doesn't mean energy.

10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life → Not applicable.

11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon → Not applicable.

12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history → Not applicable.

13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life → Not applicable, though bell ringing might be a motive for some, but "church life" is not a motive.

14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard → Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 1: "a characteristic state or mode of living", as in "social life", "city life". "Church life" refers to the collective activities, customs, and way of living within a church community. It's a mode of living. The example "social life" is very analogous. So I'll choose index 1.

Output: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell-ringer himself. "The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and <t>experience</t>. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "experience" in the context: "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience."

The target lemma is "experience" as a noun. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher

2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly

3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

We need to pick based on the context. The sentence: "We may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience." Here "church life and experience" is a noun phrase. The speaker (Mr. Baldwin) is saying that bell ringing may not have as high a priority in church life and in the experience of churchgoers or in the experience of church activities. The phrase "church life and experience" seems to refer to both the life (daily activities, community) and the experience (the lived religious experiences, the spiritual encounters, perhaps the events). Sense 3 is "an event as apprehended", i.e., an event that is perceived. But "church experience" likely means the totality of what one experiences in church, i.e., the content of religious experiences. Sense 2 is "the content of direct observation or participation in an event" with examples like "he had a religious experience". That fits because "experience" here is about what people live through in church. Sense 1 is about accumulated knowledge/skill, which doesn't fit because they aren't talking about gaining skill or knowledge.

So sense 2 is the best match. Sense 3 might also fit because an event as apprehended could be a surprising experience, but sense 2 explicitly includes "religious experience" example, and the context is about church life and experience. So the answer is sense 2.

Thus: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attack
Target surface form: attacking
Context:
"The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also <t>attacking</t> the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attack%2:33:00:: | definition=launch an attack or assault on; begin hostilities or start warfare with | synonyms=assail | examples=Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939 and started World War II; Serbian forces assailed Bosnian towns all week
2. sense_key=attack%2:32:00:: | definition=attack in speech or writing | synonyms=round, assail, lash out, snipe, assault | examples=The editors of the left-leaning paper attacked the new House Speaker
3. sense_key=attack%2:33:01:: | definition=take the initiative and go on the offensive | synonyms=aggress | examples=The Serbs attacked the village at night; The visiting team started to attack
4. sense_key=attack%2:33:02:: | definition=attack someone physically or emotionally | synonyms=assail, assault, set on | examples=The mugger assaulted the woman; Nightmares assailed him regularly
5. sense_key=attack%2:30:00:: | definition=set to work upon; turn one's energies vigorously to a task | examples=I attacked the problem as soon as I got out of bed
6. sense_key=attack%2:29:00:: | definition=begin to injure | examples=The cancer cells are attacking his liver; Rust is attacking the metal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "attack" with surface form "attacking" and a context sentence: "Mr. Baldwin is also <t>attacking</t> the greater problem: lack of ringers." The context is about bell ringers and the problem of a shortage of ringers. The surrounding text mentions the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers and its efforts to improve relations and address the lack of ringers. Mr. Baldwin is "attacking the greater problem". This seems metaphorical: tackling a problem. The candidate senses include:

1. launch an attack or assault on; begin hostilities or start warfare with (military, literal war attack)
2. attack in speech or writing (criticize)
3. take the initiative and go on the offensive (sports? "start to attack")
4. attack someone physically or emotionally (physical assault or emotional assail)
5. set to work upon; turn one's energies vigorously to a task (e.g., attacking a problem)
6. begin to injure (like disease or rust)

In the context, Mr. Baldwin is addressing the problem of lack of ringers. The phrase "attacking the greater problem" strongly suggests sense 5: setting to work upon a task, tackling it vigorously. There is no indication of physical attack, verbal attack, or military attack. It's a figurative use of "attack" meaning to deal with something energetically. So I'll select sense 5.

Thus, the output should be {"sense_index": 5}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
"The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater <t>problem</t>: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "problem" in the context: "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater <t>problem</t>: lack of ringers." Here, the problem is a difficulty that needs to be resolved: the lack of ringers. Sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" with synonym "job" and example "she and her husband are having problems". Sense 2: "a question raised for consideration or solution" with example "our homework consisted of ten problems to solve" – this is more about an intellectual problem, not fitting. Sense 3: "a source of difficulty" with synonym "trouble" and example "one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?" This also fits, as lack of ringers is a source of difficulty. But sense 1 emphasizes a state of difficulty, while sense 3 emphasizes a source. The context says "attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers." The lack of ringers is a source of difficulty. Sense 1 is "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" – that could also fit, but the "lack of ringers" is not a state; it's a condition or source. The example for sense 1: "she and her husband are having problems" – that's a state of difficulty. The sense 3 examples: "one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?" Here "what's the problem?" is directly analogous: the problem is the lack of ringers. So sense 3 seems more direct: a source of difficulty. But sense 1 says "a state of difficulty" and the situation of lacking ringers is a state. Let's check the definitions carefully:
Sense 1: a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved. Synonyms: job. Example: she and her husband are having problems.
Sense 3: a source of difficulty. Synonyms: trouble. Example: one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

In the sentence, "attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers," the problem is identified as the lack of ringers, which is the source of difficulty. The word "problem" here refers to the issue itself. Sense 3 fits perfectly: the lack of ringers is a source of difficulty. Sense 1 would be more like "the church is having problems" (a state). Therefore, sense 3 is the best match.

Answer: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
"The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of <t>ringers</t>. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to provide the best indexed sense for the target word "ringer" in the given context. The context is about church bell ringers. The sentence says: "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers." It mentions "100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring." So "ringers" clearly refers to people who ring church bells. Among the candidate senses, sense 1 is "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms "toller, bell ringer". That fits perfectly. The other senses (dead ringer, contestant under false pretenses, horseshoes term) are not relevant. So we choose sense index 1.

Return a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survey
Target surface form: survey
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One <t>survey</t> says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=study
2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: | definition=short descriptive summary (of events) | synonyms=sketch, resume
3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of looking or seeing or observing | synonyms=view, sight | examples=he tried to get a better view of it; his survey of the battlefield was limited

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "survey" in the given context. The context: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring." Here, "survey" refers to some kind of investigation or study that provides statistics about bellringers. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=study
2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: | definition=short descriptive summary (of events) | synonyms=sketch, resume
3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of looking or seeing or observing | synonyms=view, sight | examples=he tried to get a better view of it; his survey of the battlefield was limited

In the sentence, "One survey says that...", it's likely referring to a statistical survey, a study that collects data. Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "study" fits well. A survey that says numbers implies research or study. Sense 2 is a summary of events, which doesn't fit. Sense 3 is about the act of looking, like viewing a battlefield, not about data collection. Thus, sense 1 is the best.

JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey <t>says</t> that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the single best indexed sense for "says" in the context. The sentence is: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."

The target word is "says" (from "say"). Context: It's about a survey reporting a statistic. The survey is the subject, and it says something. That is, the survey indicates or states a fact. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. express in words: He said that he wanted to marry her. This is about a person speaking words.
2. report or maintain: He alleged that... This is like claiming something, often with a tone of assertion. Could fit, but "survey" is not a person; it's an object that reports data. "Maintain" might not fit exactly.
3. express a supposition: "Let us say..." Hypothetical.
4. have or contain a certain wording: "The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?" This fits very well: when we ask "What does the law say?" we mean what does it state, what wording does it contain. Similarly, "One survey says..." means the survey indicates or states (it contains that information). The example "read" often substitutes for "say" in such cases. So sense 4 seems appropriate.
5. give instructions: order, tell. Not applicable.
6. pronounce: not applicable.
7. communicate nonverbally: not here, text is verbal.
8. utter aloud: not a survey uttering.
9. state opinion: not a survey's opinion, it's factual.
10. recite: not.
11. indicate: "The clock says noon." That's similar: a clock indicates the time. The survey indicates a statistic. So sense 11 (indicate) is also very plausible.

Between 4 and 11: Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form. Sense 11: indicate. For surveys, we typically say "the survey says" meaning it reports, indicates. Which is more precise? The definition of sense 4: "have or contain a certain wording or form". Example: "What does the law say?" The law isn't actively indicating something in the same way a clock indicates time; it's about the wording contained. For a survey, it contains results and says something. Sense 11: "The clock says noon" is about indicating a fact. Surveys indicate results. Both could work. However, the hyponym relation: In WordNet, "indicate" is a separate sense often used for signals, signs, etc. Let's check the examples: Sense 11 example "The clock says noon" is precisely a non-human agent indicating something. Sense 4 example "What does the law say?" is about wording. I think both are close. But let's see the actual WordNet hierarchy. Often, for texts, documents, reports, we use "say" in sense 4. For example, "The report says that..." is akin to "The passage reads as follows". Actually, the example "What does the law say?" is about the content. So I'd lean toward sense 4. Also, the synonym "read" is typical: "One survey reads that..." is possible but slightly awkward. However, the sense 11: "indicate" - if we say "The survey indicates that...", that's a good paraphrase. The clock example is similar: clock says = clock indicates. In both, it's a non-human source conveying information. The difference: sense 4 is about containing wording, sense 11 is about indicating. A survey contains wording/data, so it's about its content. I'd say sense 4 is more precise. Let's double-check: In the context, "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers...", it's reporting what the survey states as its findings. That is exactly like "What does the law say?" The law states something. So sense 4. Also, note that sense 11 is indexed 11 in the list, and sense 4 is indexed 4. I'll choose 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell_ringer
Target surface form: bellringers
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained <t>bellringers</t> in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, ringer
2. sense_key=bell_ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who plays musical handbells
3. sense_key=bell_ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=something that exactly succeeds in achieving its goal | synonyms=bull's eye, mark, home run | examples=the new advertising campaign was a bell ringer; scored a bull's eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "bellringers" in the given context. The target lemma is "bell_ringer" and the surface form is "bellringers". The context is about church bell ringers, specifically the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, and the article discusses bell ringing in churches. The candidate senses are:

1. Sense 1: person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)
2. Sense 2: someone who plays musical handbells
3. Sense 3: something that exactly succeeds in achieving its goal (like a bull's eye)

In the context, "bellringers" clearly refers to people who ring church bells, as the text mentions "Central Council of Church Bell Ringers", "bell ringing", "bells in your care", and "parishes and inner-city churches". There is no mention of handbells or figurative meanings. So the correct sense is sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England <t>today</t>, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "today" with surface form "today" in a context. We need to choose between two senses provided.

Sense 1: sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
Sense 2: sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Context: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."

Here, "today" refers to the present time or era, not specifically this particular day. It's talking about the current state of bellringers in England, not just this specific calendar day. So sense 1 fits better.

Thus, choose sense_index: 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, <t>only</t> 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: a sentence in a passage: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."

Wait, careful: The context says: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, <t>only</t> 40,000 of them still ring." So the target word "only" is used in that sentence. Let's understand the meaning. "only 40,000" means no more than 40,000, or just 40,000, emphasizing the small number relative to 100,000. It is an adverb modifying the number, indicating that out of 100,000, just 40,000 still ring. It suggests limitation or exclusivity: out of the total, merely 40,000 ring. This is similar to "merely, simply, just".

Now, examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
   This fits the "only 40,000" usage: 40,000 and nothing more. It's just 40,000, not more.

2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
   This one emphasizes exclusivity, like "exclusively, solely". For example, "He was entirely to blame" or "devoted entirely to". In the ringers context, it's not saying that 40,000 are the only ones involved in something; it's saying that out of 100,000, only 40,000 still ring. That is, no more than that number ring. It's a limiting modifier, not an exclusive one. The meaning is "merely", not "entirely". So sense 1 fits better.

3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
   This indicates an unexpected or ironic result. Not applicable here.

4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
   This means the ultimate effect is something. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
   "Only" as a conjunction meaning "but" or "except". Not relevant.

6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
   Conditional "only". Not relevant.

7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
   Temporal "only" meaning as recently as. Not relevant.

Clearly, sense 1 is the best match: "and nothing more". The synonym "merely, simply, just, but" also fits: "just 40,000 of them still ring". So the answer is sense index 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: still
Target surface form: still
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them <t>still</t> ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=still%4:02:01:: | definition=with reference to action or condition; without change, interruption, or cessation | examples=it's still warm outside; will you still love me when we're old and grey?
2. sense_key=still%4:02:04:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
3. sense_key=still%4:02:00:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, yet | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=still%4:02:02:: | definition=without moving or making a sound | synonyms=stock-still | examples=he sat still as a statue; time stood still

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Target lemma: still. Target surface form: still. Context: ... of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the four candidates. Let's analyze each sense:

1. still%4:02:01:: : "with reference to action or condition; without change, interruption, or cessation" – examples: "it's still warm outside; will you still love me when we're old and grey?" This sense indicates continuation of an action or state.

2. still%4:02:04:: : "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" – synonyms: however, nevertheless, etc. This is an adverbial sense meaning "nevertheless". Example: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it."

3. still%4:02:00:: : "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" – synonyms: even, yet. Example: "looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem."

4. still%4:02:02:: : "without moving or making a sound" – synonyms: stock-still. Example: "he sat still as a statue; time stood still."

Now, the sentence: "only 40,000 of them still ring." The meaning is that out of 100,000 trained bellringers, only 40,000 continue to ring. That is, they ring without interruption or cessation; they continue the action. It matches sense 1: "without change, interruption, or cessation". Sense 2 ("nevertheless") would imply a contrasting clause, but here there is no concession. Sense 3 (comparative "even") would not fit because it's not comparing degrees. Sense 4 (without moving) is not applicable because ringing bells is an action, not being motionless.

Thus, sense index 1 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, <t>ringers</t> do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target is "ringers" (plural of "ringer"), context: "... lack of ringers ... Of the 100,000 trained bellringers ... ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung ... attract and train ringers ..." All contexts clearly refer to bell ringers. Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)". Synonyms: toller, bell ringer. This fits perfectly. So the answer is sense_index 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: always
Target surface form: always
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not <t>always</t> live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=always%4:02:00:: | definition=at all times; all the time and on every occasion | synonyms=ever, e'er | examples=I will always be there to help you; always arrives on time
2. sense_key=always%4:02:04:: | definition=without variation or change, in every case | synonyms=constantly, invariably | examples=constantly kind and gracious; he always arrives on time
3. sense_key=always%4:02:03:: | definition=without interruption | synonyms=constantly, forever, perpetually, incessantly | examples=the world is constantly changing
4. sense_key=always%4:02:02:: | definition=at any time or in any event | examples=you can always resign if you don't like it; you could always take a day off
5. sense_key=always%4:02:01:: | definition=forever; throughout all time | examples=we will always be friends; I shall treasure it always

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "always" in the given context. We must choose the single best indexed sense from the five candidate senses provided (indexed 1 to 5). We need to return only a JSON object with the sense_index.

Let's analyze the context: "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches." So, the meaning here is that it is not the case that ringers live in the right places at all times or in every instance. They sometimes don't live where needed. The phrase "do not always" indicates that it is not an invariable truth; it's not the case that this is true on every occasion. So "always" here means "at all times" or "on every occasion." Let's check the senses:

1. "at all times; all the time and on every occasion" with examples: "I will always be there to help you; always arrives on time". This matches perfectly: ringers do not live where needed on every occasion. The negation "do not always" means it's not true that they live there at all times. So sense 1 fits.

2. "without variation or change, in every case" with synonyms "constantly, invariably". This is similar, but the nuance might be slightly different. "Without variation or change" emphasizes consistency. The sentence "he always arrives on time" appears in both 1 and 2? Actually, example for 1: "always arrives on time"; for 2: "he always arrives on time" (in the provided text it says "constantly kind and gracious; he always arrives on time"). The distinction might be that sense 1 is about temporal frequency ("at all times"), while sense 2 is about an invariable rule ("in every case"). In our context, "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung" means it is not the case that in every instance they live there. It's about cases/situations, not strictly temporal? But "live" is a stative verb; it means they are not always residing there. It could be interpreted as temporal: not at all times, there are times when they don't live there. Or it could be interpreted as: it is not invariably true that a ringer lives where needed. Both are very close. However, WordNet distinguishes these as two senses. Often in WSD, "always" sense 1 and sense 2 are hard to distinguish. I need to see if there's a clear difference in the provided definitions and examples. Sense 1: "at all times; all the time and on every occasion" – explicitly uses "on every occasion". Sense 2: "without variation or change, in every case" – "constantly kind and gracious" and "he always arrives on time" as examples. Actually, the example "he always arrives on time" is given for both sense 1 (as "always arrives on time") and sense 2 ("he always arrives on time"). So the distinction must be based on the context: if it's about a habit or general rule, maybe sense 2; if it's about a promise or continuous state, sense 1. But I'm not entirely sure.

Let's read the WordNet glosses carefully:
- Sense 1: at all times; all the time and on every occasion. (synonyms: ever, e'er)
- Sense 2: without variation or change, in every case (synonyms: constantly, invariably)

The key difference: sense 1 includes temporal extent ("at all times, all the time") while sense 2 emphasizes lack of exception ("in every case"). In the sentence "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung", the meaning is "it is not in every case that ringers live where they are needed." That is, there are exceptions. This aligns more with sense 2's "in every case". However, "live" is not a verb that typically expresses a variable action; it's a state. So "always live" could be paraphrased as "invariably live". Sense 2's examples include "constantly kind and gracious" (state) and "he always arrives on time" (action). It's often said that sense 2 is used for generalizations, while sense 1 is for continuous actions. But both are very similar.

Another clue: the synonyms. Sense 1: "ever, e'er". These are archaic or poetic, often used in questions or conditionals. "Always" as "ever" would be like "If you ever need help, I will always be there" – but that's not the primary. However, that synonym might indicate that sense 1 is the more basic temporal sense. Sense 2: "constantly, invariably". In our context, we could substitute "invariably": "ringers do not invariably live where the bells need to be rung." That sounds very natural. Also "constantly" doesn't fit perfectly with "live" because living somewhere is a state, not a repeated action. So I lean towards sense 2.

But let's check the context more: The whole passage says that of 100,000 trained ringers, only 40,000 still ring, and also ringers do not always live where needed. This is a general statement about the distribution of ringers. It's a fact that is not universally true; there are many cases where ringers don't live nearby. So it's about the lack of a universal rule, i.e., "in every case". So sense 2 fits.

However, many WSD systems annotate such generic uses as sense 1 (the most frequent sense). But we must follow the given candidates. Senses 1 and 2 are very fine-grained. Based on WordNet, sense 1 is "at all times" (temporal), sense 2 is "without variation or change, in every case" (logical). The example "he always arrives on time" appears in both, but the second sense emphasizes the invariability. In fact, the WordNet documentation often says that sense 1 is for "at all times" meaning "perpetually", while sense 2 is for "on every occasion". But here the definitions say: sense 1: "at all times; all the time and on every occasion" explicitly includes "on every occasion". Sense 2: "without variation or change, in every case" – so both have "occasion/case". The distinction might be subtle: sense 1 is more focused on the time element, sense 2 on the uniformity. In "does not always live", it means "it is not the case that for all occasions/places, they live there." That is sense 1's "on every occasion" more than sense 2's "in every case"? I'm not certain.

We might also consider the other senses: sense 3 "without interruption" (constantly, forever, perpetually) – not fitting because it's not about continuous interruption, it's about occurrence. Sense 4 "at any time or in any event" (as in "you can always resign") – that is a different usage, not relevant. Sense 5 "forever; throughout all time" – that is about eternal duration, not fitting.

So the choice is between 1 and 2. The context: "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung" – this is a negative statement indicating that the proposition "ringers live where the bells need to be rung" is not universally true. It's a kind of quantifier: "not always" means "not in every case". That aligns with sense 2's "in every case". In fact, in logic, "always" as a universal quantifier over situations is sense 2. The sentence is not about temporal frequency ("at all times") but about the distribution of ringers. It's a generic statement: Ringers, in general, do not necessarily reside where the bells are. So I'll go with sense 2.

However, note that sense 1 also says "on every occasion". Occasion is a situation. So both could apply. Let's look at the examples given for each sense in the prompt:
- Sense 1: "I will always be there to help you; always arrives on time" – the first is a promise of perpetual availability (temporal), the second is a habitual action.
- Sense 2: "constantly kind and gracious; he always arrives on time" – the first is a trait, the second a habit. So "he always arrives on time" is ambiguous and appears in both. So the distinction is indeed very fine.

The key might be that sense 1 has the synonym "ever", which is not used in this context. Sense 2 has "invariably", which fits perfectly: "ringers do not invariably live where needed." Therefore, I'll choose sense 2.

I'll answer: {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: live
Target surface form: live
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always <t>live</t> where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=live%2:42:08:: | definition=inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of | synonyms=populate, dwell, inhabit | examples=People lived in Africa millions of years ago; The people inhabited the islands that are now deserted
2. sense_key=live%2:42:06:: | definition=lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style | examples=we had to live frugally after the war
3. sense_key=live%2:42:04:: | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=survive, last, live on, go, endure, hold up | examples=We went without water and food for 3 days; These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America
4. sense_key=live%2:42:01:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, survive, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?
5. sense_key=live%2:42:00:: | definition=have life, be alive | synonyms=be | examples=Our great leader is no more; My grandfather lived until the end of war
6. sense_key=live%2:31:00:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=know, experience | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
7. sense_key=live%2:42:07:: | definition=pursue a positive and satisfying existence | examples=You must accept yourself and others if you really want to live

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "live" in the given context. The target is "live" in "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung". So the context is about bell ringers not living in the locations where the bells are. It clearly refers to residing, inhabiting a place. The sense is about dwelling. Looking at the candidates:

1. sense_key=live%2:42:08:: | definition=inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of | synonyms=populate, dwell, inhabit | examples=People lived in Africa millions of years ago; The people inhabited the islands that are now deserted. This matches perfectly: live somewhere, reside.

2. lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style. Not about location.

3. continue to live through hardship. Not.

4. support oneself. Not about residence.

5. have life, be alive. Not.

6. experience. Not.

7. pursue a positive and satisfying existence. Not.

Clearly sense 1 is correct. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}