[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: true
Target surface form: true
Context:
The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was <t>true</t> of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=true%3:00:00:: | definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false; ; - B. Russell | examples=the story is true; it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true
2. sense_key=true%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=accurately placed or thrown | synonyms=dead on target | examples=his aim was true; he was dead on target
3. sense_key=true%5:00:02:faithful:00 | definition=devoted (sometimes fanatically) to a cause or concept or truth | examples=true believers bonded together against all who disagreed with them
4. sense_key=true%3:00:04:: | definition=expressing or given to expressing the truth | synonyms=truthful | examples=a true statement; gave truthful testimony
5. sense_key=true%5:00:00:typical:00 | definition=conforming to definitive criteria | examples=the horseshoe crab is not a true crab; Pythagoras was the first true mathematician
6. sense_key=true%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=worthy of being depended on | synonyms=dependable, honest, reliable | examples=a dependable worker; an honest working stiff
7. sense_key=true%5:00:00:sincere:00 | definition=not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed | synonyms=genuine, unfeigned | examples=genuine emotion; her interest in people was unfeigned
8. sense_key=true%5:00:00:real:02 | definition=rightly so called | examples=true courage; a spirit which true men have always admired
9. sense_key=true%5:00:00:geographic:00 | definition=determined with reference to the earth's axis rather than the magnetic poles | examples=true north is geographic north
10. sense_key=true%5:00:00:legitimate:00 | definition=having a legally established claim | synonyms=lawful, rightful | examples=the legitimate heir; the true and lawful king
11. sense_key=true%5:00:00:harmonious:00 | definition=in tune; accurate in pitch | synonyms=on-key | examples=a true note
12. sense_key=true%5:00:00:even:01 | definition=accurately fitted; level | synonyms=straight | examples=the window frame isn't quite true

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "It was an audacious claim. ... 'I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers.'" The target word is "true". Context: Dr. Knudson is expressing a belief that the finding (that loss of both copies of a gene leads to cancer) is a general principle. "true of retinoblastoma" meaning applies to retinoblastoma, and then "would be true for all cancers" meaning would also apply to all cancers. So "true" here means "consistent with fact or reality; not false" or "correct" or "valid". Looking at the senses:

1. consistent with fact or reality; not false — This fits: "what was true of retinoblastoma" meaning the fact that the genetic mechanism is true (correct) for retinoblastoma. Then "would be true for all cancers" meaning it would also be correct for all cancers.

Other senses: 2 (accurately placed/thrown) no; 3 (devoted) no; 4 (truthful, expressing truth) might be possible if "true" means "truthful statement", but the context is about a claim about cancer, not about a person being truthful; 5 (conforming to criteria) no; 6 (dependable) no; 7 (sincere) no; 8 (rightly so called) no; 9 (geographic) no; 10 (legitimate) no; 11 (in tune) no; 12 (level) no.

So sense 1 is clearly the best.

Answer: {"sense_index":


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: true
Target surface form: true
Context:
The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be <t>true</t> for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=true%3:00:00:: | definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false; ; - B. Russell | examples=the story is true; it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true
2. sense_key=true%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=accurately placed or thrown | synonyms=dead on target | examples=his aim was true; he was dead on target
3. sense_key=true%5:00:02:faithful:00 | definition=devoted (sometimes fanatically) to a cause or concept or truth | examples=true believers bonded together against all who disagreed with them
4. sense_key=true%3:00:04:: | definition=expressing or given to expressing the truth | synonyms=truthful | examples=a true statement; gave truthful testimony
5. sense_key=true%5:00:00:typical:00 | definition=conforming to definitive criteria | examples=the horseshoe crab is not a true crab; Pythagoras was the first true mathematician
6. sense_key=true%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=worthy of being depended on | synonyms=dependable, honest, reliable | examples=a dependable worker; an honest working stiff
7. sense_key=true%5:00:00:sincere:00 | definition=not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed | synonyms=genuine, unfeigned | examples=genuine emotion; her interest in people was unfeigned
8. sense_key=true%5:00:00:real:02 | definition=rightly so called | examples=true courage; a spirit which true men have always admired
9. sense_key=true%5:00:00:geographic:00 | definition=determined with reference to the earth's axis rather than the magnetic poles | examples=true north is geographic north
10. sense_key=true%5:00:00:legitimate:00 | definition=having a legally established claim | synonyms=lawful, rightful | examples=the legitimate heir; the true and lawful king
11. sense_key=true%5:00:00:harmonious:00 | definition=in tune; accurate in pitch | synonyms=on-key | examples=a true note
12. sense_key=true%5:00:00:even:01 | definition=accurately fitted; level | synonyms=straight | examples=the window frame isn't quite true

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "true" in the given context. The sentence is: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers." The speaker is saying that a finding about retinoblastoma would also be valid for all cancers. The word "true" here means "consistent with fact or reality" or "actual" – it is about something being factually accurate or applicable. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=true%3:00:00:: | definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false; examples=the story is true; it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true

This fits perfectly: "what was true of retinoblastoma" means "what was factually true about retinoblastoma" would also be factually true for all cancers.

2. accurately placed or thrown – no.

3. devoted to a cause – no.

4. expressing truth, truthful – the statement is about a fact being true, not about someone telling the truth.

5. conforming to definitive criteria – like "true crab" – not applicable.

6. worthy of being depended on – no.

7. sincere – no.

8. "rightly so called" – like "true courage" – not applicable.

9. geographic true north – no.

10. legitimate – no.

11. in tune – no.

12. level – no.

Clearly sense 1 is the correct one.

Thus, the JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all <t>cancers</t>. "It was an audacious claim.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "cancer", surface form "cancers", in a given context. We have 5 candidate senses. We need to choose the single best indexed sense based on context. The context is about medical research: gene defects in chromosome 13, loss of both copies of a gene leading to eruption of a cancer, retinoblastoma as a specific cancer type, and then the quote: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers." So "cancers" clearly refers to the disease sense. Sense 1 is the disease sense: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." That fits perfectly. Other senses are astrological, constellation, zodiac sign, or a genus of crabs. None of those make sense in context. So sense_index 1. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: audacious
Target surface form: audacious
Context:
By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an <t>audacious</t> claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:bold:00 | definition=invulnerable to fear or intimidation | synonyms=brave, dauntless, fearless, hardy, intrepid, unfearing | examples=audacious explorers; fearless reporters and photographers
2. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:unashamed:00 | definition=unrestrained by convention or propriety; ; ; - Los Angeles Times; ; ; - Bertrand Russell | synonyms=barefaced, bodacious, bald-faced, brassy, brazen, brazen-faced | examples=an audacious trick to pull; a barefaced hypocrite
3. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:adventurous:00 | definition=disposed to venture or take risks | synonyms=daring, venturesome, venturous | examples=audacious visions of the total conquest of space; an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "audacious" in the given context. The context is: "It was an audacious claim." This refers to Dr. Knudson's claim that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. The claim was bold and daring because it was a generalization from one cancer type to all cancers. It implies bravery and venturesomeness, not shamelessness or brazenness. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: invulnerable to fear or intimidation; synonyms: brave, dauntless, fearless, hardy, intrepid, unfearing. Examples: audacious explorers; fearless reporters and photographers. This sense relates to bravery in the face of fear, which fits a claim that is bold and daring.

Sense 2: unrestrained by convention or propriety; synonyms: barefaced, bodacious, bald-faced, brassy, brazen, brazen-faced. Examples: an audacious trick to pull; a barefaced hypocrite. This sense suggests shamelessness or impudence, which doesn't fit the context of a scientific claim that is bold but not necessarily improper.

Sense 3: disposed to venture or take risks; synonyms: daring, venturesome, venturous. Examples: audacious visions of the total conquest of space; an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas. This sense emphasizes risk-taking, which could apply to making a broad claim that might be wrong.

The context: "It was an audacious claim." The preceding sentence: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers." This claim is bold and daring, potentially risky. But is it more about bravery or risk-taking? The two senses are close. In such cases, we need to see the nuance. Sense 1 focuses on fearlessness, sense 3 on risk-taking. Both are plausible. However, considering the examples: sense 1 has "audacious explorers" depicting people who brave danger, while sense 3 has "audacious visions" suggesting speculative boldness. The claim here is intellectual, a generalization, so it might align more with "an audacious interpretation" from sense 3. But note that WordNet groups "audacious" into multiple senses, and we must pick the best. Often, "an audacious claim" means a bold, daring claim, which could be either fearless or risky. I'd lean towards sense 3 because it's about venturing a claim that might not be accepted, taking a risk. However, let's check: The phrase "audacious claim" is common, and it typically means bold or daring, not brazen. In many dictionaries, audacious means showing a willingness to take surprisingly bold risks. That matches sense 3. Sense 1 is more about courage in the face of physical danger, which doesn't perfectly fit an intellectual claim. So I'll go with sense 3.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: claim
Target surface form: claim
Context:
By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious <t>claim</t>. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=claim%1:10:00:: | definition=an assertion of a right (as to money or property) | examples=his claim asked for damages
2. sense_key=claim%1:10:02:: | definition=an assertion that something is true or factual | examples=his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims
3. sense_key=claim%1:04:00:: | definition=demand for something as rightful or due | examples=they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day
4. sense_key=claim%1:07:02:: | definition=an informal right to something | synonyms=title | examples=his claim on her attentions; his title to fame
5. sense_key=claim%1:07:01:: | definition=an established or recognized right | synonyms=title | examples=a strong legal claim to the property; he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate
6. sense_key=claim%1:10:01:: | definition=a demand especially in the phrase | synonyms=call | examples=the call of duty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "claim", target surface form "claim". The context is a passage about a scientific discovery. The relevant sentence: "It was an audacious <t>claim</t>." This refers to Dr. Knudson's statement: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers." This is a statement asserting that a particular principle holds for all cancers. It is not a demand for a right, nor an assertion of a right to property or money. It is an assertion that something is true or factual. The adjective "audacious" fits with an assertion being bold or daring.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. assertion of a right (as to money or property) - not appropriate.
2. an assertion that something is true or factual - matches perfectly. Example: "his claim that he was innocent". Here, Dr. Knudson's claim is that what was true for retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers.
3. demand for something as rightful or due - no.
4. informal right to something - no.
5. established or recognized right - no.
6. a demand especially in the phrase "call" - no.

So sense 2 is the best. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2} but careful: the indexing starts at 1 in the list. So sense_index: 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a <t>young</t> molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "young" in the given context. The context: "But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right..."

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: (used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth. Synonyms: immature. Example: young people.
   - This refers to age: a young person, someone in the early stages of life. Dr. Vogelstein is referred to as a "young molecular biologist". This fits: he is likely a person in the early period of his career/life.

2. sense 2: (of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity. Synonyms: new. Example: new potatoes; young corn.
   - This is specifically for crops. Not applicable to a person.

3. sense 3: suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh. Synonyms: youthful, vernal. Example: he is young for his age.
   - This sense implies a quality of being youthful in appearance or behavior, not necessarily actual age. The context says "a young molecular biologist". It could be interpreted as him being youthful or early in his career, but typically "young molecular biologist" indicates his actual age or career stage, not just appearing youthful. The example "he is young for his age" suggests a comparative sense: having qualities of youth despite age. Here, it's not comparative; it's just stating he is a young biologist.

4. sense 4: being in its early stage. Example: a young industry; the day is still young.
   - This applies to non-living things like industries, days, etc. Not applicable to people.

5. sense 5: not tried or tested by experience. Synonyms: unseasoned, untested, untried. Example: unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle.
   - This could apply to a young professional: someone inexperienced or untested. The context: Dr. Vogelstein is a molecular biologist who believed Dr. Knudson and set out to repeat an experiment. He might be early in his career, so sense 1 and sense 5 both could fit. However, "young" typically first means age, and "inexperienced" is a secondary implication. But we need to choose the best indexed sense.

We need to see which sense the WordNet index assigns. The sense keys:
1. young%3:00:00::
2. young%5:00:00:early:02
3. young%5:00:01:young:00
4. young%5:00:00:new:00
5. young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00

Sense 1 is an adjective meaning in early period of life. It's the most direct for a person. Sense 5 is also possible but it's a derived sense: "not tried or tested by experience". In WordNet, sense 1 is the primary sense for persons. The context says "a young molecular biologist" - it's simply stating his age or career stage. There's no explicit indication that he is being described as untested; it just says he's young. Typically, in such contexts, "young" refers to actual young age. So I'd pick sense 1.

But let's check all examples: sense 1 example "young people" matches exactly. Sense 5 example: "unseasoned artillery volunteers" suggests military inexperience. While a young scientist might be inexperienced, the word "young" itself is not typically used to mean solely "inexperienced"; it's more about age. The gloss for sense 5 is "not tried or tested by experience", with synonyms unseasoned, untested, untried. That is a specific sense. In the sentence, "a young molecular biologist" is straightforward: a molecular biologist who is young. There's no need to infer the "inexperienced" sense, because it could just be age. WordNet has sense 1 as the default for living things/persons. So I'll choose sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, <t>believed</t> Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "believed" in context. The target is "believed" in the sentence: "But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."

We have five candidate senses. We need to pick the best one.

Let's analyze the context: Dr. Vogelstein believed Dr. Knudson was right. That means he accepted that Dr. Knudson's claim was correct. He didn't just have a favorable opinion; he accepted it as true enough to act on it by setting out to repeat the experiment.

Now look at the definitions:

1. accept as true; take to be true. Examples: I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War. This directly matches accepting something as true. Here, Dr. Vogelstein accepted as true that Dr. Knudson was right.

2. judge or regard; look upon; judge. Synonyms: think, consider, conceive. Examples: I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart. This is more about forming an opinion or judgment about someone's quality or state. In the context, it's not just "I believe him to be smart," but "I believed he was right," which is about the truth of a proposition. But note that sense 2's examples include "I believe her to be very smart," which is similar in structure. However, sense 1 is specifically "accept as true," while sense 2 is more about subjective judgment. The primary difference: sense 1 is about truth claims, sense 2 about personal opinions. Here, "Dr. Knudson was right" is a truth claim, so sense 1 fits better.

3. be confident about something; trust. Examples: I believe that he will come back from the war. This is about confidence in a future event, but here it's about past claim? Actually, Knudson made a claim, and Vogelstein believed it was correct. It's not really about confidence, but acceptance of truth.

4. follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer. Not relevant; no religious or creed following.

5. credit with veracity. Examples: You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer? This is about trusting a source to be truthful. But here, it's not simply believing the man, but believing that he was right about a specific claim. It could be "believe Dr. Knudson" as a person, but the structure is "believed Dr. Knudson was right," which is a clausal complement, not a direct object of a person. So sense 5 is about believing a person or source (credit with veracity). That could also work: believing Dr. Knudson. But the phrase "believed Dr. Knudson was right" could be parsed as "believed (that) Dr. Knudson was right." That is a propositional complement, not a direct object of a person. So it's more like sense 1 or 3. Comparing sense 1 and 5: sense 1 is accept as true (of a statement or claim), sense 5 is credit a person with veracity. The sentence says "believed Dr. Knudson was right" which means he accepted the proposition that Dr. Knudson was right. That's sense 1. Moreover, the examples for sense 1: "I believed his report" – here, "his report" is something with content. So believing someone's words. The example for sense 5: "You cannot believe this man" – direct object is the person. So the syntactic difference: if the object is a person, it's sense 5; if it's a proposition, it's sense 1. Here we have a clause, so it's sense 1.

Sense 3: "be confident about something" – example: "I believe that he will come back" – that is also a proposition, but it's about future confidence. The gloss says "be confident about something" with synonyms: trust. It might seem similar, but sense 1 is more general "accept as true." The distinction: sense 3 implies a degree of confidence or trust, often for future or uncertain events. But here, it's about a scientific claim that was already made. So sense 1 is more neutral. Given the context, the scientist was convinced and acted on it, but the word "believed" just means accepted as true. So I think sense 1 is best.

Let's check the examples for sense 1: "I believed his report" – that is similar to believing what someone said. "We didn't believe his stories" – again, accepting the content as true. That fits perfectly. So I choose sense 1.

Thus, sense_index = 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: right
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was <t>right</t>, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%3:00:00:: | definition=being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the east when facing north | examples=my right hand; right center field
2. sense_key=right%3:00:02:: | definition=free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth | synonyms=correct | examples=the correct answer; the correct version
3. sense_key=right%5:00:01:proper:00 | definition=socially right or correct | synonyms=correct | examples=it isn't right to leave the party without saying goodbye; correct behavior
4. sense_key=right%3:00:01:: | definition=in conformance with justice or law or morality | examples=do the right thing and confess
5. sense_key=right%3:00:04:: | definition=correct in opinion or judgment | synonyms=correct | examples=time proved him right
6. sense_key=right%5:00:00:appropriate:00 | definition=appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person's character, needs | synonyms=proper | examples=everything in its proper place; the right man for the job
7. sense_key=right%3:00:03:: | definition=of or belonging to the political or intellectual right
8. sense_key=right%5:00:00:satisfactory:00 | definition=in or into a satisfactory condition | examples=things are right again now; put things right
9. sense_key=right%5:00:00:right-handed:00 | definition=intended for the right hand | synonyms=right-hand | examples=a right-hand glove
10. sense_key=right%5:00:02:proper:00 | definition=in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure | synonyms=correct | examples=what's the right word for this?; the right way to open oysters
11. sense_key=right%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=having the axis perpendicular to the base | examples=a right angle
12. sense_key=right%5:00:00:outside:00 | definition=(of the side of cloth or clothing) facing or intended to face outward | examples=the right side of the cloth showed the pattern; be sure your shirt is right side out
13. sense_key=right%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
14. sense_key=right%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=precisely accurate | synonyms=veracious | examples=a veracious account

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target word "right" in context: "Dr. Vogelstein ... believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment..." The sense candidates are listed. We need to pick the most appropriate one. The context clearly indicates that Dr. Vogelstein believed that Dr. Knudson's claim was correct, i.e., free from error, conforming to fact or truth. That matches sense 2: "free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth" with synonyms "correct". Also sense 5: "correct in opinion or judgment" with examples "time proved him right". Sense 5 also fits. But we need to choose the single best. Let's compare: Sense 2: "free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth" (the correct answer/version). Sense 5: "correct in opinion or judgment" (time proved him right). In this context, Dr. Knudson made a claim ("what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers"). Vogelstein believed he was right about that claim. So it's about the correctness of his opinion/judgment. Both sense 2 and sense 5 are plausible. But note that sense 5 explicitly says "correct in opinion or judgment" with example "time proved him right". That matches exactly the phrase "believed Dr. Knudson was right". The phrase "was right" often means that the person's opinion/judgment is correct. Sense 2 is more about answers or versions being correct (factually true). Sense 5 is about a person being right in their opinion. Given the context, sense 5 seems more precise. Also, in WordNet, sense 5 is an adjective sense for "right" meaning correct in opinion or judgment. Sense 2 is also an adjective sense. But we should pick the best fit. Sense 5: "correct in opinion or judgment" – "time proved him right". So for a person being right, sense 5 is the one. Let's check the glosses: sense 5 definition: "correct in opinion or judgment". Sense 2: "free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth". When we say "someone is right", we typically mean they are correct in their judgment. So sense 5 is the most appropriate. Therefore, I choose sense_index 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set_out
Target surface form: set out
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and <t>set out</t> to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set_out%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, start, set about | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=set_out%2:35:00:: | definition=lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line | synonyms=range, array, lay out | examples=lay out the clothes; lay out the arguments
3. sense_key=set_out%2:38:00:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set off | examples=The family took off for Florida

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence containing the target phrase "set out". The relevant part is: "... and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers." We need to pick the correct sense from the three given options.

Let's analyze each sense:

Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" with synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, start, set about. Example: "We began working at dawn; Who will start?" This matches the context: Dr. Vogelstein "set out to repeat the experiment" meaning he began or started to repeat it. The infinitive "to repeat" indicates purpose.

Sense 2: "lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line" with synonyms: range, array, lay out. Example: "lay out the clothes; lay out the arguments." This doesn't fit: he didn't lay something physically in a line. It's abstract but doesn't match the action of beginning an endeavor.

Sense 3: "leave" with synonyms: depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set off. Example: "The family took off for Florida." This implies physical departure, but in context, it's not about leaving a place but about commencing an action. He isn't departing on a journey; he is embarking on a task.

Clearly, sense 1 is the correct one. It's about beginning an action, which fits the pattern "set out to [verb]".

So answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: repeat
Target surface form: repeat
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to <t>repeat</t> the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=repeat%2:32:00:: | definition=to say, state, or perform again | synonyms=reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell | examples=She kept reiterating her request
2. sense_key=repeat%2:36:00:: | definition=make or do or perform again | synonyms=duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate | examples=He could never replicate his brilliant performance of the magic trick
3. sense_key=repeat%2:30:00:: | definition=happen or occur again | synonyms=recur | examples=This is a recurring story
4. sense_key=repeat%2:32:01:: | definition=to say again or imitate | synonyms=echo | examples=followers echoing the cries of their leaders
5. sense_key=repeat%2:41:00:: | definition=do over | synonyms=take over | examples=They would like to take it over again
6. sense_key=repeat%2:36:01:: | definition=repeat an earlier theme of a composition | synonyms=reprise, reprize, recapitulate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "repeat" and its surface form "repeat". The context is about Dr. Vogelstein setting out to "repeat" the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. This means he wants to perform the same experiment again using cells from other cancers. The meaning is to do or perform the experiment again. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "to say, state, or perform again" - includes perform, but primarily focuses on verbal repetition (say, state). Example: She kept reiterating her request. The word "perform" appears in the definition, but the synonyms are all speech-related: reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell. It might include perform, but the emphasis is on saying/ stating.

2. "make or do or perform again" - synonyms: duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate. Example: He could never replicate his brilliant performance. This sense is about doing something again, especially an action, experiment, etc. This fits perfectly: "repeat the experiment" means to perform the experiment again, to replicate it.

3. "happen or occur again" - synonyms: recur. Example: This is a recurring story. This is about events happening again, not about someone actively doing something again. Not appropriate because Dr. Vogelstein is actively repeating the experiment.

4. "to say again or imitate" - synonyms: echo. Example: followers echoing the cries. Again, primarily verbal imitation.

5. "do over" - synonyms: take over. Example: They would like to take it over again. This is about doing something over again, possibly from the start. It might fit, but the sense is "do over" and the synonym is "take over", which often means to assume control or start again. However, "repeat an experiment" is more precisely covered by sense 2 with "replicate".

6. "repeat an earlier theme of a composition" - music sense. Not applicable.

Sense 2 is clearly about making or doing or performing again, with synonyms like duplicate and replicate, which are exactly the words used in scientific contexts: replicate an experiment. The context says "repeat the Cavenee experiment", meaning to perform the same experiment again to see if the results hold. Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Output JSON: {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiment
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee <t>experiment</t> in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "The finding riveted medicine... set out to repeat the Cavenee <t>experiment</t> in cells from other cancers." So the target is "experiment" and it refers to a specific test or investigation. The context: "repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers." This is a controlled test or investigation. Sense 1: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" fits perfectly. Sense 2: "the testing of an idea" is broader, but the example "it was an experiment in living" doesn't fit the scientific experimental context. Sense 3: "a venture at something new or different" with example "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard" is clearly not about a scientific test. So sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in <t>cells</t> from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "cells" in the given context. The target lemma is "cell", surface form "cells". The context discusses cancer research, specifically about the loss of both copies of a gene leading to cancer, and then mentions Dr. Vogelstein wanting to repeat an experiment in "cells" from other cancers. So it's clearly biological cells. Candidate senses: sense 2 is about biological cells. The others are about compartments, electric cells, political cells, mobile phones, monk's room, prison cell. So sense 2 is correct. Instructions say to return JSON with sense_index (note: "sense_index" not "sense_key"). The candidate senses are numbered 1-7. So answer: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from <t>other</t> cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "other" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein ... set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers." The phrase is "other cancers" meaning cancers besides retinoblastoma, which was the one already mentioned. The sense is "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." That matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" with example "the construction of highways and other public works". The other senses are about recent past, distant past, or strange, which don't fit. So the correct sense index is 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other <t>cancers</t>. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "cancers" in the context. The target lemma is "cancer", and the surface form is "cancers". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the five given.

Context: The sentence with the target: "set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers." The context discusses medical research, cancer, genes, and specifically mentions retinoblastoma and Wilm's tumor. So "cancers" clearly refers to malignant diseases.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease. This is the medical sense.
2. astrology person born while sun is in Cancer.
3. a small zodiacal constellation.
4. the fourth sign of the zodiac.
5. type genus of the family Cancridae.

Only sense 1 fits the context. So we choose sense index 1.

Output format: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: teams
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research <t>teams</t> in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "teams" in the given context. The context is about research teams in molecular biology reporting chromosome losses. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

The context clearly refers to research teams, not draft animals. So the correct sense is the first one.

We must return a JSON object with the sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to <t>report</t> dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "report" in the given context. The context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor." Here, "report" means to announce or present findings from research. The two research teams made known the dual chromosome losses. Looking at senses:

1. describe/account: giving an account in words. This could fit, but it's more general.

2. announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding. Examples: "The team reported significant advances in their research." This exactly matches: research teams reporting findings.

3. announce one's presence (like report to work) - no.

4. make known to the authorities - not really, it's reporting scientific findings, not necessarily to authorities.

5. be responsible for reporting details, as in journalism - no, they are scientists, not journalists.

6. complain about - no.

Sense 2 is tailored for scientific findings: "announce as the result of an investigation or finding". The example includes "The team reported significant advances..." So sense_index 2 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dual
Target surface form: dual
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report <t>dual</t> chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:multiple:00 | definition=consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs | synonyms=double, duple | examples=an egg with a double yolk; a double (binary) star
2. sense_key=dual%5:00:02:multiple:00 | definition=having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities; ; - R.W.Emerson; -Frederick Harrison | synonyms=double, twofold, treble, threefold | examples=a double (or dual) role for an actor; the office of a clergyman is twofold; public preaching and private influence
3. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:plural:00 | definition=a grammatical number category referring to two items or units as opposed to one item (singular) or more than two items (plural) | examples=ancient Greek had the dual form but it has merged with the plural form in modern Greek

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "dual" in the context: "report dual chromosome losses". The target is "dual". The context is about scientists reporting dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer. The phrase "dual chromosome losses" likely means two chromosome losses, i.e., losses of both copies. The three candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs" (synonyms: double, duple). Example: "a double yolk; a double (binary) star". This fits "dual chromosome losses" meaning two losses, paired losses.

2. sense 2: "having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities" (synonyms: double, twofold, treble, threefold). Example: "a double (or dual) role for an actor; the office of a clergyman is twofold; public preaching and private influence". This doesn't fit as well because "dual chromosome losses" isn't about multiple aspects; it's about two instances.

3. sense 3: "a grammatical number category referring to two items or units". That's linguistic, not relevant.

So sense 1 is the best: it involves two parts or components, which matches losses of both copies.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to perform word sense disambiguation for the target "losses" (surface form "losses", but the lemma is "loss" and it's plural). The context is: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor." So "dual chromosome losses" refers to losing both copies of a chromosome, a genetic loss. It's a scientific/medical context: loss of genetic material, specifically chromosome loss. The text talks about "loss of both copies of the same gene" leading to cancer. So "losses" means the disappearance or deletion of chromosomes, i.e., the act of losing something, a genetic element.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt. Here, "loss" as a concrete thing that is lost (e.g., a total loss of a car). In the context, "losses" is not a concrete thing like an object; it's the event or phenomenon of losing chromosomes.

2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business. This is about a gradual decline. Chromosome loss might not be gradual; it's a discrete event (loss of both copies). Not a decline over time.

3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock. This is the act of losing. The example: "his loss was a shock" (losing a competition). In the genetic context, "chromosome losses" is the act of losing chromosomes, i.e., the deletion or removal. That seems fitting.

4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation. This is more about the resulting disadvantage. Not exactly the act itself.

5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | not relevant.

6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | not relevant (financial loss).

7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | military personnel lost | not relevant.

8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | euphemism for death | not relevant.

So the best is sense 3: the act of losing someone or something. In genetics, "loss" often means the deletion or absence of a gene/chromosome, which is an act of losing that genetic material. It's not a gradual decline (sense 2) nor a concrete thing (sense 1). So sense 3 (index 3) is appropriate.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: childhood
Target surface form: childhood
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare <t>childhood</t> cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=childhood%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of person's life when they are a child
2. sense_key=childhood%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of a child between infancy and adolescence | synonyms=puerility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the word "childhood" in the context. The context is about a rare cancer called Wilm's tumor, described as a "rare childhood cancer of the kidney." So "childhood" is used as an adjective modifying "cancer," meaning cancer that occurs in children. So it refers to the period of life when one is a child. The two candidate senses: 1. the time of person's life when they are a child; 2. the state of a child between infancy and adolescence, with synonym puerility. Sense 2 emphasizes "state" and includes a synonym puerility, which is more about childishness or immaturity. In medical context, "childhood cancer" refers to cancer occurring during the period of childhood, i.e., the time of life. So sense 1 is more appropriate: "the time of person's life when they are a child." Sense 2 is more abstract, about the state of being a child. In this context, it's about the time period. So sense 1 is the best.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood <t>cancer</t> of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to pick the best sense for "cancer" in the context: "a rare childhood <t>cancer</t> of the kidney called Wilm's tumor". The context clearly refers to a disease, specifically a type of cancer. The candidate senses: 1 is malignant growth or tumor; 2 is astrology person; 3 is constellation; 4 is zodiac sign; 5 is genus of crabs. Only sense 1 fits the medical context. So we pick sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "called" in the given context. The sentence: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor." The structure is "a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor." Here, "called" means "named" or "known as." The cancer is called Wilm's tumor, i.e., it has that proper name. So the sense is "to give a name to" or "to designate by a specified name." Looking at the candidate senses, sense 1 is: definition: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to; synonyms: name; examples: They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader. That fits perfectly: the cancer is named Wilm's tumor. Sense 12: "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" with definition "address" – that doesn't fit, it's more about addressing someone directly. Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun" – that is about calling someone lazy, not giving a proper name. So sense 1 is the best. We need to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_to
Target surface form: turned
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next <t>turned</t> his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_to%2:32:01:: | definition=speak to | synonyms=address | examples=He addressed the crowd outside the window
2. sense_key=turn_to%2:30:00:: | definition=direct one's interest or attention towards; go into | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "turn_to" with surface form "turned". Context: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer..." Wait, the context says: "Dr. Vogelstein next <t>turned</t> his attention colon cancer..." But it seems there might be a missing preposition. Likely it's "turned his attention to colon cancer." So the phrase is "turned his attention to". The target is "turned" as part of "turn to". So we need to choose between two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=turn_to%2:32:01:: | definition=speak to | synonyms=address | examples=He addressed the crowd outside the window
2. sense_key=turn_to%2:30:00:: | definition=direct one's interest or attention towards; go into | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium

In the context, "turned his attention colon cancer" clearly means he directed his attention to colon cancer. So sense 2 is the correct one: "direct one's interest or attention towards". Sense 1 is about speaking to someone, which doesn't fit. Therefore, the sense index is 2.

We need to return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the <t>second</t> biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "second" in context. The target lemma is "second", surface form is "second". Context: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer." We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: ordinal number, meaning coming next after the first. Synonyms: 2nd, 2d.
Sense 2: a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first, e.g., second flute; the second violins.

In context, "the second biggest cancer killer" clearly means the cancer that is second in rank (after lung cancer). It's an ordinal usage, indicating position in a sequence. Sense 2 is about music or subordinate role, which doesn't fit. So the best sense is sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: big
Target surface form: biggest
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second <t>biggest</t> cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=big%3:00:01:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=large | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=big%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=significant | examples=graduation was a big day in his life
3. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
4. sense_key=big%5:00:00:loud:00 | definition=loud and firm | examples=a big voice; big bold piano sounds
5. sense_key=big%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=large, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intemperate:00 | definition=prodigious | synonyms=heavy | examples=big spender; big eater
7. sense_key=big%5:00:02:proud:00 | definition=exhibiting self-importance | synonyms=boastful, braggart, bragging, braggy, cock-a-hoop, crowing | examples=big talk
8. sense_key=big%5:00:00:proud:00 | definition=feeling self-importance | synonyms=swelled, vainglorious | examples=too big for his britches; had a swelled head
9. sense_key=big%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=(of animals) fully developed | synonyms=adult, full-grown, fully grown, grown, grownup | examples=an adult animal; a grown woman
10. sense_key=big%5:00:00:heavy:08 | definition=marked by intense physical force | examples=a big wind
11. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=large, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
12. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:01 | definition=given or giving freely | synonyms=bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, handsome, giving | examples=was a big tipper; the bounteous goodness of God
13. sense_key=big%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, large, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "biggest" (big) in the context: "colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer." The phrase "second biggest cancer killer" implies that colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. The word "biggest" here modifies "killer", meaning it's a major cause of death, large in magnitude or number. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=big%3:00:01:: definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent synonyms=large examples=a large city; set out for the big city. This sense refers to size or number. A "biggest cancer killer" means the cancer that kills the most people, i.e., large in number of deaths. This fits.

2. sense_key=big%5:00:00:important:00 definition=significant examples=graduation was a big day in his life. This is about significance, not size. But "biggest cancer killer" could also mean most significant cause of death. However, sense 1 explicitly mentions magnitude or number, which is more directly about the count of deaths.

3. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intense:00 definition=very intense synonyms=bad examples=a bad headache; in a big rage. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=big%5:00:00:loud:00 definition=loud and firm. No.

5. sense_key=big%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 definition=conspicuous in position or importance synonyms=large, prominent examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus. This is about prominence, could fit importance, but sense 1 is more quantitative.

6. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intemperate:00 definition=prodigious synonyms=heavy examples=big spender; big eater. Not fitting.

7. sense_key=big%5:00:02:proud:00 definition=exhibiting self-importance. No.

8. sense_key=big%5:00:00:proud:00 definition=feeling self-importance. No.

9. sense_key=big%5:00:00:mature:01 definition=fully developed (animals). No.

10. sense_key=big%5:00:00:heavy:08 definition=marked by intense physical force. No.

11. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:02 definition=generous and understanding. No.

12. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:01 definition=giving freely. No.

13. sense_key=big%5:00:00:pregnant:00 definition=in advanced pregnancy. No.

Thus, the most appropriate sense is 1: above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent. The phrase "second biggest cancer killer" means the second largest number of deaths. It's quantitative. Sense 2 (significant) is also possible, but sense 1 is more precise because "killer" implies the number of kills. The example "a large city" parallels "biggest killer" in terms of magnitude. Therefore, I select sense 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}