[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the sentence: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists." The context is about scientific findings regarding cancer development, specifically genetic deletions and their role. The researchers published a "report" that provided confirming evidence. This report is likely a written document or publication describing their findings. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - synonyms: study, written report. Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This fits well because the report is a scientific study or publication that galvanized others.

2. "the act of informing by verbal report" - synonyms: account. This is about verbal reporting, not a written document.

3. "a short account of the news" - synonyms: news report, story. This is more like a journalistic piece, but the context is a scientific report, not necessarily a short news account. However, it could be interpreted as a report in the news sense. But the example "the report of his speech" doesn't match. The context says "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists" - it's likely a published scientific paper, not a news story.

4. "a sharp explosive sound" - irrelevant.

5. "a written evaluation of a student's scholarship" - report card, not relevant.

6. "an essay (especially one written as an assignment)" - composition, paper. This could fit if it's a student assignment, but in context it's about professional researchers, not a school essay.

7. "the general estimation that the public has for a person" - reputation. Not relevant.

The best sense is sense 1: a written document describing findings. In scientific context, a "report" often refers to a published study. Sense 1's example explicitly mentions a study by Hill and Dale. Sense 3 is more about news reporting. So sense 1 is the most appropriate.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: galvanize
Target surface form: galvanized
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report <t>galvanized</t> other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: | definition=to stimulate to action | synonyms=startle, galvanise | examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: | definition=cover with zinc | synonyms=galvanise | examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: | definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock | synonyms=galvanise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate the sense of "galvanize" (surface form: galvanized) in the given sentence. The context is about a report that galvanized other molecular biologists. It says: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists." This means the report stimulated or inspired them to action or excitement.

Let's check WordNet senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: definition=to stimulate to action; synonyms=startle, galvanise; examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: definition=cover with zinc; synonyms=galvanise; examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock; synonyms=galvanise

In the context, "galvanized" clearly means to stimulate or motivate to action, not coating with zinc or stimulating muscles directly. The report motivated other molecular biologists. The example in sense 1: "galvanized into action" fits. Also, the quote: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed..." indicates it spurred them.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct. But we need to output the sense index, which is 1 for the first sense in the list? The instructions say: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" but the example shows 3 for a different case. However, we must choose the best indexed sense. In the given candidate senses, the first is sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00::, so its index would be 1 (assuming we number them 1,2,3 as listed). But note that the example in the instructions says {"sense_index": 3} - that was just an example. We should output the index of the chosen sense. Since sense 1 is the best, output {"sense_index": 1}. But let's double-check: There is no 0 indexing. We'll output 1.

The candidate senses are listed with numbers? They didn't explicitly number them, but they presented three senses in order. Usually, we refer to them as 1, 2, 3. So I'll choose sense_index 1.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Wafer

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "other" in the sentence: "Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists." The context is about molecular biologists working on cancer development (Vogelstein and Kinzler are implied, as the report is theirs). The report galvanized other molecular biologists (i.e., molecular biologists besides those who did the report). So "other" here means "not the same one already mentioned" – that is, molecular biologists other than the ones who made the report.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works. This fits: the report galvanized molecular biologists who were not the same ones already mentioned (the report's authors).

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past; examples=the other evening. This is about time, not relevant.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past; synonyms=early, former; examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations. Also about past time, not relevant.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail. This implies strangeness or difference in kind, which is not the meaning here. The molecular biologists are not being described as strange or unusual, just additional ones.

Thus, sense 1 is the correct one.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confirming
Target surface form: confirming
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "confirming" in the given context. The context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor." So "confirming" is used as an adjective describing "evidence." The two senses provided:

1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

In the sentence, "confirming evidence" means evidence that supports or corroborates the idea that gene losses were critical. It's not about indicating the presence of a condition like a positive test. It's about providing corroboration. Sense 2 directly fits: "serving to support or corroborate" and the example "collateral evidence" is similar to "confirming evidence." Sense 1 is more specific to medical testing, like a positive result indicating a condition. The context is talking about evidence that confirmed a need for gene losses, so it's corroborative. Thus, sense 2 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with word sense disambiguation for the word "evidence" in a given context. The target word is "evidence" within the sentence: "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor."

We need to choose from three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

The context is about scientific research on cancer, specifically about gene losses being critical to tumor development. The quote says: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical..." The word "confirming" suggests that it is evidence that confirms a hypothesis. The evidence is about scientific data, not a legal context. Sense 1 is about "knowledge on which to base belief" and is exemplified with "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling." That fits well: scientific evidence supporting a conclusion. Sense 2 is an indication that makes something evident, like a symptom. The example "his trembling was evidence of his fear" treats evidence as a sign or indication. In the given context, the evidence is not a direct indication like a symptom; it's more like scientific data confirming a theory. Sense 3 is legal, which is clearly not applicable here.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target lemma "need" in its surface form "needed" in the given context. The candidate senses are:

1. need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Context: "... It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, ..."

The phrase is: "the confirming evidence we all needed" — here, "needed" is used in the sense that they required or had a need for such evidence. It is a straightforward expression of lacking something necessary.

Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" – This is more about something being necessary for a purpose, often with an implication of logical necessity or condition. Example: "success usually requires hard work." The synonyms "necessitate, postulate, require" suggest a formal requirement.

Sense 2: "have need of" – This is a general sense of needing something, wanting or requiring it. Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner." This sense is about lacking something desirable or necessary.

Sense 3: "have or feel a need for" – This is more about an emotional or conscious desire for something. Example: "always needing friends and money." It implies a felt need.

In the context, the scientist says: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical..." The need here is for evidence to confirm something. It is not just an emotional feeling (sense 3), but a logical requirement. However, the phrase "we all needed" suggests that the scientific community had a need for this confirming evidence to support the hypothesis. It could be sense 1 or sense 2. Sense 1 is "require as useful, just, or proper" – evidence is required to support a theory. Sense 2 "have need of" is more general. The distinction is subtle. Sense 1 often implies a logical or practical necessity, while sense 2 is more about a lack. The example for sense 1: "It takes nerve..." shows a requirement. For sense 2: "This piano wants..." is about an object lacking attention. In the context, the evidence was needed to confirm gene losses are critical. This is a requirement for validation, so sense 1 might be more appropriate: they required that evidence. Also, the phrase "we all needed" could be paraphrased as "we all required." The synonyms for sense 1 include "require". Sense 2 also includes "require" as a synonym, but sense 1's definition is "require as useful, just, or proper." That fits better: evidence is required because it is proper for scientific confirmation.

Sense 3 is clearly less likely because it's about a personal, felt need (friends and money), not a scientific requirement.

I'll choose sense 1.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to find the best sense for "losses" in the context: "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". Here, "gene losses" refers to the deletion or damage of genes. Specifically, the text says "gene losses" were critical. In the preceding sentences, they talk about "both copies of a certain gene were knocked out" and "both copies of a second gene were then deleted". So "gene losses" means the loss of genes, as in the genes are no longer present/functional. It's not about financial loss, or losing a loved one, or a gradual decline in amount. It's the act of losing something (the genes) or the fact that something is lost. Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something" fits well: the act of losing genes. The example: "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock" uses "loss" as an event. But in our context, "gene losses" are events where genes are lost/deleted. So sense 3: the act of losing something. Sense 1 is "something that is lost" – but here "gene losses" are not the things that are lost (the genes themselves would be "something that is lost") but rather the phenomenon or event of losing them. The context says "gene losses were critical" meaning the event of losing genes is critical. So sense 3 seems apt. Sense 4 is "the disadvantage that results from losing something" – but it's not about disadvantage here, it's about the loss itself causing cancer. Sense 2 is gradual decline, which doesn't quite fit because they are talking about specific deletion events, not a gradual decline. So sense 3 is best.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "critical" with surface form "critical". The context is about gene losses being critical to the development of a common tumor. The quote: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". So, here, "critical" means something like essential or crucial. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws; example: a critical attitude. That's about being critical in a judgmental way, not fitting.

2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction; example: critical mass/temperature. That's scientific, not metaphorical here. Not fitting.

3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment; example: critical reading. That's about being analytical, not fitting.

4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary; synonyms=vital; examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies. This fits perfectly. The gene losses were essential/necessary for tumor development.

5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis; synonyms=decisive; examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test. This is about a turning point, moment of decision. But here it's not about a turning point; it's about being essential to the development. So sense 4 is better.

6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency; example: critical shortage. This is about a dangerous urgent state, not about importance. Not fitting.

7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism; example: critical acclaim. Not fitting.

Clearly, sense 4 is the best. So the answer is {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "development" in the context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White. The overall context describes cancer development as a process where gene losses lead to polyps progressing to malignancy. "Development" here refers to the process of a tumor forming or progressing. Among the candidate senses, sense 2 is "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" with synonyms "evolution" and example "the development of his ideas took many years". This fits well. Sense 3 is biological growth, but it's about individual organism growth, not tumor progression. Sense 1 is about improving/expanding, not exactly a disease progression. So sense 2 is most appropriate.

Now, we must output a JSON with the sense index. The indexed senses are listed as 1 through 9. We need to choose the index number. Sense 2 is the second one. But careful: The candidate senses are numbered 1 to 9, with keys like sense_key=development%1:04:01:: etc. We need to return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "common" in the given context. The target is "common tumor" in the sentence: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor."

We need to consider the meaning of "common" here. The context is about colon cancer development. A "common tumor" likely means a tumor that is frequently encountered or typical, not rare. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. Public/community sense: not applicable to tumors.
2. Having no special distinction; average or ordinary; widely known or commonly encountered. This fits: a common tumor is one that is commonly encountered (like a common type of cancer).
3. Shared by two or more parties: mutual. Not applicable.
4. Commonly encountered; usual. This also fits, and examples include "a common complaint" similar to "a common tumor".
5. Everyday language: vernacular. Not applicable.
6. Of the masses; plebeian. Not applicable.
7. Low quality. Not applicable.
8. Lacking refinement. Not applicable.
9. To be expected; standard. Example: "common decency". Might loosely apply, but it's more about expectation/standard rather than frequency.

Senses 2 and 4 are very close. Sense 2 says "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual". Sense 4 says "commonly encountered; synonyms: usual; example: a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting". Sense 4 is explicitly tagged as "commonly encountered", which directly matches the usage "a common tumor" meaning a tumor that is commonly encountered (like a typical tumor). Sense 2 also includes "commonly encountered" but also adds "average or ordinary" and "having no special distinction". The context doesn't emphasize lack of distinction, just that it is a tumor that occurs frequently (like colon cancer is common). Sense 4 seems more precise because it's defined as "commonly encountered" without the extra connotation of mediocrity. Also, the example "a common complaint" parallels "a common tumor" well.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 4.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "say" appearing as "says" in a context. We need to choose the best sense among the 11 candidates. The context is a report about cancer research, where a scientist is quoted: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White ... So, here "says" is used to introduce a direct quotation, indicating that Ray White expressed these words. This is the common use of "say" to report speech. Looking at the senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: definition=express in words; synonyms=state, tell; examples: He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you. This fits perfectly: Ray White expressed in words the quoted statement.

2. report or maintain; allege, aver; examples: He alleged that he was the victim of a crime. This sense is about making a claim, often with the connotation of asserting something possibly controversial. But here it's just a neutral report of what someone said.

3. express a supposition; suppose; examples: Let us say that he did not tell the truth. Not a direct quotation.

4. have or contain a certain wording or form; read; examples: The passage reads as follows. This is for texts, not people.

5. give instructions; order, tell, enjoin. No instructional context.

6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way; pronounce, articulate. Not about manner of speaking.

7. communicate or express nonverbally; examples: What does this painting say? Not relevant.

8. utter aloud; examples: She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office. This sense 8 is about uttering aloud. It could also fit, but note the definition: "utter aloud". The example "She said 'Hello'" is just a simple direct speech. However, sense 1 is "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell", which is very similar. Compare the two: Sense 8 specifically mentions "utter aloud" and the example is a simple greeting. Sense 1 includes "state, tell" and the example "He said that he wanted to marry her" which is reporting a statement. In the given context, it's a full sentence reporting evidence. Sense 1 seems more appropriate because it's about expressing a statement, not just an utterance. Also, sense 1 includes reported speech with a clause. The sentence: "It was the confirming evidence ..." is a complete statement. So sense 1 is more precise.

9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. The quote is not an opinion but a factual statement about evidence.

10. recite or repeat a fixed text; Say grace. Not applicable.

11. indicate; The clock says noon. Not applicable.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit. But we must ensure we are not hedging. The instruction says: choose the single best indexed sense. So we output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "yet" and context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene..." The phrase is "had yet to nail". This is a common construction: "have yet to do something" meaning "have not done it up to now". Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02: definition: up to the present time. Examples: I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out. This directly matches the "had yet to nail" construction. "Have yet to" means "have not yet done up to now". So this seems perfect.

2. used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point. Synonyms: so far, thus far, up to now, etc. Examples: So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet. This is similar but requires an explicit negative (hasn't, isn't). In "had yet to nail", there is no negative word; it's an affirmative "had yet". Though semantically it means "had not nailed", the construction is affirmative with "yet" meaning "up until now". The gloss for sense 2 says "used in negative statement", and the example shows "So far he hasn't called" with "yet" replacing "so far". The construction "had yet to" is not a typical negative statement; it's a different pattern. Sense 1 explicitly gives the example "I have yet to see the results", matching exactly.

3. to a greater degree, with comparisons. Not applicable.

4. within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time. Synonyms: in time. Example: he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves. That's a different "yet" meaning something expected in the future, not "up to now". "had yet to nail" is about past up to that point, not future.

5. used after a superlative. Not applicable.

6. despite anything to the contrary, however. Not applicable.

Thus sense 1 is correct.

Now, output JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nail
Target surface form: nail
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: nail", "Target surface form: nail", and the context: "... But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17."

We need to choose the best sense from the list. The context: "had yet to nail the identity of the gene". So the meaning is to precisely determine or identify the gene. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. attach with nails - literal, not relevant.
2. take into custody - arrest, not relevant.
3. hit hard - not relevant.
4. succeed in obtaining a position - like securing a spot, not about identifying something.
5. succeed at easily - like acing a test, not about identifying.
6. locate exactly - synonyms: pinpoint; examples: "can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?" and "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome". This matches perfectly: "nail the identity" means to pinpoint or exactly determine the identity. The example even mentions "nail the identity of the chromosome", which is almost the same as our context.
7. complete a pass - sports, not relevant.

Thus, sense 6 is the correct one. Return {"sense_index": 6}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identity
Target surface form: identity
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "identity" in the given context. The context is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." The target word is "identity". We need to choose the best sense from the given options.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
This sense is about personal identity, like a person's individuality. The context is about the identity of a gene, not a person. So this is not correct.

2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
This sense is about the characteristics that make something recognizable. The example "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it" is extremely similar to our context: "nail the identity of the gene". So this seems fitting.

3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
This is a mathematical term, not applicable here.

4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests
This is about sameness, like identity of interests. While it could be argued that the identity of a gene might refer to which gene it is (sameness with a known gene), the context is about discovering which specific gene it is, not that it is the same as something else. The example given for sense 2 directly matches "the identity of the gene", so sense 2 is the most appropriate.

Thus, the correct indexed sense is option 2. We need to return JSON like {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "damaged" in the given context. The context is about genes being damaged for colon cancer to develop. The phrase: "the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." So the gene is damaged, meaning something happens to it that causes it to malfunction. The two candidate senses:
1. "inflict damage upon" with examples: "The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree." This is transitive, meaning someone or something causes damage to an object.
2. "suffer or be susceptible to damage" with examples: "These fine china cups damage easily." This is intransitive, meaning the subject itself undergoes damage.

In the context, "the gene that, if damaged, ..." The gene is the thing that is damaged. It's not that someone damaged the gene; rather, the gene becomes damaged. The structure "if damaged" is a past participle used adjectivally, implying the gene is in a damaged state. This aligns more with sense 2? Sense 2 is about suffering damage, intransitive. The example "These fine china cups damage easily" uses "damage" as an intransitive verb meaning they are susceptible to damage. In the context, "if damaged" could be seen as a passive or adjective meaning the gene has been damaged. But the lemma is "damage" and the surface form is "damaged". The sense key for sense 2 is damage%2:30:01::, which is an intransitive verb. However, "damaged" here is a past participle. If we interpret "if damaged" as "if it is damaged", then it's a passive construction of the transitive verb (sense 1). Because "is damaged" would be the passive of "inflict damage upon". So "the gene is damaged" means something damaged the gene. In scientific context, genes can be damaged by mutations, deletions, etc. So the gene is the patient of the damaging action. That suggests sense 1 is more appropriate because the gene is being damaged by some external factor (like a knockout or deletion). The context says "more than one gene had to be damaged" and "the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell..." The action is inflicted upon the gene. Sense 2 is about the subject itself being susceptible to damage, like a fragile thing. Genes are not typically said to "damage easily" in that intransitive sense; rather, they get damaged. So sense 1 is the correct one. The WordNet example for sense 1 includes "The snow damaged the roof" where roof is the object. The passive "the roof was damaged" would be from sense 1. Thus, for the past participle "damaged" in a passive/adjectival sense, it's derived from the transitive verb. Therefore, I'll pick sense 1.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do fine-grained WSD for "flipped" in context: "if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." The target is a verb, past tense. The context is about a gene that, when damaged, causes a transition from benign to malignant. "Flipped" here means something like "turned" or "switched" the state of the cell. Looking at the senses:

1. flipping a coin (toss to see which side comes up) - literal, not fitting.
2. cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation (switch on, throw the lever) - could be metaphorical: "flip a switch" to cause a process. But "flip into malignancy" suggests a change of state, not just activation.
3. look through a book (thumb through) - no.
4. toss with a sharp movement to turn over - not.
5. cause to move with a flick (flick a lighter) - no.
6. throw lightly (toss a beachball) - no.
7. move with a flick or light motion - vague, not.
8. turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse (flip over a pork chop) - could be metaphorical? But "flip a cell into malignancy" isn't about physically turning it over. It's a change of state, but "flip over" is more literal.
9. react excitedly (flip out) - not.
10. go mad, go crazy - not.
11. reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) - synonyms: interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop. Examples? Not given. This sense is about reversing a direction/attitude. "Flip a cell into malignancy" might imply a reversal or change of state. But "reverse" is strong: to change to opposite. Is it a reversal? A benign cell becomes malignant, that's a change, not necessarily a reversal. However, sense 11 is "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". It could be metaphorical: the cell's course changes from normal to malignant. I'd lean toward 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged" like "flip a switch". In metaphorical use, "flip a switch" means to suddenly cause a change. "Flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" sounds like the damaged gene acts as a switch that turns the cell malignant. Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" with examples "switch on the light; throw the lever". It's about initiating a process. That fits well: the gene's damage triggers the malignancy. Sense 11 is about reversing course, which might also work if you consider it a switch from benign to malignant (change of state), but the emphasis is on reversal. Without examples for 11, but the synonyms include "switch", which appears in both 2 and 11. In 2, "switch" is a verb meaning to cause to go on (like switch on). In 11, "switch" might mean to change to the opposite (switch sides). The context: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" - the preposition "into" suggests a transformation, so "cause to become" rather than "cause to engage". But sense 2's definition "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" implies activating something, not transforming into a new state. However, the phrase "flip a switch" can metaphorically mean to suddenly change something. I think the most common metaphorical extension is sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". For example, "flip the script", "flip sides". The cell's course is reversed from normal to malignant. But is it a reversal? The text describes a progression: benign polyps -> malignancy if second gene deleted. So damage flips the state. It could be seen as a switch from one state to another. Sense 2 is about turning on a device. Sense 11 is about changing direction/attitude. I'd lean towards sense 11 because of the transformation aspect. However, many WordNet mappings for similar metaphors (e.g., "flip a cell") might be covered by sense 8 "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse" which includes "flip over". But "flip into" suggests a change of state, not physically turning over. Sense 11 explicitly includes "switch" as a synonym, and "flip-flop" (which implies a change). I'll check the sense keys: sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: (11) is "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". That seems plausible. There's also sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged". The phrase "flipped a switch" often uses sense 2? Actually, when you flip a switch, you cause it to go on. But when you say "flipped a cell into malignancy", it's more like "flipped the state" — changing from one to another. Sense 11 might be the closest, as it's about reversing a course of action (the cell's normal course is reversed to malignancy). I'll go with sense 11.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "colon" and surface form "colon". The context discusses colon cancer, colon cells, and the gene that if damaged flips a colon cell into malignancy. The context is clearly about the anatomical part of the large intestine. The candidate senses include:

1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: - definition: the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted. This is the anatomical sense.

2. El Salvadoran money unit.

3. Costa Rican money unit.

4. port city in Panama.

5. punctuation mark.

Given the context mentioning "colon cancer", "colon cell", the correct sense is the anatomical one, index 1.

Thus, response should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "cell" in the context: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy". The context is about colon cancer, genes, and how damage to a gene causes a cell to become malignant. Clearly, it refers to a biological cell. The candidate senses include sense 2: the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. That fits perfectly. The other senses are about compartments, devices, political groups, phones, monk rooms, or prison cells. So the correct index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "full-blown" with two candidate senses. The context: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." We need to choose the best sense.

Sense 1: "fully ripe; at the height of bloom" with synonyms "matured" and example "a full-blown rose". This sense is metaphorical, typically used for flowers or fruits that are fully developed, ripe. It can be extended to other things but implies a natural culmination.

Sense 2: "having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness" with example "a full-blown financial crisis". This sense is about completeness, fully developed in the sense of having all features. In the context of malignancy, "full-blown malignancy" means a cancer that is fully developed, with all the characteristics of a malignant tumor, not just a polyp. This matches sense 2: having all characteristics necessary for completeness. Sense 1 focuses on ripeness or blooming, which is more metaphorical and less precise for a medical condition like malignancy. Sense 2 is a better fit because "full-blown" here means the cell has become completely malignant, displaying all features of malignancy. The example "full-blown financial crisis" is analogous to a full-blown disease state.

Thus, sense 2 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. ... But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." The target word is "malignancy". The two candidate senses are:
1. (medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death
2. quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will

The context is clearly about medical conditions, specifically colon cancer. "Progress to malignancy" means progressing to a malignant state (cancerous). "Full-blown malignancy" also refers to a state of being malignant, i.e., cancerous. Sense 1 is medical and fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about ill will, which is not relevant here.

Thus, the answer is sense 1.

Return a JSON object with sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the term "months" in the given context. The candidate senses are:
1. sense 1: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (synonym: calendar month). Example: "he paid the bill last month"
2. sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days. Example: "he was given a month to pay the bill"

In the context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..." Here, "months" refers to a duration of time, not a specific calendar month. They spent a period of several months working on this. The sense is more about the time unit, a period of roughly 30 days, not a named month like January. The example for sense 2 is "he was given a month to pay the bill" which indicates a duration. Sense 1 is about a specific division of the year (e.g., last month, next month). In the context, "months" is plural and indicates a length of time, so sense 2 is more appropriate.

Thus, the best sense index is 2.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "using" in the given context. The context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

The target word is "using". We need to select the most appropriate sense from the list. Sense 1: put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose. Example: use your head!; we only use Spanish at home. This seems to fit: they are employing gene probes as tools to crawl down the chromosome. Sense 2: take or consume regularly (like drugs) - not appropriate. Sense 3: use up, consume fully - not appropriate. Sense 4: seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage - could be a bit broader, but sense 1 is more direct about employing a tool. Sense 5: avail oneself to, practice - not exactly; they are not practicing gene probes. Sense 6: habitually do something (past tense) - not applicable. So sense 1 is the best match.

Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "down" and the surface form "down" in the context: "...experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17..." We need to choose the best sense from the candidate senses.

Let's examine the context: researchers "crawled down the length of chromosome 17". The verb "crawl" here is metaphorical, meaning they moved along the chromosome in a systematic way. "Down" indicates the direction of movement along the chromosome. Chromosomes have a linear structure, so moving "down" refers to moving from one end to the other, likely from a higher number to a lower number? But typically, "down" in a spatial sense can mean along the length, moving in a direction that might be considered downward or simply in a specified direction. However, here it's "down the length", which suggests movement along the chromosome. The chromosome is not necessarily vertical, but "down" is used idiomatically as in "down the street" or "down the line". That usage is about moving along a path or length.

Now, consider the candidate senses:

1. spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position. Examples: "don't fall down", "rode the lift up and skied down". This sense is about vertical descent, but can be metaphorical. However, crawling down a chromosome doesn't necessarily imply a higher-to-lower position; it's more about along the length.

2. away from a more central or a more northerly place. Examples: "was sent down to work at the regional office", "worked down on the farm". This is about moving to a less central location. Not applicable here.

3. paid in cash at time of purchase. Not applicable.

4. from an earlier time. Example: "passed down from father to son". Not applicable; here it's about moving along a physical entity, not temporal.

5. to a lower intensity. Example: "phased down the light". Not applicable.

6. in an inactive or inoperative state. Example: "went down during the strike". Not applicable.

But wait, there's no sense that directly matches "along the length". In WordNet, "down" can also mean "along, as in 'down the street'". Let's check if any of these senses cover that. Sense 1 says "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position". But "down the length" does not necessarily mean from higher to lower; it often means moving along something in a direction that might be considered the natural direction. For example, "down the road" means along the road. However, WordNet might classify that under a different sense. The given senses are limited to these 6. Sense 1 might be the closest, as it mentions spatial movement. But does "down" in "crawl down the length" imply downward movement? The chromosome is a linear molecule; they are scanning along it, probably from one end to the other. One might say "crawl along the length" but "crawl down" is idiomatic. I think it's being used in the sense of "along", which is often expressed with "down" as in "down the street". That sense is not explicitly listed. However, sense 1 includes "metaphorically from a higher to a lower level", but that doesn't quite fit.

Perhaps we should consider that "down" here is not an adverb but a preposition? Wait, the target is "down" and it's tagged as an adverb? In the context: "crawled <t>down</t> the length". Here, "down" is a preposition in modern English? Actually, in "crawl down the length", "down" is a preposition. But the candidate senses are all adverbs (sense_key starting with down%4:...). The sense keys with %4 indicate adverb. But in the sentence, "down" is a preposition. The target says "surface form: down", and they've given adverb senses. That might be a mistake, but we have to work with the given senses. Possibly "down" is being used as an adverb here? Let's parse: "researchers ... experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17". "Crawled" is intransitive, and "down the length" is a prepositional phrase modifying how they crawled. "Down" is the preposition, and "the length" is its object. However, some dictionaries classify "down" as an adverb in such constructions when followed by a noun phrase? No, it's a preposition. But WordNet has adverb senses. Perhaps they are treating "down" as an adverb in phrases like "crawl down the street" where "down the street" is an adverbial. But syntactically, "down" is the head of the prepositional phrase. In any case, we must pick from the given adverb senses.

Maybe there's a sense of "down" meaning "along the course of" which is adverbial? Actually, the adverb "down" can be used directionally. For instance, "He walked down the street" – "down" is often analyzed as a preposition. But in some dictionaries, it's an adverb. Let's think about the meaning. In "crawl down the length", they are moving along the chromosome. If we consider the chromosome as having a direction (like a map, where down is downward on the page), then it could be spatial. But it's not necessarily from higher to lower; it's just along. I'd argue that sense 1 is the best fit because it involves spatial direction, and the phrase "crawl down" implies movement along something, which could be seen as a metaphorical downward direction along a linear path. But then again, sense 2 is "away from a central place" which is not spatial in that sense. So I lean towards sense 1.

Wait, is there any other sense? The example for sense 1 is "don't fall down" and "rode the lift up and skied down", which are clear vertical. But "down" can also mean "in a direction along" as in "down the river". That's sense 2? No, sense 2 is about central/northerly. I recall WordNet has a sense for "down" as "along, as in 'down the street'" but it's not listed here. Given the constraints, I think sense 1 is the most general spatial sense, and the context is spatial: moving along the chromosome's length.

Therefore, I choose sense_index: 1.

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