[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "length" in the given context. The context is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." The target word is "length". The phrase is "crawled down the length of chromosome 17". This means they moved along the entire linear extent of the chromosome. A chromosome is a long, linear structure. So "length" here refers to the linear extent from one end to the other. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: definition: the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place. Example: the length of the table was 5 feet. This fits "chromosome" as a fixed linear structure, and they crawled down its linear extent.

2. duration, time. Not applicable.

3. the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end. Example: length of an article. This is more abstract, like length of a book. But here it's physical crawling down a physical chromosome, so sense 1 is more concrete.

4. distance: size of gap between two places. The example: the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points. This is similar but "distance" often implies separation between two points. In the context, "down the length of chromosome 17" implies moving along the entire linear extent, not just measuring the distance between two points. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

5. a section of something long and narrow, like a length of timber. That would be a piece cut from a longer thing. Not relevant.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit.

Now, the answer should be a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}. The instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we output only the JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "looking for" in the given context. The target lemma is "look_for". The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county

2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Now, let's examine the context: The researchers are "crawling down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." This clearly means they are trying to locate or discover that bit of genetic material. They are searching or seeking it. This matches sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of". Sense 2 means to anticipate or be excited about something, which doesn't fit here. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the JSON should be: {"sense_index":

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the sentence: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." The target word is "common". We need to choose the appropriate sense from the provided list.

Context: The researchers are looking for a "common bit of genetic material" that is lost in all tumor cells. That means they are looking for a segment of DNA that is consistently missing across all tumor cells. So "common" here means "shared by all" or "occurring in all" tumor cells. It's about something that is shared or mutual among multiple parties (the tumor cells).

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public. Examples: for the common good; common lands. Not relevant. No community or public aspect here.

2. sense 2: having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual. Examples: the common man; a common sailor. This sense suggests ordinariness, not sharedness. The bit is not ordinary; it's the specific bit that is lost in all cells.

3. sense 3: common to or shared by two or more parties; synonyms: mutual. Examples: a common friend; the mutual interests. This sense implies sharedness among multiple entities. The bit is "common" to all tumor cells, meaning it is shared by them in the sense that it is lost in all. So they are looking for a genetic element that is lost in every tumor cell, i.e., common to all tumors. That fits "shared by two or more parties" (the tumor cells). So sense 3 seems very appropriate.

4. sense 4: commonly encountered; synonyms: usual. Examples: a common complaint. This is similar to sense 2, implying frequency, not sharedness.

5. sense 5: being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language; vernacular. Not relevant.

6. sense 6: of or associated with the great masses of people; plebeian, vulgar. Not relevant.

7. sense 7: of low or inferior quality or value; coarse. Not relevant.

8. sense 8: lacking refinement or cultivation or taste; uncouth, vulgar. Not relevant.

9. sense 9: to be expected; standard. Examples: common decency. That means standard or expected. Could "common" bit mean the standard bit lost? Possibly, but they are looking for a bit that is lost in all, so it is a shared characteristic, not just standard decency-like. Sense 9 is about expectation, like "common sense" means standard expected sense. But here it's about being present in all cases. Sense 3 specifically captures the "shared" idea with the synonyms "mutual". Sense 9 is more about a standard of behavior. So sense 3 is better.

Thus, sense 3 is the best fit.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "bit" in the given context. The target is "bit" as a noun. The context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." They are searching for a piece of DNA that is a small part of genetic material. The phrase "smallest common bit of genetic material" suggests a small fragment or amount. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

The context is "the smallest common bit of genetic material" – it's about a piece or fragment of DNA. So senses 1 and 2 are very close: sense 1 is "a small piece or quantity of something" with examples "a bit of paper"; sense 2 is "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole" with examples "a bit of rock". Both could work, but sense 2 emphasizes "broken off from the whole", which might fit genetic material being a fragment. However, sense 1 is more general "small piece or quantity". Sense 8 is "a small fragment" with synonyms "snatch", examples "overheard snatches of their conversation". That is often used for something like excerpts or bits of conversation. Not as good for physical genetic material. Sense 1 seems the most generic and likely. Also note that the phrase "a bit of genetic material" is common; it's just a small amount/piece. So I think sense 1 is the best. Sense 2 is possible but maybe too specific about broken off from a whole. Sense 1 includes quantity as well.

Thus, the index is 1.

Output format: {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "genetic" in the given context. The target word appears in: "looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells". We need to choose the best sense from the four candidates.

Let's analyze the context: The passage is about cancer research, specifically colon cancer, genes, chromosome 17, and gene probes. The phrase "genetic material" clearly refers to DNA, which is associated with genes. So the meaning is related to genes, not heredity, origin, or the science of genetics. Specifically, "genetic material" is material that is part of a gene or comes from genes. Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" fits perfectly. Synonyms: genic, genetical. Example: "genic combinations; genetic code". That aligns with "genetic material" meaning DNA sequence.

Sense 1 is about inheritance in families, like "inherited disease", not appropriate here because it's about tumor cells losing DNA segments, not familial inheritance.

Sense 3: "pertaining to or referring to origin" - like genetic history of a literary work, not applicable.

Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics" - genetic research, but here "genetic material" is not about the science, it's about the material that genes are made of.

Thus, sense 2 is best.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "material" in the given context. The target form is "material". The context: "They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

The phrase is "genetic material", which refers to DNA, the substance carrying genetic information. This is the tangible substance that makes up genes. Among the candidate senses:

1. The tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object (stuff). Example: coal is a hard black material. Synonyms: stuff. This fits "genetic material" as DNA is a physical substance.

2. Information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used. This is more abstract, like material for a biography. Genetic material is not just abstract information; it's a physical entity, though it carries information. But the focus here is on the physical piece of DNA.

3. Fabric/artifact made by weaving. No.

4. Things needed for doing or making something, like teaching materials. No.

5. A person suitable for something. No.

The best fit is sense 1: the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object. In biology, "genetic material" refers to DNA or RNA, which is a physical chemical substance. So, sense index 1.

Thus, the JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "lost" in the context: "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells". The target word is "lost", lemma "lose". The context is about genetic material that is missing or no longer present in tumor cells. The researchers are looking for DNA that is lost, i.e., no longer present, in tumor cells. This is a physical or abstract sense of losing something, meaning it is gone, not kept, not maintained. Sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" fits well: the genetic material is no longer present in the cells; they ceased to have it. Example: "She lost her purse" is similar to losing a piece of DNA. Other senses: sense 2 is about failing to win; sense 3 is about losing a person; sense 4 and 5 are about misplacing; sense 6 is about allowing to go out of sight; sense 7 is about financial loss; sense 8 is failing to get or obtain; sense 9 is retreat; sense 10 is failing to perceive; sense 11 is being at a disadvantage. The context clearly refers to physical loss of genetic material, so sense 1 is the most appropriate. Sense 1 says "cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" and the example "She lost her purse" is a physical loss. Here, the genetic material is lost from the cells, meaning it's no longer there. So I choose sense 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation on the word "cells" in the given context. The target surface form is "cells", which is the plural of "cell". The context is about biology, specifically colon cancer, genes, chromosomes, and tumor cells. The sentence: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." Here, "cells" refers to biological cells that make up a tumor. The candidate senses include biological cell (sense 2), as well as other meanings like compartments (sense 1), electric cell (sense 3), political cell (sense 4), mobile phone (sense 5), monk's room (sense 6), prison cell (sense 7). The context clearly indicates biological cells. So the best indexed sense is sense 2. The JSON output should be {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "piece" in the given context. The context is: "Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene." The candidate senses are listed with definitions, examples, and synonyms. We need to select the best sense index.

The context clearly refers to a "piece of DNA" meaning a fragment or segment of DNA. The target word "piece" here refers to a part of a larger whole, specifically a segment of genetic material. Among the candidate senses, sense 1: "a separate part of a whole" with the example "an important piece of the evidence" fits best. It is about a portion of something. Sense 3 is "a portion of a natural object" with the example "he needed a piece of granite." That could also fit, as DNA could be considered a natural object. However, sense 1 is more general: "a separate part of a whole" applies to any whole, including abstract and concrete. The example for sense 1 is "an important piece of the evidence," which is a part of evidence. Here, a piece of DNA is a part of the DNA. Sense 3 specifically says "a portion of a natural object" and the example is about a piece of granite, which is a physical chunk. DNA is a molecule, so it's also natural. But sense 1 is broader and more commonly used in such contexts. Let's analyze: The phrase "a piece of DNA" means a segment or fragment. Both senses 1 and 3 are plausible. But sense 1 is likely the intended sense because the gloss is "a separate part of a whole" and the example includes "an important piece of the evidence," which is an abstract part. DNA can be seen as a whole and a piece is a part. Sense 3 specifically emphasizes "natural object" and the example is a piece of granite (a physical chunk). In genetic contexts, "piece" is often used to denote a fragment of DNA, which is a part of a larger molecule. Both could work, but we must choose the best. Sense 1 is more generic and fits the abstraction better (DNA sequence information, a piece of genetic material). Sense 3's examples are more about physical objects like granite. The context says "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." This "piece" is not necessarily a physical object you can hold, but a segment of DNA. In WordNet, sense 1 is the primary sense for piece as a separate part, while sense 3 is specifically for natural objects. The example for sense 3: "they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite" suggests physical parts. For DNA, it's both physical and informational. However, sense 1 is more appropriate because it doesn't restrict to natural objects, and "piece" in "piece of DNA" is a generic partitive construction. I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the index is 1. Return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "probably" in the given context. The target lemma is "probably" and surface form is "probably". We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt" (synonyms: likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike). Examples: "He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war"

Sense 2: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence" (synonyms: credibly, believably, plausibly). Examples: "he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election"

Now, let's examine the context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." The researchers found a piece of DNA that was the smallest common bit lost in all tumor cells. They are hypothesizing that this piece of DNA probably constitutes a gene. The word "probably" here indicates likelihood, a high degree of certainty based on the evidence. They are not saying it is "easy to believe" (sense 2) but rather that it is likely the case. Sense 1 fits: with considerable certainty; without much doubt. The example "He is probably out of the country" matches this usage. Sense 2's synonyms like "credibly, believably, plausibly" are more about the believability of a statement or story, not about expressing a probable fact. In the context, the scientists are stating a probable conclusion, not commenting on the credibility of the evidence. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constitute
Target surface form: constitute
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably <t>constitute</t> a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "constitute" with surface form "constitute" in a specific context. We have four candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to pick the single best sense based on the context.

Context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." The sentence is about a piece of DNA that would probably make up or form a gene. They are looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells; such a piece of DNA would likely be the gene itself. So "constitute" here means "be equivalent to", "form", or "make up".

Looking at the senses:

1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance. This sense is about "be" or "represent" in the sense of forming something. Example: "This money is my only income" -> money constitutes income. "The stone wall was the backdrop" -> the wall constituted the backdrop. So here, the piece of DNA would constitute a gene: the piece of DNA is the gene. That fits well.

2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee. This is about appointing someone to a position. Not relevant to DNA.

3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof. This is similar to sense 1, but the examples are about forming a physical structure. Sense 1's examples are more abstract (money as income, wall as backdrop). Both senses 1 and 3 seem closely related. Sense 3 says "to compose or represent:" with synonyms form, make. But sense 1 explicitly has "be" as a synonym, and example "This money is my only income." In our sentence, "a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" could be paraphrased as "a piece of DNA would probably be a gene." That matches sense 1's "be" usage. Sense 3's examples are about physically forming something: the wall forms the background, the branches made a roof. The DNA piece forming a gene is more like an identity: the piece is the gene. I think sense 1 is slightly better.

4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department. This is about creating an organization or something, not about being equivalent.

Thus, sense 1 seems the best. Sense 3 is similar but sense 1's examples and synonyms (including "be") fit the identity reading more directly. The context says "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." That means it would be the gene itself, so "be" is appropriate. I'll go with sense 1.

Now, return a JSON object with sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "find", surface form "found", in the given context. We must choose the single best indexed sense from the candidate senses provided. The context is: "When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." The "it" refers to "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" that they were looking for. So they were searching for a piece of DNA that would constitute a gene. After months of experimentally crawling down chromosome 17, they found it. This is a discovery after a deliberate search. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: | come upon as if by accident; meet with | synonyms: happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples: We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery... This is accidental discovery, not intentional search.

2. find%2:39:02:: | discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice | examples: She detected high levels of lead... We found traces of lead... This is about detecting something, often with instruments or observation, but not necessarily after a deliberate search for a specific missing item. But note: they were searching for a specific thing, so this could fit, but there might be a better one.

3. find%2:40:00:: | come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms: regain | examples: Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves! This explicitly involves searching for something lost or missing. The context: they were experimentally crawling down the chromosome, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in tumor cells. They were searching for a piece of DNA that was lost. So they found it after searching. This sense perfectly matches: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost." The "lost" in the definition aligns with "genetic material lost in all tumor cells". They were looking for a piece of DNA that was missing/lost. So they found it. This seems very appropriate.

4. find%2:32:00:: | establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain | examples: find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle... This is about determining a fact or result through investigation. It could also apply because they used gene probes and experiments to locate the genetic material. But sense 3 is more about locating a physical thing after searching, while this is about ascertaining a fact or result. The context says they "found it" where "it" is a piece of DNA. That is a physical thing (genetic material). So locating it after searching fits sense 3 better than sense 4, which is more about determining a truth or value.

5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | come to believe on the basis of emotion... Not relevant.

6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | perceive or be contemporaneous with; witness. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | get something or somebody for a specific purpose. Example: "I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener" - not exactly.

8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms: discover | examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle. This is about discovering something new, but the context is about finding a specific lost piece of genetic material, not necessarily a new discovery. They already hypothesized its existence. Sense 8 is more about original discovery. Sense 3 is about finding something lost/missing after searching.

9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | make a discovery (that something is the case). Example: She found that he had lied to her. This is about discovering a fact, not locating a physical object.

10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | obtain through effort or management. Not fitting.

11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | decide on and make a declaration about; rule. Not relevant.

12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | receive a specified treatment. Not relevant.

13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | perceive oneself to be in a certain condition. Not relevant.

14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | get or find back; recover the use of. Not relevant, they aren't recovering something they had.

15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | succeed in reaching; arrive at. Example: The arrow found its mark. This is more about hitting a target, but not exactly.

16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | accept and make use of one's personality... Not relevant.

The best choice is sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost." The context explicitly says they were looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. So they found it after searching.

Let's double-check: In the sentence: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter..." The "it" is the piece of DNA they were looking for. So they found it after an extensive search. Sense 3 is perfect.

Sense 2 (detect, observe, discover, notice) is also plausible but not as specific to the searching aspect. Sense 4 is about determining via investigation, but the object is a physical piece of DNA, not an abstract fact. The examples for sense 3 are about finding lost glasses, which is very concrete. So I'll go with 3.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "last" in the context: "When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious...". The target lemma is "last" and surface form is "last". The candidate senses are given with definitions and examples. We need to choose the best matching sense.

Looking at the context: "last winter" refers to the winter that just passed, i.e., the most recent winter relative to the time of the sentence. The word "last" here is an adjective indicating the winter immediately preceding the current time or the one that came before all other winters in terms of recent past.

Now, examine the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read. This sense explicitly mentions "last Thursday" as an example, which is very similar to "last winter". It means the most recent one in the past.
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month. This could also be interpreted as "the most recent" but note that "the last day of the month" might be about sequence, not necessarily the immediate past. However, "last winter" is more about immediate past than being the final one in a sequence. The phrase "last winter" typically means the winter that just passed, i.e., the most recent winter. So sense 1 is a perfect fit.
3. concluding, final, terminal: not about immediate past.
4. unlikely: not applicable.
5. dying: not applicable.
6. final: not exactly the immediate past.
7. utmost: not.
8. unalterable: no.
9. lowest: no.

Thus, sense 1 is the correct sense. Its definition is "immediately past" and an example is "last Thursday", which matches the pattern "last winter".

Therefore, the answer is sense index 1.

JSON response: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "dubious" with target surface form "dubious". The context is a sentence: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." The context explains that he had doubts, as his doubts stemmed from the fact that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

We have three candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt. Synonyms: doubtful. Examples: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted". This sense seems to describe a situation that is uncertain, not a person's state of mind. But note the examples use "doubtful" in the sense of "uncertain", like "it was doubtful whether...". However, the target word in the context is applied to a person: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." So he was feeling doubt or uncertainty, not that something is inherently dubious. Sense 1 might be a bit more about the quality of being fraught with doubt, but it can apply to people? The examples use "they were doubtful that..." which is similar to "he was dubious that...". So sense 1 might fit.

2. Sense 2: definition=open to doubt or suspicion; questionable. Synonyms: doubtful, dubitable, in question. Examples: "the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed". This sense is about something being questionable or suspect. It's a quality of evidence or past, etc. It does not fit here because the context is about his state of mind, not that the search or the finding is questionable. He is personally dubious, not that the finding is dubious.

3. Sense 3: definition=not convinced. Examples: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious". Clearly this fits: Dr. Vogelstein was not convinced; he remained dubious. The context says "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." His doubts stemmed from earlier work. So he was not convinced.

Sense 3 is directly about a person being unconvinced. The example matches our sentence pattern: "remained dubious". So the best indexed sense is 3.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "search" in the given context. We have five candidate senses with definitions. We need to choose the best indexed sense based on the context.

Context: The researchers are looking for a specific gene on chromosome 17. They are using gene probes, "crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." Then: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." Here, "search" refers to the activity of looking for that gene. It's a scientific investigation aiming to find something specific. The activity involved thoroughly looking through the chromosome to find the gene.

Now, candidate senses:

1. sense_index 1: the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone; synonyms: hunt, hunting. Example would be like a search for a missing person. This fits well: they are looking thoroughly for a gene.

2. sense_index 2: an investigation seeking answers. Example: a thorough search of the ledgers. This could also fit as an investigation, but it's more about seeking answers in general, like auditing. However, here they are looking for a specific genetic material, not just answers abstractly. It's a physical search along the chromosome.

3. sense_index 3: an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property; synonyms: lookup; example: table lookup. This is a computational sense, like a search algorithm. The context is about experimental biologists using gene probes, so it's not a computer operation. Not fitting.

4. sense_index 4: the examination of alternative hypotheses; example: his search for a move that would avoid checkmate. This is about testing hypotheses abstractly. The context is a physical search for genetic material, not hypothesis testing in that sense.

5. sense_index 5: boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas. Clearly not applicable.

Between sense 1 and 2: sense 1 emphasizes the activity of looking thoroughly to find something/someone. Sense 2 emphasizes an investigation seeking answers. In the context, they are specifically looking for a piece of DNA, a tangible target. The phrase "the search was over" directly means the looking for that gene might be complete. The examples in sense 1 include "hunt, hunting" which aligns with a scientific hunt for a gene. Sense 2's example: "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing" is more about examining records for information, which could be similar, but the genetic search is more like a physical hunt along the chromosome. Also, the synonyms "hunt, hunting" suggest a focused search for a specific entity. The context says "crawled down the length ... looking for the smallest common bit." That's a thorough looking activity. So sense 1 is more precise.

Thus, I'll choose indexed sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "doubts" in the given context. We are given two candidate senses from WordNet, indexed 1 and 2. We need to choose the best sense.

Target lemma: doubt, surface form: doubts. Context: Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact... So, his doubts are about whether the search was over, i.e., he was unsure that the gene they found was indeed the one they were looking for. That's uncertainty about the truth or factuality of something. Specifically, he doubts that the search is over because there's prior evidence (p53) that complicates things.

Sense 1: "the state of being unsure of something" - this is a general state of uncertainty. It could be uncertainty about anything, not necessarily about truth claims.

Sense 2: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" - this is more specific: uncertainty about whether something is true, factual, or exists. The example: "the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise." Here, "dubiousness of his claim" meaning doubt about the truth of the claim. In the context, Dr. Vogelstein's doubts are precisely about whether the search is truly over, i.e., he is uncertain about the fact that the gene they found is the one. It's a doubt about a factual matter: is this gene the correct one? So sense 2 fits better because it's explicitly about uncertainty regarding truth/factuality/existence. Sense 1 is broader, just a state of being unsure. Since sense 2 is more specific and matches the context of doubting a claim/fact, we choose sense 2.

I'll output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "stem" and target surface form "stemmed" in the given context. The context: "His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." The sentence says: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." This clearly means his doubts originated from or were caused by that fact. Among the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war. This matches perfectly: his doubts stemmed from the fact means his doubts originated in that fact.

2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis (a skiing technique). No.

3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide. This doesn't fit; there's no stopping flow.

4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed (linguistics). This is about removing stems from words, not applicable.

Clearly, sense 1 is correct. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "fact" in the given context. The target word appears in the sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

We need to choose from four candidate senses. Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." Here, "the fact that" introduces a clause describing something that happened: that Arnold Levine found something in experiments. The "fact" refers to the event or the truth of that finding. It is not just a piece of information, but rather something that is known to have happened or existed. The phrase "the fact that" is commonly used to refer to a known truth or event.

Sense 3 defines "fact" as "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." That fits well: Levine's finding is an event known to have happened.

Sense 1 is "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred." That could also fit, but it emphasizes the information itself. However, in "the fact that," it's more about the actual event or state of affairs, not just a piece of information.

Sense 2 is "a statement or assertion of verified information." Here, it's not just a statement; it's the actual finding/event.

Sense 4 is "a concept whose truth can be proved." That is more abstract, like scientific hypotheses vs. facts. Not as good.

Thus, sense 3 is the best match.

Answer should be JSON: {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "several" in context. Let's analyze the context carefully. The sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." Here, "several" modifies "years": "several years earlier." So it means an indefinite number of years, more than 2 or 3 but not many. It does not mean "considered individually" or "distinct and individual." The examples for sense 1 match: "several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident." So the best sense is 1. The candidate senses: 1 is (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many; 2 is considered individually (synonyms: respective, various); 3 is distinct and individual (example: three several times). Clearly, sense 1 fits the context. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: year, surface form: years, context: ... several years earlier ... The candidate senses:
1. a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days (e.g., she is 4 years old; in the year 1920)
2. a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year for some activity (e.g., a school year)
3. the period of time for a planet to revolve around the sun (e.g., a Martian year)
4. a body of students who graduate together (e.g., class of '97)

Context: "several years earlier" refers to a point in time a number of calendar years before. It is the common sense of a standard year (365/366 days) used to measure time. So sense 1 fits best.

Thus, output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the word "earlier" in the given context. The target lemma is "earlier", surface form "earlier". The context: "...His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. ..."

We need to pick from three senses:

1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of 'soon' or 'early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Now, analyze the context: "several years earlier" refers to a point in time several years before the current narrative time. It means "previously" or "before then". It is not comparing to "soon" or "early" in a comparative sense like "sooner". Nor does it mean "before now" in the sense of "originally" or "in the first place". Sense 1 fits perfectly: "earlier in time; previously". The example "I had known her before" matches the usage. So sense_index should be 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}