[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "educational" in the given context. The target lemma is "educational", surface form "educational". Two candidate senses are provided:

1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

The target appears as "educational" modifying "psychology" and "philosophy" in the phrase "educational psychology and educational philosophy." So "educational psychology" is explicitly given as an example for sense 1. Sense 2's example is "an educational film," which implies something that provides knowledge. In the context, it's about courses that teachers take as part of their professional training. "Educational psychology" is a field of study that relates to the process of education, not merely a film that provides knowledge. Similarly, "educational philosophy" is the philosophy of education. Both are directly about the process of education, so sense 1 is the correct fit. Sense 2, "providing knowledge," would be more apt for something like "educational program" or "educational experience," but here it's the name of academic disciplines. So I choose sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: philosophy
Target surface form: philosophy
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational <t>philosophy</t>. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "philosophy" in the given context. We have three candidate senses. We need to choose the single best sense based on context, examples, and synonyms. The output should be a JSON object with the sense index.

Context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

The phrase is "educational philosophy". The context discusses teachers and education, mentioning "educational psychology and educational philosophy" as courses. The author took such courses. This suggests "educational philosophy" is an academic subject or a set of theories about education. The word "philosophy" here is not a personal belief, but rather a system of thought or an academic discipline. Among the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school (doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism). Example: an "-ism". This could fit because "educational philosophy" could refer to a system of beliefs in education, like "progressivism" etc. But note the context mentions "progressive education" as a type of philosophy, and the author says they took courses in educational philosophy. So it's likely an academic field that studies such systems.

2. sense 2: the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics. This is the general academic discipline of philosophy. "Educational philosophy" could be the philosophy of education, which is a branch of philosophy that investigates questions about education. But the context says "educational psychology and educational philosophy", which are typically courses in teacher education programs. These courses cover theories and systems, not necessarily deep philosophical investigation.

3. sense 3: any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation. Example: "self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it." This sense is about a personal guiding principle. In this context, "educational philosophy" is not a personal belief but a course name.

The best fit seems to be sense 1: a system of beliefs accepted by a group or school. In education, there are "philosophies" like progressivism, essentialism, etc. The text mentions "progressive education" as a philosophy. So "educational philosophy" as a course would cover these -isms. While sense 2 could also apply since educational philosophy is an academic discipline, sense 1 is more specific to the idea that it's a doctrine or school of thought. The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2: sense 1 emphasizes a system of beliefs (often named as an "-ism"), while sense 2 is the activity of rational investigation. In the sentence, they "passed courses in educational philosophy", implying the content of the course is about various philosophies (doctrines) of education, not necessarily doing philosophical investigation. Also, the earlier part: "Progressive education (as it was once called)" indicates a specific doctrine. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

Thus, sense_index = 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: took
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself <t>took</t> such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "take" and the surface form "took" in the context: "I myself <t>took</t> such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher." The candidate senses list many possibilities. We need to choose the best indexed sense.

Let's analyze the context. The author is talking about education courses. He says: "I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher." So "took" here means enrolled in or studied those courses. Which sense matches?

Sense 25: definition=be a student of a certain subject; synonyms=learn, study, read; examples=She is reading for the bar exam. This directly fits: taking a course means studying a subject. So sense_index 25.

Let's see if any other sense might compete. Sense 10 = pick out, select, choose; but here it's not about choosing from alternatives; it's about taking the courses as in studying them. Sense 1 = carry out ("take action"), but that doesn't fit with courses. Sense 2 = require time, not fit. Sense 8 = take into possession, but that's physical. Sense 18 = consume, but not with courses. So 25 is clear.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 25}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such <t>courses</t> in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "courses" in the given context. The target lemma is "course", surface form "courses". The context: "I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses." The candidate senses are listed.

We need to identify which sense fits best. The context talks about taking courses in college, specifically in educational psychology and educational philosophy, as part of teacher training. The phrase "took such courses" clearly refers to educational classes. Sense 1: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" with synonyms "course of study, course of instruction, class" and example "he took a course in basket weaving". This matches perfectly: college courses are series of lessons. Sense 6 is "a body of students who are taught together" (class, form, grade), but here "courses" refers to the subject matter, not the group of students. The context says "passed courses", "took such courses", like "pap courses". That aligns with sense 1. So the best indexed sense is 1.

Thus the JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: college
Target surface form: college
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in <t>college</t>, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=college%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of faculty and students of a college
2. sense_key=college%1:14:01:: | definition=an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university
3. sense_key=college%1:06:00:: | definition=a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context: "I myself took such courses in <t>college</t>, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher." The target word is "college". We have three candidate senses:

1. body of faculty and students of a college
2. an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university
3. a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed

The context: "I myself took such courses in college" refers to where the person took courses. Typically, "college" here means the educational institution, not the body of people or the physical buildings. It's about attending college as an institution. Sense 2 fits best: an institution of higher education. Sense 1 is metonymic (the people), but the phrase "took courses in college" clearly refers to the institution. Sense 3 is about buildings, but we don't take courses in buildings in that sense; we take courses at an institution. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: thinking
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, <t>thinking</t> I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Context: "I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."
Here, "thinking" introduces the idea that while taking those courses, the speaker had in mind the possibility of becoming a schoolteacher. It expresses a belief or supposition about a potential future, not heavy reasoning or deliberate pondering. Among the senses, sense 2 ("expect, believe, or suppose") fits best, as it matches the casual supposition in the example "I thought to find her in a bad state."
{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: thinking
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, <t>thinking</t> I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 13. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
 the given context describes the author recalling their past thoughts about becoming a teacher. The phrase "thinking I might end up a schoolteacher" indicates that they had in mind a possible future scenario. This aligns with "expect, believe, or suppose." The synonyms in sense 2 include "suppose" and "imagine", which fit the context well. Sense 3 refers to the process of reasoning in general, which is not the best fit here, as the focus is on holding an expectation. The examples under sense 2 match the speculative nature of the thought.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fairly
Target surface form: fairly
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all <t>fairly</t> be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fairly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a moderately sufficient extent or degree | synonyms=reasonably, moderately, pretty, jolly, somewhat, middling | examples=pretty big; pretty bad
2. sense_key=fairly%4:02:00:: | definition=without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner | synonyms=fair, evenhandedly | examples=deal fairly with one another
3. sense_key=fairly%4:02:03:: | definition=in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating | synonyms=fair, clean | examples=they played fairly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "fairly" with surface form "fairly" in a specific context. The context is a passage discussing teachers and educational courses. The sentence containing the target is: "They could all <t>fairly</t> be described as 'pap' courses." We need to disambiguate the sense of "fairly" here.

We have three candidate senses:
1. sense 1: "to a moderately sufficient extent or degree" (synonyms: reasonably, moderately, pretty, jolly, somewhat, middling) — example: pretty big; pretty bad. This is an adverb of degree, meaning "to some extent" or "rather".
2. sense 2: "without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner" (synonyms: fair, evenhandedly) — example: deal fairly with one another. This is about impartiality, justice.
3. sense 3: "in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating" (synonyms: fair, clean) — example: they played fairly. This is about following rules, not cheating.

In the context: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses." The word "fairly" here modifies the verb phrase "be described as". The meaning is: It would be reasonable, or you could justly/accurately describe them as pap courses. It's not about degree (not "somewhat" described as pap courses, because "pap" is a negative term, meaning trivial or worthless). The author is saying that in all fairness, they could be described that way. So it's more about a fair, accurate, or just description. This leans toward sense 2: without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner. The phrase "could all fairly be described as" implies that such a description would be just, impartial, or correct. It's not about the degree of the description (e.g., "somewhat described" doesn't make sense). Instead, it's about the fairness or appropriateness of the description.

Sense 3 is about following rules, like in games. That doesn't fit here. Sense 1 is about extent, like "pretty good". But the construction "fairly be described" doesn't fit the degree sense; if it were degree, it might be "could be fairly described as pap courses" meaning "could be somewhat described as pap courses" — but that would be awkward, and the meaning intended is clearly "it is fair to describe them as pap courses". So sense 2 is the best.

Check: In fact, "fairly" in the sense of "in a fair manner" can be used in such contexts: "it can fairly be said that..." means it is fair to say that. So sense 2 fits.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

Now, return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: describe
Target surface form: described
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be <t>described</t> as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
2. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "describe" with surface form "described" in the context: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
2. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name

In context, "described as 'pap' courses" means they are characterized or labeled as such. This is a verbal act of describing something in words, an account or representation. Sense 2 fits: "to give an account or representation of in words". Sense 1 is similar but more about depiction, maybe including visual. Sense 2 has synonyms "report, account" and example about police describing something. The phrase "described as" is a common usage for sense 2. Sense 3 is about drawing lines, obviously not. Sense 4 is about biological identification, not relevant.

So the best sense is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pap
Target surface form: pap
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "<t>pap</t> "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pap%1:10:00:: | definition=worthless or oversimplified ideas | synonyms=pablum
2. sense_key=pap%1:13:00:: | definition=a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders | synonyms=soft diet, spoon food
3. sense_key=pap%1:08:00:: | definition=the small projection of a mammary gland | synonyms=nipple, mammilla, mamilla, teat, tit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "pap" and surface form "pap." The context: a passage discussing education, criticizing "progressive education" and describing certain courses as "pap courses." The candidate senses are:
1. worthless or oversimplified ideas (synonym: pablum)
2. a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders (synonyms: soft diet, spoon food)
3. the small projection of a mammary gland (synonyms: nipple, etc.)

In context, "pap courses" clearly means courses that are worthless or oversimplified, providing little intellectual substance. Sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 (diet) and sense 3 (nipple) are completely off-topic. So the best indexed sense is sense 1.

Now, output must be JSON: {"sense_index": 1} (using integer index, starting from 1 as given).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "<t>courses</t>. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "courses" in the given context. The target is "courses" as it appears in the sentence: "I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher." Let's look at the context. The preceding sentences mention: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college..." So the word "courses" refers to academic classes or subjects taken in an educational setting.

Now, examine the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms: course of study, course of instruction, class | examples: he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms: line | examples: the government took a firm course; ...
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | general line of orientation | synonyms: trend | examples: river takes a southern course
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | a mode of action | synonyms: course of action | examples: if you persist in that course...
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms: path, track
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | a body of students who are taught together | synonyms: class, form, grade | examples: early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | part of a meal served at one time | examples: three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | (construction) a layer of masonry | row | a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | facility consisting of a circumscribed area for sport | examples: the course had only nine holes

Clearly, the context refers to taking courses in college, which matches sense 1: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings. The example: "he took a course in basket weaving" is very similar to "I myself took such courses in college". The synonym "class" also fits. The other senses don't fit: sense 6 is about a body of students, not the instruction itself; but note that sense 6 is "a body of students who are taught together", e.g., "early morning classes are always sleepy" meaning the group of students. In the context, "passed courses" and "took such courses" clearly refer to the educational instruction, not the group of students. So sense 1 is the best match.

Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on <t>teachers</t>, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "teacher", target surface form "teachers". The context is about progressive education versus disciplined instruction, discussing teachers' roles, self-definition, and commitment. The target appears in: "But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

We need to choose the best sense. The context clearly refers to human teachers in the education system, as it discusses "schoolteacher", "conscientious teaching", "educational establishment". The word is used literally to mean people with the occupation of teaching. The second sense is metaphorical (personified abstraction). So sense 1 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: distinct
Target surface form: distinct
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as <t>distinct</t> from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=(often followed by `from') not alike; different in nature or quality | synonyms=distinguishable | examples=plants of several distinct types; the word `nationalism' is used in at least two distinct senses
2. sense_key=distinct%3:00:00:: | definition=easy to perceive; especially clearly outlined | examples=a distinct flavor; a distinct odor of turpentine
3. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:separate:00 | definition=constituting a separate entity or part | synonyms=discrete | examples=a government with three discrete divisions; on two distinct occasions
4. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=recognizable; marked | synonyms=decided | examples=noticed a distinct improvement; at a distinct (or decided) disadvantage
5. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:clear:00 | definition=clearly or sharply defined to the mind | synonyms=clear-cut, trenchant | examples=clear-cut evidence of tampering; Claudius was the first to invade Britain with distinct...intentions of conquest

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "as <t>distinct</t> from the educational establishment". The phrase is "as distinct from". This is a common phrase meaning "as opposed to" or "as different from". It's used to contrast teachers with the educational establishment. So the sense is about being different or separate. Let's check the candidates:

1. (often followed by `from') not alike; different in nature or quality. This matches exactly: it says often followed by 'from', and the context is "distinct from". So this seems perfect.

2. easy to perceive; especially clearly outlined. Not about contrast.

3. constituting a separate entity or part. This could also work: it emphasizes separate entity. But the phrase "distinct from" is explicitly about difference, and sense 1 directly mentions it. Sense 3 is more about separate parts, like discrete divisions. It could apply, but sense 1 is more about being different in nature.

4. recognizable; marked. Not about contrast.

5. clearly defined to the mind. Not about contrast.

Given the phrase "as distinct from", sense 1 is the most appropriate because it specifically mentions the pattern "followed by 'from'" and meaning "different in nature or quality". The context is contrasting teachers vs. educational establishment, emphasizing they are different, not just separate entities. So 1 is the best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the <t>educational</t> establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "educational" in the context: "But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the <t>educational</t> establishment." The target word is "educational". We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

The context mentions "educational establishment" as distinct from teachers. In this phrase, "educational establishment" refers to the system or institution of education, those who set policies, etc., as opposed to the teachers themselves. This aligns with sense 1: "relating to the process of education". It does not mean "providing knowledge" like an educational film. So sense 1 is correct.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational <t>establishment</t>. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: establishment", "Target surface form: establishment", and a context passage. We need to choose the best sense from the candidate senses (1 through 7). The context is:
"But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment."
So here "establishment" is part of the phrase "educational establishment". This is a common phrase meaning the institutionalized system or the controlling body of education. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

In the context "educational establishment", we are not referring to the act of establishing something (sense 1), nor a physical structure (sense 4), nor an ecological process (sense 6), nor a cognitive process (sense 7). The phrase typically refers to the system or the institutional body that controls education. It is not just any large organization (sense 5) but specifically a controlling body. Sense 2 says "an organization founded and united for a specific purpose" with synonym "institution". Sense 3 says "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something", synonyms include "governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation". The phrase "the educational establishment" often refers to the established powers-that-be in education: the administrators, policymakers, and institutions that run education. It fits sense 3 because it emphasizes the persons or committees that administer education. However, sense 2 is also possible as an institution. But sense 3 specifically mentions "persons" and "administering", which is closer to the idea of the "establishment" as the governing body. Sense 2 is simply an organization founded for a purpose. The term "establishment" in "educational establishment" typically connotes the establishment as a controlling elite, more than just an organization. So I lean toward sense 3.

Consider the examples: sense 2 is just institution, sense 3 has examples like "he claims that the present administration is corrupt". The context contrasts teachers (the front-line workers) with the educational establishment (the system/administration). It's a classic "us vs. them" in education: teachers vs. the establishment. So it's the administrative body, the governance. Therefore sense 3 is the best fit.

Thus the answer is sense index 3. JSON: {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I <t>know</t> many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "know" in the given context. The target is "know" as it appears: "I <t>know</t> many schoolteachers". So we need to select the correct sense from the candidate list.

Let's examine the context: "I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching." This is a statement where the speaker is expressing familiarity or acquaintance with many schoolteachers. It's not about knowing a fact, or knowing how to do something, but about being familiar with or personally acquainted with these people.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. Example: "I know that the President lied to the people" – this is about facts, not about knowing people.

2. know how to do or perform something. Example: "She knows how to knit" – not relevant, because it's about a skill.

3. be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. Example: "I know that I left the key on the table" – again, about truth or belief about a proposition, not about acquaintance with people.

4. be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. Example: "She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?" This directly matches: "I know many schoolteachers" means I am acquainted with many schoolteachers. So this sense fits perfectly.

5. experience, live. Example: "I know the feeling!" would be about having firsthand knowledge of states, emotions, etc. "Know" used with a direct object that is a state: "I know hunger." Not "many schoolteachers" – schoolteachers are people, not states.

6. accept someone to be what is claimed or accept power and authority. Example: "We do not recognize your gods" – this is like acknowledging authority or legitimacy. Not about simple acquaintance.

7. have fixed in the mind (like knowledge of a subject). Example: "I know Latin" – with objects like a language, facts, etc. "Know many schoolteachers" is not like knowing a subject.

8. have sexual intercourse with. Obscene. Not applicable.

9. know the nature or character of. Example: "we all knew her as a big show-off." This could be close to being familiar with someone's character, but it's more about knowing what they are like, perhaps from observation. The context says "I know many schoolteachers" which sounds like simple acquaintance. However, the example for sense 9 shows "knew her as a big show-off" focusing on knowing their nature. Sense 4 is the more direct "be familiar or acquainted with a person". In many contexts, "I know many schoolteachers" simply means I am acquainted with them. It could also imply I know their character, but sense 4 is the typical sense for knowing people. Let's see: "Do you know my sister?" — that's clearly acquaintance. The gloss of sense 4 explicitly says "a person or an object", and the example includes "Do you know my sister?" So that is exactly the usage here. Sense 9 is "know the nature or character of" and uses "as a big show-off" requiring a complement. So sense 4 is better.

10. be able to distinguish. Example: "The child knows right from wrong" – not applicable.

11. perceive as familiar. Example: "I know this voice!" – that is about recognizing something, not necessarily about knowing a person. Could be close, but "I know this voice" is like recognizing a voice as familiar. In our sentence, "I know many schoolteachers" is stating the relationship of familiarity, not just perceiving them as familiar at a moment. Also sense 4 is directly "be familiar or acquainted with a person". So 4 is the best.

Thus the answer is sense_index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seriously
Target surface form: seriously
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are <t>seriously</t> committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seriously%4:02:00:: | definition=in a serious manner | synonyms=earnestly, in earnest | examples=talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest
2. sense_key=seriously%4:02:01:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=badly, severely, gravely | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "seriously" in the given context. The target word is "seriously" in the sentence: "I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seriously%4:02:00:: | definition=in a serious manner | synonyms=earnestly, in earnest | examples=talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest
2. sense_key=seriously%4:02:01:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=badly, severely, gravely | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured

We need to choose which sense better fits "seriously committed". Let's analyze the context.

The sentence: "they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching." Here, "seriously" modifies "committed". It means they are deeply or earnestly committed. The synonyms for sense 1 are "earnestly, in earnest", and the examples show earnestness. Sense 2 is about degree, often with a negative connotation like "badly injured" or "severely", but it can also be used as a degree modifier in a positive sense? But the definition "to a severe or serious degree" and synonyms "badly, severely, gravely" suggest it's typically used for negative or extreme situations. However, "seriously committed" is a common collocation meaning deeply committed. The word "seriously" here intensifies the commitment. Which sense captures that? Sense 2 is "to a severe or serious degree" which could fit as an intensifier. But sense 1 is "in a serious manner", which would mean they are committed in a serious manner, not frivolously. In context, the author is defending teachers, saying they are truly committed. The phrase "seriously committed" often means very committed. Both readings are plausible, but we must choose the best indexed sense.

Look at the examples: Sense 1 examples: "talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest" – these show a sincere, serious manner. Sense 2 examples: "fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured" – these show degree, often negative. The definition "to a severe or serious degree" is a degree modifier, like "very" but stronger. In "seriously committed", it could be interpreted as "committed to a serious degree", i.e., very committed. Or "committed in a serious manner", i.e., earnest. Which is more appropriate? Typically, in WordNet, adverb senses are distinguished: sense 1 is manner, sense 2 is degree. In many cases, "seriously" as an intensifier is classified under degree. For example, "I'm seriously considering..." means I'm considering to a serious degree. But the synonyms for sense 2 are "badly, severely, gravely", which often appear in negative contexts: "badly hurt", "gravely ill". "Seriously" in "seriously committed" doesn't carry a negative connotation; it's a neutral intensifier. However, WordNet's sense 2 is defined as "to a severe or serious degree", so it doesn't explicitly require negative polarity, but the synonyms and examples are all negative. Sense 1 is more about manner: "in earnest". If someone is "earnestly committed", that means they are sincere and serious in their commitment. That seems like a good fit.

Let's check typical WordNet distinctions. In WordNet, adverbs often have a manner sense and a degree sense. For "seriously", sense 1 (manner) and sense 2 (degree). In the sentence, "seriously committed" could be paraphrased as "committed in a serious manner" or "committed to a serious degree". I'd argue that "committed in earnest" is a better paraphrase than "committed severely". The context: "they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching." The author is contrasting this with the previous negative comments about pap courses. He says it's unfair to dump on teachers; they are earnestly committed. So sense 1 seems more appropriate.

Therefore, I'll choose sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: committed
Target surface form: committed
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously <t>committed</t> to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=committed%3:00:00:: | definition=bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude | examples=committed church members; a committed Marxist
2. sense_key=committed%3:00:04:: | definition=associated in an exclusive sexual relationship | synonyms=attached

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "committed" in the given context. We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=committed%3:00:00:: | definition=bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude | examples=committed church members; a committed Marxist
2. sense_key=committed%3:00:04:: | definition=associated in an exclusive sexual relationship | synonyms=attached

Context: "... I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

The context is about teachers being dedicated to teaching. "committed" here clearly means dedicated, bound, or obligated to a cause, action, or attitude (sense 1). Sense 2 is about romantic relationships, which is irrelevant.

Thus, the best sense is number 1. We return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teaching
Target surface form: teaching
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teaching%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=instruction, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
2. sense_key=teaching%1:09:00:: | definition=a doctrine that is taught | synonyms=precept, commandment | examples=the teachings of religion; he believed all the Christian precepts
3. sense_key=teaching%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, instruction, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "teaching" with the surface form "teaching" in the given context. The context is about teachers and their profession. The target appears in: "they are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>." The three candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=teaching%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=instruction, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
2. sense_key=teaching%1:09:00:: | definition=a doctrine that is taught | synonyms=precept, commandment | examples=the teachings of religion; he believed all the Christian precepts
3. sense_key=teaching%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, instruction, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed

We need to select the best sense. Sense 1 is the profession. Sense 2 is a doctrine. Sense 3 is the activities of educating. In context: "they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching." Here, "teaching" refers to the act or activity of instructing, i.e., they are committed to doing teaching conscientiously. It doesn't refer to the profession as a whole (sense 1) or to a doctrine (sense 2). The phrase "conscientious teaching" describes their behavior as teachers, focusing on the activity. So sense 3 is appropriate.

Thus, sense_index should be 3.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "<t>best</t> and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Target lemma: best", "Target surface form: best". So the target word is "best". In the context: "They may not be among the '<t>best</t> and brightest 'of their generation..." The phrase is "best and brightest". The candidate senses include many definitions for "good" and related adjectives. But note: "best" is the superlative form of "good" or "well". The candidate senses are given; some are specifically for "best" (sense 1 and 2), and the rest are for "good" or other words but with sense keys that appear in the index. We need to choose the best indexed sense.

Sense 1: best%3:00:00:: — "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities". Example: "the best film of the year; the best solution". That fits "best and brightest" where brightest is also superlative. In the context, they are talking about teachers not necessarily being the most excellent (having the most positive qualities) of their generation. So sense 1 seems straightforward.

Sense 2: best%5:00:00:advisable:00 — "(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable". This is for the sense like "it is best to do something". Not applicable here.

Now, there are many "good" senses. But "best" is specifically the superlative form. In the phrase "best and brightest", "best" is an adjective meaning most excellent, highest quality. It aligns with sense 1.

Check if any other sense fits? Sense 14: "good%5:00:00:opportune:00" — "most suitable or right for a particular purpose". But that's for "good", not "best". "Best" could be the superlative of that as well, but typically "best and brightest" refers to overall excellence, not suitability for a purpose.

Sense 18: "good%5:00:00:intellectual:00" — "appealing to the mind". Brighter might be intellectual, but "best" here is paired with brightest; it means top-tier in quality. Not limited to intellectual.

Sense 1 is explicitly the superlative of "good" meaning having the most positive qualities. So it's the right one.

So answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bright
Target surface form: brightest
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and <t>brightest</t> "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bright%3:00:00:: | definition=emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts | examples=the sun was bright and hot; a bright sunlit room
2. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:colorful:00 | definition=having striking color | synonyms=brilliant, vivid | examples=bright dress; brilliant tapestries
3. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00 | definition=characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart | examples=some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average
4. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:light:06 | definition=having lots of light either natural or artificial | examples=the room was bright and airy; a stage bright with spotlights
5. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:polished:00 | definition=made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow | synonyms=burnished, lustrous, shining, shiny | examples=bright silver candlesticks; a burnished brass knocker
6. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:glorious:00 | definition=splendid | examples=the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history
7. sense_key=bright%3:00:02:: | definition=not made dim or less bright | synonyms=undimmed | examples=undimmed headlights; surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed
8. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00 | definition=clear and sharp and ringing | synonyms=brilliant | examples=the bright sound of the trumpet section; the brilliant sound of the trumpets
9. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:happy:00 | definition=characterized by happiness or gladness | examples=bright faces; all the world seems bright and gay
10. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "brightest" in the context: "They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their generation". The phrase "best and brightest" is a common idiom referring to highly intelligent and capable individuals. The context contrasts teachers with the "best and brightest" of their generation, implying they may not be the most intelligent or talented. So the sense is likely about intelligence, not literal light. Among the candidates, sense 3 is "characterized by quickness and ease in learning" with synonyms "smart". The examples: "some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average". This fits the meaning of intelligent. Therefore, we choose sense index 3. Return {"sense_index": 3

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generation
Target surface form: generation
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their <t>generation</t> -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generation%1:14:01:: | definition=all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age | synonyms=coevals, contemporaries
2. sense_key=generation%1:14:00:: | definition=group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent
3. sense_key=generation%1:28:00:: | definition=the normal time between successive generations | examples=they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade
4. sense_key=generation%1:28:01:: | definition=a stage of technological development or innovation | examples=the third generation of computers
5. sense_key=generation%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=genesis
6. sense_key=generation%1:04:01:: | definition=the production of heat or electricity | examples=dams were built for the generation of electricity
7. sense_key=generation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production | synonyms=multiplication, propagation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their <t>generation</t> -- there are very few such people, by definition." The target word is "generation". We need to choose the best sense from the list.

The context refers to "their generation", meaning the group of people of approximately the same age, specifically the teachers' peer group. "They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their generation" clearly refers to the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age. Sense 1: "all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age" fits perfectly. The synonyms are "coevals, contemporaries". That matches.

Other senses:
2 - about genetic descent, not relevant.
3 - normal time between successive generations, not talking about time here.
4 - stage of technological development, no.
5 - coming into being, genesis, no.
6 - production of heat or electricity, no.
7 - producing offspring, no.

Thus, sense 1 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}