[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent <t>months</t> is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "months" in the given context. The target lemma is "month" but the surface form is "months". The context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent <t>months</t> is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

Two candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

We need to choose the single best indexed sense. Sense 1 is "calendar month" – a specific month like January, February, etc. Sense 2 is "a time unit of approximately 30 days". In the phrase "in recent months", it refers to the past few months as a period of time, not specific named months. The phrase "recent months" typically means the last few months (a time span). The example for sense 2: "he was given a month to pay the bill" – that's a duration. But sense 1 example: "he paid the bill last month" – that's a particular calendar month. In "recent months", we are referring to a period of time, not a specific named month. However, note that "recent months" could be interpreted as the recent units of the calendar (e.g., November, December, etc.). But typically, "in recent months" just means in the past few months as a period. The WordNet sense 1 is specifically "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" – that is, a specific month like January. Sense 2 is a time unit of approximately 30 days. Often, when we say "in recent months", we mean the recent time period of about 30 days each, collectively, but we're not emphasizing the calendar boundaries. The context is about discoveries happening over the recent past. I think sense 2 is more likely: a time unit. The example for sense 2 is "he was given a month to pay the bill" – indicating a duration, not a specific calendar month. In "recent months", it's a duration as well. So I'll choose sense 2. But note: The sense index should correspond to the order given? The candidate senses are listed as 1 and 2. So sense index 2. We must return {"sense_index": 2}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a <t>new</t> and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "new" with surface form "new" in a context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the 11 candidate senses provided.

Context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a <t>new</t> and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

The target word is "new" in: "painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

Now, we examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars — This sense emphasizes recentness, just come into being. The phrase "recent months" might support this, but the picture being painted is "new" in the sense of recently formulated? Possibly, but "new and startling" suggests originality, not just recent.

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem — This sense stresses originality, not seen before. "startling" often accompanies something novel. The discovery is painting a picture that is new and startling, implying it's an original view. This fits well.

3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits — Refers to people lacking experience. Not applicable here.

4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity — This is about being unprecedented. Could fit: if the picture is unprecedented, meaning never seen before. Similar to 2, but 2 emphasizes originality, while 4 emphasizes lack of prior example. Might be close, but the phrase "new and startling" often implies novelty rather than just unprecedented.

5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it — This sense is about replacement or different from a previous one. Not fitting here; there's no former picture being replaced.

6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new — Refers to condition, not applicable.

7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them — This has a connotation of being newfangled, perhaps trendy but not necessarily good. Not the best fit for a scientific discovery.

8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Egyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties — Historical period, not relevant.

9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew — Language stage, not relevant.

10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn — Agricultural use, not relevant.

11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him — Unfamiliar, not experienced before. Could fit: a new picture might be unfamiliar. But "unaccustomed" often refers to experiences, not typically to a scientific picture. The definition says "unfamiliar". However, sense 2 (original, novel) might be more precise for a discovery that changes understanding.

Comparing 1, 2, 4, 11. Sense 1 is "recently come into being". The picture is based on recent discoveries, so it is recently formed. But the phrase "new and startling" suggests that the picture itself is novel and surprising, not just that it was recently painted. The context says "painting a new and startling picture" — the discovery of these genes in recent months is what leads to this picture. The picture is new in the sense of original, not seen before. Sense 2 explicitly includes "original and of a kind not seen before" with synonyms "fresh, novel". That seems like the best match. Sense 4 is "unprecedented", similar but slightly different nuance; unprecedented often means never done or experienced before, but "new" in the sense of "novel" is common for ideas, theories, pictures. Sense 11 is "unfamiliar", which is also plausible, but the picture is not just unfamiliar; it's a new formulation.

Looking at the example for sense 2: "the computer produced a completely novel proof" — that's a new kind of proof. Here, the genes discovery is producing a new kind of picture. So sense 2 seems most appropriate.

Thus, I select sense index 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Fireworks

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how <t>cancer</t> develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "cancer" in a medical context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how <t>cancer</t> develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list. The senses are:

1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

The context is clearly about the disease cancer, referring to abnormal cell growth, development, treatment, and prevention. Sense 1 matches perfectly: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division". The other senses are astrological (2, 3, 4) or a genus of crabs (5), which are completely irrelevant here.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develops
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer <t>develops</t>. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are talking about the word "develops" in the context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer <t>develops</t>."

The phrase "how cancer develops" means the process by which cancer comes into existence, progresses, or grows. It's about the natural progression or unfolding of the disease. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 5: come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, arise, rise, spring up, grow). Example: "A new religious movement originated in that country". This fits because cancer is a disease that originates or arises from damaged genes.

Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment. Example: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower". That also fits, as cancer develops from cells growing chaotically.

Sense 20: happen (break, recrudesce). Example: "Report the news as it develops". That could fit, but it's more about events unfolding.

The context emphasizes the process of cancer coming into being due to damaged genes. It says "unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer" and "how cancer develops". The phrase "how cancer develops" is similar to "how cancer originates" or "how cancer arises". Sense 5 (originate, arise) is more about coming into existence. Sense 10 is about growth/progress/unfold. Both are close, but in the context, they are describing the process by which cancer starts from damaged genes. "Develop" here is likely the intransitive sense of coming into being or forming. Sense 10 includes "grow" and "evolve through a process of evolution", but also "unfold". Sense 5 is more specifically "originate, arise". The example for sense 5 is "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship". That's about something new coming into existence. Cancer is a disease that comes into existence when genes are damaged. So sense 5 seems appropriate.

Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". The example "A flower developed on the branch" is about something growing, not necessarily coming into existence from nothing, but from a bud. Cancer develops from normal cells, so it's a process of growth and change. But the context says "unleash the chaotic growth of cells", which is the growth, but the overall "how cancer develops" includes that. Both are very close. I need to see which is more precise. Often, "cancer develops" can be glossed as "cancer arises" or "cancer originates". Let's check the definitions: sense 5 definition: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". The context: "painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops" — they are uncovering genes that when damaged cause chaotic growth, which is the development of cancer. So they are learning about the process of cancer's formation/growth. I'd say sense 10 is more about a process of growth/differentiation over time, while sense 5 is about the initial arising. However, the examples for sense 5: "A new religious movement originated in that country" — that is about the origin. For sense 10: "The country developed into a mighty superpower" — that is about evolution/growth. Cancer develops from a few cells to a tumor, so it's a growth process. But the phrase "how cancer develops" can encompass both. In many similar contexts, WordNet might use sense 10 for this. Let's see the synonyms: Sense 5 has "originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow". Sense 10 has no direct synonyms listed, but the definition includes "grow, progress, unfold, evolve". Actually, in the WordNet listing above, sense 10's synonyms field is empty, but the definition says "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". That is exactly the process of cancer: cells grow, differentiate, etc. The context: "unleash the chaotic growth of cells". That is growth. So "how cancer develops" is about the process of growth and progression from a normal state to a cancerous state. I think sense 10 is more fitting because it emphasizes the process of growth and evolution through a conducive environment (e.g., genetic damage leading to growth). Sense 5 is more about something coming into existence, which is also valid but less about the process. In the sentence, they are uncovering genes that when damaged, unleash growth — that's the development process. So I'd lean towards sense 10.

Also, note the example for sense 20: "Report the news as it develops" — that's about events unfolding, which is similar but more about happening. Sense 20 is "happen". But "cancer develops" is not just an event happening; it's a biological process. So sense 20 is less likely.

Let's consider sense 10: "develop%2:30:00::" which is the base intransitive sense of growing/progressing/unfolding. Sense 5 is "develop%2:42:00::" — come into existence. In many WSD tasks, for "cancer develops", they might use the sense of "grow" or "come into existence". Given the context is about the process of how it forms, "develop" as in "grow" (sense 10) is more common. I'll go with sense 10.

But I need to be sure. The phrase "painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops" is like "how cancer arises/grows". In scientific writing, "how cancer develops" is often synonymous with "how cancer forms/progresses". The discovery of genes that cause growth suggests the process. I think sense 10 is the best.

Sense 10 index: 10? Wait, the indices are 1-21. Sense 10 is the 10th in the list: "develop%2:30:00::" with definition "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". That is index 10.

Double-check: sense 5 is index 5: "develop%2:42:00::". Could that be? The example for sense 5: "a love that sprang up from friendship". That's a sudden arising. Cancer develops gradually. So sense 10 is more gradual, process-oriented. Thus, I'll select 10.

Therefore, {"sense_index": 10}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: understanding
Target surface form: understanding
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging <t>understanding</t> of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=understanding%1:09:01:: | definition=the cognitive condition of someone who understands | synonyms=apprehension, discernment, savvy | examples=he has virtually no understanding of social cause and effect
2. sense_key=understanding%1:10:00:: | definition=the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises | synonyms=agreement | examples=they had an agreement that they would not interfere in each other's business; there was an understanding between management and the workers
3. sense_key=understanding%1:09:03:: | definition=an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion | synonyms=sympathy | examples=his sympathies were always with the underdog; I knew I could count on his understanding
4. sense_key=understanding%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=reason, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: understanding, surface form: understanding, context: "... An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies..." The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=understanding%1:09:01:: | definition=the cognitive condition of someone who understands | synonyms=apprehension, discernment, savvy | examples=he has virtually no understanding of social cause and effect
2. sense_key=understanding%1:10:00:: | definition=the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises | synonyms=agreement | examples=they had an agreement that they would not interfere in each other's business; there was an understanding between management and the workers
3. sense_key=understanding%1:09:03:: | definition=an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion | synonyms=sympathy | examples=his sympathies were always with the underdog; I knew I could count on his understanding
4. sense_key=understanding%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=reason, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil

The context is about scientists discovering genes and gaining knowledge about how cancer develops. "An emerging understanding of the genes" refers to a growing comprehension or knowledge about these genes. So it's the cognitive condition of understanding something. That matches sense 1: "the cognitive condition of someone who understands". Sense 2 is about an agreement, not applicable. Sense 3 is about sympathy or inclination to support, not about scientific knowledge. Sense 4 is about the capacity for rational thought, but here "understanding" is used as a noun meaning the state of comprehending a specific subject, not the general faculty of reason. So sense 1 fits best.

Thus I'll choose {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expected
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is <t>expected</t> to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "expected" in the context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is <t>expected</t> to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future."

The target is "expected" as part of "is expected to produce". This is a passive construction. The phrase means that scientists anticipate or predict that the emerging understanding will produce new strategies. So the sense is about prediction or likelihood.

Let's evaluate each candidate:

1. expect%2:31:00:: regard something as probable or likely; synonyms: anticipate; examples: The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow. This fits: Scientists expect the understanding to produce strategies. "Expected" here means regarded as probable. Good.

2. expect%2:32:00:: consider obligatory; request and expect; synonyms: ask, require; examples: We require our secretary to be on time. This is about obligation, not prediction. Doesn't fit here.

3. expect%2:31:01:: look forward to the probable occurrence of; synonyms: look, await, wait; examples: We were expecting a visit from our relatives. This is more about waiting for something to happen, often with anticipation. The context is about a scientific prediction, not necessarily a personal waiting. However, it could fit: "is expected" could be like "we are looking forward to the probable occurrence of new strategies". But I think sense 1 is more directly about regarding as probable, while sense 3 is about awaiting an event. The difference: sense 1 is purely cognitive (regard as probable), sense 3 involves anticipation. In scientific context, "is expected to" is typically a probabilistic prediction, not an emotional waiting. So sense 1 is better.

4. expect%2:31:05:: consider reasonable or due; example: I'm expecting a full explanation. This implies a right to expect something, a demand. Not appropriate here.

5. expect%2:29:02:: look forward to the birth of a child; obviously wrong.

6. expect%2:29:00:: be pregnant with; wrong.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produce
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to <t>produce</t> an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "produce" in the given context. The context: "An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention." Here, "produce" means cause to come into existence, bring about, give rise to. The new understanding will cause new strategies to be developed. Sense 3 fits perfectly: "cause to happen, occur or exist", synonyms "bring about, give rise", examples: "This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints." Sense 1 is about yielding something naturally (tree producing fruit), not about causing strategies. Sense 2 is about manufacturing a product, not abstract strategies. Sense 4 is about bringing out for display, not applicable. Sense 5 about growing crops, no. Sense 6 about releasing a product to market, not strategies. Sense 7 about acquiring physical features, not applicable. So sense 3 is correct. Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: array
Target surface form: array
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an <t>array</t> of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=array%1:14:00:: | definition=an orderly arrangement | examples=an array of troops in battle order
2. sense_key=array%1:10:00:: | definition=an impressive display | examples=it was a bewildering array of books; his tools were in an orderly array on the basement wall
3. sense_key=array%1:06:01:: | definition=especially fine or decorative clothing | synonyms=raiment, regalia
4. sense_key=array%1:06:00:: | definition=an arrangement of aerials spaced to give desired directional characteristics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "array", surface form "array". Context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. ... An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=array%1:14:00:: | definition=an orderly arrangement | examples=an array of troops in battle order
2. sense_key=array%1:10:00:: | definition=an impressive display | examples=it was a bewildering array of books; his tools were in an orderly array on the basement wall
3. sense_key=array%1:06:01:: | definition=especially fine or decorative clothing | synonyms=raiment, regalia
4. sense_key=array%1:06:00:: | definition=an arrangement of aerials spaced to give desired directional characteristics

We need to choose the best fit. In context: "an array of new strategies". This refers to a collection or variety of new strategies. "Array" here means a large group or range of things. Sense 1: "an orderly arrangement" might imply a structured arrangement, but the phrase "an array of new strategies" suggests a broad collection, possibly impressive in scope. Sense 2: "an impressive display" with examples like "a bewildering array of books" fits well. It emphasizes the variety and perhaps the impressive nature. Sense 1's example "an array of troops in battle order" is more about physical arrangement. Sense 2's example "a bewildering array of books" matches the pattern "an array of [things]". So sense 2 seems best. Sense 3 is clothing, sense 4 is antennas, clearly not. So I'll pick sense index 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of <t>new</t> strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "new" in the context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes... Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of <t>new</t> strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

We need to pick from the 11 candidate senses. The target word is "new" in "new strategies". Let's analyze the context: The strategies are for future cancer treatment and prevention. They are expected to be produced from an emerging understanding. The emphasis is on "new" meaning not previously existing, perhaps novel or original. But let's check each sense.

Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" examples: a new law; new cars. This could fit: the strategies are recently come into being. But the context says "expected to produce" so they are not yet created; they are future. So it might be a bit off because they are not existing yet. But the idea is that when produced, they will be new.

Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before" synonyms: fresh, novel. Example: the computer produced a completely novel proof. This seems appropriate: new strategies implies novel strategies, not previously known. The context mentions discovery of genes painting a new picture, so these strategies are based on that understanding, so they are original.

Sense 3: "lacking training or experience" synonyms: raw. Not applicable.

Sense 4: "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" synonyms: unexampled. This could also fit: strategies without prior example. But sense 2 (novel) is similar. Let's see distinction: "original and of a kind not seen before" vs "having no previous example". They are very close. But sense 4 is "unprecedented", which might be stronger. The context doesn't explicitly say unprecedented, but it's implied they are new strategies based on new understanding.

Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different" examples: they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it. This sense is about substitution: different from previous. Could be "new strategies" replacing old ones. But the focus is more on the novelty from the discovery.

Sense 6: "unaffected by use or exposure" - not applicable.

Sense 7: "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new" synonyms: newfangled. Negative connotation, not fitting.

Sense 8: "in use after medieval times" - not.

Sense 9: "used of a living language; being the current stage" - not.

Sense 10: "(of crops) harvested at an early stage" - not.

Sense 11: "unfamiliar" examples: new experiences. Could fit: strategies that are unfamiliar, but the context isn't about familiarity.

Between senses 1, 2, 4, 5. Sense 1 is about recentness, but the strategies are not yet existing, so when they exist they will be recent, but the focus is on their novel nature from the new understanding. Sense 5 "different" is possible, but it's a bit generic. Sense 2 "original and of a kind not seen before" (novel) and sense 4 "unprecedented". WordNet often distinguishes them: sense 2 is more about creativity, sense 4 about lack of precedent. In this scientific context, "new strategies" likely means novel strategies based on the new picture of cancer development. The phrase "new and startling picture" uses "new" in a similar way, probably meaning novel. So I'd lean toward sense 2.

Let's check the examples: sense 2 example is "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem" - similar to producing new strategies. Sense 4 example: "a time of unexampled prosperity" - more about unprecedented scale. "Unexampled" is less common. The synonyms: fresh, novel for sense 2. In common usage, "new strategies" would be paraphrased as "novel strategies". So sense 2 is the best match.

Thus, I choose sense_index: 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strategy
Target surface form: strategies
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new <t>strategies</t> for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strategy%1:09:00:: | definition=an elaborate and systematic plan of action | synonyms=scheme
2. sense_key=strategy%1:09:01:: | definition=the branch of military science dealing with military command and the planning and conduct of a war

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "strategies" in context. The target lemma is "strategy", surface form "strategies". The context is about medical scientists discovering genes that, if damaged, cause cancer, and an emerging understanding of these genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. The candidate senses: sense 1: an elaborate and systematic plan of action (synonym: scheme). sense 2: the branch of military science dealing with military command and the planning and conduct of a war. Clearly, the context is about medical strategies, not military. So sense 1 fits perfectly. The instruction: return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So we output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: future
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for <t>future</t> cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%3:00:00:: | definition=yet to be or coming | examples=some future historian will evaluate him
2. sense_key=future%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=effective in or looking toward the future | examples=he was preparing for future employment opportunities
3. sense_key=future%5:00:00:incoming:00 | definition=(of elected officers) elected but not yet serving | synonyms=next, succeeding | examples=our next president
4. sense_key=future%3:01:00:: | definition=a verb tense or other formation referring to events or states that have not yet happened | examples=future auxiliary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for <t>future</t> cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future." So the word "future" appears twice: first in "for future cancer treatment and prevention", then "That is for the future." The target is the first occurrence: "<t>future</t>". We need to disambiguate which sense of "future" (as an adjective) is being used. The candidate senses are:

1. future%3:00:00:: | definition=yet to be or coming | examples=some future historian will evaluate him. (This is an adjective meaning "that is to be or come; existing after the present time".)

2. future%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=effective in or looking toward the future | examples=he was preparing for future employment opportunities. (This seems similar but emphasizes looking forward, prospective.)

3. future%5:00:00:incoming:00 | definition=(of elected officers) elected but not yet serving | synonyms=next, succeeding | examples=our next president. (This is specifically about elected officers, not relevant here.)

4. future%3:01:00:: | definition=a verb tense or other formation referring to events or states that have not yet happened | examples=future auxiliary. (This is a noun sense, not an adjective. The target is used as an adjective modifying "cancer treatment and prevention", so this doesn't fit.)

The target is an adjective modifying "cancer treatment and prevention". So sense 4 is a noun, eliminated. Sense 3 is about elected officers, clearly not applicable. Between sense 1 and sense 2, both are adjectives about something that is to come. Sense 1: "yet to be or coming" is very broad. Sense 2: "effective in or looking toward the future" with example "future employment opportunities". The phrase "future cancer treatment and prevention" means treatments and prevention methods that will be developed or used in the future. It is essentially sense 1: yet to be or coming. Sense 2 is more about being prospective, but the example "future employment opportunities" is similar; however, the gloss "effective in or looking toward the future" might imply something that is planned or intended for the future. Here, it's simply "new strategies for future cancer treatment" i.e., treatment that will happen in the future. The context says "strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention", meaning strategies that will be used in the future. So sense 1: "yet to be or coming" fits perfectly. Sense 2 might also be possible, but the gloss "effective in or looking toward the future" is slightly different; it suggests something that is directed towards the future. The example "future employment opportunities" could be interpreted either way. But WordNet often has fine distinctions. Let's see the synonyms? Sense 1 doesn't list synonyms. Sense 2 is related to "prospective". In WordNet, "future" as an adjective can have different synsets. The first sense (future%3:00:00::) is the general adjective meaning "that is to be or come". The second sense (future%5:00:00:prospective:00) is a satellite of "prospective", meaning "effective in or looking toward the future". Satellite adjectives are often more specific. The target is straightforward: "future cancer treatment" means treatment that will exist in the future. This aligns with sense 1. The second occurrence "That is for the future" uses "future" as a noun (meaning time to come), but the target is the first one. So I'll go with sense 1.

Check the instructions: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." Return only JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So the index is 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future <t>cancer</t> treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "cancer" in the given context. The context is clearly about medical science, discussing genes, cell growth, cancer development, treatment, and prevention. The target word is "cancer" and it appears in the phrase "future <t>cancer</t> treatment". The candidate senses are:

1. The medical condition: malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal cell division.
2. Astrology person born under Cancer.
3. A constellation.
4. The zodiac sign.
5. A genus of crabs.

The context is entirely medical. Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1. The other senses are unrelated. So we return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer <t>treatment</t> and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "treatment" in the given context. The context is about medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer development, and how understanding these genes will lead to new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

The context explicitly mentions "future cancer treatment and prevention". This is clearly about medical care for cancer, aiming to relieve illness. Sense 1 specifically refers to medical procedures or applications intended to relieve illness or injury, with the synonym "intervention". That fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about management, like handling prisoners or water sewage, which is not medical. Sense 3 is artistic treatment. Sense 4 is about a discussion or discourse on a topic. So the best sense is sense 1.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: future
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the <t>future</t>. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "future" in the context: "That is for the future." Let's analyze the context.

The broader context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover... An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests..."

Here, "That is for the future" refers back to the idea that new strategies for cancer treatment and prevention will be developed. It means that those strategies are not yet realized; they belong to the time yet to come. So sense 1: the time yet to come. Sense 2 is about verb tense, which doesn't fit. Sense 3 is about financial commodities, definitely not. So sense 1 is correct.

Output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developing
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are <t>developing</t> tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "develop", target surface form "developing", and the context sentence: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer." We need to choose the best sense from the candidate list.

Let's analyze the context. Scientists are developing tests. "Developing" here means they are creating or making new tests. The tests are based on genes and can predict cancer risk. So the sense is about creating something new, a product or method. Looking at the candidates:

Sense 1: "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation" with examples "Her company developed a new kind of building material... They developed a new technique." This seems fitting: scientists are making a new test.

Sense 2: "work out" with synonyms "evolve, germinate" and example "We have developed a new theory of evolution". That could also work, but sense 1 is about making a product, while sense 2 is more about working out a theory or idea. Tests are concrete products or procedures.

Sense 3: "gain through experience" (acquire, evolve) - not relevant, they are not gaining the test through experience.

Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of physical features" - not relevant.

Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - this is intransitive; in context, it's transitive: scientists are developing tests. So not sense 5.

Sense 6: "change the use of and make available or usable" - like develop land, resources. Not about tests.

Sense 7: "elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses" - possible, but the test is not just an elaboration of a theory; it's a tangible test. Sense 1's example includes "a new technique", which is closer.

Sense 8: "create by training and teaching" - not about testing.

Sense 9: "be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest" - intransitive.

Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution..." - intransitive, natural growth. Not transitive creation.

Sense 11: "become technologically advanced" - not transitive.

Sense 12: "cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development" - like developing plants, not tests.

Sense 13: "generate gradually" - example: "develop more potential customers; develop a market". That could work, but it's about generating customers/market, not creating a test method. Sense 1 is about making a product or creation, which fits better.

Sense 14: "grow emotionally or mature" - not relevant.

Sense 15: "make visible by means of chemical solutions" (photography) - no.

Sense 16-21 are specialized: geometry, chess, music, etc. Not relevant.

Thus, the most appropriate is sense 1: making something new (a test). Sense 2 might be considered because tests could be "worked out", but sense 1 explicitly mentions "technique" in the example, and developing a test is akin to developing a new technique. The WordNet sense 1 definition: "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation". A test can be a product (e.g., a diagnostic test kit) or a mental creation (a method). The example "They developed a new technique" matches well. Sense 2 is more about theories and ideas, with the example "new theory of evolution". Tests are more applied. Also, sense 1 includes "Her company developed a new kind of building material", which is a tangible product. The test here is likely a medical test, which is a product/method. So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: base
Target surface form: based
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests <t>based</t> on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=base%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
2. sense_key=base%2:42:04:: | definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
3. sense_key=base%2:34:00:: | definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "based" in the sentence: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes..." The target lemma is "base", and the surface form is "based". We have three candidate senses.

Sense 1: use as a basis for; found on. Synonyms: establish, ground, found. Example: "base a claim on some observation". This fits perfectly: tests are based on genes, meaning the tests use the genes as a basis.

Sense 2: situate as a center of operations. Example: "we will base this project in the new lab". This is about location, not relevant here.

Sense 3: use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes. Not relevant.

Clearly, sense 1 is correct. So the JSON should be {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly <t>identified</t> genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "identified" in the context: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes..." The target is "identified". The sentence: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."

We have six candidate senses:

1. recognize as being; establish the identity of something. Example: She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster. Synonyms: place.
2. give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property. Example: Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months. Synonyms: name.
3. consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else. Example: He identified with the refugees.
4. conceive of as united or associated. Example: Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus.
5. identify as in botany or biology, for example. Synonyms: discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name.
6. consider to be equal or the same. Example: He identified his brother as one of the fugitives.

In the context, "newly identified genes" means genes that have been discovered or recognized as being involved in cancer. The scientists found these genes, so they "identified" them as important genes. Which sense best fits "identified" here?

Sense 1: recognize as being; establish the identity. This could work: they recognized these genes as being cancer-related. But the example is about recognizing a person on a poster, which is more about visual recognition.

Sense 2: give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name. Here, the genes are just identified, not necessarily named. The focus is on discovery, not naming.

Sense 3: consider oneself as similar. Not applicable.

Sense 4: conceived of as united or associated. Not applicable.

Sense 5: identify as in botany or biology, for example. This sense is specifically for scientific classification: "identify as in botany or biology, for example." Synonyms include discover, key out, distinguish, describe, name. This seems very apt for scientific discovery of genes. In biology, identifying a gene involves discovering it, characterizing it, distinguishing it. The context is medical scientists uncovering genes. So this sense fits well.

Sense 6: consider to be equal or the same. Example: identifying his brother as a fugitive. That's more about equating a person to a role. Not exactly.

Between sense 1 and 5: Sense 1 is general "recognize as being; establish identity", which could apply to anything. Sense 5 is specific to biology/botany classification. The context is clearly scientific/medical, so sense 5 is likely intended, as it has the domain-specific nuance. Also, the synonyms "discover, key out, distinguish" are very fitting. In WordNet, sense 5 is often used for identifying species, but here it can apply to genes. So I'll go with sense 5.

But careful: The sentence says "newly identified genes" meaning genes that have been newly found or determined to be involved. Sense 5: "identify as in botany or biology, for example" – the example isn't given here, but commonly it's like "identify the species". So it's a good match.

Double-check: Sense 1 might also be possible, but sense 5 is more specialized and thus more appropriate for this context.

Thus, I'll select sense_index 5.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the <t>first</t> time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for "first" in the context: "for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer." The target is "first" in the phrase "for the first time". This is a common phrase meaning "never before" or "the initial instance". Let's check each sense.

Sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" with examples "the first house on the right; the first day of spring". This fits "first time" as the time that precedes all other times. It's the initial time.

Sense 2: "indicating the beginning unit in a series" as in "1st". Also fits, as "first time" is the first in a series of times.

Sense 3: "serving to set in motion" like "maiden". "First time" is not exactly "set in motion", it's just the initial occurrence.

Sense 4: "serving to begin" with example "the first verse". "First time" is about beginning.

Sense 5: "ranking above all others" like "foremost". Not relevant here; no ranking.

Sense 6: musical sense, not relevant.

The phrase "for the first time" emphasizes the initial occurrence. Senses 1, 2, and 4 could all apply. Usually, WordNet's fine-grained senses distinguish ordinal (first in a series) from preceding in time. Sense 2 is specifically "indicating the beginning unit in a series" (ordinal). Sense 1 is broader: preceding all others in time. In "for the first time", "first" is an ordinal number indicating the first instance in a sequence of times. But sense 2 is specifically labeled as ordinal (first%5:00:00:ordinal:00) and is the sense used for numbers. In many WSD tasks, "first" as in "the first time" is assigned the ordinal sense (sense 2). Sense 4 "serving to begin" is more about something that serves to begin, like a first verse. Sense 1 is a general adjective. The phrase "first time" is almost always tagged as the ordinal sense (2) in WordNet-annotated corpora. For example, in SemCor, "first time" is tagged with the ordinal sense. So I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first <t>time</t>, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense." The target word is "time", appearing in the context: "... that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer." We need to select the sense index that best matches this usage.

The candidate senses are numbered 1 through 10. Let's examine each:

1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times

2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish

3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting

4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go

5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past

6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together

7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock

8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension

9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre

10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Now, context: "for the first time" is a very common phrase. It means an occasion or instance when something happens for the first time. In the sentence, it's saying that these tests, for the first time, can predict cancer likelihood. So "time" here refers to an instance or single occasion for some event. That matches sense 1: "an instance or single occasion for some event". The example given for sense 1 includes "this time he succeeded", which is similar to "for the first time". Sense 1's synonyms include "clip", but that's not relevant here. Sense 1 is the most fitting.

Check others: Sense 3 is an indefinite period; "for the first time" isn't about a period. Sense 4 is a suitable moment, like "it is time to go", not "for the first suitable moment". Sense 5 is abstract continuum, not appropriate. Sense 6 is a person's experience on an occasion, like having a good time, not fitting. The others are clearly off.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: otherwise
Target surface form: otherwise
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an <t>otherwise</t> healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=otherwise%4:02:01:: | definition=in other respects or ways | examples=he is otherwise normal; the funds are not otherwise available
2. sense_key=otherwise%4:02:03:: | definition=in another and different manner | synonyms=differently, other than | examples=very soon you will know differently; she thought otherwise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "otherwise" and the context is about cancer genes. The target surface form "otherwise" appears in: "can predict whether an <t>otherwise</t> healthy individual is likely to get cancer." So it modifies "healthy individual", meaning an individual who is healthy in other respects but has a gene mutation that predicts cancer. The sense 1: "in other respects or ways" fits perfectly. Sense 2: "in another and different manner" would mean differently, like "she thought otherwise". That doesn't fit here. So sense_index 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: healthy
Target surface form: healthy
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise <t>healthy</t> individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=healthy%3:00:00:: | definition=having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease | examples=a rosy healthy baby; staying fit and healthy
2. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially secure and functioning well | examples=a healthy economy
3. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:wholesome:00 | definition=promoting health; healthful; ; ; ; ; - C.B.Davis | synonyms=salubrious, good for you | examples=a healthy diet; clean healthy air
4. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:reasonable:00 | definition=exercising or showing good judgment | synonyms=intelligent, levelheaded, sound | examples=healthy scepticism; a healthy fear of rattlesnakes
5. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:considerable:00 | definition=large in amount or extent or degree | synonyms=goodly, goodish, hefty, respectable, sizable, sizeable | examples=it cost a considerable amount; a goodly amount

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "healthy" in the given context. The target word is "healthy" modifying "individual" in the phrase "an otherwise healthy individual". We need to choose the best sense from the provided candidate senses.

Let's examine the context: "scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer." Here, "healthy" describes an individual who does not have cancer (or perhaps any disease). The sense we're looking for is the one referring to physical well-being, absence of disease. The first sense: "having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease" fits perfectly. The examples given: "a rosy healthy baby; staying fit and healthy" align with this usage.

Other senses:
- 2: financially secure (not applicable)
- 3: promoting health (not applicable; the individual is healthy, not promoting health)
- 4: exercising good judgment (not applicable)
- 5: large in amount (not applicable)

Thus, the correct sense is index 1.

provider: Together