[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rope
Target surface form: ropes
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other <t>ropes</t> and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong line
2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, roofy, roach, forget me drug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: Target lemma "rope", surface form "ropes". Context: "... each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling ... the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound ... watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls." Clearly, "ropes" refers to the physical lines used to pull the bells. Sense 1 is "a strong line", which fits exactly. Sense 2 is a drug slang, not relevant. So sense_index should be 1. Output JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thus
Target surface form: thus
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and <t>thus</t> time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thus%4:02:00:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, so | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
2. sense_key=thus%4:02:01:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thusly, so | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "thus" with surface form "thus" in context. We need to choose between two senses: sense 1: (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result; synonyms: therefore, hence, thence, so; example: therefore X must be true. sense 2: in the way indicated; synonyms: thusly, so; example: hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus.

Context: "the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls." Here, "thus" indicates the manner in which they time their pulls: they time their pulls by using peripheral vision to watch the other ropes. It means "in this way" or "in the way indicated" (by watching other ropes). It does not mean "therefore" or "as a result" because there is no logical conclusion being drawn; it's describing the method. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus <t>time</t> their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the time or duration of an event or action or the person who performs an action in a certain period of time | synonyms=clock | examples=he clocked the runners
2. sense_key=time%2:31:00:: | definition=assign a time for an activity or event | examples=The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene
3. sense_key=time%2:31:01:: | definition=set the speed, duration, or execution of | examples=we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely
4. sense_key=time%2:30:01:: | definition=regulate or set the time of | examples=time the clock
5. sense_key=time%2:30:06:: | definition=adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time | examples=The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "time" in the given context. The target word is "time", in the sentence: "...the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it 'rope-sight') to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls."

We have five candidate senses:
1. time%2:30:00:: - measure the time or duration, synonyms: clock, example: he clocked the runners.
2. time%2:31:00:: - assign a time for an activity or event, example: The candidate carefully timed his appearance...
3. time%2:31:01:: - set the speed, duration, or execution of, example: we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely.
4. time%2:30:01:: - regulate or set the time of, example: time the clock.
5. time%2:30:06:: - adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time, example: The good player times his swing...

Context: The ringers are pulling ropes to ring bells. They watch the other ropes using peripheral vision ("rope-sight") to time their pulls. This means they synchronize their pulling actions with the movements of the other ropes to ensure proper bell ringing. The focus is on coordinating the timing of each pull relative to the others. They are not measuring duration (sense 1, clocking) nor assigning a scheduled time (sense 2). Sense 4 (regulate or set the time of a clock) is about setting a clock. Sense 3 is about setting speed/duration/execution of a process. Sense 5 is specifically about adjusting the application of force to occur at the right moment, like timing a swing. In the context, they are pulling ropes to ring bells, and they need to coordinate their pulls so that the bells ring in the correct sequence. That is, they adjust the exact moment of pulling to match the rhythm of the other ropes. This matches sense 5 best: "adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time" - they are applying force (pulling the rope) at the right time. The example "times his swing" is analogous.

Thus, the best sense index is 5.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pull
Target surface form: pulls
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their <t>pulls</t>. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pull%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you | synonyms=pulling | examples=the pull up the hill had him breathing harder; his strenuous pulling strained his back
2. sense_key=pull%1:19:00:: | definition=the force used in pulling | examples=the pull of the moon; the pull of the current
3. sense_key=pull%1:07:00:: | definition=special advantage or influence | synonyms=clout | examples=the chairman's nephew has a lot of pull
4. sense_key=pull%1:06:01:: | definition=a device used for pulling something | examples=he grabbed the pull and opened the drawer
5. sense_key=pull%1:26:00:: | definition=a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments | synonyms=wrench, twist | examples=the wrench to his knee occurred as he fell; he was sidelined with a hamstring pull
6. sense_key=pull%1:04:01:: | definition=a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke) | synonyms=puff, drag | examples=he took a puff on his pipe; he took a drag on his cigarette and expelled the smoke slowly
7. sense_key=pull%1:04:02:: | definition=a sustained effort | examples=it was a long pull but we made it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "pulls" (plural noun) in the context: "each pulling a rope... and thus time their pulls." The ringers are pulling ropes that go through the ceiling to ring bells. They use "rope-sight" to watch the other ropes and time their pulls.

We need to choose the best sense among the candidates. The target is the noun "pull" in plural form "pulls". The context is about the act of pulling the rope at a specific time. So it refers to the action of pulling. Let's examine the candidates:

1. the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you. Synonyms: pulling. Examples: "the pull up the hill had him breathing harder; his strenuous pulling strained his back." This seems like an action noun. In the sentence, "time their pulls" means they time the action of pulling their ropes. That fits perfectly.

2. the force used in pulling. Examples: "the pull of the moon; the pull of the current." This is more about a force, like gravitational or magnetic pull. In the context, they are not timing a force; they are timing the physical action of pulling the rope. So this is less likely.

3. special advantage or influence. Synonyms: clout. Doesn't fit.

4. a device used for pulling something. Doesn't fit; they are not timing devices, they are timing the actions.

5. a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments. Doesn't fit.

6. a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke). Doesn't fit.

7. a sustained effort. Example: "it was a long pull but we made it." This could be a stretch, but the context is about each individual pull of the rope, not a sustained effort over time. They are timing individual pulls, not an overall effort.

Sense 1 is clearly the act of pulling. The example even uses "pull" as in "the pull up the hill" but here it's a singular noun meaning an instance of pulling. The plural "pulls" in the context: they are timing their individual pulls on the ropes. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: Far
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. <t>Far</t> above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "far" with the target surface form "Far" in the given context. The target appears in: "<t>Far</t> above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list. The senses are:

1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

The context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly ..." Here "Far above" indicates a spatial distance: the bells are located far above in the belfry. So "far" modifies "above" to indicate great distance in space. Thus sense 2: "at or to or from a great distance in space" fits perfectly. The example "strayed far from home" aligns with spatial distance.

Sense 1 is about degree: "to a considerable degree; very much" but here "far" is not modifying an adjective like "better" or "worse"; it's part of "far above", indicating location. Sense 3 is about a certain point/degree, like "so far" as in extent of progress, not spatial. Sense 4 is remote in time, not applicable. Sense 5 is about advanced stage, like going far in life, not spatial location.

Thus the correct sense index is 2.

Response format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: above
Target surface form: above
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far <t>above</t> in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=above%4:02:00:: | definition=at an earlier place | synonyms=supra | examples=see above
2. sense_key=above%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to a place that is higher | synonyms=higher up, in a higher place, to a higher place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose between sense 1 and sense 2 for the word "above" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells...". Sense 1 is "at an earlier place" (as in referring to something previously mentioned in a text), while sense 2 is "in or to a place that is higher". In the context, "above" clearly indicates a physical location higher up, as the bells are in the belfry. So sense 2 is correct.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bronze
Target surface form: bronze
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge <t>bronze</t> bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bronze%5:00:00:chromatic:00 | definition=of the color of bronze | synonyms=bronzy
2. sense_key=bronze%5:00:00:metallic:00 | definition=made from or consisting of bronze

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "bronze" and surface form is "bronze". Context: "the huge <t>bronze</t> bells". Candidate senses: 1. of the color of bronze (synonyms: bronzy) and 2. made from or consisting of bronze. In context, "bronze bells" clearly refers to bells made of bronze material, not the color. So sense 2 is correct. Return JSON with sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze <t>bells</t>, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "bell", surface form "bells", context about church bell ringing. The context describes ringers pulling ropes, bells in the belfry, swinging, etc. The word "bells" refers to the physical objects being rung.

Candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck

That fits perfectly: the bells are physical objects, hollow metal devices that ring.

2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | doorbell, buzzer - not in context.

3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | the sound of a bell being struck - "bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling" might refer to the sound? Actually the sentence: "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling." Here "bells" could refer to the sound they produce? Or the objects? The phrase "bells themselves" likely refers to the actual bells (objects) making sound. But "muffled" indicates sound. However, the bells themselves are muffled? That might be a metonymy. But sense 3 is the sound, while sense 1 is the object. In context, they talk about "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly" – that's definitely the object. So "bells" in the sentence "as the bells themselves" likely means the sound of the bells? Actually, "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling." This compares the sound of ropes to the sound of the bells. So "bells" here could be interpreted as the sound produced by the bells. But the later reference "the huge bronze bells" is clearly the object. So the same word "bells" appears twice: once in "the bells themselves" (could be sound) and then "the huge bronze bells" (object). Since both are the same lemma, we need the sense that fits the context overall. Typically, "bells" in church bell ringing refers to the objects. The definition of peal: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal'" – peal is a sound? But the context says "A look at ... gives an idea of the work involved." So the target "bells" in "the huge bronze <t>bells</t>" is clearly the physical object. The sentence before that: "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves" – even if interpreted as sound, it's referencing the sound of the physical bells. WordNet sense 1 is the object; sense 3 is the sound. In many contexts, the object and sound are closely related, but given the concrete description of the bells swinging, the object sense is more appropriate. Also, check the examples for sense 3: "saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells" – "toll of church bells" uses bells in the sound sense. In our sentence "as the bells themselves", it could be either, but "bells themselves" implies the physical things are making sound. However, the phrase "bells themselves" stands for the sound of the bells? I think sense 1 is the most straightforward: the bells are the instruments. Sense 3 is specifically the sound. Let's see the exact sentence: "No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling." Here "the bells themselves" likely refers to the sound the bells make, but it's a common figurative usage. The core sense is still the physical object. Also, the subsequent sentence "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly..." solidifies that bells are physical objects. So the target "bells" in the tagged instance is "the huge bronze <t>bells</t>" – that is explicitly the object. The prior mention is also bells but not tagged. The tagged snippet is: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze <t>bells</t>, mounted on wheels, swing madly..." So the tagged word is in that sentence. That is definitely sense 1.

Thus, sense index 1.

Return JSON object.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mount
Target surface form: mounted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, <t>mounted</t> on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mount%2:35:00:: | definition=attach to a support | examples=They mounted the aerator on a floating
2. sense_key=mount%2:30:00:: | definition=go up or advance | synonyms=wax, climb, rise | examples=Sales were climbing after prices were lowered
3. sense_key=mount%2:30:01:: | definition=fix onto a backing, setting, or support | examples=mount slides for macroscopic analysis
4. sense_key=mount%2:36:00:: | definition=put up or launch | examples=mount a campaign against pornography
5. sense_key=mount%2:38:01:: | definition=get up on the back of | synonyms=hop on, mount up, get on, jump on, climb on, bestride | examples=mount a horse
6. sense_key=mount%2:38:00:: | definition=go upward with gradual or continuous progress | synonyms=climb, climb up, go up | examples=Did you ever climb up the hill behind your house?
7. sense_key=mount%2:36:01:: | definition=prepare and supply with the necessary equipment for execution or performance | synonyms=put on | examples=mount a theater production; mount an attack
8. sense_key=mount%2:35:07:: | definition=copulate with | synonyms=ride | examples=The bull was riding the cow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "mount", and the surface form is "mounted". The context is a description of church bell ringing. The phrase: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, <t>mounted</t> on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees...". So the bells are mounted on wheels. This clearly means the bells are attached to or fixed on wheels. Let's review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=mount%2:35:00:: | definition=attach to a support | examples=They mounted the aerator on a floating
2. sense_key=mount%2:30:00:: | definition=go up or advance | synonyms=wax, climb, rise | examples=Sales were climbing after prices were lowered
3. sense_key=mount%2:30:01:: | definition=fix onto a backing, setting, or support | examples=mount slides for macroscopic analysis
4. sense_key=mount%2:36:00:: | definition=put up or launch | examples=mount a campaign against pornography
5. sense_key=mount%2:38:01:: | definition=get up on the back of | synonyms=hop on, mount up, get on, jump on, climb on, bestride | examples=mount a horse
6. sense_key=mount%2:38:00:: | definition=go upward with gradual or continuous progress | synonyms=climb, climb up, go up | examples=Did you ever climb up the hill behind your house?
7. sense_key=mount%2:36:01:: | definition=prepare and supply with the necessary equipment for execution or performance | synonyms=put on | examples=mount a theater production; mount an attack
8. sense_key=mount%2:35:07:: | definition=copulate with | synonyms=ride | examples=The bull was riding the cow

The context uses "mounted on wheels" to describe bells that are attached to wheels. Sense 1: "attach to a support" fits perfectly. Sense 3: "fix onto a backing, setting, or support" is similar but typically used for things like mounting a specimen on a slide (as in the example). Sense 3 is a more specific sense, often used for microscopy or mounting a picture. In this context, the bells are physically attached to a wheel, which serves as a support. Sense 1 is broader: attach to a support. The example for sense 1 is: "They mounted the aerator on a floating" – that implies attaching something to a support. Sense 3's example is "mount slides for macroscopic analysis" which is about fixing onto a backing. The bells are not being fixed onto a backing like a slide; they are being attached to wheels for swinging. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

Also note that sense 5 is about getting on an animal, sense 2 and 6 about going up, sense 4 and 7 about launching or preparing, sense 8 about copulation. So clearly sense 1 is the correct one.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wheel
Target surface form: wheels
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on <t>wheels</t>, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wheel%1:06:00:: | definition=a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)
2. sense_key=wheel%1:06:05:: | definition=a handwheel that is used for steering | synonyms=steering wheel
3. sense_key=wheel%1:07:00:: | definition=forces that provide energy and direction | examples=the wheels of government began to turn
4. sense_key=wheel%1:06:01:: | definition=a circular helm to control the rudder of a vessel
5. sense_key=wheel%1:06:03:: | definition=game equipment consisting of a wheel with slots that is used for gambling; the wheel rotates horizontally and players bet on which slot the roulette ball will stop in | synonyms=roulette wheel
6. sense_key=wheel%1:06:02:: | definition=an instrument of torture that stretches or disjoints or mutilates victims | synonyms=rack
7. sense_key=wheel%1:06:06:: | definition=a wheeled vehicle that has two wheels and is moved by foot pedals | synonyms=bicycle, bike, cycle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context about bell ringing. The mention is: "the huge bronze bells, mounted on <t>wheels</t>, swing madly through a full 360 degrees." The target word is "wheels" but likely it's "wheels" as a misspelling? Actually it says "<t>wheels</t>" but probably it's "wheels" meaning "wheels". In context, it's about bells mounted on wheels, allowing them to swing. Bells in bell towers are often mounted on a wheel to facilitate swinging. So the appropriate sense is a mechanical wheel, a circular frame that rotates on an axle. That matches sense 1: "a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)". Sense 2 is steering wheel, not applicable. Sense 3 is metaphorical forces. Sense 4 is a helm (ship's wheel). Sense 5 is roulette wheel. Sense 6 is torture instrument. Sense 7 is bicycle. Clearly, the bells are mounted on actual wheels to swing, so sense 1 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, <t>swing</t> madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%2:38:02:: | definition=move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting | examples=He swung his left fist; swing a bat
2. sense_key=swing%2:38:00:: | definition=move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner | synonyms=sway | examples=He swung back
3. sense_key=swing%2:38:03:: | definition=change direction with a swinging motion; turn | examples=swing back; swing forward
4. sense_key=swing%2:41:01:: | definition=influence decisively | synonyms=swing over | examples=This action swung many votes over to his side
5. sense_key=swing%2:35:00:: | definition=make a big sweeping gesture or movement | synonyms=sweep, swing out
6. sense_key=swing%2:42:00:: | definition=hang freely | synonyms=dangle, drop | examples=the ornaments dangled from the tree; The light dropped from the ceiling
7. sense_key=swing%2:33:00:: | definition=hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement | examples=The soccer player began to swing at the referee
8. sense_key=swing%2:30:08:: | definition=alternate dramatically between high and low values | examples=his mood swings; the market is swinging up and down
9. sense_key=swing%2:42:01:: | definition=live in a lively, modern, and relaxed style | examples=The Woodstock generation attempted to swing freely
10. sense_key=swing%2:42:10:: | definition=have a certain musical rhythm | examples=The music has to swing
11. sense_key=swing%2:41:00:: | definition=be a social swinger; socialize a lot | synonyms=get around
12. sense_key=swing%2:36:03:: | definition=play with a subtle and intuitively felt sense of rhythm
13. sense_key=swing%2:35:08:: | definition=engage freely in promiscuous sex, often with the husband or wife of one's friends | examples=There were many swinging couples in the 1960's

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with choosing the best sense for "swing" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, <t>swing</t> madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

We have 13 candidate senses. Let's examine the context: The bells are swinging through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending in the inverted position. They are mounted on wheels, so they are moving in an arc. The action described is a physical movement of the bells, rotating through a full circle.

Now, look at the definitions:

1. "move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting" – examples: He swung his left fist; swing a bat. This implies an arc movement but often with intent to hit something. The bells are not hitting anything; they are just moving through an arc. However, the "curve or arc" part fits. But the "intent of hitting" might not be present.

2. "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner" – synonyms: sway. Examples: He swung back. This suggests a body movement, walking or moving side to side. Not exactly a bell rotating 360 degrees.

3. "change direction with a swinging motion; turn" – examples: swing back; swing forward. This suggests turning or changing direction. A bell swinging through 360 degrees is essentially turning in a full circle. Could be.

4. "influence decisively" – no, not relevant.

5. "make a big sweeping gesture or movement" – synonyms: sweep, swing out. This might describe the motion of the ropes, but the bells themselves are making a sweeping movement. But "sweeping gesture" often implies a gesture of the body.

6. "hang freely" – synonyms: dangle, drop. Examples: the ornaments dangled from the tree. But the bells are not hanging freely; they are mounted on wheels and actively swinging through a full arc, not dangling.

7. "hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement" – no hitting here.

8. "alternate dramatically between high and low values" – not about physical movement.

9. "live in a lively, modern, and relaxed style" – no.

10. "have a certain musical rhythm" – music rhythm, but the bells are physically swinging.

11. "be a social swinger" – no.

12. "play with a subtle and intuitively felt sense of rhythm" – no.

13. "engage freely in promiscuous sex" – no.

Now, the most likely are 1, 2, 3, or 5. But 1 specifically says "usually with the intent of hitting", which is not the case here. The bells swing through 360 degrees, a full circle, which is an arc motion but without intent to hit. 2 "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner" seems more about a person's gait. 3 "change direction with a swinging motion; turn" – the bells are turning, changing direction as they rotate. The description "swing through a full 360 degrees" suggests a turning motion, perhaps more like a pendulum but going all the way around. However, note that it says "swing madly through a full 360 degrees", implying they rotate fully. Since they start and end inverted, they are essentially rotating around their axis. This could be interpreted as "move in a curve or arc". But sense 1 might be the closest: bells swinging in an arc like a pendulum, but the arc is a full 360? Actually, a pendulum swings back and forth in an arc less than 360. But here it's a full rotation. However, "swing" is often used for bells: they swing from side to side or in a full circle. In bell ringing, bells are swung. So which sense best fits? Let's examine the example sentences: "swing a bat" is an arc motion. "He swung his left fist" also arc. So sense 1 is about moving something in an arc. The bells are moving in an arc (a full circle is a closed arc). The "intent of hitting" is just a typical usage, not a strict condition.

Sense 3 "change direction with a swinging motion; turn" – that could describe the action of the bell turning. But the emphasis is on the swinging motion itself, not necessarily turning from one direction to another. The phrasing "swing through a full 360 degrees" suggests the continuous motion, not just changing direction.

I think sense 1 is the most appropriate: moving in a curve or arc. The bells are mounted on wheels and swing through an arc. Even though there's no intent to hit, the movement is a curve/arc. Sense 2 (sway) might be for people or objects swaying gently, not madly. Sense 5 "make a big sweeping gesture" – "sweeping gesture" is more about body language. So sense 1 seems best.

Let's double-check: The context is from a description of bell ringing (change ringing). In change ringing, bells are swung in a full circle. The verb "swing" here is intransitive: the bells swing. Sense 1 is defined as transitive? It says "move in a curve or arc", and the example "He swung his left fist" is transitive, but "swing a bat" can be both. WordNet often lists intransitive and transitive under the same sense? The gloss "move in a curve or arc" could be intransitive: "The pendulum swings." The examples include "swing a bat" (transitive) but also "He swung his left fist" (transitive). Actually, both examples are transitive. But it's common for motion verbs to have both. There might be another sense. Let's check if there's a specific sense for pendulous motion. None of the others directly say "move back and forth as a pendulum." But a pendulum moves in an arc. Sense 1 fits.

Sense 2 "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner" – this implies the manner of walking, like "He swung back" as in he moved back in a swinging motion. Not really a bell.

Thus, I choose sense 1.

But let's see the index: sense_key=swing%2:38:02:: is sense_index 1. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: madly
Target surface form: madly
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing <t>madly</t> through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=madly%4:02:02:: | definition=in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=frantically | examples=she fought back madly
2. sense_key=madly%4:02:01:: | definition=in an insane manner | synonyms=insanely, crazily, dementedly | examples=she behaved insanely; he behaves crazily when he is off his medication
3. sense_key=madly%4:02:00:: | definition=(used as intensives) extremely | synonyms=insanely, deadly, deucedly, devilishly | examples=she was madly in love; deadly dull

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "madly" in the given context. The context is about bell ringers, and the bells swing "madly" through a full 360 degrees. The three candidate senses are:

1. in an uncontrolled manner (synonym: frantically) example: she fought back madly
2. in an insane manner (synonyms: insanely, crazily, dementedly) example: she behaved insanely
3. (used as intensives) extremely (synonyms: insanely, deadly, deucedly, devilishly) example: she was madly in love

In the context, "the huge bronze bells ... swing madly through a full 360 degrees" – how are they swinging? Not literally insane or uncontrolled, but more like very fast or energetically. "Madly" is often used as an intensifier meaning "extremely" or "wildly" in a figurative sense. Here, it's describing the motion of the bells. Sense 3 is "extremely" as an intensifier, which can modify adjectives or verbs in informal usage. However, the example for sense 3 is "she was madly in love" where "madly" intensifies "in love". In the bell context, "swing madly" could be interpreted as swinging wildly, energetically, or extremely. But sense 1 is "in an uncontrolled manner" with synonym "frantically". That also fits: the bells swing frantically, uncontrolled. But is there a difference? The context says they swing through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending in an inverted position. The ringers are skilled and control the swings, so the bells are not literally uncontrolled; they are controlled by the ringers. So "uncontrolled" might not be accurate. "Insane manner" (sense 2) is too literal about mental illness. The third sense as an intensifier might be a bit informal, but "madly" is often used to mean "wildly" or "extremely" in such contexts. However, the WordNet sense 3 is labeled "(used as intensives) extremely" and the examples show it modifying adjectives: "deadly dull", "she was madly in love". In "swing madly", "madly" is an adverb modifying a verb, not an adjective. But adverbs of manner can also be intensifiers? Actually, "extremely" usually modifies adjectives or other adverbs, not verbs. So "swing madly" is more about the manner of swinging, not an intensifier. Looking at sense 1: "in an uncontrolled manner" with example "she fought back madly" – that is similar to swinging madly. Yes, that fits: the bells are swinging vigorously, without restraint. The synonym "frantically" also fits: the bells swing frantically. So sense 1 seems best.

But wait: the bells aren't uncontrolled because they are being precisely controlled by the ringers. However, "madly" might just describe the energetic, rapid motion. The phrase "swing madly" often means swinging wildly, which is uncontrolled. But note: the ringers are using their wrists to advance or retard the swing, so it's precise. So from the ringers' perspective, it's controlled. But the adverb might describe the appearance of madness or wildness. I'd lean toward sense 1: uncontrolled manner. Sense 2 (insane manner) is more about mental derangement, not applicable. Sense 3 (extremely) doesn't fit the verb modification well.

Double-check WordNet: For adverb senses, sometimes "madly" has a sense "in a wild or energetic manner" which might be sense 1. The given sense 1 definition is "in an uncontrolled manner", which is close. The example "she fought back madly" suggests a desperate, uncontrolled fighting. So I'll pick sense 1.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a <t>full</t> 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "full", surface form "full", and a context. The context is: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a <t>full</t> 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

We need to choose the best sense among 8 candidate senses. Let's analyze the context. The phrase is "a full 360 degrees". Here "full" modifies "360 degrees", meaning a complete circle, a complete 360-degree rotation. It emphasizes that the bells swing through the entire 360 degrees, not just a partial swing. So the meaning is "complete in extent; constituting the full quantity or extent." Looking at the options:

1. "containing as much or as many as is possible or normal" - example: a full glass. This doesn't fit because it's about quantity of contents, not extent of rotation.
2. "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" - synonyms: entire, total. Example: gave full attention. This fits "full 360 degrees" as a complete extent.
3. "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" - synonyms: total. Example: a full game; a total eclipse. This is similar to sense 2. Need to differentiate. Sense 2 says "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with examples "an entire town devastated", "gave full attention". Sense 3 says "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" with examples "a full game", "a total eclipse". Both could apply. But note sense 2 has the example "gave full attention" where "full" means complete attention. Sense 3 has "a full game" meaning a complete game. "A full 360 degrees" means a complete 360-degree circle, so it's about the extent being complete. Senses 2 and 3 are very close. WordNet often splits senses based on syntactic usage and fine distinctions. Sense 2 is for "full" as an adjective meaning "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete", and it lists "entire, total" as synonyms. Sense 3 is "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" with synonym "total". Actually, checking WordNet: sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 -> this is an adjective satellite (5) in position 01? Let's decode: full%5:00:01:whole:00 means the adjective "full" is in a synset where the head word is "whole"? Actually, the pattern: full%5:00:01:whole:00 indicates that "full" is an adjective satellite (5) and the head synset is probably "whole" (because satellite of whole). So sense 2 is likely: "full (vs. fractional?) - constituting the full quantity or extent; complete; entire; total." For example: "an entire town devastated", "gave full attention", "a total failure". Sense 3: full%5:00:00:complete:00 might be satellite of "complete". Both are similar. But note the context: "through a full 360 degrees". This is a measure phrase. In English, we often say "a full 360 degrees" to emphasize completeness. Which sense would be more appropriate? I recall that in WordNet, sense 2 is often used for "entire, whole" with examples like "full attention" or "full complement". Sense 3 is "full" as in "a full game" (complete game), "a total eclipse". The phrase "full 360 degrees" seems like it's emphasizing that it's the entire 360 degrees, not a partial rotation. It could be either, but let's see the synonyms: sense 2 includes "entire, total"; sense 3 is just "total". The example for sense 2 is "an entire town devastated" (entire extent) and "gave full attention" (complete attention). For sense 3, "a full game" (complete game). A "full 360 degrees" is like "a complete 360 degrees", similar to "a full game". But also "full attention" is more like "complete attention", not a quantifiable extent. Actually, "full 360 degrees" is a specific measure, so it's about the extent being exactly 360, not less. That aligns with "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" (sense 2) where "full" means not partial. For example, we say "a full dozen" meaning exactly 12. That's sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent". The examples given: "an entire town devastated" could be seen as the whole town. "Gave full attention" is less quantifiable, but still means complete. Sense 3 says "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" which sounds more like thorough completeness. For example, "a full investigation" might be sense 3. But "full 360 degrees" is simply the complete 360-degree measure. I'd lean towards sense 2 because it mentions "full quantity or extent" and the examples include quantifying phrases? Not exactly. Let's look at the precise definitions:

Sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" – synonyms: entire, total.
Sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" – synonym: total.

They overlap. However, sense 2 is typically used for amounts or extents that are exactly the whole amount: full capacity, full complement, full attention (meaning undivided), full measure. Sense 3 is more about thoroughness: a full inquiry, a full life, a full breakfast. In the context, "a full 360 degrees" means the bells swing through the entire 360 degrees, not a partial circle. It's exactly the complete angular measure. That fits sense 2 better because it's about a quantity/extent being complete. For instance, we say "a full circle" meaning a complete circle. That is akin to "a full dozen". So sense 2 is likely the intended.

But let's check if there's any other sense might fit. Sense 7: "being at a peak or culminating point" - example "full summer", "broad daylight". Not fitting. Sense 5: sound deepness. No. Sense 4: full of food. No. Sense 8: ample fabric. No. So the choice is between 2 and 3. Both are about completeness. I'll go with sense 2 because it's specifically about constituting the full quantity/extent, and "360 degrees" is a quantity/extent.

But let's double-check the sense indices: Sense 2 has sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00. Sense 3 is full%5:00:00:complete:00. Typically, in WordNet, the satellite of "whole" is used for "entire" and "total" as in "the entire thing". The satellite of "complete" is used for "full" as in "a full report" (complete in every detail). A 360-degree swing is about the whole extent, not necessarily every detail. So I'll pick sense 2.

Thus, the answer should be sense_index: 2.

But careful: The target is "full" in the context "a full 360 degrees". The sentence: "swing madly through a full 360 degrees" – note the article "a" before "full 360 degrees". It's "a full 360 degrees", treating "360 degrees" as a singular unit. So "full" means complete.

Final decision: sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degrees
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 <t>degrees</t>, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to find the best sense for "degrees" in the given context. The target surface form is "degrees" and the context is: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 <t>degrees</t>..." This clearly refers to an angle or arc measure. The phrase "360 degrees" is a standard measure for a full circle. Among the candidate senses, sense 4 is: "a measure for arcs and angles", with example "there are 360 degrees in a circle". This is a perfect match. The other senses (scale, stage, academic degree, power of term, temperature, seriousness) do not fit. So the answer is sense_index: 4.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, <t>starting</t> and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "start" and surface form "starting" in a specific context. The context is about bells ringing: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, <t>starting</t> and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position." So the bells are swinging and they start and end in a particular position. The sense needed is about the motion or process beginning. The "starting" refers to the bells beginning their swing, or the action of swinging starting from that position. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. Synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out. Examples: We began working at dawn; Who will start? This is a general sense of beginning an action. Could fit, but the context is about a physical motion of bells.

2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: definition=set in motion, cause to start. Synonyms: begin, lead off, commence. Examples: The U.S. started a war... This is transitive, causing something to start. In the context, the bells themselves are starting, not being caused by someone else directly? Actually, the ringers are pulling ropes, but the bells are the subject here: "the huge bronze bells ... swing madly ... starting and ending ...". So the bells are doing the starting. This sense is transitive, so it would be something like "The bells started the motion"? But the sentence is intransitive: the bells are starting in a position. So probably not sense 2.

3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: definition=leave. Synonyms: depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out. Examples: The family took off for Florida. Not fitting because the bells are not leaving; they are starting their swing.

4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense. Synonyms: begin. Examples: The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro. This is intransitive, meaning something begins. It fits: the bells have a beginning in their swing, and they start in the inverted position. This is a spatial beginning: "starting ... in the inverted position". So this seems very appropriate.

5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: definition=bring into being. Synonyms: originate, initiate. Examples: He initiated a new program; Start a foundation. Transitive, doesn't fit the intransitive use here.

6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: definition=get off the ground. Synonyms: start up, embark on, commence. Examples: Who started this company? Transitive.

7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm. Synonyms: startle, jump. Examples: She startled when I walked into the room. Not about bells swinging.

8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: definition=get going or set in motion. Synonyms: start up. Examples: We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer. Transitive or intransitive? "We could not start the engine" is transitive. "Start up the computer" is transitive. But in the bells context, it could be the bells starting up? However, the sentence says "starting and ending ... in the inverted position", so it's like the bells themselves begin their swing from that position. This sense might be for a machine starting. But the bells are not being started by someone in that sentence; it's the bells that are starting. The example "start up the computer" is transitive with an object. Sense 8 might be mostly transitive. Check: definition "get going or set in motion", examples show "We simply could not start the engine" (transitive). There might be an intransitive usage like "The engine started", but the sense is defined as "get going or set in motion". The WordNet definition for start%2:38:01 is "get going or set in motion" and it's tagged as transitive? Actually, in WordNet, verbs are often labeled with frames. Without seeing the frames, it's hard. But the examples are all transitive. So sense 4 is clearly intransitive "have a beginning". So sense 4 fits.

9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: definition=begin or set in motion. Synonyms: go, get going. Examples: I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go! This one might be intransitive as well: "I start at eight" is intransitive. But the definition says "begin or set in motion", so it could be both. The example "I start at eight" is about a person starting work, or an activity. In the bells context, the bells are starting their swing. Could this be the sense? It says "I start at eight" so it's about a scheduled beginning. But the bells are not starting at a time; they are starting in a position. Sense 4 is more about having a beginning in a spatial sense: "The DMZ begins right over the hill" is spatial. "The second movement begins after the Allegro" is temporal. So the bells starting in a position is spatial. So sense 4 seems better because it explicitly includes spatial beginning. Sense 9 is more general "begin or set in motion", but the example "I start at eight" is about a person starting an activity. The bells are not starting an activity; they are just beginning their swing. The phrase "starting ... in the inverted position" suggests that their swing begins in that position, which is a spatial beginning. So sense 4 is a strong match.

10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job. Examples: Take up a position; start a new job. Not applicable.

11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: definition=play in the starting lineup. Not applicable.

12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way. Examples: The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees. This is also about having a beginning, but specifically characterized by the direct object or manner. The sentence says "starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted position." It doesn't mention something that characterizes the beginning like "begins with a murder". It just says "starting ... in the inverted position", which is more of a location. So sense 12 is about a beginning characterized by something, like "the property begins with the three maple trees" indicates the starting point. Could it be that? The bells start in the inverted position, so that is a characterization of where they start. But the example "My property begins with the three maple trees" uses "with". The sentence uses "in the inverted position" which is a location. It could be seen as a spatial beginning. Sense 4 is more general "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense". Sense 12 is "have a beginning characterized in some specified way", which is a subtype. Since the context says "starting ... in the inverted position", that is a specified way (in the inverted position). Both senses 4 and 12 could apply. However, the WordNet sense 4 example: "The DMZ begins right over the hill" is a spatial beginning with a location. Sense 12 example: "The novel begins with a murder" uses "with" and is about a characteristic. The sentence uses "in the inverted position", which is a location (spatial). "Starting ... in the inverted position" is analogous to "begins right over the hill". So I think sense 4 is more straightforward. Also, note that "starting" and "ending" are parallel; they are describing the swing's start and end. Sense 4 is about having a beginning. Sense 12 is specific to "begins with something". I'll check the exact definition: sense 4 is "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense". Sense 12 is "have a beginning characterized in some specified way". The example for sense 12: "The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees" – those use "begins with". Our text uses "starting ... in the inverted position", which is a location. So I'd pick sense 4.

Let's double-check: The bells are swinging through 360 degrees, and they start and end in the inverted position. The starting is the beginning of the swing. That is a spatial beginning. So sense 4 is the best.

There is also sense 9: "begin or set in motion" with example "I start at eight". That is more about a person starting an activity. Not quite.

Thus, I'll go with sense_index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: end
Target surface form: ending
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease | examples=the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other
2. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate | examples=She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime; The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I
3. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate | examples=This sad scene ended the movie
4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "end" with surface form "ending" and a context from a text about bell ringing. The sentence: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position." So the bells are swinging, and they start and end in the inverted position. The word "ending" here refers to the point where the swing finishes. It is about the spatial or temporal endpoint of the swing. The bells swing and then they end up in that position. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. end%2:42:00:: "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical" synonyms: stop, finish, terminate, cease. Examples: "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other". This sense is intransitive: something ends (comes to an end) as in the swing ends in the mouth-up position. This seems applicable.

2. end%2:30:01:: "bring to an end or halt" synonyms: terminate. Examples: "She ended their friendship..." This is a transitive sense: someone ends something. In our sentence, "ending" is intransitive: the bells themselves start and end (they don't bring something else to an end). So not this.

3. end%2:42:01:: "be the end of; be the last or concluding part of" synonyms: terminate. Example: "This sad scene ended the movie". This is also transitive: a scene ends the movie. So not our sense.

4. end%2:36:13:: "put an end to" examples: "The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived". Again transitive, someone puts an end to something. Not matching.

So sense 1 is the best: it describes the bells themselves coming to rest in that position, having their end there. The phrase "starting and ending" clearly shows that the bells begin and finish their swing in the mouth-up position. The verb is used intransitively. Hence, sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inverted
Target surface form: inverted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the <t>inverted</t>, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00 | definition=being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed | synonyms=upside-down | examples=a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma; an upside-down cake
2. sense_key=inverted%3:00:04:: | definition=(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk | synonyms=anatropous

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position." The target word is "inverted". The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00 | definition=being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed | synonyms=upside-down | examples=a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma; an upside-down cake

2. sense_key=inverted%3:00:04:: | definition=(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk | synonyms=anatropous

Sense 2 is specific to botany, plant ovules. The context is about bells, not plants. Sense 1 is the general adjective meaning upside-down, with top and bottom reversed. The context says "inverted, or mouth-up position". Bells normally hang mouth-down, so when they swing 360 degrees, they start and end mouth-up, i.e., inverted relative to their normal position. So "inverted" here means upside-down. Therefore, sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 is irrelevant.

Thus, the correct sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: position
Target surface form: position
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up <t>position</t>. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=position%1:15:00:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=place | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
2. sense_key=position%1:15:02:: | definition=a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons | synonyms=military position
3. sense_key=position%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=view, perspective | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
4. sense_key=position%1:07:01:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=posture, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
5. sense_key=position%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=status | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic
6. sense_key=position%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=post, berth, office, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
7. sense_key=position%1:07:00:: | definition=the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated | synonyms=spatial relation | examples=the position of the hands on the clock; he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage
8. sense_key=position%1:15:03:: | definition=the appropriate or customary location | examples=the cars were in position
9. sense_key=position%1:04:02:: | definition=(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player | examples=what position does he play?
10. sense_key=position%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting something in a certain place | synonyms=placement, location, locating, positioning, emplacement
11. sense_key=position%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=situation | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
12. sense_key=position%1:09:01:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=stance, posture
13. sense_key=position%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=side | examples=there are two sides to every question
14. sense_key=position%1:10:01:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=place | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
15. sense_key=position%1:04:03:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, place, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
16. sense_key=position%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "position" in the given context. The target word appears in the phrase "the inverted, or mouth-up position." The context is about bell ringers and how the bells swing through 360 degrees, starting and ending in the inverted position. So "position" here refers to the physical orientation or arrangement of the bells. Looking at the candidate senses:

- Sense 1: "the particular portion of space occupied by something" (place) – This could fit, but it's very general.
- Sense 4: "the arrangement of the body and its limbs" (posture, attitude) – This is specifically about body posture, not bells.
- Sense 7: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" (spatial relation) – This is about the way something is positioned, e.g., "the position of the hands on the clock." That seems to fit well: the bells are in an inverted position, meaning their spatial orientation.
- Sense 8: "the appropriate or customary location" (e.g., "the cars were in position") – This might imply being in the right place, but "inverted position" is about orientation, not location.

Given the phrase "inverted, or mouth-up position," it describes the orientation of the bells. Sense 7 (spatial relation) specifically includes examples like "the position of the hands on the clock," which is about arrangement. Sense 1 is also possible but less specific. However, "position" in the sense of "spatial relation" is exactly about how something is situated, which matches "mouth-up." I think sense 7 is the best. Let's confirm: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated." The bells are situated in an inverted way. Sense 4 is body-specific. So I'll go with 7.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 7}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled <t>ringers</t> use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "ringer" with surface form "ringers" in a context. The context describes people ringing church bells at a practice. The text says: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole... bell ringer context." Clearly, they are bell ringers. The definition in sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms "toller, bell ringer." This matches perfectly. The other senses: 2 is a look-alike, 3 is a contestant entered under false pretenses, 4 is a horseshoe throw. So the correct sense is 1.