[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "use" in the context provided. The context is about bell ringers (ringers) using their wrists to control the swing of bells. The sentence: "Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses provided.

Let's examine each sense:

Sense 1: definition="put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose", synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ, examples="use your head!; we only use Spanish at home". This is a general sense of employing something for a purpose.

Sense 2: definition="take or consume (regularly or habitually)", synonyms=habituate, examples="She uses drugs rarely". This is about consuming regularly, often substances.

Sense 3: definition="use up, consume fully", synonyms=expend, examples="The legislature expended its time on school questions". This is about exhausting resources.

Sense 4: definition="seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage", examples="She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections". This often implies leveraging people or things for personal gain, sometimes with a connotation of manipulation.

Sense 5: definition="avail oneself to", synonyms=practice, apply, examples="apply a principle; practice a religion". This is about applying something or practicing.

Sense 6: definition="habitually do something (use only in the past tense)", examples="She used to call her mother every week...". This is the habitual past sense, which requires "used to" and is not in the present tense. The context uses "use" in present tense ("Skilled ringers use their wrists"), so sense 6 is not applicable.

In the context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing..." They are employing their wrists as tools to control the bell's swing. This is clearly putting into service for a purpose. It matches the general sense of employ or utilize. There's no consumption, no using up, no leveraging for personal advantage (though they are using it for a mechanical purpose, but it's not about gaining advantage in a social sense), and not about practicing a principle. It's a concrete, physical action: using a body part to control something. Sense 1 fits perfectly: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose". The example "use your head!" is similar: using a body part for a purpose. So sense 1 is the best.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: retard
Target surface form: retard
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=retard%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate | examples=This drug will retard your heart rate
2. sense_key=retard%2:42:00:: | definition=be delayed
3. sense_key=retard%2:30:07:: | definition=slow the growth or development of | synonyms=check, delay | examples=The brain damage will retard the child's language development
4. sense_key=retard%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up | examples=The car decelerated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "retard" and its surface form "retard". The context is about bell-ringing: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing". The candidate senses are four possible definitions. We need to choose the best one.

Let's analyze the context: The ringers are pulling ropes to control the bells. They "advance or retard the next swing". In bell-ringing, "retard" likely means to delay or slow down the swing relative to the normal rhythm, so that the bell can swap places. So it's about causing the swing to move more slowly or be delayed.

Candidate sense 1: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate" – example: "This drug will retard your heart rate." This fits: the ringers cause the bell's swing to move more slowly.

Candidate sense 2: "be delayed" – intransitive. In the context, it's transitive: "retard the next swing" – they are doing something to the swing. So not intransitive.

Candidate sense 3: "slow the growth or development of" – synonyms: check, delay. Example: "The brain damage will retard the child's language development." This is about development, not physical movement.

Candidate sense 4: "lose velocity; move more slowly" – intransitive. Example: "The car decelerated." Again, the usage is transitive here.

The sentence is "use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing" – they are causing the swing to be retarded. So it's a transitive verb meaning to cause to slow down. Sense 1 is transitive and fits perfectly. Sense 3 is about growth/development, which doesn't match the physical swinging of a bell. So best is sense 1.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity | examples=the party went with a swing; it took time to get into the swing of things
2. sense_key=swing%1:06:00:: | definition=mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth
3. sense_key=swing%1:04:06:: | definition=a sweeping blow or stroke | examples=he took a wild swing at my head
4. sense_key=swing%1:04:00:: | definition=changing location by moving back and forth | synonyms=swinging, vacillation
5. sense_key=swing%1:10:01:: | definition=a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz | synonyms=swing music, jive
6. sense_key=swing%1:07:00:: | definition=a jaunty rhythm in music | synonyms=lilt
7. sense_key=swing%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it | synonyms=golf stroke, golf shot
8. sense_key=swing%1:04:02:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, cut | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
9. sense_key=swing%1:04:04:: | definition=a square dance figure; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "swing" and its surface form "swing". The context is about church bell ringing. The target appears in: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>..." so it's talking about the swinging motion of the bell. The bell "swing madly through a full 360 degrees". So the "swing" here is a noun meaning the act of swinging, a back and forth movement.

Now let's review the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: a state of steady vigorous action. Example: "the party went with a swing". Not fitting.

2. sense 2: a playground swing. Not fitting.

3. sense 3: a sweeping blow or stroke. Example: "he took a wild swing at my head". That's a physical strike. Not fitting.

4. sense 4: changing location by moving back and forth. Synonyms: swinging, vacillation. This seems to be the act of swinging, the motion. The context: "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees", and then "the next swing". So "swing" as a noun here means one instance of such swinging motion. This matches sense 4.

5. sense 5: jazz style.

6. sense 6: jaunty rhythm in music.

7. sense 7: golf swing.

8. sense 8: baseball swing.

9. sense 9: square dance figure.

None of the others apply.

Therefore, the best sense is 4.

Now return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, <t>so</t> that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "so" in the given context. The target lemma is "so", surface form "so". The context: "... Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change." Here "so" is part of "so that", indicating purpose: they advance or retard the swing in order that one bell can swap places with another. This is a use of "so" to introduce a purpose clause. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. so%4:02:02:: to a very great extent or degree – example: "the idea is so obvious; never been so happy" – This is a degree adverb, not matching.

2. so%4:02:06:: in a manner that facilitates – example: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat" – This sense suggests "so" as introducing a purpose clause, meaning "in order that". The examples: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" – here "so" means "in such a way that" or "with the purpose that". This seems very close. The gloss says "in a manner that facilitates", and the examples show purpose. In the context, "so that one bell can swap places" parallels "so he could describe". So sense 2 fits.

3. so%4:02:05:: in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied – examples: "They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets" – This seems to be a pro-adjective or pro-adverb meaning "in that way". The second example "so live your life that..." might be interpreted as "in such a way that". But the first example is "remain so" meaning "remain happy". In our context, "advance or retard the next swing, so that..." might be using "so" as "in such a way that", which could be sense 3. But note sense 6: "in the way indicated" (hold the brush so). Sense 3 might overlap. The distinction: sense 3 often replaces an adjective or manner previously mentioned, while sense 2 is specifically "in a manner that facilitates" (purpose). Sense 6 is "in the way indicated" (thus). In our sentence, "so that" clearly introduces a purpose clause: the ringers do something so that something else can happen. That's exactly the pattern in sense 2: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" (in order to describe). So sense 2 is the best.

4. so%4:02:07:: to a certain unspecified extent or degree – examples: "I can only go so far; can do only so much" – Not purpose.

5. so%4:02:08:: in the same way; also – examples: "I was offended and so was he" – not matching.

6. so%4:02:04:: in the way indicated (thusly) – example: "hold the brush so" – This is a manner pro-adverb meaning "in this way". Our "so that" doesn't mean "in this way that", it's a fixed conjunction expressing purpose. But sometimes "so that" can be analyzed as "in such a way that". However, WordNet sense 6 uses "thus", and the example "set up the pieces thus" is not a purpose clause. Sense 2 explicitly covers purpose.

7. so%4:02:03:: (usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed – examples: "he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells" – This is a degree adverb with a result clause. In our context, "so that" is not expressing result of a degree; it's purpose. "Advance or retard the next swing so that one bell can swap" – there's no extent; it's purpose. So not sense 7.

8. so%4:02:09:: subsequently or soon afterward – examples: "then he left" – not matching.

9. so%4:02:10:: therefore, hence, – examples: "therefore X must be true" – This is a logical connector, not purpose.

10. so%4:02:00:: in truth (indeed) – examples: "it is very cold indeed" – not matching.

Therefore, the best match is sense 2: "in a manner that facilitates". The example "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" parallels our text: "advance or retard ... so that one bell can swap". The construction "so that" to express purpose. So I'll pick sense_index 2.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "bell" in the given context. The target lemma is "bell", surface form "bell". The context describes a scene of bell ringers in a church, practicing change ringing. The bells mentioned are huge bronze bells in a belfry, mounted on wheels, swinging. The text says: "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly..." and later "one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another in the following change." So the sense is clearly a physical bell that makes a ringing sound, used in church towers. Among the candidate senses, sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" fits perfectly. Sense 3 is "the sound of a bell being struck", but the context refers to the physical bells themselves (huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swinging). The target word "bell" appears in "so that one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another", referring to the physical bells swapping order. So it's the object, not the sound. Sense 9 is "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells..." but that's orchestral chimes, not tower bells. Sense 5 is shape, not applicable. Other senses are about people or doorbells, etc. So the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swap
Target surface form: swap
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can <t>swap</t> places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swap%2:40:00:: | definition=exchange or give (something) in exchange for | synonyms=trade, swop, switch
2. sense_key=swap%2:38:00:: | definition=move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "swap" in the given context. The candidate senses are two: sense 1 is about exchanging or giving something in exchange for something else (like trading), and sense 2 is a technical computer science sense about moving a piece of a program into memory. The context is about bell ringing (change ringing). The sentence: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change." Here, "swap" clearly means to exchange positions: one bell changes places with another. That matches sense 1, which involves exchanging or trading. Sense 2 is completely unrelated to this context. So the answer should be sense index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: place
Target surface form: places
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap <t>places</t> with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=place%1:15:00:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, spot | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=place%1:15:04:: | definition=any area set aside for a particular purpose | synonyms=property | examples=who owns this place?; the president was concerned about the property across from the White House
3. sense_key=place%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract mental location | examples=he has a special place in my thoughts; a place in my heart
4. sense_key=place%1:15:01:: | definition=a general vicinity | examples=He comes from a place near Chicago
5. sense_key=place%1:04:01:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, position, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
6. sense_key=place%1:26:01:: | definition=a particular situation | synonyms=shoes | examples=If you were in my place what would you do?
7. sense_key=place%1:15:06:: | definition=where you live at a particular time | synonyms=home | examples=deliver the package to my home; he doesn't have a home to go to
8. sense_key=place%1:04:00:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, spot, billet | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=place%1:15:05:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=position | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
10. sense_key=place%1:26:00:: | definition=proper or designated social situation | synonyms=station | examples=he overstepped his place; the responsibilities of a man in his station
11. sense_key=place%1:15:03:: | definition=a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane) | synonyms=seat | examples=he booked their seats in advance; he sat in someone else's place
12. sense_key=place%1:10:00:: | definition=the passage that is being read | examples=he lost his place on the page
13. sense_key=place%1:26:02:: | definition=proper or appropriate position or location | examples=a woman's place is no longer in the kitchen
14. sense_key=place%1:15:02:: | definition=a public square with room for pedestrians | synonyms=plaza, piazza | examples=they met at Elm Plaza; Grosvenor Place
15. sense_key=place%1:10:02:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=position | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
16. sense_key=place%1:10:01:: | definition=a blank area | synonyms=space, blank space | examples=write your name in the space provided

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the lemma "place" and the target form "places" in a specific context. The context is about bell ringers where one bell can swap places with another in the following change. The sentence: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap <t>places</t> with another in the following change." So the "places" refer to positions in the sequence of bell ringing changes. In change ringing, bells follow a pattern and they swap orders. The phrase "swap places" means to exchange positions in the order.

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list provided. The candidate senses are:

1. a point located with respect to surface features (topographic point)
2. area set aside for a purpose (property)
3. abstract mental location
4. general vicinity
5. post or function properly occupied by another (stead, position, lieu)
6. particular situation (shoes)
7. home
8. job in an organization (position, post, etc.)
9. particular portion of space occupied by something (position)
10. proper or designated social situation (station)
11. space reserved for sitting (seat)
12. passage that is being read
13. proper or appropriate position or location
14. public square (plaza, piazza)
15. item on a list or in a sequence (position)
16. blank area (space)

The context is about bells swapping places, meaning they change positions in a sequence. This is about the order in a pattern. It fits closely with sense 15: "an item on a list or in a sequence" with synonyms "position" and example "in the second place; moved from third to fifth position". The word "places" here is exactly about the position in the order of bells. They swap their positions. So sense 15 is the best.

Let's check other senses: sense 5 is about "post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another" but that's more about a role or stead, not about sequence order. Sense 9 is "the particular portion of space occupied by something" but that's about physical position of an object, not specifically about sequence. However, in this context, it's about the position in a ringing change. The phrase "swap places" could also be interpreted as swapping physical locations, but in bell ringing, the bells are in the belfry and they are not moving physically; they are changing the order in which they sound. The bells are on wheels and they swing, but the "place" is in the pattern. So it's a sequencing. The text says "one bell can swap places with another in the following change." That strongly indicates a sequence. "Change" refers to a change in the order. So sense 15 is perfect.

Sense 13: "proper or appropriate position or location" might also be considered, but that is more about social or appropriate place, not a sequence. The example "a woman's place is no longer in the kitchen" is about social role. Not in this technical context.

Sense 5: stead, but in bell ringing, "place" is a technical term? Possibly it could be sense 5 if they take each other's stead, but the phrase is "swap places", not "swap steads". "Places" in change ringing refers to positions in the order. The term "place" in change ringing is often used: e.g., "place notation". So it's definitely about sequence.

Thus the best indexed sense is 15.

I will output JSON with sense_index 15.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: well-known
Target surface form: well-known
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a <t>well-known</t> detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=well-known%5:00:00:known:00 | definition=widely or fully known | examples=a well-known politician; well-known facts
2. sense_key=well-known%5:00:00:familiar:00 | definition=frequently experienced; known closely or intimately | synonyms=long-familiar | examples=a long-familiar face; a well-known voice reached her ears

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "well-known" in a specific context. The text describes ringers (bell ringers) and mentions a detective story by Dorothy L. Sayers involving church bells. The sentence says: "In a <t>well-known</t> detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing..." So, "well-known" modifies "detective-story". We need to choose between two senses:

Sense 1: "widely or fully known" with examples "a well-known politician; well-known facts". This sense is about being known to many people, famous or widely recognized.

Sense 2: "frequently experienced; known closely or intimately" with synonyms "long-familiar" and examples "a long-familiar face; a well-known voice reached her ears." This sense is about familiarity through frequent experience or intimate knowledge, not necessarily widespread fame.

In the context, "well-known detective-story" likely means a detective story that is widely known, famous. The story by Dorothy L. Sayers is probably well-known among readers. It is not about a story that is frequently experienced on a personal, intimate level. So sense 1 fits better.

Thus, the single best indexed sense is 1. Return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story <t>involving</t> church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." Target lemma: involve, surface form: involving. Context: "In a well-known detective-story <t>involving</t> church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ..." So the phrase is "detective-story involving church bells". We need to pick the best sense from the list.

The senses:

1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

The context: "detective-story involving church bells". The detective story is a story that has church bells as an element, feature, or topic. So it means the story features church bells, or the plot includes church bells. The verb "involving" is a present participle modifying "detective-story". So the sense is something like "having as a part or feature". Sense 3 is "have as a necessary feature", sense 5 is "contain as a part". Both are plausible. Sense 3 says "have as a necessary feature; imply", example: "This decision involves many changes" means the decision has many changes as a necessary feature. Sense 5: "contain as a part", example: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" means dinner contains six courses. For a detective story that involves church bells, it means the story includes church bells as an element. It seems more like "contain as a part" rather than "have as a necessary feature"? But necessary feature might imply an inherent characteristic. The story's plot might necessarily feature church bells if that's the theme. The example for sense 3: "This decision involves many changes" implies the decision has changes as a consequence, not necessarily containing them as parts. Wait, gloss: "have as a necessary feature" and synonym "imply". So it's like entailment. A story isn't exactly a decision; it's a narrative that contains elements. Sense 5: "contain as a part" is a straightforward fit: the story contains church bells as an element. But let's see the distinction: Sense 3 (42:00) is the most basic sense of involve: "have as a necessary feature or consequence; entail." Sense 5 (42:02) is "contain as a part". In many contexts, these overlap. However, WordNet often separates them. The example for sense 5: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" – dinner contains courses as parts. For sense 3, "This decision involves many changes" – the decision entails changes, but changes aren't exactly parts of the decision, they are consequences. So for a story involving church bells, the term "involve" might be closer to "include" i.e., contain as a part. I'd lean toward sense 5.

But check other senses: sense 1: connect closely and often incriminatingly (affect, regard) – no, not incriminating. sense 2: engage as a participant – no. sense 4: require as useful – no. sense 6: occupy the interest – that could be a story involving the reader, but here it's involving church bells, not involving a person. sense 7: make complex – not relevant.

Between 3 and 5, which is better? Often, in WSD, the containment sense is used for things like "a story involving X". In many WordNet mappings, "involve" in the sense of "include" is sense 5. I recall that sense 3 is more like "imply" or "entail". For example, "The project involves a lot of work" means it requires work (sense 4? Actually "require" is sense 4). Wait, sense 4 is "require as useful, just, or proper" – synonyms: necessitate, need. That's also a candidate? "detective-story involving church bells" might mean the story requires church bells as a necessary element? That's plausible: the story necessitates the presence of church bells. Sense 4: "require as useful, just, or proper" – example: "success usually requires hard work". So if the story involves church bells, it means the story requires them as a component. That might be similar to sense 5: contain as a part. There's a fine line.

Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy. The sense_key patterns: involve%2:42:00:: (verb.contact?), actually the first number after % is the part of speech (2=verb), second number is the lexicographer file? 42 = verb.stative? Actually, in WordNet, the sense numbers are based on sense ordering. The sense keys have a file number. For example, involve%2:42:00 – 42 is the file number for stative verbs? No, WordNet lexicographer file numbers: 42 is verb.stative? I think 42 is verb.stative. Because common stative verbs are in file 42. Indeed, many stative senses are in 42. Sense 3: definition "have as a necessary feature" is stative. Sense 5: "contain as a part" is also stative (file 42). So both are stative. But we can differentiate by gloss and examples.

Given the context "detective-story involving church bells", the meaning is that the story includes church bells as an element. "contain as a part" seems most direct. Sense 5's example: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" – the dinner comprises courses. Similarly, a story comprises plot elements. Sense 3's example: "This decision involves many changes" – the decision entails changes; changes are not parts of the decision but consequences. So I'd choose sense 5.

But let's check sense 4: "require as useful, just, or proper" – "It takes nerve to do what she did" – that's like "it requires nerve". Could a story "require" church bells? Possibly, but the story is not a requirement; it's a narrative that includes them. So sense 4 is less likely.

Thus, I'll go with sense_index: 5. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving <t>church</t> bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "church" and its surface form "church" in the context of a sentence: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"

We need to choose the best sense among the four candidates.

The target is "church bells" – the compound noun "church bells". The word "church" here is part of "church bells", which typically refers to bells that are in a church building, used for ringing. The context is about bell ringing, with ringers in a church tower, ringing bells. So "church" modifies "bells", indicating the bells are associated with a church building or perhaps a church service? But "church bells" is a standard phrase referring to bells housed in a church building, typically used for calls to worship or other signals. Sense 2 is "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" (church building). Sense 4 is "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church". Sense 1 is "one of the groups of Christians" (Christian church as a denomination). Sense 3 is "a service conducted in a house of worship" (church service).

The phrase "church bells" obviously refers to bells that are part of a church building. The building has a belfry where the bells are. So "church" is used as a modifier, essentially meaning "bells belonging to a church building". That aligns with sense 2.

Examples: "the church was empty" – that's a building. Synonyms: church building. So sense 2 is correct.

We need to return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

Make sure to choose the single best sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church <t>bells</t>, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "bell" with surface form "bells". The context is a passage about church bell ringing. The target is in the sentence: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'" So the word is "bells" in "church bells". We need to choose the best sense from the list. The context is clearly about physical bells that are rung, specifically church bells. Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" fits perfectly. Sense 3 is about the sound of a bell, but here it's the physical bells themselves (church bells). Sense 9 is about a percussion instrument consisting of set of tuned bells, but church bells are not necessarily a set of tuned bells struck with a hammer; they are rung by swinging. So sense 1 is the most appropriate. Sense 2 is doorbell, sense 4 is nautical, sense 5 is shape, senses 6-8 are people, sense 10 is flared opening. So I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, <t>English</t> novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "English" in the given context. The target is "English" as an adjective. The context mentions "English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers." This indicates that the sense is related to England or its culture, not the English language. Sense 1 is about "of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people," which fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about the English language, which is not relevant here. So the best sense is 1.

Return the JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: describe
Target surface form: described
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers <t>described</t> ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
2. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "described" in the given context. The target lemma is "describe" and surface form is "described". The context is a passage about bell ringers, mentioning Dorothy L. Sayers describing ringing as a passion. So "described" is used as a verb of communication: she described ringing as something.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. describe%2:32:00:: - give a description of. Synonyms: depict, draw. Example: He drew an elaborate plan of attack. This sense is about depicting or drawing, maybe more concrete.

2. describe%2:32:01:: - to give an account or representation of in words. Synonyms: report, account. Example: Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental. This is the verbal description sense.

3. describe%2:35:00:: - make a mark or lines on a surface. Synonyms: trace, draw, line, delineate. Example: draw a line; trace the outline. This is physical marking.

4. describe%2:31:00:: - identify as in botany or biology. Synonyms: identify, discover, key out, name.

In the context: "Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'" She gave a verbal description. So sense 2 is clearly the correct one: to give an account or representation of in words.

Sense 1 is similar but more concrete (depict, draw). The example for sense 1 is about drawing a plan, while sense 2's example is about reporting. The context is clearly verbal, so sense 2 fits best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: passion
Target surface form: passion
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "<t>passion</t> that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=passion%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
2. sense_key=passion%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being intensely emotional | synonyms=heat, warmth
3. sense_key=passion%1:26:01:: | definition=something that is desired intensely | synonyms=rage | examples=his rage for fame destroyed him
4. sense_key=passion%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
5. sense_key=passion%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. sense_key=passion%1:09:00:: | definition=any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting
7. sense_key=passion%1:26:02:: | definition=the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion | synonyms=Passion of Christ

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "passion" and target surface form "passion" in the context. The context is about bell ringers and their activity. It describes the ringers as totally absorbed, using peripheral vision, and the bells swinging. Then it quotes Dorothy L. Sayers: "ringing as a 'passion' that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." And "ringers are filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed."

We need to choose the best sense for "passion" in this context. Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=passion%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
2. sense_key=passion%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being intensely emotional | synonyms=heat, warmth
3. sense_key=passion%1:26:01:: | definition=something that is desired intensely | synonyms=rage | examples=his rage for fame destroyed him
4. sense_key=passion%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
5. sense_key=passion%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. sense_key=passion%1:09:00:: | definition=any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting
7. sense_key=passion%1:26:02:: | definition=the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion | synonyms=Passion of Christ

In the context, "passion" is used to describe ringing as something that "finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." It is not a sexual desire (sense 5), not Jesus' suffering (sense 7). It's about a strong interest or enthusiasm for an activity. The word "passion" here might mean a strong enthusiasm or devotion to an activity. Sense 6: "any object of warm affection or devotion" with examples like "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting." That could fit: ringing is an object of devotion. But the phrase "a passion that finds its satisfaction in..." suggests the passion itself is a feeling or drive. Sense 3: "something that is desired intensely" with synonyms "rage" and example "his rage for fame destroyed him." That might also fit: a passion for ringing. Sense 1: "a strong feeling or emotion" with passional synonym. Sense 2: "trait of being intensely emotional" (heat, warmth). Sense 4: "irrational but irresistible motive" (mania, cacoethes). The context says "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." It seems like a strong interest or enthusiasm, not necessarily irrational. The ringers are "totally absorbed" and it's a "solemn intoxication" from intricate ritual. That suggests a deep, almost consuming interest. The word "passion" in this context is often used like "a passion for something." For example, "He has a passion for bell ringing." That would be sense 6: any object of warm affection or devotion. But the quote says "ringing as a passion" - that is, ringing itself is a passion. So it's an object of devotion. However, it also says "finds its satisfaction in..." which might liken passion to a feeling that is satisfied. I think sense 6 is specifically "any object of warm affection or devotion" - that is, the thing you are passionate about. For instance, "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting." Here, "a passion" is the activity that one is devoted to. So ringing is described as "a passion" meaning it is an object of devotion. That seems very fitting.

Let's check sense 3: "something that is desired intensely" with example "his rage for fame destroyed him." That also could be a strong desire. But the context says "ringing as a passion" - ringing itself is the passion, not the desire for it. It's like ringing is the thing they are passionate about. So it's the object of devotion. Sense 6 seems more directly on point: the example shows "he has a passion for cock fighting" where "a passion" means an object of devotion. In the quote, "ringing as a passion" - so ringing is a passion in that sense.

Sense 1: "a strong feeling or emotion" - that could work but it's very broad. The quote uses "passion" in the context of a specific activity that they are devoted to, so it's more about the object of that feeling. Sense 6 captures that.

Consider the phrase "a passion that finds its satisfaction..." In sense 6, "passion" is the object of affection; it doesn't have a feeling that can be satisfied. But in the sentence, the passion (ringing) finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness. So it's not the feeling, but the activity itself that is described as a passion. That aligns with sense 6: the activity is the passion.

Let's see the definition of sense 6: "any object of warm affection or devotion" and examples: "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting." Here, "passion" is the thing loved, not the feeling. So yes, ringing is that thing.

Sense 3: "something that is desired intensely" - that could be the activity itself as well. But the example "his rage for fame" is about a desire for something, not the thing itself. "His rage for fame" - fame is the thing desired intensely. So that is similar: "a passion for cock fighting" is also like a desire for cock fighting. Actually, in the phrase "he has a passion for cock fighting", "passion" is the feeling of desire? Wait, no: in the example "he has a passion for cock fighting", that is using "passion" to mean a strong enthusiasm, but it might be the feeling. The sense 6 is "any object of warm affection or devotion", so in "the theater was her first love", "love" is the object. In "he has a passion for cock fighting", "passion" might be the feeling? Actually, the example says "he has a passion for cock fighting" - that is, he has a strong enthusiasm for cock fighting. That is not the object, it's the feeling. But the sense says "any object of warm affection or devotion". I need to check WordNet. In WordNet, sense 6 is defined as "any object of warm affection or devotion; 'the theater was her first love' or 'he has a passion for cock fighting'". In the second example, "he has a passion for cock fighting" - here "passion" is the feeling? Actually, it's ambiguous. In WordNet, the sense is "any object of warm affection or devotion", so the example "he has a passion for cock fighting" might be using "passion" to refer to the object? No, it's "a passion for" - that means a strong liking. The head word "passion" in that phrase is the feeling. But the definition says "any object of warm affection or devotion." So maybe the example is to illustrate that "passion" can denote the thing that is loved. However, in "he has a passion for cock fighting", "passion" is not the object; it's the feeling. The object is "cock fighting." You could say "Cock fighting is his passion." That would be the object. So in the given quote, "ringing as a passion" - ringing is the passion. That fits: ringing is an object of devotion. So sense 6 is most appropriate.

Sense 1 is "a strong feeling or emotion" with synonyms "passionateness." That would be the feeling itself. But in context, they are not saying that ringing is a feeling; they are saying that ringing is a passion (an object of devotion) that finds its satisfaction... though, it could be interpreted as a feeling. The phrase "a passion that finds its satisfaction" - the passion (feeling) finds satisfaction in mathematical completeness. That could also work: a strong feeling or emotion. But then sense 6 is more specific to the thing that one is passionate about, and here ringing itself is the thing. Typically, when someone says "X is his passion," they mean X is the thing he is deeply devoted to, not the feeling he has while doing X. So sense 6 is better.

Sense 2: "the trait of being intensely emotional" - not appropriate.

Sense 3: "something that is desired intensely" - this could be the object of desire, like "fame" in the example. So "ringing" is a passion (something desired intensely). That also could work. But sense 6 is specifically about affection or devotion, not just any intense desire. The context uses "passion" in a positive, devoted, ritualistic way, not a rage. It's more about love of the activity. So sense 6 "object of warm affection or devotion" seems more fitting.

Sense 4: "irrational but irresistible motive" - that has a negative connotation (mania) and is a motive for belief or action, not an object.

Sense 5: sexual desire - no.

Sense 7: religious suffering - no.

Thus, between 6 and 3, and maybe 1, I think 6 is best. Let's see the examples: "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting." The second example is "he has a passion for cock fighting" — in that, "passion" might be a feeling, but the sense says "object of warm affection or devotion." Actually, in typical usage, "a passion for something" means a strong enthusiasm. The WordNet sense 6 is "any object of warm affection or devotion." That means the thing itself. So if you say "My passion is collecting stamps," then collecting stamps is the object. In the quote, "ringing as a passion" – ringing is the object. So sense 6 fits perfectly.

I'm going to select sense 6.

Thus, {"sense_index": 6}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finds
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that <t>finds</t> its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "find", surface form "finds", in the given context. We have 16 candidate senses with WordNet sense keys and definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to choose the best indexed sense (number) based on the context. The target phrase is: "a passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." Here, "finds" is used in a metaphorical sense: the passion finds its satisfaction in something. We need to see which sense fits this usage.

Let's analyze the context: The ringers are passionate about ringing, and Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." The verb "finds" here means something like "obtains" or "achieves" satisfaction. The passion is personified as finding its satisfaction in those qualities. It's not about accidentally encountering something, nor about discovering something new. It's more about the passion achieving or obtaining satisfaction.

Looking at the senses:

1. "come upon, as if by accident; meet with" – This implies accidental discovery. Not fitting because the passion intentionally seeks satisfaction? But "finds" here is more about achieving.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" – This is about detecting something that exists. Not quite: satisfaction is not something pre-existing that it discovers; it's more like the passion achieves it.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" – Similar to search and recover. Not exactly.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" – This is about determining through investigation. Not fitting.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds" – This is about forming an opinion or feeling. Not applicable.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" – To witness. No.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" – This is getting hold of something for a purpose. Could be close: find a gadget to serve as a bottle opener. "I found this gadget..." But here it's about getting hold of something useful. In the context, the passion doesn't get hold of satisfaction like an object.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" – To discover something new, like a scientific discovery. Not fitting.

9. "make a discovery" – Similar to 8, but "discover" as in find out a fact. "She found that he had lied." Not fitting.

10. "obtain through effort or management" – Examples: "She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents." "We found the money to send our sons to college." This is about managing to obtain something that requires effort. In the context, the passion "finds its satisfaction" – that is, it obtains satisfaction through the qualities. This fits well: the passion achieves or obtains satisfaction through mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. It's a metaphorical attainment. This sense seems promising.

11. "decide on and make a declaration about" – "find someone guilty." Legal context. No.

12. "receive a specified treatment (abstract)" – "These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation." Here "find expression" means they are expressed. "His movie received a good review." This sense is about something being given a certain treatment or reception. In "finds its satisfaction", the passion "finds" could be similar to "receives" or "obtains" satisfaction. However, sense 12 is specifically about receiving a treatment, often used in passive-like constructions. For example, "The proposal found favor with the committee" means it was received favorably. Similarly, "finds its satisfaction" could be interpreted as "receives its satisfaction". But the synonyms: receive, get, obtain, incur. The example "These aspects of civilization do not find expression" suggests that "find expression" is a phrase meaning "are expressed". In our context, "finds its satisfaction" is similar. It's like the passion obtains its satisfaction. Sense 12 is "receive a specified treatment (abstract)", and "satisfaction" is an abstract treatment. That fits very well. Compare: "find expression" is a fixed phrase. "Find satisfaction" is also a common collocation meaning "be satisfied" or "obtain satisfaction". So this sense might be exactly right.

13. "perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place" – "I found myself in a difficult situation." Not applicable; the subject is "passion", not a person.

14. "get or find back; recover the use of" – "She regained control." Not applicable.

15. "succeed in reaching; arrive at" – "The arrow found its mark." This is about reaching a target. In a metaphorical sense, the passion "finds its satisfaction" could be seen as reaching satisfaction. But "the arrow found its mark" means hit the target. The sense is about arriving at a destination or target. That could be interpreted as the passion reaching satisfaction. But note: "finds its satisfaction" is more about achieving satisfaction rather than physically reaching it. However, sense 15 is about succeeding in reaching. The examples: "The arrow found its mark" – that's a physical target. But satisfaction is abstract. So maybe not the best.

16. "accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation" – "My son went to Berkeley to find himself." Not applicable.

Now, between sense 10 and sense 12. Sense 10: "obtain through effort or management". The examples: "She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents." "We found the money to send our sons to college." This implies that you manage to obtain something that is often difficult, like time, money, energy. In our context, "finds its satisfaction" could be seen as the passion manages to obtain satisfaction, but it's not like the passion makes an effort; it's more inherent. Sense 12: "receive a specified treatment (abstract)". The example "These aspects of civilization do not find expression" is very similar to "finds its satisfaction". The phrase "find expression" means "be expressed". The word "find" in these constructions is a light verb, almost like a copula, indicating a state of receiving something. In the phrase "find satisfaction", it means "be satisfied" or "obtain satisfaction". It matches well.

Looking at sense 12's definition: "receive a specified treatment (abstract)" and synonyms: receive, get, obtain, incur. The example "His movie received a good review" is about receiving something. "Find expression" is another example given in the gloss? Actually, the gloss says: "These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review" – that's one example sentence? It looks like two examples concatenated. So it's a sense that covers "find" when used with abstract nouns indicating a kind of reception. The target "finds its satisfaction" is exactly that: the passion receives/obtains satisfaction. So sense 12 is the most appropriate.

Let's check if there is a more specific sense. Sense 10 is "obtain through effort or management". But does the passion have to make an effort? Not necessarily; it's more of an inherent attainment. Sense 12 is more about something being given or received without the connotation of effort. The phrase "find satisfaction" is a standard collocation meaning "to get satisfaction". In many dictionary definitions, "find" in such abstract phrases is listed as "to have (something) as available" or "to obtain". Sense 12 appears to be the WordNet sense that captures this.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 12.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: satisfaction
Target surface form: satisfaction
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its <t>satisfaction</t> in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=satisfaction%1:12:00:: | definition=the contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or expectation | examples=the chef tasted the sauce with great satisfaction
2. sense_key=satisfaction%1:26:00:: | definition=state of being gratified or satisfied | synonyms=gratification | examples=dull repetitious work gives no gratification; to my immense gratification he arrived on time
3. sense_key=satisfaction%1:21:00:: | definition=compensation for a wrong | synonyms=atonement, expiation | examples=we were unable to get satisfaction from the local store
4. sense_key=satisfaction%1:21:01:: | definition=(law) the payment of a debt or fulfillment of an obligation | examples=the full and final satisfaction of the claim
5. sense_key=satisfaction%1:04:00:: | definition=act of fulfilling a desire or need or appetite | examples=the satisfaction of their demand for better services

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to pick the best sense for "satisfaction" in the given context. The context is from a description of bell-ringing, with a quote from Dorothy L. Sayers: "a passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." So satisfaction here is about a deep fulfillment from achieving something perfect and complete. Let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense 1: contentment when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or expectation. Example: chef tasting sauce with great satisfaction. This is close, as ringers find fulfillment in perfection. But it's more about a feeling of contentment.

2. sense 2: state of being gratified or satisfied; synonyms: gratification. Example: dull repetitious work gives no gratification. This is also about the state of being satisfied. Could fit.

3. sense 3: compensation for a wrong; atonement, expiation. Example: we were unable to get satisfaction from the local store. This doesn't fit the context; it's about making amends.

4. sense 4: (law) payment of a debt or fulfillment of an obligation. Example: full and final satisfaction of the claim. Not about passion for mathematical completeness.

5. sense 5: act of fulfilling a desire or need or appetite. Example: the satisfaction of their demand for better services. This emphasizes the act of fulfilling, rather than the feeling. But the quote says "finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness" – the passion finds its fulfillment in that. So it could be the act of being satisfied.

Compare sense 1 and sense 5: sense 1 is the feeling of contentment, sense 5 is the act of fulfilling. The phrase "finds its satisfaction" could mean the passion achieves its fulfillment, so the act of fulfilling (sense 5) might be more precise. However, the example for sense 5 is about satisfying a demand, which is a bit different. Sense 1 is about the contentment one feels. In context, it's about the passion being satisfied by the mathematical and mechanical perfection; that sounds like the passion's need is being met, leading to contentment. The example from sense 1: "the chef tasted the sauce with great satisfaction" – a feeling. Sense 2 is similar: state of being gratified. So senses 1 and 2 are very close. Sense 2 is explicitly "state of being gratified or satisfied". The quote says "filled with the solemn intoxication" – they are experiencing a state. But the target phrase is "finds its satisfaction" – more like the passion achieves satisfaction.

Maybe sense 1 is the most general and fitting: contentment from fulfilling a desire. Sense 5 is the act. In WordNet, these are often distinct. Let's check the sense keys:
- satisfaction%1:12:00:: (sense 1) is probably a noun.feeling.
- satisfaction%1:26:00:: (sense 2) is a noun.state.
- satisfaction%1:21:00:: (sense 3) is compensation.
- satisfaction%1:21:01:: (sense 4) is legal payment.
- satisfaction%1:04:00:: (sense 5) is an act.

We need to choose the "best indexed sense". I'd lean towards sense 1 because it directly matches the notion of fulfillment of a desire (the passion's desire for mathematical completeness). Sense 5 is the act of fulfilling, but the quote says the passion finds that in the completeness, implying the feeling of satisfaction. Actually, "finds its satisfaction" could be either. But often "satisfaction" in such contexts is the feeling of contentment.

The given examples: sense 1 "chef tasted sauce with great satisfaction" – a feeling. Sense 2 "dull repetitious work gives no gratification" – state. Sense 5 "the satisfaction of their demand" – act. The quote: "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness" – I think it's similar to "finds its fulfillment" – that could be the state of being fulfilled, or the act. But the passion is not an agent performing an act; it's more like the passion is fulfilled. So the passion experiences satisfaction as a state or feeling. Sense 2 says "state of being gratified". In the quote, they also say "filled with the solemn intoxication" indicating a state. So sense 2 might be best: state of being gratified. But sense 1 is also a state (contentment one feels). Distinguishing: sense 1 focuses on the feeling, sense 2 on the state. They are close, but sense 2's example: "dull repetitious work gives no gratification; to my immense gratification he arrived on time" – that's the state. Sense 1's example: "chef tasted the sauce with great satisfaction" – that's also a state/feeling. So it's subtle. WordNet often separates these based on semantic class. I'd look at the sense number patterns: 1:12 is feeling, 1:26 is state. Usually state is more about the condition, while feeling is more emotional. In this context, finding satisfaction in mathematical completeness could be a deep emotional contentment, so sense 1 might fit.

Let's consider the definitions:
- sense 1: the contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire...
- sense 2: state of being gratified or satisfied.

In practice, they are synonymous. But we must pick one. I'll examine the WordNet example for sense 1: "the chef tasted the sauce with great satisfaction" – that's a feeling. For sense 2: "dull repetitious work gives no gratification" – state of being gratified. In the divine context, the passion is being satisfied, so it's the state of that passion. The passion is a feeling itself, so it might be more appropriate to say a passion finds its state of being gratified. I think sense 2 might be a bit better because "state" is more abstract and fits "finds its satisfaction" as a condition. However, both are plausible.

Another clue: sense 2 has synonym "gratification". The quote uses "intoxication" as a similar concept. So I'll go with sense 2.

But let's be careful: The task says "Choose the single best indexed sense." and "Do not hedge." I need to commit. The example for sense 2 includes "gratification" and is described as a state, which aligns well with the perpetual state of the ringers immersed in their ritual. Sense 1 is more about the momentary feeling. So I'll pick sense 2.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}