[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: text
Target surface form: text
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the <t>text</t> did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=text%1:10:00:: | definition=the words of something written | synonyms=textual matter | examples=there were more than a thousand words of text; they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech
2. sense_key=text%1:10:03:: | definition=a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon | examples=the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon
3. sense_key=text%1:10:02:: | definition=a book prepared for use in schools or colleges | synonyms=textbook, text edition, schoolbook, school text | examples=his economics textbook is in its tenth edition; the professor wrote the text that he assigned students to buy
4. sense_key=text%1:10:01:: | definition=the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.) | examples=pictures made the text easier to understand

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "text" in the context: "the <t>text</t> did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers." The context is about climate talks, and Stern complained that the "text" did not do enough. This likely refers to a written document, perhaps a draft agreement or proposal. So "text" meaning "the words of something written" (sense 1) fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about a Bible passage, not relevant. Sense 3 is a textbook, not relevant. Sense 4 is the main body of a written work, but that's more about the body vs. illustrations, not appropriate here. The example for sense 1: "they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech" matches the idea of a document. So sense_index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cut
Target surface form: cuts
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the <t>cuts</t> could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cut%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of the profits | examples=everyone got a cut of the earnings
2. sense_key=cut%1:10:00:: | definition=(film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next | examples=the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt
3. sense_key=cut%1:06:00:: | definition=a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation | synonyms=gash
4. sense_key=cut%1:26:01:: | definition=a step on some scale | examples=he is a cut above the rest
5. sense_key=cut%1:26:00:: | definition=a wound made by cutting | synonyms=gash, slash, slice | examples=he put a bandage over the cut
6. sense_key=cut%1:13:00:: | definition=a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass | synonyms=cut of meat
7. sense_key=cut%1:10:02:: | definition=a remark capable of wounding mentally | synonyms=stinger | examples=the unkindest cut of all
8. sense_key=cut%1:10:04:: | definition=a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc | synonyms=track | examples=he played the first cut on the cd; the title track of the album
9. sense_key=cut%1:10:01:: | definition=the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage | synonyms=deletion, excision | examples=an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors; both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause
10. sense_key=cut%1:09:00:: | definition=the style in which a garment is cut | examples=a dress of traditional cut
11. sense_key=cut%1:06:01:: | definition=a canal made by erosion or excavation
12. sense_key=cut%1:04:03:: | definition=a refusal to recognize someone you know | synonyms=snub, cold shoulder | examples=the snub was clearly intentional
13. sense_key=cut%1:04:07:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, swing | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
14. sense_key=cut%1:04:08:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball | synonyms=undercut | examples=cuts do not bother a good tennis player
15. sense_key=cut%1:04:09:: | definition=the division of a deck of cards before dealing | synonyms=cutting | examples=he insisted that we give him the last cut before every deal; the cutting of the cards soon became a ritual
16. sense_key=cut%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cut in the lining revealed the hidden jewels
17. sense_key=cut%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of cutting something into parts | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cuts were skillful; his cutting of the cake made a terrible mess
18. sense_key=cut%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends | synonyms=cutting, cutting off | examples=the barber gave him a good cut
19. sense_key=cut%1:04:05:: | definition=the act of reducing the amount or number | examples=the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget
20. sense_key=cut%1:04:06:: | definition=an unexcused absence from class | examples=he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We are asked to find the best sense for "cut" in the given context. The target word is "cuts" as in the phrase "the cuts could be verified by outside observers." Looking at the context: The topic is about climate talks and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Earlier, it says "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions..." and then later: "Stern made his comments ... saying earlier ... that the United States would not help China financially ... complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers." So "cuts" refers to reductions in emissions. It's about reducing the amount of emissions. The appropriate sense is "the act of reducing the amount or number". Looking at the candidate list, sense 19: sense_key=cut%1:04:05:: definition: the act of reducing the amount or number, examples: the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget. That matches "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" and "the cuts could be verified". So sense index 19 is the correct one.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observer
Target surface form: observers
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside <t>observers</t>. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observer%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses | synonyms=perceiver, percipient, beholder
2. sense_key=observer%1:18:01:: | definition=an expert who observes and comments on something | synonyms=commentator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: observer, surface form: observers. Context: ... verified by outside observers. We have two senses.

Sense 1:operson who becomes aware through senses, perceiver, percipient, beholder.

Sense 2: expert who observes and comments on something, commentator.

In context: "verified by outside observers". This is about verification of emission cuts, implying that the observers are checking or verifying something. Typically, "outside observers" in such contexts refer to independent monitors or inspectors who check compliance. That aligns with sense 2: an expert who observes and comments, but more specifically, an observer in international agreements often means a monitor or inspector. Sense 1 is more about passive perception. The best fit: sense 2, as they are likely experts verifying compliance, not just perceiving. So sense_index: 2.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: comment
Target surface form: comments
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his <t>comments</t> an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=comment%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information | synonyms=remark, input | examples=from time to time she contributed a personal comment on his account
2. sense_key=comment%1:10:01:: | definition=a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material | synonyms=commentary | examples=he wrote an extended comment on the proposal
3. sense_key=comment%1:10:02:: | definition=a report (often malicious) about the behavior of other people | synonyms=gossip, scuttlebutt | examples=the divorce caused much gossip

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "comment", surface form "comments", in the sentence: "Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said ..." The context is about verbal remarks in a political setting. Stern's comments are spoken statements expressing his position.

Candidate senses:
1. statement expressing personal opinion or belief, with synonyms remark, input. Example: contributed a personal comment. This fits spoken remarks.
2. written explanation/criticism added to a book. Synonyms commentary. Not spoken; written.
3. report (often malicious) about behavior, gossip. Not fitting the context of policy statements.

Clearly sense 1 is about verbal remarks expressing opinion, which matches the context. Sense 2 is written, sense 3 is gossip. So choose sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hour
Target surface form: hour
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an <t>hour</t> after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hour%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day | synonyms=hr, 60 minutes | examples=the job will take more than an hour
2. sense_key=hour%1:28:01:: | definition=clock time | synonyms=time of day | examples=the hour is getting late
3. sense_key=hour%1:28:02:: | definition=a special and memorable period | examples=it was their finest hour
4. sense_key=hour%1:07:00:: | definition=distance measured by the time taken to cover it | synonyms=minute | examples=we live an hour from the airport; its just 10 minutes away

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "hour" in the context: "Stern made his comments an <t>hour</t> after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said ..." So it's "an hour after" something, indicating a time interval. The candidate senses are:
1. a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day (60 minutes) — this fits "an hour after" as a duration.
2. clock time — "the hour is getting late" — not a duration but a point in time of day.
3. a special and memorable period — "it was their finest hour" — not relevant.
4. distance measured by time — "we live an hour from the airport" — not distance here, it's about timing of statements.

Clearly, sense 1 is the right one: a period of 60 minutes. So {"sense_index": 1}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: america
Target surface form: America
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said <t>America</t>'s top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=america%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=america%1:17:00:: | definition=North America and South America and Central America

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "America" in the given context. The target lemma is "america" and the surface form is "America". Two candidate senses are provided:

1. sense 1: "North American republic containing 50 states..." synonyms: United States, United States of America, the States, US, USA.
2. sense 2: "North America and South America and Central America", meaning the continents.

Context: The text discusses climate change talks, mentioning the European Union, then U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern, and then a quote from Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei: "America's top climate negotiator was either lacking 'common sense' or being 'extremely irresponsible'..." The preceding text identifies Stern as the U.S. special climate envoy, so "America's top climate negotiator" clearly refers to the United States' negotiator. The context is about the United States' stance and its interactions with China. Therefore, "America" here refers to the country, the United States, not the continents.

Thus, the correct sense is sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top <t>climate</t> negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "climate" with the surface form "climate" in the given context. The target is embedded in the text: "America's top <t>climate</t> negotiator". So it's part of the phrase "climate negotiator". We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: (definition: the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time; synonyms: clime; examples: "the dank climate of southern Wales"; "plants from a cold clime travel best in winter")
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: (definition: the prevailing psychological state; synonyms: mood; examples: "the climate of opinion"; "the national mood had changed radically since the last election")

In the context, "climate negotiator" refers to someone who negotiates about climate change, i.e., global warming and related environmental issues. The overall article discusses climate change talks, funding to help poorer countries adapt to climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, etc. So "climate" here clearly refers to the weather-related sense, not the psychological state sense. Sense 1 is about weather, sense 2 is about mood/opinion. Therefore, the correct sense is the first one.

We must return a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the <t>week</t> that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "week" in the given context. The context is a news article about climate talks. The target word appears in the sentence: "Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking 'common sense' or being 'extremely irresponsible' for saying earlier in the <t>week</t> that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming." The target word is "week", and the context around it is "earlier in the week". The article mentions events happening over days, like "Friday", "the talks for the past week", etc. So "week" refers to a period of seven days, but specifically in the phrase "earlier in the week", it means earlier in the current week (the week that includes the day of speaking). Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
This sense refers to any period of seven consecutive days, not necessarily a calendar week. Example: "it rained for a week" means any seven-day stretch.

2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
This is the workweek, referring to the working days/hours in a week.

3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week
This is the standard calendar week, from Sunday to Saturday (or Monday to Sunday depending on culture, but WordNet defines it as starting on Sunday). It's the familiar week as a unit of time in calendars.

In the context, "earlier in the week" clearly refers to earlier in the current calendar week. The article mentions Friday, and "earlier in the week" would be days like Monday, Tuesday, etc. It is not just any seven-day period, and it's not about work hours. So the best sense is the calendar week sense. Sense 3 matches best. Sense 1 is too generic; sense 2 is about workweek, not applicable. Therefore, select sense_index 3.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: united_states
Target surface form: United States
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the <t>United States</t> would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=united_states%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=united_states%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "united_states" in the given context. The target surface form is "United States". We have two candidate senses:

1. The country (geopolitical entity) - the republic with 50 states.
2. The federal government of the United States.

We need to examine the context. The sentence with the target is: "Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking 'common sense' or being 'extremely irresponsible' for saying earlier in the week that the <t>United States</t> would not help China financially to cope with global warming."

The phrase "the United States would not help China financially" refers to the country as an entity that provides aid. However, it could also be the government making decisions about financial aid. In the broader context, the article discusses the U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern, who is a representative of the U.S. government. The phrase "the United States is not going to do a deal" earlier also refers to the government's stance. But typically, when we say "the United States would not help China financially", we are referring to the nation or its government. The distinction is subtle. The first sense (country) is more general and includes all aspects, while the second specifically refers to the government branches. In many contexts, "United States" is used interchangeably to refer to the country or its government. Here, it's about international negotiations and financial aid, which is an action of the government. But WordNet sense 2 is specifically "the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government". In the sentence, it's the United States as an actor in international relations. That actor is the government. However, sense 1 also includes the government as part of the country. WordNet often has these two senses: one for the geographic/political entity, one for the government. In the phrase "the United States would not help", it's the government deciding not to help. So sense 2 might be more precise because it's about the government's action. But look at the example: "The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up" – this is clearly the government. The target sentence says: "the United States would not help China financially". That is also the government. So sense 2 seems appropriate.

Let's check if there's any other nuance. The synonyms for sense 1: "United States of America, America, the States, US, USA". For sense 2: "United States government, U.S. government, U.S." So "U.S." is a synonym for both? Actually, "U.S." can refer to the country or the government. In the context, the article uses "U.S." several times: "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern", "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern". The envoy represents the government. So when they say "the United States" in this political context, it's the government.

I think sense 2 is more specific to the context. However, many disambiguation systems often default to the country sense when it's just "United States" as an entity. But the instructions say: "choose the best indexed sense". Since both are possible, we need to see if WordNet 1.5 sense 2 is indeed the government. The definition says "executive and legislative and judicial branches", so it's the government as an institution. The context is about international climate talks, where the U.S. government is the negotiating party. So sense 2 is a better fit.

But note: The target is just "United States" as a noun. In many corpora, the government sense is used when it's clearly about political actions. Here, it is. So I'll go with sense 2.

Response format: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help <t>China</t> financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "China" in the given context. The target lemma is "china", surface form is "China". The context is about international climate talks, mentioning the U.S., China, and other nations. The candidate senses include: 1) People's Republic of China, 2) porcelain, 3) Taiwan/Republic of China, 4) chinaware. Clearly, in this political context, "China" refers to the country. Sense 1 is correct: the People's Republic of China. Sense 3 is Taiwan, but the context talks about China as a major developing country in climate negotiations, which is the PRC, not Taiwan. So the answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the <t>world</t>'s major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the sentence: "With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies." The target word is "world". We need to select the best sense from the provided list.

Let's analyze the context: "world's major powers" – here "world's" is possessive, modifying "major powers". It refers to the major powers in the world. But we must disambiguate the lemma "world". In this phrase, "world's major powers" likely refers to the major powers on Earth, i.e., the global political entities. However, WordNet senses include "world" as Earth (sense 4), as people in general (2,5,8), as everything (1), etc.

Now look at the broader context: "fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies." Here "developing world", "industrial world" are phrases that refer to groups of countries or economies. "World" in these cases means a particular sphere or group of countries sharing a characteristic. That matches sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" – domain. Examples: "the Western world". Also sense 6: "a part of the earth that can be considered separately" like "the world of insects". But sense 2 is about people with shared interest, which fits "developing world" and "industrial world". Sense 6 is more about physical parts or contexts, like "outdoor world", "world of insects". Sense 2 specifies "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest", with synonyms "domain". That seems appropriate for "developing world" meaning developing countries' people/societies.

But the target is in "the world's major powers". That phrase is not explicitly "developing world", but it's part of the same sentence: "With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies." So "world's major powers" likely refers to the major powers in the global sense, i.e., the world as the Earth or the global community. However, the phrase "world's major powers" could be interpreted as the major powers belonging to the world, i.e., the Earth (sense 4) or humanity (sense 8). But note that the sentence itself uses "developing world" and "industrial world", which are both using sense 2. Is "world's major powers" also using sense 2? Possibly not, because "world's" there is singular and possessive, referring to a single entity: the world. "Major powers of the world" – here world is the Earth or the global system. But let's check the senses.

Sense 4: "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on". Examples: "he sailed around the world". That works for "world's major powers" meaning the major powers on Earth. Sense 8: "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth" – "all the world loves a lover". That could also work: the major powers among all humans. But sense 2 is more about a specific group, like "Western world". It wouldn't typically be used in "world's major powers" unless it's referring to the entire global community as a group, but sense 2 is specifically for a distinctive group with shared interest, often used with modifiers like "the Western world", "the academic world". "World's" without a modifier might not be sense 2.

However, we have to choose the single best sense for the exact token "world" in "the world's major powers". Let's examine the immediate phrase: "the world's major powers". This is a genitive construction. The head noun "powers" is modified by "world's". If we substitute definitions: "the major powers of the universe" (sense 1), "of the Earth" (sense 4), "of humanity" (sense 8), "of the public" (sense 5), etc. Obviously, the most natural reading is "the major powers on Earth" or "the major powers of the world" (meaning the planet). In diplomatic contexts, "world powers" refers to powerful countries globally. So sense 4 seems appropriate: the planet we live on. But note that WordNet sense 4 is "Earth, globe". That fits.

Now, consider if any other sense fits better. Sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest". That would mean "the major powers of a distinctive group of people" – but what group? It's not specified. It's just "the world's", so it's likely not that. Sense 5: "people in general considered as a whole" – "the major powers of the populace" doesn't quite fit because "major powers" refers to countries, not people. Sense 8: "all of the living human inhabitants" – "major powers of mankind" is plausible but a bit odd; major powers are countries, not of mankind as a whole. More commonly we say "world powers" meaning the powerful nations on Earth.

Moreover, the surrounding text also mentions "developing world" and "industrial world", which are sense 2. But the target is "world's major powers" not "developing world". So they are different uses. The commander says "Target lemma: world, Target surface form: world", and we have to disambiguate the single token "world" as it appears.

In the phrase, "world" is a noun, singular, possessive. It is referring to the entire planet or global system. Sense 4 is the most literal: the planet Earth. Sense 1 is too cosmic. Sense 8 is all humans, but major powers are not "of humanity" per se; they are nations. The phrase "world powers" is an idiom meaning globally powerful countries, deriving from "world" as the global stage, i.e., the Earth. So I'd go with sense 4.

Double-check: In WordNet, sense 4 has example "he sailed around the world". "The world's major powers" would be similar: the major powers on the world. Yes.

Thus, the best indexed sense is sense 4. I'll output JSON with index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: battle
Target surface form: battle
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current <t>battle</t> is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=battle%1:04:00:: | definition=a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war | synonyms=conflict, fight, engagement | examples=Grant won a decisive victory in the battle of Chickamauga; he lost his romantic ideas about war when he got into a real engagement
2. sense_key=battle%1:04:01:: | definition=an energetic attempt to achieve something | synonyms=struggle | examples=getting through the crowd was a real struggle; he fought a battle for recognition
3. sense_key=battle%1:04:02:: | definition=an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); --Thomas Paine | synonyms=conflict, struggle | examples=the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph; police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the target word "battle" in the given context. The candidate senses are 1, 2, 3. Let's analyze the context.

Context: "The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."

The word "battle" here is used metaphorically. It's not a military battle with forces, nor an individual's attempt to achieve something. It's a clash between opposing groups (countries, economic powers) over obligations and actions regarding climate change. The context mentions "feuding" and "fighting over who should bear the costs". This aligns with sense 3: "an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)" and the examples include "police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs" which is a clash between groups.

Sense 1 is a military engagement, with synonyms conflict, fight, engagement. The examples are clearly about war. This is not literal war. Sense 2 is about an energetic attempt to achieve something, a struggle. It could be argued that it's a struggle to achieve something (saving economies/planet), but the primary sense here is the conflict between groups, not just an individual struggle. The phrase "battle between China and United States" suggests a conflict. Also, "feuding" and "fighting" indicate a clash. Sense 3's example about pro- and anti-abortion mobs is similar: a non-military conflict between groups.

Thus, sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: economy
Target surface form: economies
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual <t>economies</t> as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=economy%1:14:00:: | definition=the system of production and distribution and consumption | synonyms=economic system
2. sense_key=economy%1:09:01:: | definition=the efficient use of resources | examples=economy of effort
3. sense_key=economy%1:07:00:: | definition=frugality in the expenditure of money or resources | synonyms=thriftiness | examples=the Scots are famous for their economy
4. sense_key=economy%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of economizing; reduction in cost | synonyms=saving | examples=it was a small economy to walk to work every day; there was a saving of 50 cents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "economy" with surface form "economies" in the context. The context talks about "saving individual economies as saving the planet". It's about countries' economic systems. The phrase "individual economies" likely refers to the economic systems of countries. The candidate senses:

1. economic system: the system of production and distribution and consumption.
2. efficient use of resources: economy of effort.
3. frugality, thriftiness.
4. an act of economizing, reduction in cost (saving).

The context: "The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet," where economies are contrasted with the planet, meaning the economic health/systems of countries. It's about countries feuding over obligations, and saving individual economies (i.e., the national economies). So it's clearly sense 1, "economic system". The plural "economies" is often used to refer to national economies. There's no hint of frugality or saving money here; it's about saving the entire economic system from collapse or damage. Thus, index 1.

But check: "saving individual economies" – if it were frugality, it wouldn't make sense to "save" them. So it's the system. So answer index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with <t>China</t> and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation on the word "China" in the given context. The candidate senses are:

1. The country People's Republic of China.
2. High-quality porcelain.
3. Taiwan (Nationalist China).
4. Dishware made of porcelain.

The context clearly refers to the country China, as it discusses the U.S. climate envoy, Chinese vice foreign minister, and geopolitical negotiations. The target word is in the phrase "with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations". This refers to the nation. Sense 1 is the correct one.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: united_states
Target surface form: United States
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and <t>United States</t> feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=united_states%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=united_states%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "united_states" with surface form "United States" in a context. We need to choose between two senses: sense 1 (the country) and sense 2 (the government). The context discusses U.S. climate envoy Todd Stern rejecting language, Obama administration taking a harder line, and then says "The United States is not going to do a deal..." where "United States" likely refers to the country or perhaps its government stance. Later, "United States" is used in a feud with China over obligations. In the sentence: "The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action", the subject could be interpreted as the nation or the government. But in the phrase "with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations", it seems to refer to the countries. However, note that the target is explicitly "<t>United States</t>" in the phrase "with China and <t>United States</t> feuding". That is clearly referring to the country as an entity in an international dispute. Sense 1 is the country, sense 2 is the federal government. In this context, "United States" is being used to refer to the nation in contrast with China, so sense 1 is appropriate. The sentence "The United States is not going to do a deal..." might be ambiguous, but the immediate target context aligns with sense 1. Thus, the best sense is 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: obligation
Target surface form: obligations
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective <t>obligations</t> while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=obligation%1:04:00:: | definition=the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr | synonyms=duty, responsibility | examples=we must instill a sense of duty in our children; every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty
2. sense_key=obligation%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being obligated to do or pay something | examples=he is under an obligation to finish the job
3. sense_key=obligation%1:24:00:: | definition=a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor | synonyms=indebtedness
4. sense_key=obligation%1:21:00:: | definition=a written promise to repay a debt | synonyms=debt instrument, certificate of indebtedness
5. sense_key=obligation%1:10:00:: | definition=a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "their respective <t>obligations</t>". The context is about climate negotiations, with the US and China feuding over their obligations. The sense needed is about duties or responsibilities, likely a moral or social force. Let's evaluate the candidates:

Sense 1: "the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force" -- synonyms: duty, responsibility. Examples: "we must instill a sense of duty in our children; every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty". This fits the context of countries having obligations (duties) to reduce emissions.

Sense 2: "the state of being obligated to do or pay something" -- example: "he is under an obligation to finish the job". This could also fit, but sense 1 is more about the binding force itself, while sense 2 is the state of being bound. The phrase "their respective obligations" suggests the duties they have, not just the state. The context says "feuding over their respective obligations" -- they are arguing about what duties each has. So sense 1 seems more appropriate.

Sense 3: "a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor" -- synonyms: indebtedness. This is not about international climate obligations.

Sense 4: "a written promise to repay a debt" -- debt instrument. Not relevant.

Sense 5: "a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure" -- could be about binding cuts, but the text is about "feuding over their respective obligations" which are not necessarily legal agreements but rather responsibilities. However, the context mentions "binding cuts" vs "voluntary" ones, and legal agreements might be involved. But the sense 5 definition is very specific to a legal agreement with a penalty. The broader sense 1 "duty, responsibility" is more general and fits the diplomatic context.

Given that the countries are arguing about what they should do (moral/political obligation), sense 1 is best. Sense 2 is also possible, but WordNet distinguishes between the social force (sense 1) and the state (sense 2). Often in such contexts, "obligation" as a count noun (their obligations) refers to the duties themselves, which corresponds to sense 1. The example "every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation" aligns with the notion of countries having obligations. So I pick sense 1.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nation
Target surface form: nations
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer <t>nations</t> insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nation%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=nation%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=land, country | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
3. sense_key=nation%1:18:00:: | definition=United States prohibitionist who raided saloons and destroyed bottles of liquor with a hatchet (1846-1911) | synonyms=Carry Nation, Carry Amelia Moore Nation
4. sense_key=nation%1:14:02:: | definition=a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes) | examples=the Shawnee nation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "nation" and surface form "nations" in the given context. We have four candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to choose the best indexed sense (1, 2, 3, or 4) and return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

Let's analyze the context. The target appears in: "while poorer <t>nations</t> insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action." Here, "poorer nations" refers to countries, political entities. It is discussing countries like China, United States, and then poorer nations as actors in international climate negotiations. So the sense of "nation" is a country, a politically organized body of people under a single government.

Now check each sense:

1. sense_key=nation%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
This matches perfectly: "poorer nations" means poorer countries/states.

2. sense_key=nation%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=land, country | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
This sense refers to the people, not the political entity. In context, "poorer nations" could be interpreted as the people of poorer countries, but in diplomatic contexts, it's the country as an actor. The example "African nations" is given under sense 1, which is similar. Sense 2 is more about the populace. Here, "nations" that insist are the governments or representatives of those countries, so it's the political body, not just the people.

3. sense_key=nation%1:18:00:: | definition=United States prohibitionist who raided saloons and destroyed bottles of liquor with a hatchet (1846-1911) | synonyms=Carry Nation, Carry Amelia Moore Nation
This is a person, not relevant.

4. sense_key=nation%1:14:02:: | definition=a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes) | examples=the Shawnee nation
This is specific to tribal federations, not applicable to international political entities.

Thus, sense 1 is clearly the correct one.

Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the <t>world</t>'s two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "world" in the given context. The target surface form is "world". The context is a passage about climate negotiations, and we are to choose the best indexed sense from the provided candidate senses. The target word appears in: "while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."

Let's examine the context: "the world's two dozen most influential countries". Here, "world" modifies "countries", indicating these are the most influential countries in the world. It could be referring to the Earth as a whole, or to the human inhabitants, or to a political/economic grouping. The phrase "the world's two dozen most influential countries" likely means "the most influential countries on Earth" or "in the global community". This usage is possessive: "the world's countries" meaning the countries of the world, i.e., the planet. But it could also be interpreted as "the world's" meaning "of all the people/societies". We need to select the most appropriate sense.

The candidate senses:

1. universe, existence, creation - everything that exists anywhere. This is too broad; "the world's countries" doesn't refer to the entire universe.

2. domain - people in general; especially a distinctive group with shared interest. Example: "the Western world". This is a possible sense: "the world's most influential countries" could be referring to a domain like the political/economic world. But it says "especially a distinctive group", so it might be more specific like "the developing world" or "the industrial world" mentioned earlier. Indeed, the context earlier says: "both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies." That usage of "developing world" and "industrial world" fits sense 2: a distinctive group of people with shared interest (domain). Now, "the world's two dozen most influential countries" - does it refer to such a domain? "World" here is not preceded by a qualifier like "developing" or "industrial". It's just "the world". It could be a generic term for the global community, which could be sense 5: people in general considered as a whole (populace, public). Or sense 8: all living human inhabitants (human race). Or sense 4: Earth. Let's see.

Sense 4: Earth, the planet. "the world's countries" = the countries of planet Earth. That's a very literal and common usage.

Sense 5: populace, public. "he is a hero in the eyes of the public." "the world's countries" would be "the countries of the public/populace"? That doesn't fit perfectly; "the world" here is possessive, modifying countries, so it's not directly about people but about the geopolitical entity.

Sense 8: human race, mankind. "all the world loves a lover." "the world's countries" could be interpreted as "mankind's countries", but countries are political constructs, so Earth makes more sense.

Sense 2: domain: "the Western world." Note that earlier the context uses "developing world" and "industrial world" with sense 2. But here it's just "the world", not a specified domain. Could it be that "the world" is being used as shorthand for a domain like "the whole world" as a domain of countries? Sense 2 says "especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest." The phrase "the world's two dozen most influential countries" seems to refer to all countries globally, not a distinctive subset. So sense 2 is less likely.

Sense 3: reality, all of your experiences. Not applicable.

Sense 6: a part of the earth considered separately, like "the outdoor world". Not applicable.

Sense 7: worldly concerns vs heaven. Not applicable.

So the most plausible is sense 4 (Earth) or sense 8 (human inhabitants). But let's examine the examples: Sense 4: "he sailed around the world" - clearly Earth. "the world's countries" is analogous: the countries of the world. Sense 8: "all the world loves a lover" - meaning all people. If we say "the world's most influential countries", it might be interpreted as "mankind's most influential countries", but that is essentially the same as "Earth's most influential countries". In common usage, "world" in "world's most influential countries" means "global" or "planet". Given WordNet, sense 4 specifically mentions "the planet we live on" and examples include "he sailed around the world". That matches the geographical/political sense. Sense 8 is specifically about human inhabitants collectively. Could be both, but sense 4 is more direct because it refers to the planet as a place, which is what "countries of the world" typically implies.

Also, note that sense 2 uses "the Western world", which is a specific domain. In our case, "the world" is not a domain but the entire planet.

Thus, I'll go with sense_index 4.

Let's double-check: In the passage, "the world's two dozen most influential countries" is in contrast to "poorer nations". It's about global politics, so it's the entire world, Earth. Sense 4 fits best.

I'll output JSON: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential <t>countries</t> are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "countries" in the given context. The target lemma is "country". We have five senses from WordNet. Let's analyze the context.

The context:
"...with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential <t>countries</t> are ignoring the scientific imperative..."

The word "countries" here refers to the major powers, like China and the United States, and other influential nations. These are political entities with governments. The text talks about "industrialized countries", "major emerging economies", "developed world", "major developing countries", "the world's major powers", "the industrial world and emerging economies". All indicate nation-states as political bodies or their territories? The context focuses on political and economic negotiations, obligations, and actions. Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation). Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation. Sense 3: the people who live in a nation. The text says "two dozen most influential countries" – these are clearly nation-states as political entities. The phrase "influential countries" typically refers to the nation-states themselves (governments, economies, political bodies) rather than just the territory or the populace alone. For example, "the major powers are fighting" refers to the governments. "China and United States feuding" – that's the nations as political entities.

The sentence: "the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action." This means the governments of those countries, the nation-states as actors. It's not just the land or the people in general, but the organized political entity. In WordNet, sense 1 is "a politically organized body of people under a single government". Examples: "the state has elected a new president", "African nations". Sense 2 is "the territory occupied by a nation". Example: "he visited several European countries". Here, they are not talking about visiting territory; they are talking about political actors ignoring an imperative. Sense 3 is the people: "the news was announced to the nation". This is more about the populace. The context says "countries are ignoring" – political entity acting. So sense 1 fits best.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1. Return JSON object {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: imperative
Target surface form: imperative
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific <t>imperative</t> to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=imperative%1:24:00:: | definition=a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior | synonyms=imperative mood, jussive mood, imperative form
2. sense_key=imperative%1:04:00:: | definition=some duty that is essential and urgent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "imperative" in the given context. The target lemma is "imperative", surface form "imperative". We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior (linguistic mood)
Sense 2: some duty that is essential and urgent

Context: "the scientific <t>imperative</t> to take bolder action". The phrase is "scientific imperative". This seems to be about a duty or urgent requirement based on science. It's not about a grammatical mood. So sense 2 fits perfectly: "some duty that is essential and urgent". The context discusses countries ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action on climate change. So "imperative" here means an urgent duty or necessity.

Thus, the correct sense index is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Fireworks