[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: see
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to <t>see</t> why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "see" with the surface form "see" in the given context. The context is: "It is easy to <t>see</t> why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version...". The sentence is: "It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes." Meaning: it is easy to understand/perceive why this art is in trouble. So "see" here means to understand, realize, or perceive mentally. Looking at the candidate senses, sense 2 is: "perceive (an idea or situation) mentally" with synonyms "understand, realize, realise" and examples: "Now I see!"; "I just can't see your point". This fits perfectly: "It is easy to understand/see why..." So I'll choose sense index 2.

provider: Fireworks


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ancient
Target surface form: ancient
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the <t>ancient</t> art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire | examples=ancient history; ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians
2. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=very old | examples=an ancient mariner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "ancient" in the given context. There are two candidate senses provided with sense keys and definitions. We need to choose the best one based on the context. The context is about bell ringing, specifically the "ancient art" of ringing church bells. The phrase is "the ancient art is on the ropes." This suggests that the art of bell ringing is old, traditional, and perhaps declining. The first sense relates to "belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire," which implies something from antiquity, like ancient civilizations. The second sense is simply "very old," as in "an ancient mariner." The context doesn't refer to the historical period of ancient Rome or civilizations; it's referring to a traditional art that is old. It's unlikely that bell ringing as an art dates back to before the fall of the Roman Empire specifically. More generally, "ancient" here means "very old," emphasizing its longstanding tradition. So sense 2 is more appropriate. The examples: "an ancient mariner" fits the idea of something very old but not necessarily from antiquity. Sense 1 would be too specific. Therefore, the best sense is index 2.

We must output a JSON object like {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: art
Target surface form: art
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient <t>art</t> is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=art%1:06:00:: | definition=the products of human creativity; works of art collectively | synonyms=fine art | examples=an art exhibition; a fine collection of art
2. sense_key=art%1:04:00:: | definition=the creation of beautiful or significant things | synonyms=artistic creation, artistic production | examples=art does not need to be innovative to be good; I was never any good at art
3. sense_key=art%1:09:00:: | definition=a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation | synonyms=artistry, prowess | examples=the art of conversation; it's quite an art
4. sense_key=art%1:10:00:: | definition=photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication | synonyms=artwork, graphics, nontextual matter | examples=the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to pick the best sense for "art" in the given context. Let's read the context:

"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape," says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away." Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient <t>art</t> is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Here "art" refers to the skill or practice of ringing church bells (bell ringing) as a traditional, possibly ancient art form. The phrase "the ancient art is on the ropes" means that this traditional practice is in danger. So it's not about visual arts or products of creativity in a general sense, but about a skill or craft. Let's check senses:

Sense 1: "the products of human creativity; works of art collectively" – example: "an art exhibition; a fine collection of art". This is about art objects, not a skill.

Sense 2: "the creation of beautiful or significant things" – example: "art does not need to be innovative to be good; I was never any good at art." This is about making art, but again more about producing works, not a specific skill like bell ringing. Could be, but in context it's about a traditional practice of ringing bells, not about creating art objects.

Sense 3: "a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation" – synonyms: artistry, prowess; examples: "the art of conversation; it's quite an art". This fits well: bell ringing is a skill that you learn, and they talk about training the youngsters, and it's an ancient art. The phrase "the ancient art is on the ropes" refers to this traditional skill.

Sense 4: "photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication" – clearly not, no visual representations in publication.

Thus sense 3 is the best fit. The context says "the ancient art is on the ropes" meaning the skill/tradition of bell ringing. It matches the definition "a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation". Also, the example in the gloss "the art of conversation" is analogous to "the art of bell ringing".

So answer: sense_index 3.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The <t>less</t> complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "less" in the given context. The target word is "less" and it appears in the phrase "The <t>less</t> complicated version". The context discusses bell ringing: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners." So, "less" modifies "complicated", an adjective. It is used as a comparative adverb meaning "to a lesser degree". The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

In context, "less" is directly modifying the adjective "complicated" to form a comparative phrase: "less complicated version". This matches sense 1, which is used to form comparatives of adjectives and adverbs. Sense 2 is a comparative of the adverb "little", as in "she walks less", which is not the usage here. So, sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: version
Target surface form: version
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated <t>version</t> of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "version" in the given context. The context is: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided candidate senses.

Let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
   - This is about a personal account or perspective. Not fitting here; we are talking about a method of playing tunes on bells, not an interpretation of an event.

2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
   - This refers to a variant or form of something. "Version" here could mean a particular form or style of playing tunes on bells. The context contrasts the less complicated version (playing tunes) with change-ringing. So "version" as a variant or different type seems plausible.

3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation - This is about adaptations of artistic works. Not likely; we're not talking about a written work.

4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation - This is about translation. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading - This is about a mental interpretation. Not about a method of playing bells.

6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery) - This is a medical term. Irrelevant.

Thus, sense 2 (something a little different from others of the same type) fits best. The "version of playing tunes on bells" is a variant or type of bell-playing, as opposed to change-ringing.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: play
Target surface form: playing
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of <t>playing</t> tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=play%2:33:00:: | definition=participate in games or sport | examples=We played hockey all afternoon; play cards
2. sense_key=play%2:41:12:: | definition=act or have an effect in a specified way or with a specific effect or outcome | examples=This factor played only a minor part in his decision; This development played into her hands
3. sense_key=play%2:36:12:: | definition=play on an instrument | examples=The band played all night long
4. sense_key=play%2:36:02:: | definition=play a role or part | synonyms=act, represent | examples=Gielgud played Hamlet; She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role
5. sense_key=play%2:41:03:: | definition=be at play; be engaged in playful activity; amuse oneself in a way characteristic of children | examples=The kids were playing outside all day; I used to play with trucks as a little girl
6. sense_key=play%2:36:00:: | definition=replay (as a melody) | synonyms=spiel | examples=Play it again, Sam; She played the third movement very beautifully
7. sense_key=play%2:36:01:: | definition=perform music on (a musical instrument) | examples=He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?
8. sense_key=play%2:29:01:: | definition=pretend to have certain qualities or state of mind | synonyms=act, act as | examples=He acted the idiot; She plays deaf when the news are bad
9. sense_key=play%2:38:00:: | definition=move or seem to move quickly, lightly, or irregularly | examples=The spotlights played on the politicians
10. sense_key=play%2:33:01:: | definition=bet or wager (money) | examples=He played $20 on the new horse; She plays the races
11. sense_key=play%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in recreational activities rather than work; occupy oneself in a diversion | synonyms=recreate | examples=On weekends I play; The students all recreate alike
12. sense_key=play%2:36:06:: | definition=pretend to be somebody in the framework of a game or playful activity | examples=Let's play like I am mommy; Play cowboy and Indians
13. sense_key=play%2:36:11:: | definition=emit recorded sound | examples=The tape was playing for hours; the stereo was playing Beethoven when I entered
14. sense_key=play%2:36:03:: | definition=perform on a certain location | examples=The prodigy played Carnegie Hall at the age of 16; She has been playing on Broadway for years
15. sense_key=play%2:33:03:: | definition=put (a card or piece) into play during a game, or act strategically as if in a card game | examples=He is playing his cards close to his chest; The Democrats still have some cards to play before they will concede the electoral victory
16. sense_key=play%2:29:00:: | definition=engage in an activity as if it were a game rather than take it seriously | synonyms=toy | examples=They played games on their opponents; play the stock market
17. sense_key=play%2:41:02:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=play safe; play it safe
18. sense_key=play%2:36:05:: | definition=cause to emit recorded audio or video | synonyms=run | examples=They ran the tapes over and over again; I'll play you my favorite record
19. sense_key=play%2:35:00:: | definition=manipulate manually or in one's mind or imagination | synonyms=toy, fiddle, diddle | examples=She played nervously with her wedding ring; Don't fiddle with the screws
20. sense_key=play%2:34:13:: | definition=use to one's advantage | examples=She plays on her clients' emotions
21. sense_key=play%2:31:01:: | definition=consider not very seriously | synonyms=dally, trifle | examples=He is trifling with her; She plays with the thought of moving to Tasmania
22. sense_key=play%2:42:00:: | definition=be received or accepted or interpreted in a specific way | examples=This speech didn't play well with the American public; His remarks played to the suspicions of the committee
23. sense_key=play%2:41:13:: | definition=behave carelessly or indifferently | synonyms=dally, toy, flirt | examples=Play about with a young girl's affection
24. sense_key=play%2:38:03:: | definition=cause to move or operate freely within a bounded space | examples=The engine has a wheel that is playing in a rack
25. sense_key=play%2:36:10:: | definition=perform on a stage or theater | synonyms=act, roleplay, playact | examples=She acts in this play; He acted in `Julius Caesar'
26. sense_key=play%2:36:04:: | definition=be performed or presented for public viewing | examples=What's playing in the local movie theater?; `Cats' has been playing on Broadway for many years
27. sense_key=play%2:36:13:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, work, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
28. sense_key=play%2:35:07:: | definition=discharge or direct or be discharged or directed as if in a continuous stream | examples=play water from a hose; The fountains played all day
29. sense_key=play%2:33:07:: | definition=make bets | examples=Play the races; play the casinos in Trouville
30. sense_key=play%2:33:08:: | definition=stake on the outcome of an issue | synonyms=bet, wager | examples=I bet $100 on that new horse; She played all her money on the dark horse
31. sense_key=play%2:33:09:: | definition=shoot or hit in a particular manner | examples=She played a good backhand last night
32. sense_key=play%2:33:13:: | definition=use or move | examples=I had to play my queen
33. sense_key=play%2:33:12:: | definition=employ in a game or in a specific position | examples=They played him on first base
34. sense_key=play%2:33:02:: | definition=contend against an opponent in a sport, game, or battle | synonyms=meet, encounter, take on | examples=Princeton plays Yale this weekend; Charlie likes to play Mary
35. sense_key=play%2:29:04:: | definition=exhaust by allowing to pull on the line | examples=play a hooked fish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "play" and the surface form "playing" in the context: "...The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish..."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 35 candidate senses. The surface form "playing" appears in the phrase "playing tunes on bells". This clearly refers to producing musical tunes by means of bells. In the context, it's about change-ringing vs. carillons: "playing tunes on bells" is described as a less complicated version. So the meaning is performing music or producing musical sounds using bells.

Let's examine the candidate senses that relate to music:

- Sense 3: "play on an instrument" (definition: play on an instrument; example: The band played all night long). This could include playing tunes on bells as instruments.
- Sense 6: "replay (as a melody)" (definition: replay (as a melody); examples: Play it again, Sam; She played the third movement very beautifully). This is about replaying a melody, but the context is about playing tunes, not necessarily replaying a recorded melody.
- Sense 7: "perform music on (a musical instrument)" (definition: perform music on (a musical instrument); examples: He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?). This specifically mentions performing music on an instrument. Bells are musical instruments, so playing tunes on bells fits this sense perfectly.
- Sense 13: "emit recorded sound" (definition: emit recorded sound; examples: The tape was playing for hours; the stereo was playing Beethoven). This is about playback of recorded sound, not live playing.
- Sense 18: "cause to emit recorded audio or video" (synonyms: run; examples: They ran the tapes; I'll play you my favorite record). Also about playback.
- Sense 25: "perform on a stage or theater" (synonyms: act, roleplay, playact). Not relevant.
- Sense 26: "be performed or presented for public viewing" (example: What's playing in the local movie theater?). Not relevant.

So the most relevant senses are 3 and 7. Both mention playing an instrument. Sense 3 definition is simply "play on an instrument" with example "The band played all night long." Sense 7 definition is "perform music on (a musical instrument)" with examples "He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?" They seem very similar. But note that sense 3 is a broad sense: "play on an instrument" might include just making sounds on an instrument, while sense 7 explicitly includes "perform music". The context says "playing tunes on bells", which is indeed performing music. The phrase "playing tunes" indicates a musical performance. So sense 7 seems slightly more specific. But let's check if there is an even better sense.

Sense 6: "replay (as a melody)" is about playing a specific piece of music, but it's often used for replaying something from memory or recording. The definition says "replay (as a melody)" and examples include "Play it again, Sam; She played the third movement very beautifully." That could also fit "playing tunes", as tunes are melodies. However, sense 6 is specifically "replay", which might imply performing again. The context doesn't specifically say replaying; it's just playing tunes. Sense 6's definition might be too narrow.

Sense 3 vs. 7: In WordNet, these are separate senses. Sense 3: play%2:36:12::, sense 7: play%2:36:01::. Often, "play the flute" is sense 7, while "play on an instrument" might be more general. The phrase "playing tunes on bells" uses the preposition "on", which matches the example in sense 7: "Can you play on this old recorder?" So "playing tunes on bells" is structurally similar to "play on this old recorder". Sense 3's example is "The band played all night long" (intransitive). Here, "playing tunes on bells" is transitive with a tune and an instrument. So sense 7 seems like a better fit.

Also, note that in the candidate list, sense 7 explicitly says "perform music on (a musical instrument)", which is exactly what is happening.

We should double-check that no other sense is better. Sense 5 is about playful activity, not relevant. Sense 11 is recreational activities. The context is about the art of bell-ringing, which is a musical performance, not just recreation. So the music senses are correct.

Thus, the best sense is likely sense 7. But let's confirm the index number: The candidate list is numbered 1 to 35. Sense 7 is the seventh one: "sense_key=play%2:36:01:: | definition=perform music on (a musical instrument) | examples=He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?" So the index is 7.

But wait: The WordNet sense for play that corresponds to performing on a musical instrument is often the one that includes "play the piano, play on an instrument". Indeed, in the WordNet 3.0 mapping, play%2:36:01:: is defined as "perform music on (a musical instrument)". That is the standard sense for playing an instrument. So I'm confident.

The answer should be a JSON with the sense_index as an integer. So we output: {"sense_index": 7

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tune
Target surface form: tunes
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing <t>tunes</t> on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tune%1:10:00:: | definition=a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence | synonyms=melody, air, strain, melodic line, line, melodic phrase | examples=she was humming an air from Beethoven
2. sense_key=tune%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of producing accurately a note of a given pitch | examples=he cannot sing in tune; the clarinet was out of tune
3. sense_key=tune%1:04:00:: | definition=the adjustment of a radio receiver or other circuit to a required frequency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "tunes" in the sentence: "The less complicated version of playing <t>tunes</t> on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish..."

The context is about bell ringing. There are carillons that play tunes on bells. A carillon is a musical instrument consisting of bells that are played to produce melodies. So "tunes" here clearly refers to melodies played on bells. That matches sense 1: "a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence" (melody). Sense 2 is about being in tune (pitch accuracy), and sense 3 is about radio adjustment. The sentence talks about playing tunes on bells, so it's definitely sense 1.

I'll return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on <t>bells</t>, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "bells" in the context: "the Aslacton bells pealing" and later "play tunes on bells" and "church bells". The context is clearly about actual bells (church bells) that are rung, especially in the tradition of change-ringing. The target is inside a phrase: "the less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe". So "bells" here are musical instruments, specifically church/carillon bells.

Let's evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: - a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. This is a physical bell, the object. Fits perfectly: church bells, carillons are sets of such bells.

2. doorbell/buzzer: not relevant.

3. sound of a bell: the context is about playing tunes on bells (physical objects), not just the sound. The sentence says "playing tunes on bells" meaning the instruments. So the object sense is better.

4. nautical time units: not relevant.

5. shape: not relevant.

6-8: people: not relevant.

9. percussion instrument consisting of tuned bells (like orchestral chimes): This might seem close, but carillons and church bells are not typically orchestral instruments. Carillons are sets of bells played from a keyboard, often in bell towers. Sense 9 specifies "used as an orchestral instrument". The context mentions "play tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe", which is not orchestral but tower bells. Sense 1 is broader: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" covers church bells, carillon bells, etc. Sense 9 is a specific subset (orchestral percussion). So sense 1 is more appropriate.

10. flared opening: not relevant.

Thus, the best is sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: europe
Target surface form: Europe
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental <t>Europe</t>, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=europe%1:17:00:: | definition=the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
2. sense_key=europe%1:14:00:: | definition=an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members | synonyms=European Union, EU, European Community, EC, European Economic Community, EEC | examples=he tried to take Britain into the Europen Union
3. sense_key=europe%1:14:01:: | definition=the nations of the European continent collectively | examples=the Marshall Plan helped Europe recover from World War II

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "Europe" in the given context. The target lemma is "europe" and the surface form is "Europe". The context is about church bells in England, and it mentions "the carillons of continental Europe" in contrast to English change-ringing. We have three candidate senses.

Sense 1: "the 2nd smallest continent... the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles." This sense specifically highlights the British usage where "Europe" excludes the British Isles. In the context, "continental Europe" is used, which explicitly means the mainland continent excluding the British Isles. So this aligns well.

Sense 2: "an international organization of European countries formed after World War II..." like the EU. There is no mention of any political organization in the context. The phrase "continental Europe" refers to a geographical region, not an organization.

Sense 3: "the nations of the European continent collectively" with example about the Marshall Plan. This is a more general collective term for European countries. However, in the phrase "continental Europe", it is specifically the geographic continent, often used in contrast to the British Isles. Sense 1 directly addresses this British usage. Sense 3 might also be used geographically, but sense 1 is more precise because it explicitly mentions the British usage of "Europe" to refer to the continent except the British Isles, which matches "continental Europe" in a British context. The text is about English bells, so British perspective is present.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match. The context says "continental Europe" and sense 1 defines that British usage. Sense 3 could be considered, but sense 1 is specific to the geographical continent with the British Isles excluded. Given the explicit phrase, sense 1 is the most accurate.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: consider
Target surface form: considered
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is <t>considered</t> by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=consider%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=see, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
2. sense_key=consider%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=study | examples=consider the possibility of moving
3. sense_key=consider%2:31:01:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=take, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
4. sense_key=consider%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=count, weigh | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
5. sense_key=consider%2:32:02:: | definition=think about carefully; weigh | synonyms=debate, moot, turn over, deliberate | examples=They considered the possibility of a strike; Turn the proposal over in your mind
6. sense_key=consider%2:31:08:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, believe, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
7. sense_key=consider%2:39:04:: | definition=look at attentively | synonyms=regard
8. sense_key=consider%2:39:08:: | definition=look at carefully; study mentally | synonyms=view, look at | examples=view a problem
9. sense_key=consider%2:31:05:: | definition=regard or treat with consideration, respect, and esteem | examples=Please consider your family

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "consider", surface form "considered", in a sentence from a passage: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners." We need to choose the best sense from the given list.

Let's analyze the context. The phrase: "is considered by the English to be childish" means that the English people have an opinion or judgment about that version: they deem it to be childish. The construction "X is considered (by Y) to be Z" indicates a judgment or evaluation. The sense that fits is expressing an opinion or evaluation.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. definition=deem to be | synonyms=see, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow. This matches the construction "consider X to be Y" where it means to have an opinion that X is Y.
2. definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=study. This is more about thinking carefully, not about stating an opinion.
3. definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes. Not relevant.
4. definition=show consideration for; take into account. This is about being mindful of something, not about judgment.
5. definition=think about carefully; weigh. Again, careful thought, but the sentence is about a generally held view, not an active deliberation.
6. definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge. synonyms=think, believe, conceive. This is very similar to sense 1. Both involve forming an opinion. Sense 6 says "judge or regard; look upon; judge", and examples: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart." This also fits the construction. However, note that sense 1 specifically says "deem to be" with examples like "I consider her to be shallow", which is a very close match to "is considered ... to be childish". Sense 6 is more general "judge or regard", but also fits.

We need to pick the single best indexed sense. Often in WordNet, for the "consider to be" meaning, the primary sense is sense 1 (consider%2:31:00::). Let's check the examples: Sense 1 example "I consider her to be shallow" uses the exact construction "consider X to be Y". Sense 6 examples: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart" don't explicitly use "consider" but the synonyms include "think, believe, conceive" which also fit "consider". However, the definition for 6 includes "judge or regard; look upon; judge" and it often covers the copular use. In WordNet, the sense mapping might be that "consider" as in "deem to be" is sense 1, while "consider" as in "believe" is sense 6? Actually, in WordNet 3.0, consider has multiple senses. The sense_key "consider%2:31:00::" is the first sense, defined as "deem to be". The sense_key "consider%2:31:08::" is defined as "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with synonyms "think, believe, conceive". Often, "consider" in the pattern "consider X (to be) Y" maps to sense 1. For example, in many disambiguation tasks, "I consider her a friend" would be sense 1. The sentence here is passive: "is considered ... to be childish". That strongly aligns with "deem to be". Sense 6 might be more for "I consider that he is smart" or "I consider him smart" where it's more about belief. But the distinction is fine. However, looking at the synonyms: sense 1 lists "see, reckon, view, regard". Sense 6 lists "think, believe, conceive". In the phrase "is considered ... to be", it feels more like a general opinion (reckon, regard) rather than a belief. But either could arguably work. We need to follow the instruction: "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

The context: "The less complicated version ... is considered by the English to be childish". This is a collective judgment. The example for sense 1: "I consider her to be shallow" is a perfect match syntactically. Sense 6's example: "I think he is very smart" is a different verb, but it's illustrative. Sense 1 is more directly about the "consider (something) to be" construction. Therefore, sense 1 seems the best fit.

Also, note that the target word is "considered" in passive voice. The sense 1 definition "deem to be" often uses that passive construction: "is deemed to be". So sense 1 is appropriate.

Thus, I choose sense 1.

The output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the <t>English</t> to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "english" and a target surface form "English". The context is a passage about bell ringing in England. The word "English" appears in the sentence: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners." Here, "the English" clearly refers to the people of England. So the appropriate sense is "the people of England" (sense 2). The other senses: language (1), discipline (3), sports spin (4) do not fit. Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2. Return JSON with sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fit
Target surface form: fit
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, <t>fit</t> only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fit%3:00:02:: | definition=meeting adequate standards for a purpose | examples=a fit subject for discussion; it is fit and proper that you be there
2. sense_key=fit%5:00:00:ready:00 | definition=(usually followed by `to' or `for') on the point of or strongly disposed | synonyms=primed, set | examples=in no fit state to continue; fit to drop
3. sense_key=fit%3:00:01:: | definition=physically and mentally sound or healthy | examples=felt relaxed and fit after their holiday; keeps fit with diet and exercise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "fit" as it appears in the context. The target surface form is "fit". We have three candidate senses from WordNet.

Let's examine the context: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."

Here, "fit" is used after "childish," and it modifies the earlier mentioned "less complicated version of playing tunes on bells". The phrase is "fit only for foreigners", meaning that this version of playing bells is considered appropriate or suitable only for foreigners, not for the English. So it means "suitable" or "appropriate".

Now look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fit%3:00:02:: | definition=meeting adequate standards for a purpose | examples=a fit subject for discussion; it is fit and proper that you be there
2. sense_key=fit%5:00:00:ready:00 | definition=(usually followed by `to' or `for') on the point of or strongly disposed | synonyms=primed, set | examples=in no fit state to continue; fit to drop
3. sense_key=fit%3:00:01:: | definition=physically and mentally sound or healthy | examples=felt relaxed and fit after their holiday; keeps fit with diet and exercise

Clearly, sense 1 is about being adequate or suitable for a purpose. In the context, "fit only for foreigners" means it is suitable only for foreigners. Sense 2 is about being ready or disposed, like "fit to drop" (so tired that you are about to fall). That doesn't fit here. Sense 3 is about health, which is not relevant.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1. We need to return JSON like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit <t>only</t> for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context: "fit <t>only</t> for foreigners". The phrase is "fit only for foreigners". This means "suitable merely for foreigners", implying a dismissive or limiting sense: it's just for foreigners, nothing more. The meaning is "and nothing more" or "merely". Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "and nothing more" synonyms: merely, simply, just, but. Example: "I was merely asking". This fits "fit only for foreigners" meaning "fit merely for foreigners".

Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone. Example: "was entirely to blame". That would mean exclusively for foreigners, not just for them but for no one else. However, the context suggests a dismissive "merely" rather than exclusivity. The text says: "The less complicated version... is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners." It's saying it's childish and suitable for foreigners, implying that's all it's good for, not that it's exclusively for them. The contrast is with English change-ringing, which is complex. So "fit only for foreigners" means it's just for foreigners (and not for the English), but the sense is "merely". It's a limiting, dismissive "only". Sense 1 (merely) is the best match.

Double-check Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result" doesn't fit. Sense 4: "in the final outcome" (These news will only make you more upset) doesn't fit. Sense 5: "except that" (It was the same story; only this time...) no. Sense 6: "never except when" (only if) no. Sense 7: "as recently as" no.

Thus, sense_index 1 is correct.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foreigner
Target surface form: foreigners
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for <t>foreigners</t>. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country | synonyms=alien, noncitizen, outlander
2. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:01:: | definition=someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group | synonyms=outsider

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "foreigners" in the given context. The target lemma is "foreigner", and the surface form is "foreigners". The context is a paragraph about church bell ringing. The relevant sentence: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for <t>foreigners</t>."

We have two candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country | synonyms=alien, noncitizen, outlander
2. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:01:: | definition=someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group | synonyms=outsider

We need to choose the single best indexed sense. The context says that the English consider the less complicated carillon-style playing as childish, fit only for foreigners. This implies that the English view this as something that only people from other countries (non-English) would do or enjoy. It contrasts with their own sophisticated change-ringing. The word "foreigners" here likely refers to people from other countries, not just outsiders from a group. The sense of "outsider" might be possible if the group is "English bell ringers" but the text explicitly says "fit only for foreigners" and then explains change-ringing as an English invention. The implication is that carillons are for people from other countries, i.e., non-English people. That aligns with the first sense: a person from a foreign country. The second sense is more about being excluded from a group, but here the group would be the English, and being a foreigner means not being part of the English. However, the primary meaning is that they are from another country, not just an outsider. The context also mentions "continental Europe" which suggests foreigners from other countries. Therefore, sense 1 is more appropriate.

We must return the answer as a JSON object with the sense index (1 or 2). The instructions say "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we need to output {"sense_index": 1} or {"sense_index": 2}. Choosing sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the <t>English</t> invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago..."

Here, "the English" clearly refers to a group of people from England. So it's sense 2: the people of England.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: invent
Target surface form: invented
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English <t>invented</t> 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=invent%2:36:00:: | definition=come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort | synonyms=contrive, devise, excogitate, formulate, forge | examples=excogitate a way to measure the speed of light
2. sense_key=invent%2:36:01:: | definition=make up something artificial or untrue | synonyms=fabricate, manufacture, cook up, make up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the lemma "invent" with target surface form "invented" in the given context. The candidate senses are provided with two options: sense 1 with definition "come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort", synonyms: contrive, devise, excogitate, formulate, forge, and example: "excogitate a way to measure the speed of light". Sense 2 definition: "make up something artificial or untrue", synonyms: fabricate, manufacture, cook up, make up. The context is about change-ringing, which the English "invented" 380 years ago. So they created or devised this method of ringing bells. It's a genuine invention, not something false or made up. So sense 1 is the correct meaning: they came up with the idea or method. Sense 2 implies fabrication of something false. Thus, sense_index should be 1. Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 <t>years</t> ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "years" in the context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 <t>years</t> ago, ...". The target lemma is "year", surface form "years". Let's look at the senses:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Context: "380 years ago" refers to a duration of time in the past. It indicates how long ago the English invented change-ringing. "Years" here is a unit of time measurement, specifically a period of 365 days (or 366 in leap years). It is the common sense of "year" as a unit of time. Sense 1 matches exactly: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days. The examples given are "she is 4 years old" (age in years) and "in the year 1920" (a specific year). Here "380 years ago" is similar to expressing a duration in years. Sense 2 is about a part of a calendar year for an activity, like school year, not applicable. Sense 3 is the astronomical definition of a year (orbital period), which might be technically the basis, but in everyday usage like this, sense 1 is the intended one. Sense 4 is about a graduating class, irrelevant.

Thus, the best sense is index 1.

Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: require
Target surface form: requires
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, <t>requires</t> physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=require%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=require%2:32:01:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, expect | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=require%2:32:00:: | definition=make someone do something | synonyms=command
4. sense_key=require%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, need | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "requires" in the given context. The target word is "requires" appearing in: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."

We have four candidate senses:

1. require%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. require%2:32:01:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, expect | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. require%2:32:00:: | definition=make someone do something | synonyms=command
4. require%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, need | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner

Context: The art of change-ringing requires physical dexterity combined with mental concentration. That is, the activity itself has a necessity for these qualities. It's not about making someone do something (sense 3) or about requesting/expecting something from a person (sense 2). It's more about the requirement of the activity itself. Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" seems to fit: it involves necessity, similar to "success usually requires hard work". Sense 4: "have need of" also fits, like "This piano wants the attention..." but that example is about a thing needing something. Both senses 1 and 4 are close. Let's examine the differences.

Sense 1: synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve. The example "success usually requires hard work" shows a non-personal requirement. Sense 4: "have need of", synonyms: want, need. Example: "This piano wants the attention..." i.e., an object needs something.

The context says change-ringing requires physical dexterity. Change-ringing is an activity. So it's a requirement for performing the activity. That aligns with sense 1: require as useful, just, or proper. In WordNet, sense 1 is defined as "require as useful, just, or proper". Sense 4 is "have need of", which might be more about lacking something and needing it. For an activity, it's not so much "have need of" as "demands". Sense 1 seems the best.

Check sense 1 examples: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work" – here, requires is about a necessary condition. In our sentence, change-ringing requires physical dexterity, i.e., it demands it as a necessary component. So sense 1.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: physical
Target surface form: physical
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=physical%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit | examples=physical exercise; physical suffering
2. sense_key=physical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics | examples=physical sciences; physical laws
3. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:material:01 | definition=having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses | examples=a physical manifestation; surrounded by tangible objects
4. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:natural:03 | definition=according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter) | examples=a reflex response to physical stimuli
5. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:energetic:00 | definition=characterized by energetic bodily activity | examples=a very physical dance performance
6. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:forceful:00 | definition=impelled by physical force especially against resistance | synonyms=forcible, strong-arm | examples=forcible entry; a real cop would get physical
7. sense_key=physical%5:00:02:material:01 | definition=concerned with material things | examples=physical properties; the physical characteristics of the earth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "physical" in the given context. We have 7 candidate senses with their definitions, examples, and some synonyms.

Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."

The target word is "physical" modifying "dexterity". The phrase "physical dexterity" is contrasted with "mental concentration". So it refers to bodily skill, involving the body as opposed to the mind. We need to choose the best sense.

Let's examine candidate senses:

1. sense_key=physical%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit | examples=physical exercise; physical suffering
   This fits perfectly: "physical dexterity" = dexterity involving the body, as opposed to mental concentration.

2. relating to physics (sciences) - not relevant.
3. having substance or material existence - could be relevant, but "physical dexterity" is about bodily skill, not just material existence.
4. according with material things or natural laws - not specific to body vs mind.
5. characterized by energetic bodily activity - "physical dance performance", but dexterity is more about skill than energetic activity. Might fit, but sense 1 is more direct.
6. impelled by physical force especially against resistance - synonyms: forcible, strong-arm; examples: forcible entry, a real cop would get physical. This is about force, not dexterity.
7. concerned with material things - "physical properties", "physical characteristics of the earth" - not bodily.

The contrast with "mental" strongly supports sense 1: involving the body as distinguished from the mind. Sense 5 is about energetic activity, not necessarily skill. Sense 1 includes "physical exercise" as an example, which aligns with physical dexterity. So the best is 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some <t>bells</t> weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "bell", surface form "bells", and we have a long context. The context is about church bells, ringing them, change-ringing, etc. The candidate senses are listed with definitions. We need to pick the index (like 1, 2, ...) that fits best. The context mentions "bells pealing," "church bells," "play tunes on bells, as do the carillons," "change-ringing," "bells weigh more than a ton," "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds' from highest-pitched to lowest." Obviously, these are physical bell instruments. Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" is the most general and appropriate. Sense 3 is "the sound of a bell" but the text talks about physical bells: "some bells weigh more than a ton" - that's not sound. So sense 1. Sense 9 is "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells", but here they're individual bells, not a set like an orchestral instrument. The context says "as many as 12 bells" but they are individual church bells, not a single instrument. So sense 1 is best.

Thus, output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: weigh
Target surface form: weigh
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells <t>weigh</t> more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=weigh%2:42:01:: | definition=have a certain weight
2. sense_key=weigh%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=consider, count | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
3. sense_key=weigh%2:42:00:: | definition=determine the weight of | synonyms=librate | examples=The butcher weighed the chicken
4. sense_key=weigh%2:42:03:: | definition=have weight; have import, carry weight | synonyms=count, matter | examples=It does not matter much
5. sense_key=weigh%2:42:04:: | definition=to be oppressive or burdensome; , | synonyms=press | examples=weigh heavily on the mind; Something pressed on his mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "weigh" in the context provided. The target surface form is "weigh". The context sentence is: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."

We need to choose among the five senses provided. Let's analyze each:

1. have a certain weight: This is a common intransitive verb meaning "to have a certain weight" e.g., "The book weighs two pounds." In the context, "some bells weigh more than a ton" clearly means that some bells have a weight of more than a ton. This sense fits perfectly.
2. show consideration for; take into account: synonyms consider, count. Example: "You must consider her age." This is transitive. In the context, it doesn't fit because the bells are not being considered; they have a physical weight.
3. determine the weight of: This is transitive, e.g., "The butcher weighed the chicken." In the context, it's not about someone weighing the bells; it's about the bells' intrinsic weight.
4. have weight; have import, carry weight: synonyms count, matter. Example: "It does not matter much." This sense is more abstract, meaning importance. While bells might be heavy, the context explicitly says "more than a ton", so it's literal weight.
5. to be oppressive or burdensome: This is metaphorical, e.g., "weigh heavily on the mind." Again, not literal weight.

Thus, the correct sense is definitely 1.

Now, return a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: intense
Target surface form: intense
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=intense%3:00:00:: | definition=possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree | examples=intense heat; intense anxiety
2. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:sharp:04 | definition=extremely sharp or intense | synonyms=acute | examples=acute pain; felt acute annoyance
3. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:saturated:03 | definition=(of color) having the highest saturation | synonyms=vivid | examples=vivid green; intense blue

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "intense" in the context: "change-ringing ... requires physical dexterity ... combined with intense mental concentration." The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=intense%3:00:00:: | definition=possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree | examples=intense heat; intense anxiety

2. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:sharp:04 | definition=extremely sharp or intense | synonyms=acute | examples=acute pain; felt acute annoyance

3. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:saturated:03 | definition=(of color) having the highest saturation | synonyms=vivid | examples=vivid green; intense blue

The context refers to "intense mental concentration." Sense 1 describes a heightened degree of a feature, which fits "intense concentration" well: concentration to a heightened degree. Sense 2 is "extremely sharp or intense" with synonyms acute, but its examples are about pain and annoyance, which are not about concentration. Sense 3 is about color saturation, clearly not applicable. Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}