[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: welfare
Target surface form: welfare
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public <t>welfare</t> services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=welfare%1:04:00:: | definition=governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need | synonyms=social welfare, public assistance | examples=she lives on welfare
2. sense_key=welfare%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=benefit | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=welfare%1:26:00:: | definition=a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous | synonyms=wellbeing, upbeat, eudaemonia, eudaimonia | examples=the town was finally on the upbeat after our recent troubles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are to disambiguate the target word "welfare" in the given context. The context is: "Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public <t>welfare</t> services." So the phrase is "public welfare services". We have three senses.

Sense 1: governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need; synonyms: social welfare, public assistance. Example: she lives on welfare. This sense is about direct financial aid.

Sense 2: something that aids or promotes well-being; synonyms: benefit. Example: for the benefit of all. This is more general well-being.

Sense 3: a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous; synonyms: wellbeing, upbeat, eudaemonia, eudaimonia. Example: the town was finally on the upbeat after our recent troubles. This is a state of being.

In the context, "public welfare services" refers to services provided by the public sector for the welfare (well-being) of people. This is about social services, not just economic assistance. The conference is about social exclusion, and public welfare services likely encompass a broad range of services aimed at promoting well-being. Sense 2: something that aids or promotes well-being; this fits "welfare" as a modifier: services that promote welfare. Sense 1 is specifically economic assistance, but "public welfare services" can include health, education, social services, etc. Sense 3 is a state, which doesn't fit as a modifier for services.

Given the context of social exclusion and public authorities' roles, "welfare" here is about well-being, often used in phrases like "welfare services". Sense 2 is the most appropriate: something that aids or promotes well-being. Sense 1 is too narrow, though it's a common sense of "welfare" when referring to government aid. But "public welfare" can mean the general well-being provided by public services.

Let's check the synonyms: Sense 2 has synonym "benefit", which can be used in "public benefit services". Sense 1: social welfare, public assistance - which are more specific to financial aid.

The conference is on social exclusion, so they're talking about services that combat social exclusion, thus promoting well-being. I think Sense 2 is best.

So, sense_index: 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foundation
Target surface form: Foundation
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The <t>Foundation</t> recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foundation%1:24:00:: | definition=the basis on which something is grounded | examples=there is little foundation for his objections
2. sense_key=foundation%1:14:00:: | definition=an institution supported by an endowment
3. sense_key=foundation%1:06:00:: | definition=lowest support of a structure | synonyms=base, fundament, foot, groundwork, substructure, understructure | examples=it was built on a base of solid rock; he stood at the foot of the tower
4. sense_key=foundation%1:09:01:: | definition=education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field of knowledge | synonyms=grounding | examples=he lacks the foundation necessary for advanced study; a good grounding in mathematics
5. sense_key=foundation%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=basis, base, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
6. sense_key=foundation%1:06:01:: | definition=a woman's undergarment worn to give shape to the contours of the body | synonyms=foundation garment
7. sense_key=foundation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, institution, origination, creation, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "foundation" and a target surface form "Foundation" (capitalized). The context mentions "The Foundation" multiple times, clearly referring to an organization that organizes conferences, publishes studies, and conducts projects. It's an institution. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 2: "an institution supported by an endowment" matches this usage perfectly. The others don't fit: sense 1 is abstract basis, sense 3 is physical base, sense 4 is education, sense 5 is fundamental assumptions, sense 6 is undergarment, sense 7 is the act of starting something. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: publish
Target surface form: published
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently <t>published</t> a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=publish%2:36:01:: | definition=put into print | synonyms=print | examples=The newspaper published the news of the royal couple's divorce; These news should not be printed
2. sense_key=publish%2:32:00:: | definition=prepare and issue for public distribution or sale | synonyms=bring out, put out, issue, release | examples=publish a magazine or newspaper
3. sense_key=publish%2:36:00:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=write | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "published" in the given context. The target lemma is "publish" and the surface form is "published". We have three candidate senses from WordNet:

1. sense key: publish%2:36:01::, definition: "put into print", synonyms: ["print"], examples: "The newspaper published the news of the royal couple's divorce; These news should not be printed"
2. sense key: publish%2:32:00::, definition: "prepare and issue for public distribution or sale", synonyms: ["bring out", "put out", "issue", "release"], examples: "publish a magazine or newspaper"
3. sense key: publish%2:36:00::, definition: "have (one's written work) issued for publication", synonyms: ["write"], examples: "How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career"

Context: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability."

The Foundation published a study. The study is a written work. Which sense fits best? Sense 1: "put into print" is about printing something that might already exist (like news). Sense 2: "prepare and issue for public distribution or sale" is about publishing a magazine or newspaper, often as a publisher. Sense 3: "have (one's written work) issued for publication" focuses on the author having their work published. The Foundation is likely the author or the entity that caused the study to be published. In this context, the Foundation is publishing its own study. So it's analogous to "She published 25 books". The foundation "published" a comparative study. So sense 3 seems most appropriate: having one's written work issued for publication. Sense 2 is more about the business of publishing (like a publishing house). Sense 1 is specifically about printing. The example for sense 3 is about an author publishing books. The Foundation is the author or producer of the study. So I'll choose sense 3.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: comparative
Target surface form: comparative
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a <t>comparative</t> study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=comparative%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or based on or involving comparison | examples=comparative linguistics
2. sense_key=comparative%3:00:00:: | definition=estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete | synonyms=relative | examples=a relative stranger

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "comparative" in the given context. The target lemma is "comparative" and the surface form is also "comparative". The context: a Foundation published a "comparative study" as part of a project. The study assesses direct participation and is based on interviews across fifteen European countries.

We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=comparative%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or based on or involving comparison | examples=comparative linguistics
2. sense_key=comparative%3:00:00:: | definition=estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete | synonyms=relative | examples=a relative stranger

In the context, "comparative study" clearly means a study that involves comparison, likely comparing across countries. That aligns with sense 1: relating to or based on or involving comparison. Sense 2 is about something being "relative" rather than absolute, which doesn't fit "comparative study" as well. A comparative study is one that compares things, not one that is "estimated by comparison" in the sense of "not absolute". So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative <t>study</t> as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "study" and its surface form "study" in a context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 10 candidate senses. The context: "The Foundation recently published a comparative <t>study</t> as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries."

We need to interpret "study" in this context. The first sentence says "published a comparative <t>study</t>" – so it's something that is published. The second sentence says "The study is based on 195 personal interviews..." – so it's a research work or a report. Among the senses:
1. detailed critical inspection (survey) – but that's more about an examination, not necessarily a published document.
2. applying the mind to learning (work) – that's the activity of studying, not a published thing.
3. a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report) – examples: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This fits perfectly: a published comparative study as a document.
4. state of deep mental absorption – not applicable.
5. a room – no.
6. branch of knowledge – no.
7. preliminary drawing – no.
8. attentive consideration – no.
9. someone who memorizes – no.
10. composition to develop technique – no.

Thus sense 3 is the best. So output {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: part
Target surface form: part
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as <t>part</t> of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=part%1:24:00:: | definition=something determined in relation to something that includes it | synonyms=portion, component part, component, constituent | examples=he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself; I read a portion of the manuscript
2. sense_key=part%1:06:00:: | definition=something less than the whole of a human artifact | synonyms=portion | examples=the rear part of the house; glue the two parts together
3. sense_key=part%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=piece | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=part%1:09:02:: | definition=that which concerns a person with regard to a particular role or situation | examples=it requires vigilance on our part; they resisted every effort on his part
5. sense_key=part%1:15:00:: | definition=the extended spatial location of something | synonyms=region | examples=the farming regions of France; religions in all parts of the world
6. sense_key=part%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
7. sense_key=part%1:09:01:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, role, theatrical role, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
8. sense_key=part%1:21:00:: | definition=assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group | synonyms=share, portion, percentage | examples=he wanted his share in cash
9. sense_key=part%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole | synonyms=section, division | examples=the written part of the exam; the finance section of the company
10. sense_key=part%1:08:01:: | definition=a line of scalp that can be seen when sections of hair are combed in opposite directions | synonyms=parting | examples=his part was right in the middle
11. sense_key=part%1:10:00:: | definition=the melody carried by a particular voice or instrument in polyphonic music | synonyms=voice | examples=he tried to sing the tenor part
12. sense_key=part%1:04:03:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=contribution, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "part" in the context: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as <t>part</t> of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability."

The phrase is "as part of the EPOC project". The target is "part". We need to choose the best sense from the given list.

Let's analyze the context: The Foundation published a comparative study. That study is part of a larger project (the EPOC project). So "part" here means a component or section of a larger whole. The study is a portion of the EPOC project.

Now, look at the candidate senses:

1. "something determined in relation to something that includes it" synonyms: portion, component part, component, constituent. Example: "he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself". This is about belonging or being a constituent, but the word "part" is used as a noun meaning a component of a whole. This sense seems abstract, but the example "he wanted to feel a part of something bigger" is more about being a member or participant. In our context, the study is a part of a project, so it is a component of the project. This sense could fit.

2. "something less than the whole of a human artifact" examples: "the rear part of the house", "glue the two parts together". This refers to physical objects, not abstract projects. Doesn't fit.

3. "a portion of a natural object" e.g., "they analyzed the river into three parts". Physical, not abstract. Doesn't fit.

4. "that which concerns a person with regard to a particular role or situation" example: "it requires vigilance on our part". This is an idiomatic sense: "on our part" meaning from our side. Our context is "as part of the EPOC project", not "on the part of". Doesn't fit.

5. "the extended spatial location of something" example: "the farming regions of France". This refers to geographical areas. Doesn't fit.

6. "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" synonyms: function, office, role. Example: "the government must do its part". This is about duty or role. Not applicable.

7. "an actor's portrayal of someone in a play" theatrical. No.

8. "assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group" example: "he wanted his share in cash". This is about a share of money or resources. Not applicable.

9. "one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole" synonyms: section, division. Example: "the written part of the exam; the finance section of the company". This refers to a section or division of something abstract or concrete. That fits well: a published study is a part (a division) of a larger project.

10. "a line of scalp that can be seen when sections of hair are combed in opposite directions" No.

11. "the melody carried by a particular voice or instrument" No.

12. "the part played by a person in bringing about a result" synonyms: contribution, share. Example: "I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project". This is about a role in a result, implying action. But in our context, "as part of the EPOC project" indicates the study was a section or component of the project, not a contribution to it. The sense 12 is more about the role played by a person. Sense 9 is more about a division of something into sections.

Now compare senses 1 and 9. Sense 1: "something determined in relation to something that includes it" with synonyms component part, component, constituent. Example: "he wanted to feel a part of something bigger". That example is about a person feeling they are a part of a group, which is a member sense. But sense 1 includes "portion" as a synonym and "component part", so it can apply to non-person entities. Sense 9 explicitly says "one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided". That fits perfectly: the study is one of the portions (the EPOC project is regarded as divided, and the study is a division). The example for sense 9: "the written part of the exam; the finance section of the company" shows it's about organizational divisions.

But note the target word is "part" as used in "as part of the EPOC project". The phrase "as part of" is idiomatic and could be considered a fixed phrase. Often in dictionaries, "as part of" is listed under a sense meaning "one of the parts of a whole". I'd lean towards sense 9 because it explicitly mentions "sections" and "divisions", which aligns with a project being divided into parts. Also, the example "the written part of the exam" is analogous to "a comparative study as part of the project".

Sense 1 is more about relational inclusion, but sense 9 is specifically about divisions of a whole.

Thus, I'll choose sense 9.

Now, we need to output JSON with the index of the chosen sense. The indices are as listed: 1 to 12. So the answer is {"sense_index": 9}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: assess
Target surface form: assesses
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which <t>assesses</t> the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=assess%2:31:00:: | definition=evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of | synonyms=measure, evaluate, valuate, appraise, value | examples=I will have the family jewels appraised by a professional; access all the factors when taking a risk
2. sense_key=assess%2:40:01:: | definition=charge (a person or a property) with a payment, such as a tax or a fine
3. sense_key=assess%2:40:00:: | definition=set or determine the amount of (a payment such as a fine) | synonyms=tax
4. sense_key=assess%2:31:01:: | definition=estimate the value of (property) for taxation | examples=Our house hasn't been assessed in years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "assesses" in the given context. The context is about a comparative study that "assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability." The study evaluates or estimates the extent. So the meaning is about evaluating or estimating the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of something.

Let's check the candidate senses:
1. evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of (synonyms: measure, evaluate, valuate, appraise, value). Example: "I will have the family jewels appraised by a professional; access all the factors when taking a risk" (note: the example seems to have a typo "access" probably meaning "assess"). This fits perfectly: the study assesses the extent.
2. charge (a person or property) with a payment, such as a tax or a fine.
3. set or determine the amount of (a payment such as a fine). Synonyms: tax.
4. estimate the value of (property) for taxation. Example: "Our house hasn't been assessed in years."

Clearly, the context is not about taxation or charging payments. It's about evaluating the extent of something. So sense index 1 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extent
Target surface form: extent
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the <t>extent</t> to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law
2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "extent" with surface form "extent" in the provided context. We have two candidate senses. Let's analyze the context.

Context: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the <t>extent</t> to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability."

The target word is part of the phrase "assesses the extent to which". This phrase means assessing the degree or how much direct participation can humanise work. It's about the degree or point to which something is true. Look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law

2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

In the context, "extent" refers to the degree to which direct participation can humanise work. It's not about physical distance or area. It's about the point or degree. So sense 1 is appropriate. The example "the extent of the damage" is similar to "the extent to which X can happen". Thus, sense index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: direct
Target surface form: direct
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which <t>direct</t> participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=direct%3:00:00:: | definition=direct in spatial dimensions; proceeding without deviation or interruption; straight and short | examples=a direct route; a direct flight
2. sense_key=direct%5:00:00:immediate:00 | definition=having no intervening persons, agents, conditions | synonyms=unmediated | examples=in direct sunlight; in direct contact with the voters
3. sense_key=direct%3:00:02:: | definition=straightforward in means or manner or behavior or language or action | examples=a direct question; a direct response
4. sense_key=direct%3:00:04:: | definition=in a straight unbroken line of descent from parent to child | synonyms=lineal | examples=lineal ancestors; lineal heirs
5. sense_key=direct%3:00:05:: | definition=moving from west to east on the celestial sphere; or--for planets--around the sun in the same direction as the Earth
6. sense_key=direct%3:00:03:: | definition=similar in nature or effect or relation to another quantity | examples=a term is in direct proportion to another term if it increases (or decreases) as the other increases (or decreases)
7. sense_key=direct%3:00:01:: | definition=(of a current) flowing in one direction only | examples=direct current
8. sense_key=direct%5:00:00:primary:00 | definition=being an immediate result or consequence | examples=a direct result of the accident
9. sense_key=direct%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=in precisely the same words used by a writer or speaker | synonyms=verbatim | examples=a direct quotation; repeated their dialog verbatim
10. sense_key=direct%5:00:00:absolute:00 | definition=lacking compromising or mitigating elements; exact | examples=the direct opposite

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "direct" in: "The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. ... which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability."

Context: The study is about whether direct participation can humanise work. "Direct participation" likely means participation without intermediaries, i.e., immediate, unmediated involvement of workers. Looking at the senses:

1. spatial directness (straight line) - no.
2. having no intervening persons, agents, conditions; synonyms unmediated; examples: direct sunlight, direct contact. This fits "direct participation" meaning involvement without intermediaries, direct contact with decisions, etc.
3. straightforward in manner or behavior - "direct question" - not about participation without intermediaries, more about bluntness.
4. lineal descent - no.
5. astronomical - no.
6. mathematical proportion - no.
7. electrical - no.
8. immediate result - "a direct result" - might be plausible but "direct participation" is not a result; it's a type of participation. This sense is about outcomes.
9. verbatim quotation - no.
10. absolute exact opposite - no.

Sense 2 is the best: having no intervening persons, agents, conditions; unmediated. It directly describes direct participation as participation without intermediaries. The example "in direct contact with the voters" is similar. So index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: participation
Target surface form: participation
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct <t>participation</t> can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=participation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, involvement, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=participation%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=involvement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "participation" in the given context. The context: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability." The two candidate senses are: sense 1: the act of sharing in the activities of a group (engagement, involvement, involution) with example: "the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities". Sense 2: the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) (involvement). The distinction is subtle: sense 1 is about the act, the activity of participating; sense 2 is about the condition or state of sharing. In the context, "direct participation" refers to something that can humanise work and increase profitability. It likely refers to the act or practice of workers participating in decisions or work processes, i.e., an active involvement. The example for sense 1 is about engagement in activities, which fits. Sense 2 is more about a state of being involved or sharing a common lot, which seems less active. The context implies an active practice, so sense 1 is more appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise <t>work</t> while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something | examples=she checked several points needing further work
2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing | synonyms=piece of work | examples=it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works; the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work
3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=employment | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=study | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force | examples=work equals force times distance
6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done | synonyms=workplace | examples=he arrived at work early today
7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it) | synonyms=oeuvre, body of work | examples=he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre; Picasso's work can be divided into periods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "work" with surface form "work" in context. The context sentence: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise <t>work</t> while increasing profitability." So, we need to disambiguate the sense of "work" in the phrase "humanise work while increasing profitability". The context is about direct participation in workplace settings (likely referring to employee participation) that can make work more human and also increase profitability. So "work" here likely refers to the occupation or job, i.e., the employment context. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. work%1:04:00:: : activity directed toward making or doing something. Example: "she checked several points needing further work" – general activity.
2. work%1:06:00:: : a product produced or accomplished through effort. Example: "it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works" – a piece of art or something created.
3. work%1:04:01:: : the occupation for which you are paid (employment). Example: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work". Synonyms: employment.
4. work%1:09:00:: : applying the mind to learning (study). Example: "mastering a second language requires a lot of work" – study, mental effort.
5. work%1:19:00:: : (physics) energy transfer. Not relevant.
6. work%1:06:01:: : a place where work is done (workplace). Example: "he arrived at work early today" – the location.
7. work%1:06:02:: : total output of a writer or artist (oeuvre). Example: "Picasso's work" – body of work.

The context phrase: "direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability". Direct participation likely refers to workers' participation in decision-making, so "work" is the working environment or the job itself, making it more human. The goal is to humanise the work (i.e., the employment conditions) and increase profitability. So the sense that fits best is sense 3: the occupation for which you are paid. Synonyms: employment. This aligns with the idea of making employment more humane. Sense 1 (general activity) is too broad; the context is specifically about the workplace and employment conditions. Sense 6 (workplace) is a place, but "humanise work" would then mean humanise the location, which is less precise than humanising the employment/job. Given the study involved interviews with social partners and senior officials about direct participation, it's about the nature of work as employment. So I'll choose sense_index 3.

Thus, JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increasing
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while <t>increasing</t> profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "increasing" in the given context. The target lemma is "increase" and the surface form is "increasing". The sentence: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability."

We need to choose between two senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Notice that the word is used as a gerund "increasing" in the phrase "while increasing profitability". We need to determine whether it is intransitive (sense 1: become bigger) or transitive (sense 2: make bigger). In the context, "direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability." The subject of the clause is "direct participation", and it is doing two things: humanising work and increasing profitability. So "increasing profitability" means that direct participation makes profitability increase. Profitability is the object of increasing. Thus, it is a transitive usage: to increase something (profitability). Compare with sense 1: "become bigger" would be intransitive, e.g., "profitability increases". But here, the phrase "increasing profitability" has an explicit object, so it is the act of making profitability bigger. The examples for sense 2: "The boss increased her salary" is transitive. Thus sense 2 is appropriate.

Sense 1 would require a subject that itself becomes bigger, like "The amount of work increased." Here, "increasing" is used with an object, so it is sense 2.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The <t>study</t> is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "study" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list provided. The target is "study" in the sentence: "The <t>study</t> is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials..."

Context: The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project... The study is based on 195 personal interviews... So "study" here refers to a published piece of research, a report or document that presents findings. It is a written document, not a process of learning, not a room, not a drawing, etc.

Looking at the candidates:
1. detailed critical inspection (survey) - That's more the act of studying something.
2. applying the mind to learning - process of studying.
3. a written document describing the findings - synonyms: report, written report. Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This fits perfectly: the Foundation published a comparative study; that study is based on interviews. So it's a report.
4. state of deep mental absorption - not it.
5. room - no.
6. branch of knowledge - no.
7. preliminary drawing - no.
8. attentive consideration - no.
9. someone who memorizes - no.
10. composition for technique - no.

Thus, sense 3 is the best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: base
Target surface form: based
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is <t>based</t> on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=base%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
2. sense_key=base%2:42:04:: | definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
3. sense_key=base%2:34:00:: | definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the target "based" in the given context. The sentence: "The study is based on 195 personal interviews..." We need to pick from the three senses. Sense 1: "use as a basis for; found on" with example "base a claim on some observation." That matches perfectly: the study is founded on interviews. Sense 2: situate as a center of operations (e.g., "base a project in a lab") doesn't fit. Sense 3: free-base cocaine, irrelevant. So sense 1 is correct. Output JSON with sense_index 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personal
Target surface form: personal
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 <t>personal</t> interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate the word "personal" in the given context: "The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries."

We have five candidate senses:

1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Now, "personal interviews" here likely means interviews conducted individually, face-to-face, or relating to a particular person. The context is about a study based on interviews. The term "personal interviews" often contrasts with, say, telephone or group interviews, implying direct, one-on-one interaction. Looking at the senses:

- Sense 1: "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality" – This could fit because an interview is about a person's private views? But "personal interview" as a phrase often means an interview that is conducted in person, or that is private. The example "a personal favor" is different. However, in the context of research methods, "personal interviews" typically mean face-to-face interviews as opposed to self-administered questionnaires or phone interviews. That might lean towards the idea of being "particular to a given individual" (sense 2) or "concerning a person's private life"? Not exactly.

- Sense 2: "particular to a given individual" – This is more about being idiosyncratic. But "personal interviews" doesn't mean interviews particular to an individual; it's a type of interview. Actually, the phrase "personal interviews" in social research often means interviews conducted in person, directly with the respondent. That doesn't match "particular to a given individual" in the sense of unique to that individual. It might be a set phrase.

- Sense 3: "of or arising from personality" – e.g., personal magnetism. Not relevant.

- Sense 4: "intimately concerning a person's body or physical being" – e.g., personal hygiene. Not relevant.

- Sense 5: "indicating grammatical person" – not relevant.

So which sense best fits "personal interviews"? Let's think about the phrase "personal interview". In survey methodology, "personal interview" is a standard term meaning a face-to-face interview, as opposed to telephone or mail. The word "personal" here refers to the mode of contact being in person, directly between interviewer and interviewee. It might be related to the idea of "concerning a particular person" but it's more about the method being direct and involving the person physically. However, the examples and definitions: Sense 1: "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality" – that could include a personal interview because it involves a person's private life. But the phrase "personal interviews" is often used simply to mean one-on-one interviews, not necessarily about private life. The WordNet gloss for sense 4 says "intimately concerning a person's body or physical being" – that might be too specific (personal hygiene). But "personal interview" could be seen as involving the person's physical presence. However, that sense seems more about physical care.

Let's check typical usage: In research, "personal interviews" are interviews conducted face-to-face. The term "personal" here distinguishes from other modes. This might align with sense 1 if we stretch it, but sense 1 is about private life and personality. An interview could be about any topic, not necessarily private life. The study here is about social partners and industrial sectors, so the interviews are with senior officials about their roles and organizations, not about their private lives. So it's not about private life. That argues against sense 1.

Sense 2: "particular to a given individual" – that seems like "personal opinion" meaning one's own opinion. But "personal interview" doesn't mean an interview that is particular to an individual; it's a type of interview. This sense doesn't fit.

What about the idea that "personal" can mean "in person"? That might be a usage that isn't explicitly in these senses. Look at sense 4: "intimately concerning a person's body or physical being". That might be extended to direct physical presence? "Personal interview" as opposed to telephone interview implies physical presence. But the definition says "person's body or physical being", which is more about hygiene, etc. However, "personal" can mean "done in person" (e.g., "a personal appearance"). This might be a different nuance. But among the given senses, which one is closest? Perhaps the first sense is the most general: "concerning or affecting a particular person". That could be interpreted broadly: an interview is a personal interaction between two people. But the phrase "personal interviews" is often used in research methodology to mean face-to-face interviews. The WordNet entries might not capture this specific usage. Let's examine the sense keys. Sense keys with %5:00:00 usually indicate adjective satellite senses. Sense 2 is a satellite: personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 – "particular to a given individual". Sense 4 is personal%5:00:00:physical:00 – "intimately concerning a person's body or physical being". Satellites are more specific. The core adjective sense 1 is personal%3:00:00:: – that's the primary sense, often the most general. So for "personal interview", if it's not about physical body or about particularity, it might fall under the general sense of concerning a person. But the definition includes "private life and personality", which might not fit. However, the examples: "a personal favor" – that could be a favor for a specific person, not necessarily about private life. "For your personal use" – meaning for use by a particular person, not official. That is about individual, private. "Personal interview" could be seen as an interview conducted with a specific person, as opposed to a group interview? Or it could mean an interview that is personal in nature. But the context is that they conducted 195 personal interviews. That likely means 195 face-to-face interviews with individuals. The term "personal" here modifies "interviews" to indicate the mode. It might be that "personal" means each interview was done individually with a person. That could align with sense 2: "particular to a given individual" – but that seems more like "his personal style" meaning peculiar to him. Sense 2 is about being individual-specific. However, "personal interview" as a phrase doesn't mean the interview is specific to the individual; it means it's a type of interview that involves direct contact with a person.

I recall that in survey research, "personal interview" is often called "face-to-face interview". The adjective "personal" here could be seen as related to the person's physical presence. So sense 4 "intimately concerning a person's body or physical being" might be a stretch, but it's not about hygiene; it's about being in person. However, WordNet's example for sense 4 is "personal hygiene", which is about physical care. That isn't a good match.

Maybe there's another sense not listed here. But we have to choose among the given. Let's think: Could "personal" in "personal interviews" mean that the interviews are private? Not necessarily. The interviews are likely conducted with individuals, one-on-one. That is "personal" in the sense of involving a direct, individual interaction. That is closest to sense 1: "concerning or affecting a particular person". Because the interview is with a particular person, and it's about that person's views, but not necessarily private life. Yet the definition says "private life and personality". It might be that the primary sense is broad enough. In many contexts, "personal" simply means relating to a specific person. For example, "personal computer" doesn't mean about private life; it means for use by an individual. So the primary sense might be the one.

Given the context: "195 personal interviews with senior officials" – it's like they conducted interviews with each official individually. The term "personal" there likely contrasts with, say, group discussions or surveys. It emphasizes that each interview was with a person individually. That fits sense 1: concerning a particular person. It could also fit sense 2, but sense 2 is more like "particular to a given individual" as in unique. A personal interview isn't unique to that individual; it's just an interview with that person. But the phrase "personal interview" is idiomatic. I think the best sense is sense 1.

But let's check if there's any sense that specifically matches the research context. I might consider that "personal" in "personal interview" could mean "conducted in person" (physical presence). That might be close to sense 4, but sense 4 is "intimately concerning a person's body or physical being", which is about physical things like hygiene. It doesn't quite fit. However, if we think of "personal" as in "in person", it's derived from "person" meaning body. But the examples for sense 4 are "personal hygiene", so it's not that.

Alternatively, perhaps the correct sense is 2 if we interpret "personal interviews" as interviews that are particular to each individual? But that would be "individual interviews" rather than "personal". The word "personal" might mean "private" here. But the context is a study on social partners, so the interviews are probably not about private matters. They are with officials in their official capacity? It says "senior officials of the social partners as representatives", so they are representing organizations. Thus, the interviews are not about their private lives. So sense 1's "private life" part is a bit off. Thus, maybe it's not sense 1.

Sense 2 is "particular to a given individual" – that could mean each interview was tailored to the individual, but that's not what it means. It means each interview was with a particular individual (as opposed to a group). That's just "particular" in the sense of "specific". The definition "particular to a given individual" might be interpreted as "belonging to or associated with a particular individual". But that's similar to sense 1. Sense 1 says "concerning or affecting a particular person". Both are close. The difference: Sense 1 includes "private life and personality". Sense 2 is just "particular to a given individual". The word "personal" in "personal interview" doesn't necessarily imply private life; it just means one-on-one. So sense 2 might be more neutral. But in WordNet, sense 2 is a satellite adjective, which usually implies a more specific or derived sense. Sense 1 is the core adjective. For a common phrase like "personal interview", the most general sense might be used. Actually, let's look at examples: Sense 1: "a personal favor; for your personal use" – these also don't necessarily involve private life. "A personal favor" is a favor for a particular person, not necessarily private. "For your personal use" means for use by you individually, not for official or shared use. So that is exactly about individual, not private life. The definition says "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality". It seems the definition is a bit of a mix, but the examples show it can be used for individual-specific as opposed to official. "Personal interview" in research is often "personal" as opposed to "group" or "telephone". It's about direct, individual contact.

I'll check if there is a more specific sense in WordNet for "personal" as in "in person". I don't see it. So I'll go with the primary sense, sense 1, because it's the most general and fits the idea of relating to a particular person (as opposed to a group or impersonal method). But let's see the index numbers: The candidate senses are listed with sense keys. The order given: 1: personal%3:00:00::, 2: personal%5:00:00:subjective:00, 3: personal%3:01:01::, 4: personal%5:00:00:physical:00, 5: personal%3:01:00::. So the first sense is the core adjective sense. That is likely the best choice.

I'll consider if "personal interviews" could be sense 2: "particular to a given individual" – that could work if we think of "personal" as meaning "individual". But the phrase "personal interview" is not about something being particular to an individual in the sense of distinctive, it's just that it's done with individuals. So I think sense 1 is more appropriate.

Final decision: sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interview
Target surface form: interviews
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal <t>interviews</t> with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interview%1:10:01:: | definition=the questioning of a person (or a conversation in which information is elicited); often conducted by journalists | examples=my interviews with teenagers revealed a weakening of religious bonds
2. sense_key=interview%1:10:00:: | definition=a conference (usually with someone important) | synonyms=consultation, audience | examples=he had a consultation with the judge; he requested an audience with the king

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "interviews" in the context: "The study is based on 195 personal <t>interviews</t> with senior officials of the social partners...". The candidate senses:

Sense 1: "the questioning of a person (or a conversation in which information is elicited); often conducted by journalists" with example "my interviews with teenagers revealed a weakening of religious bonds".

Sense 2: "a conference (usually with someone important)" synonyms: consultation, audience. Example: "he had a consultation with the judge; he requested an audience with the king".

The context: "personal interviews with senior officials" as part of a study. This is clearly a research method where the researcher questions participants to gather information. It's not a "conference" or "consultation" with an important person in the sense of a formal meeting or audience. It's a data collection technique. The example in sense 1 matches: "my interviews with teenagers revealed..." similar to "personal interviews with senior officials". So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: senior
Target surface form: senior
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with <t>senior</t> officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=senior%3:00:00:: | definition=older; higher in rank; longer in length of tenure or service | examples=senior officer
2. sense_key=senior%5:00:00:last:00 | definition=used of the fourth and final year in United States high school or college | synonyms=fourth-year | examples=the senior prom
3. sense_key=senior%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=advanced in years; (`aged' is pronounced as two syllables) | synonyms=aged, elderly, older | examples=aged members of the society; elderly residents could remember the construction of the first skyscraper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to find the best indexed sense for the word "senior" in the given context. The target is "senior officials". The context mentions a study based on 195 personal interviews with "senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations". So "senior" here refers to high-ranking officials. Sense 1: older; higher in rank; longer in length of tenure or service, example: senior officer. This matches exactly: senior officials = high-ranking officials. Sense 2: used of fourth and final year in high school or college. Not applicable. Sense 3: advanced in years, elderly. The context is about officials, not necessarily elderly; it's about rank, not age. So sense 1 is correct.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: officials
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior <t>officials</t> of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "official" with surface form "officials" in context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the two candidate senses provided.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Context: The text discusses a conference on social exclusion, a study involving interviews with senior officials of social partners as representatives of national level peak organizations in European countries. The officials here are clearly people holding some office, likely in the context of social partners (employers' organizations, trade unions, etc.) or in public welfare services. They are not sports officials. So sense 1 fits perfectly.

Therefore, the best sense is 1. We output JSON with sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: social
Target surface form: social
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the <t>social</t> partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=social%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to human society and its members | synonyms=societal | examples=social institutions; societal evolution
2. sense_key=social%3:00:00:: | definition=living together or enjoying life in communities or organized groups | examples=a human being is a social animal; mature social behavior
3. sense_key=social%3:01:02:: | definition=relating to or belonging to or characteristic of high society | examples=made fun of her being so social and high-toned; a social gossip colum
4. sense_key=social%5:00:00:sociable:00 | definition=composed of sociable people or formed for the purpose of sociability | examples=a purely social club; the church has a large social hall
5. sense_key=social%5:00:00:gregarious:00 | definition=tending to move or live together in groups or colonies of the same kind | examples=ants are social insects
6. sense_key=social%5:00:00:friendly:01 | definition=marked by friendly companionship with others | examples=a social cup of coffee

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "social" in the context: "The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the <t>social</t> partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries." The phrase "social partners" is key. In European Union context, "social partners" refers to representatives of management and labour (employers' organizations and trade unions) that engage in social dialogue. This is a term from industrial relations and labor law. The sense here is about societal actors, not about friendly interaction or high society.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. relating to human society and its members (societal) – this is broad, but "social partners" are indeed part of society, specifically in labor relations. The example "social institutions" fits with organizations like trade unions and employer groups that are pillars of society. "Societal" is a synonym.

2. living together or enjoying life in communities – not about organizations or partners.

3. relating to high society – no.

4. composed of sociable people or formed for sociability – a social club, not about labor/management representatives.

5. tending to move or live together in groups (gregarious) – for animals/insects, not relevant.

6. marked by friendly companionship – a social cup of coffee, not relevant.

Sense 1 is the most appropriate because "social partners" are societal institutions. The gloss "relating to human society and its members" fits, and "social institutions" is an example. The partners are organizations that represent societal groups in the economy.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: representative
Target surface form: representatives
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as <t>representatives</t> of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=representative%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who represents others
2. sense_key=representative%1:18:02:: | definition=an advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose | synonyms=spokesperson, interpreter, voice | examples=the meeting was attended by spokespersons for all the major organs of government
3. sense_key=representative%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the United States House of Representatives | synonyms=congressman, congresswoman
4. sense_key=representative%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=example, illustration, instance | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "representative", surface form "representatives" in the given context. We have four candidate senses with definitions.

Let's analyze the context: "The study is based on 195 personal interviews with

native_finish_reason: error

message: Network connection lost.