[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: making
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of <t>making</t> tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "making" in context: "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings." The target surface form is "making" in the gerund. We need to choose the sense that best fits.

Let's examine the context: A woman is being told to go back to the traditional role of making tea at meetings. "Making tea" here refers to preparing tea, presumably by brewing or setting up. It's a domestic, service-oriented task. The sense should be about preparing or creating tea, not about causing tea to happen. So we need a sense that fits "make tea" meaning "prepare tea for drinking".

Looking at the candidates, we see:
- Sense 1: engage in (make love, make an effort) - not fitting "making tea" in the sense of preparing.
- Sense 2: give certain properties to something (get someone mad) - not relevant.
- Sense 3: make or cause to be or to become (make a mess) - could be, but "make tea" is more about preparation.
- Sense 4: cause to do (induce) - no.
- Sense 5: give rise to; cause to happen (cause a commotion) - not.
- Sense 6: create or manufacture a man-made product (produce cars, make toys) - "making tea" as a product? Possibly, but tea is not manufactured, it's prepared.
- Sense 7: make, formulate, or derive in the mind (draw a conclusion) - no.
- Sense 8: compel or make somebody act (make you sweat) - no.
- Sense 9: create by artistic means (create a poem) - no.
- Sense 10: earn (make money) - no.
- Sense 11: create or design in a certain way (do my room in blue) - not.
- Sense 12: compose or represent (form, constitute) - not.
- Sense 13: reach a goal (make the first team) - no.
- Sense 14: be capable of being changed or made into (make a great host) - no.
- Sense 15: make by shaping or bringing together constituents (make a dress, make a cake) - this is close: making a cake is preparing food. "Making tea" is also a culinary preparation. So sense 15 might be it.
- Sense 16: perform or carry out (make a decision) - no.
- Sense 17: make by combining materials and parts (construct, build) - no.
- Sense 18: change from one form into another (make water into wine) - no.
- Sense 19: act in a certain way to acquire (make friends) - no.
- Sense 20: charge with a function (nominate) - no.
- Sense 21: achieve a point or goal (had a 70) - no.
- Sense 22: reach a destination (arrive) - no.
- Sense 23: institute, enact (make laws) - no.
- Sense 24: carry out or commit (make a mistake) - no.
- Sense 25: form by assembling individuals (make a quorum) - no.
- Sense 26: organize or be responsible for (hold a reception, make a party) - "make tea" might be seen as organizing the tea service, but it's more about preparation.
- Sense 27: put in order or neaten (make the bed) - no.
- Sense 28: head into a direction (make for the mountains) - no.
- Sense 29: have a bowel movement - no.
- Sense 30: undergo fabrication (This wool makes into a nice sweater) - no.
- Sense 31: be suitable for (Wood makes good furniture) - no.
- Sense 32: add up to - no.
- Sense 33: amount to - no.
- Sense 34: constitute the essence of - no.
- Sense 35: appear to begin an activity (made to speak) - no.
- Sense 36: proceed along a path - no.
- Sense 37: reach in time (made the plane) - no.
- Sense 38: gather and light materials for (make a fire) - no.
- Sense 39: prepare for eating by applying heat (cook, fix, ready, prepare). Examples: "Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?" This is clearly about food preparation, including beverages like tea. "Make tea" means to prepare tea, often by steeping leaves in hot water. So sense 39 is very relevant. Synonyms: cook, fix, ready, prepare. Examples: "make me an omelette" (a food prepared). This fits "making tea" exactly.
- Sense 40: induce to have sex - no.
- Sense 41: assure the success of - no.
- Sense 42: represent fictitiously - no.
- Sense 43: consider as being - no.
- Sense 44: calculate as being - no.
- Sense 45: cause to be enjoyable (make my day) - no.
- Sense 46: favor the development of - no.
- Sense 47: develop into - no.
- Sense 48: behave in a certain way (make merry) - no.
- Sense 49: eliminate urine - no.

The two most plausible are sense 15 (make by shaping or bringing together constituents: make a dress, make a cake) and sense 39 (prepare for eating by applying heat: cook, fix, ready, prepare; make an omelette, cook dinner). Both could cover "make tea". Sense 15 is about physical creation or assembly; sense 39 specifically about preparing food/drink. "Tea" is a drink, typically prepared by steeping tea leaves in hot water, i.e., applying heat? Not always applying heat, but making tea involves hot water, so it's a culinary preparation. Sense 39's synonyms "cook, fix, ready, prepare" with example "make an omelette" exactly matches "make tea". Sense 15 examples: "make a dress; make a cake" are also assembly, and a cake is baked (applied heat) but sense 15 might be broader. However, sense 39 is explicitly about preparing for eating, which includes tea. I think WordNet would classify "make tea" under "prepare for eating by applying heat" because making tea typically involves boiling water. So sense 39 is the best fit.

Thus, the chosen sense index is 39.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tea
Target surface form: tea
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making <t>tea</t> at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tea%1:13:00:: | definition=a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water | examples=iced tea is a cooling drink
2. sense_key=tea%1:13:01:: | definition=a light midafternoon meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes | synonyms=afternoon tea, teatime | examples=an Englishman would interrupt a war to have his afternoon tea
3. sense_key=tea%1:20:00:: | definition=a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree extensively cultivated in e.g. China and Japan and India; source of tea leaves | synonyms=Camellia sinensis | examples=tea has fragrant white flowers
4. sense_key=tea%1:14:00:: | definition=a reception or party at which tea is served | examples=we met at the Dean's tea for newcomers
5. sense_key=tea%1:13:02:: | definition=dried leaves of the tea shrub; used to make tea | synonyms=tea leaf | examples=the store shelves held many different kinds of tea; they threw the tea into Boston harbor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "tea" in the given context. The context mentions "making tea at meetings" within a discussion about women in bell-ringing. The phrase "making tea at meetings" suggests the beverage, as in preparing tea to drink during meetings. Sense 1 is "a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water". Sense 2 is a meal (afternoon tea), sense 3 is the plant, sense 4 is a reception, sense 5 is dried leaves. In the context, "making tea" clearly refers to the beverage. So sense 1 is the best fit.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: meeting
Target surface form: meetings
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at <t>meetings</t>. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=meeting%1:14:00:: | definition=a formally arranged gathering | synonyms=group meeting | examples=next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson
2. sense_key=meeting%1:14:01:: | definition=a small informal social gathering | synonyms=get together | examples=there was an informal meeting in my living room
3. sense_key=meeting%1:11:00:: | definition=a casual or unexpected convergence | synonyms=encounter | examples=he still remembers their meeting in Paris; there was a brief encounter in the hallway
4. sense_key=meeting%1:04:00:: | definition=the social act of assembling for some common purpose | synonyms=coming together | examples=his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day
5. sense_key=meeting%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of joining together as one | synonyms=merging, coming together | examples=the merging of the two groups occurred quickly; there was no meeting of minds
6. sense_key=meeting%1:15:00:: | definition=a place where things merge or flow together (especially rivers) | synonyms=confluence | examples=Pittsburgh is located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "meeting" with surface form "meetings". Context: a letter writer remarked on women fainting and suggested they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at <t>meetings</t>." This is in the context of bell-ringing groups. The word "meetings" here refers to gatherings of bell ringers. The candidate senses include:

1. formally arranged gathering (e.g., a conference) - examples: next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson.
2. small informal social gathering (get together) - examples: there was an informal meeting in my living room.
3. casual or unexpected convergence (encounter) - examples: their meeting in Paris; brief encounter.
4. the social act of assembling for some common purpose (coming together) - examples: his meeting with the salesmen.
5. the act of joining together as one (merging) - examples: merging of the two groups; no meeting of minds.
6. a place where things merge (confluence) - refers to rivers.

In the context, "making tea at meetings" refers to the gatherings of the bell-ringing group. These are likely regular gatherings, probably formal meetings of the society. However, the tone is a bit informal: the writer is using a stereotypical traditional role. The phrase "at meetings" suggests scheduled gatherings where they ring bells, but also socialize. The word "meetings" here could be interpreted as the regular gatherings of the group.

Sense 1 is "a formally arranged gathering" - this fits well: bell-ringing group meetings are likely formally arranged gatherings, like a society meeting. Sense 2 is "small informal social gathering" - tea-making might happen at informal gatherings, but the context is a society with regular meetings. Sense 4 is "the social act of assembling for some common purpose" - that is also plausible, but note the distinction: sense 4 is the act of assembling, while sense 1 is the gathering itself (the event). The phrase "at meetings" suggests the event/location in time, so sense 1 seems more fitting. Sense 3 is an unexpected convergence, not correct. Sense 5 is merging, not correct. Sense 6 is confluence of rivers, not correct.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1: a formally arranged gathering. However, let's check the synonyms: group meeting. Examples given: "next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson." That sounds like a formal meeting. In the bell-ringing context, they refer to "the oldest bell-ringing group", and "meetings" likely refer to their gatherings where they conduct business or ring bells. So sense 1 is appropriate.

Therefore, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: torrent
Target surface form: torrent
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the <t>torrent</t> of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=torrent%1:19:01:: | definition=a heavy rain | synonyms=downpour, cloudburst, deluge, waterspout, pelter, soaker
2. sense_key=torrent%1:11:00:: | definition=a violently fast stream of water (or other liquid) | synonyms=violent stream | examples=the houses were swept away in the torrent
3. sense_key=torrent%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=flood, inundation, deluge | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "torrent" in the given context. The context sentence is: "In the <t>torrent</t> of replies that followed, ...". We need to choose the best sense among three provided.

Senses:
1. a heavy rain (synonyms: downpour, cloudburst, deluge, waterspout, pelter, soaker)
2. a violently fast stream of water (or other liquid) (synonyms: violent stream; examples: "the houses were swept away in the torrent")
3. an overwhelming number or amount (synonyms: flood, inundation, deluge; examples: "a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse")

In context: "In the torrent of replies that followed..." Here, "torrent" is used metaphorically to describe a large outpouring of replies, like a flood of replies. It is not about literal water or rain. Sense 3 clearly matches this figurative usage: an overwhelming number or amount. The example given for sense 3 includes "a torrent of abuse", which is similar to "torrent of replies". So the best indexed sense is 3.

Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reply
Target surface form: replies
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of <t>replies</t> that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reply%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=answer, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=reply%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange | synonyms=response | examples=he growled his reply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "reply" with surface form "replies" in a specific context. The context is a story about bell-ringers. The sentence with the target: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that..." The letters written to the newspaper sparked a torrent of replies. The replies are likely written statements responding to the previous letters. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=reply%1:10:01:: definition: a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation. synonyms: answer, response. examples: "I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics"

2. sense_key=reply%1:10:00:: definition: the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange. synonyms: response. examples: "he growled his reply"

We need to choose the best index. Sense 1 specifically includes "written" and is about replying to criticism or accusation. Sense 2 is broader, a speech act of continuing a conversation. In the context, the replies are written letters to a newspaper, in response to a previous letter that made a sexist comment. The replies are defending women, so it's in response to an accusation/criticism. The first sense seems more precise: it's a statement made to reply to a criticism. The examples explicitly include "written" and "replies to several of his critics". The context mentions "a series of letters" and "In the torrent of replies that followed" – these are written replies to a critical letter. So sense 1 fits best. Sense 2 doesn't emphasize the written aspect or the nature of answering a criticism. Thus, I'll choose sense 1.

Since sense indexes are 1 and 2, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: follow
Target surface form: followed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that <t>followed</t>, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=follow%2:38:00:: | definition=to travel behind, go after, come after | examples=The ducklings followed their mother around the pond; Please follow the guide through the museum
2. sense_key=follow%2:42:00:: | definition=be later in time | synonyms=postdate | examples=Tuesday always follows Monday
3. sense_key=follow%2:42:05:: | definition=come as a logical consequence; follow logically | synonyms=fall out | examples=It follows that your assertion is false; the theorem falls out nicely
4. sense_key=follow%2:38:01:: | definition=travel along a certain course | synonyms=travel along | examples=follow the road; follow the trail
5. sense_key=follow%2:41:00:: | definition=act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes | synonyms=comply, abide by | examples=He complied with my instructions; You must comply or else!
6. sense_key=follow%2:42:01:: | definition=come after in time, as a result | synonyms=come after | examples=A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake
7. sense_key=follow%2:30:00:: | definition=behave in accordance or in agreement with | synonyms=conform to | examples=Follow a pattern; Follow my example
8. sense_key=follow%2:42:02:: | definition=be next | examples=Mary plays best, with John and Sue following
9. sense_key=follow%2:40:00:: | definition=choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans | synonyms=adopt, espouse | examples=She followed the feminist movement; The candidate espouses Republican ideals
10. sense_key=follow%2:42:03:: | definition=to bring something about at a later time than | examples=She followed dinner with a brandy; He followed his lecture with a question and answer period
11. sense_key=follow%2:36:00:: | definition=imitate in behavior; take as a model | synonyms=take after | examples=Teenagers follow their friends in everything
12. sense_key=follow%2:31:00:: | definition=follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something | synonyms=trace | examples=We must follow closely the economic development is Cuba; trace the student's progress
13. sense_key=follow%2:41:02:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, observe, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
14. sense_key=follow%2:41:01:: | definition=be the successor (of) | synonyms=succeed, come after | examples=Carter followed Ford; Will Charles succeed to the throne?
15. sense_key=follow%2:36:01:: | definition=perform an accompaniment to | synonyms=play along, accompany | examples=The orchestra could barely follow the frequent pitch changes of the soprano
16. sense_key=follow%2:30:01:: | definition=keep informed | synonyms=keep up, keep abreast | examples=He kept up on his country's foreign policies
17. sense_key=follow%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=come | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
18. sense_key=follow%2:41:10:: | definition=accept and follow the leadership or command or guidance of | examples=Let's follow our great helmsman!; She followed a guru for years
19. sense_key=follow%2:41:11:: | definition=adhere to or practice | examples=These people still follow the laws of their ancient religion
20. sense_key=follow%2:41:09:: | definition=work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function | synonyms=be | examples=He is a herpetologist; She is our resident philosopher
21. sense_key=follow%2:39:13:: | definition=keep under surveillance | synonyms=surveil, survey | examples=The police had been following him for weeks but they could not prove his involvement in the bombing
22. sense_key=follow%2:38:13:: | definition=follow in or as if in pursuit | synonyms=pursue | examples=The police car pursued the suspected attacker; Her bad deed followed her and haunted her dreams all her life
23. sense_key=follow%2:31:14:: | definition=grasp the meaning | examples=Can you follow her argument?; When he lectures, I cannot follow
24. sense_key=follow%2:30:12:: | definition=keep to | synonyms=stick to, stick with | examples=Stick to your principles; stick to the diet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the lemma "follow" and the surface form "followed". In the context, "In the torrent of replies that followed". Here "replies that followed" means the replies came after something else, implying a sequence in time, being later in time after a cause or event. The context: "In the torrent of replies that followed" -> followed the initial letter. So it means came after in time, as a result. Let's check candidates:

1. Travel behind physically: No.
2. Be later in time: Tuesday always follows Monday. That's purely temporal sequence, but here it's replies that followed a letter. It could be sense 2 or sense 6.
6. Come after in time, as a result: A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake. This seems more like a consequence. Replies follow as a result of the letter? The sense says "come after in time, as a result". The replies are a result of the letter, they came after the letter as a response. This fits well.
2 is simply "be later in time" without necessarily result. The example "Tuesday always follows Monday" is just a fixed sequence. Here, replies are a response, so sense 6 captures "as a result". The context: a letter provoked a torrent of replies, so they came after as a result. So 6 seems better.

Check other senses: 3: logical consequence, but it says "follow logically", like a logical deduction. That doesn't fit here; it's not logical implication but actual replies. 8: be next (Mary plays best, with John and Sue following). Could be "be next" in a series, but that's still temporal ordering. But the phrase "torrent of replies that followed" is very similar to "a terrible tsunami followed the earthquake", which is direct consequence. I think 6 is the best.

Also note: 14 is be the successor (Carter followed Ford) - that's succession in a role, not appropriate. 10: to bring something about at a later time than (She followed dinner with a brandy). That's a different structure, not just "replies that followed" but "followed X with Y". So not.

Thus, sense 6: come after in time, as a result. The synsets are all with "follow" as in "follow the earthquake" etc. So choose 6.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: woman
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one <t>woman</t> ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "woman" and its context, and four candidate senses. The task is to choose the single best indexed sense based on the context, synonyms, and examples.

Let's analyze the context: The sentence containing the target word is: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one <t>woman</t> ringer from Solihull observed that..." So the target is "woman" modifying "ringer". The phrase is "one woman ringer from Solihull". Clearly, this refers to a female individual who is a bell ringer. The larger context discusses women in bell-ringing, so it's clearly about adult female persons generally, not a wife/girlfriend, not a charwoman, and not the class of women as a whole (though it's about women in general, the specific use in the sentence is as a modifier for a specific person). The sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about a romantic partner, which doesn't fit. Sense 3 is a cleaning lady, which doesn't fit. Sense 4 is women as a class, which is an abstract sense, not used to refer to a specific individual. Since "one woman ringer" is referring to a specific female ringer, sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "ringer" and the context. The target is "ringer" as it appears in "one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull". The context is about bell ringers: "bell-ringing group", "ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches", "ringing world", etc. So clearly it's about people who ring church bells. Looking at the senses:

1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

The context is all about bell ringers. Thus, sense 1 is the correct one.

The instruction: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observe
Target surface form: observed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull <t>observed</t> that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=note, take note | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: | definition=watch attentively | examples=Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: | definition=show respect towards | synonyms=respect, honor, honour, abide by | examples=honor your parents!
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=celebrate, keep | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=keep | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "observe" with the surface form "observed" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 9 candidate senses. The context is a passage about women bell ringers, and a quoted remark from a woman ringer from Solihull: "observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals.'" In this context, "observed" is used to introduce a remark or comment. The woman ringer is stating her observation or remark. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: detect, find, discover, notice — this doesn't fit well because she's not discovering a fact; she's making a comment.

Sense 2: make mention of, note, mention, remark — this perfectly matches: "She observed that..." means "She remarked that..." The example given for sense 2 is "She observed that his presentation took up too much time" which is exactly the structure here.

The other senses involve watching, following, respecting, celebrating, conforming, etc. None of these fit the context of making a statement.

Therefore, the best sense is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the <t>average</t> male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%5:00:02:normal:01 | definition=approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value | synonyms=mean | examples=the average income in New England is below that of the nation; of average height for his age
2. sense_key=average%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered | synonyms=ordinary | examples=average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street
3. sense_key=average%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=lacking exceptional quality or ability | synonyms=fair, mediocre, middling | examples=a novel of average merit; only a fair performance of the sonata
4. sense_key=average%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=around the middle of a scale of evaluation | synonyms=intermediate, medium | examples=an orange of average size; intermediate capacity
5. sense_key=average%5:00:03:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution | synonyms=modal | examples=the modal age at which American novelists reach their peak is 30
6. sense_key=average%5:00:01:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (or the average of the middle two in a set with an even number of values) | synonyms=median | examples=the median value of 17, 20, and 36 is 20; the median income for the year was $15,000

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do fine-grained WSD. The target word is "average" as an adjective? Wait, the target is "average" and the surface form is "average". In the context, it says: "the <t>average</t> male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired". So "average" here modifies "male ringer". So we need to choose the correct sense of the adjective "average" from the given candidate senses.

Let's examine the context: One woman ringer observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals." So the phrase "the average male ringer" is used to describe what a typical male ringer is like. She is complaining that the typical male ringer is unpleasant. So "average" here means typical or ordinary. She is not talking about a numerical or statistical average, but rather using "average" in a qualitative sense to describe the typical or ordinary male ringer. The tone is derogatory, so she implies that the common, ordinary male ringer is of poor quality.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value (mean). Example: average income, of average height. But that sense is about numerical averages, not typically used for people in a derogatory way. It can be used for people's heights, but the context here is not a numerical aspect but a quality of the person.

2. lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered (ordinary). Synonyms: ordinary. Example: average people; the ordinary man in the street. This seems to fit: "the average male ringer" is the ordinary, common male ringer, without any special distinction. She is disparaging the typical male ringer, saying they are shabby. So "average" means ordinary.

3. lacking exceptional quality or ability (fair, mediocre, middling). Example: a novel of average merit; only a fair performance. This could also fit, because she is criticizing their quality. She says they are badly dressed, acne, beer-belly, unwashed, flatulent. So she might be saying they are mediocre or of poor quality. But note: Sense 2 is "lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered" with synonyms "ordinary". Sense 3 is specifically "lacking exceptional quality or ability" with synonyms "fair, mediocre, middling". The phrase "leaves quite a lot to be desired" clearly indicates that they are lacking in quality. So perhaps she means mediocre.

However, "average" in the context: "the average male ringer" – she is referring to what the typical male ringer is like. She is making a generic statement about the typical member of that group. The primary sense is "ordinary" or "typical", but it can also carry a negative connotation. The WordNet sense 2 is exactly that: lacking special distinction, ordinary. Sense 3 is mediocre. But which is the better fit? She is using "average" to describe the male ringer in general, not his quality directly, but the quality is implied by the list of defects. The phrase "the average male ringer" sets up a type, and then she lists what they are like: badly dressed, etc. So she is describing the typical male ringer, and that typical one leaves a lot to be desired. So "average" is used to refer to the ordinary, common type. It's not necessarily about the quality rating as mediocre; it's about the common representative of the group.

In WordNet, sense 2 is "average" as "ordinary" (lacking special distinction). Sense 3 is also about lacking quality. The examples: "a novel of average merit" is about quality. "Average people" is about ordinary people. She says "the average male ringer" – she is generalizing about the population of male ringers. The ordinary male ringer is what she is describing. So I'd pick sense 2, because it's about commonness/ordinariness rather than a direct judgment of quality, though the judgment is negative.

Let's check the synonyms and examples given:
Sense 2: definition=lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered | synonyms=ordinary | examples=average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street
Sense 3: definition=lacking exceptional quality or ability | synonyms=fair, mediocre, middling | examples=a novel of average merit; only a fair performance of the sonata

The phrase "average male ringer" is akin to "average people". It's a generic, ordinary member. So I'll choose sense 2.

But also consider the overall tone: she is criticizing male ringers. So she's basically saying the ordinary male ringer is terrible. Sense 2 fits.

Now output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: male
Target surface form: male
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=male%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation | examples=a male infant; a male holly tree
2. sense_key=male%5:00:02:masculine:01 | definition=characteristic of a man | synonyms=manful, manlike, manly, virile | examples=a deep male voice; manly sports
3. sense_key=male%5:00:01:male:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys | examples=the male lead; the male population

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "male" with the surface form "male" in the provided context. We need to choose the best indexed sense among three candidates. The context: "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals." Here "male ringer" means a ringer who is male, i.e., a man. The word "male" is used as an adjective modifying "ringer." It indicates the sex of the ringer. The candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation" with examples like "a male infant; a male holly tree." This sense is about biological sex.

2. Sense 2: "characteristic of a man" with synonyms manful, manlike, manly, virile and example "a deep male voice; manly sports." This sense implies typical masculine qualities.

3. Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys" with examples "the male lead; the male population." This sense is often used to indicate that something is for men or composed of men.

In the context, "male ringer" simply means a ringer who is a man. It's not about characteristic qualities (sense 2) like "manly" but rather indicating that the ringer is of the male sex. Sense 3 is often used in phrases like "male population" or "male lead" (actor) to denote gender. Sense 1 is biological sex. Both senses 1 and 3 are close. However, WordNet distinguishes them: sense 1 is specifically about the biological function, while sense 3 is more about being composed of men/boys or pertaining to them. The phrase "male ringer" fits best with sense 3: "pertaining to or composed of men or boys" because a male ringer is a ringer who is a man. The example "the male population" parallels "the male ringer" (although "ringer" is an occupation). Sense 1 is usually used for animals and plants when discussing sex, but can be used for humans in medical/biological contexts (e.g., male infant). But in everyday language, "male" as an adjective for humans often means simply "of the male sex." WordNet separates them, but note that sense 3 includes "pertaining to ... men or boys." That matches "male ringer" as a ringer who is a man. Also, the context is about women entering the field, so "male-dominated" and "male-only" clearly use sense 3 (composed of men). The target "male" in "male ringer" is the same usage. So the best sense is 3.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male <t>ringer</t> leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for the target word "ringer" in the given context. The target surface form is "ringer", and we see it used in the context of bell ringing. The sentence: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that..." So "ringer" here refers to a person who rings bells. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. A person who rings church bells (toller, bell ringer).
2. A person who is almost identical to another (dead ringer, clone).
3. A contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses.
4. (horseshoes) successful throw encircling stake.

Clearly, the context is about bell ringing. The whole passage discusses women entering the field of bell ringing, the male-only society, etc. So sense 1 is the correct one.

Now, output JSON object with the sense_index. Sense indices are 1-based according to the list. So sense_index: 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: badly
Target surface form: badly
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=badly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=severely, gravely, seriously | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
2. sense_key=badly%4:02:00:: | definition=(`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well | synonyms=ill, poorly | examples=he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends
3. sense_key=badly%4:02:06:: | definition=evilly or wickedly | examples=treated his parents badly; to steal is to act badly
4. sense_key=badly%4:02:05:: | definition=in a disobedient or naughty way | synonyms=mischievously, naughtily | examples=he behaved badly in school; he mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister
5. sense_key=badly%4:02:04:: | definition=with great intensity (`bad' is a nonstandard variant for `badly') | synonyms=bad | examples=the injury hurt badly; the buildings were badly shaken
6. sense_key=badly%4:02:03:: | definition=very much; strongly | synonyms=bad | examples=I wanted it badly enough to work hard for it; the cables had sagged badly
7. sense_key=badly%4:02:12:: | definition=without skill or in a displeasing manner | examples=she writes badly; I think he paints very badly
8. sense_key=badly%4:02:10:: | definition=in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage | synonyms=disadvantageously | examples=the venture turned out badly for the investors; angry that the case was settled disadvantageously for them
9. sense_key=badly%4:02:07:: | definition=unfavorably or with disapproval | synonyms=ill | examples=tried not to speak ill of the dead; thought badly of him for his lack of concern
10. sense_key=badly%4:02:08:: | definition=with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display | examples=they took their defeat badly; took her father's death badly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

The target is "badly" in the phrase: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

We need to choose the best sense among the 10 options. Let's examine the context. The woman ringer is criticizing the male ringers. She says they leave quite a lot to be desired, meaning they are not satisfactory. Then she lists: "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals." So "badly dressed" means they are dressed in a poor or unsatisfactory manner, not well. It's about the manner of dressing. It's not about severity, not about evil, not about naughtiness, not about intensity, etc.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. severely, seriously: doesn't fit "dressed" — not about degree of severity.
2. in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well: synonyms ill, poorly. Example: he was ill prepared; it ill befits... This fits perfectly: "badly dressed" means dressed poorly, not well.
3. evilly or wickedly: not appropriate.
4. in a disobedient or naughty way: not appropriate for dressing.
5. with great intensity: "bad" variant; not for dressing.
6. very much; strongly: not appropriate.
7. without skill or in a displeasing manner: "she writes badly" — this could also fit "dressed" but it emphasizes lack of skill. The sense 2 is more general: in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner. Sense 7: "without skill or in a displeasing manner" — dressing could be without skill, but the context is about overall unsatisfactory appearance (acne, beer-belly, unwashed, flatulent). "Badly dressed" might mean they dress poorly, not necessarily that they lack skill, but that they are not well-dressed. Sense 2 is "not well", "improper", "unsatisfactory". Sense 7 is "without skill" or "displeasing manner". Both could work, but we need to pick the best. Let's see examples: sense 2: "he was ill prepared" — that's about being prepared poorly. Sense 7: "she writes badly" — about skill. In "badly dressed", it's often about the result: dressed in a bad manner, not well. Usually we say "badly dressed" meaning dressed poorly, not nicely. It's not so much about skill as about the state. But both 2 and 7 are possible. WordNet differentiates them: sense 2 is "poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well" (synonyms ill, poorly). Sense 7 is "without skill or in a displeasing manner". For "dressed", it's often collocated with "badly" to mean not well-dressed. I'd lean towards sense 2 because "poorly dressed" is a common synonym. The example in sense 7 is "she writes badly; I think he paints very badly" which are about artistic skill. Dressing might be seen as something you do (verb), so "dressed badly" could mean in a manner lacking skill. But the context is about their appearance: they are "badly dressed, decorated with acne..." — it's descriptive of their state, not necessarily the action of dressing. The phrase "badly dressed" is an adjective phrase modifying them, meaning they are in a state of being dressed badly. In English, "badly dressed" usually means dressed in an unattractive or inappropriate way, which is closer to "in a poor or improper manner" (sense 2). Sense 2 includes "ill" as a combining form, like "ill-prepared". "Badly dressed" can be paraphrased as "poorly dressed". So I think sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's also check sense 9: "unfavorably or with disapproval" — "thought badly of him" — that's about opinion, not dressing. Sense 8: "in a disadvantageous way" — not for dressing. Sense 10: "with unusual distress or resentment" — not.

So likely sense 2 is the best.

But we must ensure we pick the absolute best. There's also sense 7: "without skill or in a displeasing manner". "Displeasing manner" might cover dressing badly. But the example for 7 is about writing and painting, which are skills. Dressing can be a skill, but the context doesn't emphasize skill; it's just that they are unkempt. I think sense 2 is more directly "not well". WordNet has these fine distinctions. Given the examples: "he was ill prepared" (sense 2) is about a state of being prepared poorly. "she writes badly" (sense 7) is about the action. "Badly dressed" is a past participle used as an adjective, similar to "ill prepared". Actually, "ill prepared" is a good parallel: it means prepared in a poor manner. So "badly dressed" = dressed in a poor manner. So sense 2.

Thus, I'll go with sense_index 2.

Let's return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dressed
Target surface form: dressed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers
2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering
3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished
4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "dressed" with surface form "dressed". The context is: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; ... In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals.'"

The target is inside the phrase "badly dressed". The senses are:

1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, ... | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers

2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering

3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished

4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

The context says "badly dressed" meaning the male ringers are not well dressed, so it's about clothing. Sense 1 is about being dressed or clothed, often in fine attire; sense 4 is specifically about fancy/formal clothing. But "badly dressed" implies they are not dressed well, so it could be the opposite of sense 1 or sense 4. However, sense 1 definition says "dressed or clothed especially in fine attire" but it also says "often used in combination" like "neatly dressed workers". The example "neatly dressed workers" is given. "Badly dressed" would be an example of being dressed, not necessarily in fine attire. The sense is about being clothed in a certain way. Sense 4 is more specifically about being dressed in fancy or formal clothing. But "badly dressed" doesn't necessarily mean they are not in fancy clothing; it's more general: they are not well dressed. So sense 1 seems more appropriate because it's about the state of being dressed, often in fine attire, but it can be used with modifiers like "neatly" or "badly". Sense 4 is about being dressed up. The context is not about dressing up; it's just about their general appearance. So I think sense 1 is the best fit.

Also, note the examples: sense 1 has "neatly dressed workers", which is similar to "badly dressed". Sense 4 has examples like "dressed to the nines", etc.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index 1.

But let's double-check: the definitions are from WordNet. Sense 1 is an adjective "dressed" meaning "dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination." The phrase "badly dressed" is a combination, and it means they are not dressed well. So it fits the "clothed" aspect, not the "treated" or "finished" senses. Sense 4 is also about clothing but specifically fancy/formal. "Badly dressed" is not about formal clothing; it's about being poorly dressed in general. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

Therefore, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: large
Target surface form: large
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential | examples=played a large role in the negotiations
3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid | examples=a man given to large talk; tumid political prose
4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
5. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope | examples=taking the large view; a large effect
7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "large" in a given context. The target surface form is "large". The context is a passage about bell-ringing, where a woman ringer is quoted: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals." So, "large beer-belly" refers to a belly that is big in size. That seems straightforward physical size.

Now, let's evaluate each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
This is the most straightforward sense of "large" meaning big in size. In the context, "a large beer-belly" clearly means a beer-belly that is above average in size. This fits perfectly.

2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential | examples=played a large role in the negotiations
This sense is about importance or influence, not physical size. A "large beer-belly" is not about influence; it's about physical size. So not this.

3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid | examples=a man given to large talk; tumid political prose
This is about language style, not relevant.

4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
This is about generosity or magnanimity. A beer-belly cannot be generous.

5. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
Conspicuous importance. Again, a beer-belly is not a prominent figure; it's a physical feature.

6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope | examples=taking the large view; a large effect
Broad scope; not physical size.

7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child
This is a specific sense of being pregnant. A beer-belly is not literally pregnancy (though it might be jokingly compared, but in context it's a literal large belly from beer, not pregnancy). So not this.

Given the clear context, sense 1 is the only appropriate one.

Thus, we output JSON with sense_index 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unwashed
Target surface form: unwashed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=common, plebeian, vulgar | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
2. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 | definition=not cleaned with or as if with soap and water | examples=a sink full of unwashed dishes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "unwashed" with context: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals." Candidate sense 1: unwashed meaning "of or associated with the great masses of people" (lowborn, common, plebeian). Candidate sense 2: "not cleaned with or as if with soap and water". In the context, "frequently unwashed" is part of a description of physical appearance and hygiene, along with "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent". This strongly indicates the literal meaning of not washed with soap and water. Sense 1 is metaphorical and refers to social class, which doesn't fit here. So the correct sense is 2. But the instruction says to return a JSON object with the sense index. The sense indices are not explicitly numbered in the candidates, but the candidates are given as "1." and "2." in the user message. So sense 1 is the "lowborn" sense and sense 2 is the "dirty" sense. Since the context suggests the "not cleaned" sense, the index is 2.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "women" in the context. The target lemma is "woman", surface form "women". We have four candidate senses.

Context: The text discusses bell-ringing groups, male-only society, women being excluded and responding to a derogatory letter. In the sentence: "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..." Here "women" refers to a female ringer who wrote a letter. It is clearly an adult female person. The sense "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about a woman in a relationship role, not relevant. Sense 3 is a charwoman or cleaner, not relevant. Sense 4 is about women as a class or womanhood, but here it's a specific woman writing a letter. So sense 1 is the best.

Return a JSON object with sense_index: 1.

provider: Novita