[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explain
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to <t>explain</t> several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "explain" and target surface form "explain". The context is: "...it appears to <t>explain</t> several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased..." The sentence says "this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things." Then it lists what it explains: "why ticket splitting has increased..." So the word "explain" here means to give the reason or cause for something. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00: make plain and comprehensible, synonyms: explicate. Example: He explained the laws of physics. This sense is about clarifying or making something understandable, often by instruction or elucidation.

2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01: define. Example: The committee explained their plan. This is more like stating the details of a plan.

3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02: serve as a reason or cause or justification of, synonyms: excuse. Example: Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again. This sense is about providing a causal explanation.

In the context, the theory "explains" several things, like why ticket splitting increased. The theory is serving as a reason or cause that accounts for the observed phenomenon. That matches sense 3 perfectly: "serve as a reason or cause or justification of." Sense 1 is about making plain, but the theory isn't clarifying something by teaching; it's providing a causal account. Sense 2 is about defining or stating a plan, not relevant. Therefore, the best indexed sense is 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Alibaba


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain <t>several</t> things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target word "several" in the given context. The target is "several things" in the sentence: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things."

We need to choose the best indexed sense among three WordNet senses.

Sense 1: (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many. Examples: several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident. This is the common meaning of "several" as an indefinite number, more than a few but not many.

Sense 2: considered individually; synonyms: respective, various. Examples: the respective club members; specialists in their several fields. This sense emphasizes individual consideration, like "each" or "respective".

Sense 3: distinct and individual. Example: three several times. This is an archaic or formal usage meaning separate or distinct.

Now, in context: "it appears to explain several things." The author then lists two things: "First, why ticket splitting has increased...". So "several things" means more than one thing, an indefinite number of things (at least two, but probably more). This is clearly the common meaning of "several" as in sense 1. There is no sense of "respective" or "distinct individual" focus; it just means a number of things.

Thus, sense 1 is correct.

The instruction says: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So we output {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: GMICloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several <t>things</t>. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "thing" and surface form "things" in the given context. The candidate senses are listed with sense keys, definitions, and some with examples. We need to choose the single best indexed sense. The context is a passage discussing a political theory about voting behavior. Let's analyze the context around "things": "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several <t>things</t>. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: ..." So "things" refers to phenomena or facts that the theory explains. It's being used in the sense of "various matters or phenomena" that are explained.

Now look at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: a special situation (examples: this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing) – This could be applicable, but "things" here are plural and refer to multiple explanatory points, not necessarily situations.

2. sense 2: an action – Not appropriate.

3. sense 3: a special abstraction (examples: a thing of the spirit; things of the heart) – Not really.

4. sense 4: an artifact – No.

5. sense 5: an event – Not exactly; the things are not events but explanations or facts.

6. sense 6: a vaguely specified concern (synonyms: matter, affair; examples: several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair) – This seems very fitting: "several things" = "several matters". The theory explains several matters/concerns.

7. sense 7: a statement regarded as an object – No.

8. sense 8: an entity that is not named specifically – This is very generic, but sense 6 is more specific with "matter, affair".

9. sense 9: any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence – Not really.

10. sense 10: a special objective – No.

11. sense 11: a persistent illogical feeling – No.

12. sense 12: a separate and self-contained entity – Too generic.

Given that the context says "explain several things" and then lists one such thing (a fact: why ticket splitting increased), it's like "several points/matters". Sense 6's synonyms "matter, affair" and example "several matters to attend to" align well. Sense 1 might also work, but sense 6's gloss "a vaguely specified concern" with "concern" meaning something of interest or importance fits. In WordNet, sense 6 is often used for phrases like "a few things to discuss". I'll choose sense 6.

Index: 6 (since they are numbered 1-12). Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 6}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has <t>increased</t> and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "increase", surface form "increased", in the given context. We are given two candidate senses. We need to choose the single best indexed sense (1 or 2) and return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.

Let's analyze the context: "why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century". Here, "increased" is used intransitively: ticket splitting has increased. It means it became bigger or greater in amount, without a direct object. Sense 1 is intransitive: "become bigger or greater in amount". Sense 2 is transitive: "make bigger or more", requiring a direct object. In the context, there is no object following "increased"; it's simply "has increased". Therefore, the correct sense is 1.

So, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and <t>taken</t> the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "take", surface form "taken", context "... why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century ...". We need to choose the best sense from the list of 42 senses.

We need to interpret "taken" in this context: "taken the peculiar pattern". "taken" is the past participle of "take". The phrase: "ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century". So ticket splitting has taken a certain pattern. In other words, it has assumed or acquired that pattern. So sense number 5: "take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect" with synonyms: assume, acquire, adopt, take on. Examples: "His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn". This fits: the pattern is a form/attribute that ticket splitting has taken. So sense #5: take%2:30:01::.

Check other nearby senses: Sense 1 (carry out) doesn't fit pattern. Sense 2 (require time) no. Sense 13: take into consideration? No. Sense 20: make use of or accept for some purpose? "take a risk" - but pattern is not a risk/opportunity, it's a characteristic. So 5 is best.

Thus, sense index 5.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 5}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the <t>past</t> half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "past" in the given context. The target is "past" as used in "... over the past half century ...". We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: past%3:00:00:: (adjective) meaning "earlier than the present time; no longer current" with examples "time past; his youth is past".

Sense 2: past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 (adjective) meaning "of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office" with synonyms "preceding, retiring" and example "a retiring member of the board".

In context: "the past half century" clearly refers to a time period that is earlier than the present time. It modifies "half century", indicating the half century that has already occurred. Sense 2 is about a person leaving a position, which doesn't fit at all. Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

Return JSON with sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "election" in the given context. The context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal..." This refers to the event of Franklin Roosevelt becoming president, i.e., being voted into office. The phrase "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" clearly means the process or event of choosing him by vote. Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: definition: a vote to select the winner of a position or political office. Example: the results of the election will be announced tonight. This fits: it's about the voting event.
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: definition: the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice. Example: her election of medicine as a profession. This is about making a choice, not necessarily a political vote. Could be, but in the context it's about a presidential election, which is a political vote.
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: definition: the status or fact of being elected. Example: they celebrated his election. This could refer to the state of being elected, like "his election to office". But in the phrase "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president", it's more about the event, the vote, not just the status. However, "they celebrated his election" is similar, but here it's "prior to the election", indicating a point in time before the event. Sense 1 is more directly about the vote.
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: theological predestination, not relevant.

Which sense is best? Sense 1 is specifically "a vote to select the winner of a political office". The example matches perfectly: "the results of the election will be announced tonight." Sense 3 is "the status or fact of being elected", which might also fit in some constructions like "his election", but here it's "the election of Franklin Roosevelt", which is an event. Typically, when we say "the election of X", it means the process/event by which X was elected. Sense 3 focuses on the state of being elected, but in this context, it's a historical event: "Prior to the election... and the advent..." So it's the event of the election. Thus, sense 1 is more precise.

I'll choose sense 1.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: president
Target surface form: president
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: | definition=an executive officer of a firm or corporation
2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: | definition=the chief executive of a republic
4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: | definition=the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization | synonyms=chairman, chairwoman, chair, chairperson | examples=address your remarks to the chairperson
5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: | definition=the head administrative officer of a college or university | synonyms=prexy
6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: | definition=the office of the United States head of state | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "president" in the context: "... Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal...". The target is "president" referring to Franklin Roosevelt, who was the President of the United States. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. an executive officer of a firm or corporation (corporate president)
2. the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government (specific to US President)
3. the chief executive of a republic (generic, could apply to any republic)
4. the officer who presides at meetings (chairperson)
5. head administrative officer of a college/university
6. the office of the United States head of state (the office itself, not the person)

In context, "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" clearly refers to the person being elected to the office of US President. Sense 2 is specific to the US President and gives synonyms: President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive. Example: "the President likes to jog every morning" also indicates a person. Sense 6 is the office, not the person. Since the context says "election of X as president", it's the person holding the office. Thus, sense 2 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advent
Target surface form: advent
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the <t>advent</t> of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advent%1:04:00:: | definition=arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) | synonyms=coming | examples=the advent of the computer
2. sense_key=advent%1:28:01:: | definition=the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas
3. sense_key=advent%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment | synonyms=Second Coming, Second Coming of Christ, Second Advent, Parousia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "advent" with surface form "advent" in the given context. We have three candidate senses from WordNet. Let's analyze the context.

Context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the <t>advent</t> of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role..." Here, "advent" refers to the arrival or coming of the New Deal, which is a significant historical event. The phrase "the advent of the New Deal" means the beginning or arrival of the New Deal era.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advent%1:04:00:: | definition=arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) | synonyms=coming | examples=the advent of the computer
2. sense_key=advent%1:28:01:: | definition=the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas
3. sense_key=advent%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment

Sense 2 is about the Christmas season, not applicable. Sense 3 is about the Second Coming in Christian theology. Only sense 1 matches: the arrival of something momentous, like the New Deal. The example "the advent of the computer" is similar to "the advent of the New Deal".

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: government
Target surface form: government
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, <t>government</t> occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=government%1:14:00:: | definition=the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit | synonyms=authorities, regime | examples=the government reduced taxes; the matter was referred to higher authorities
2. sense_key=government%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=governing, governance, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government
3. sense_key=government%1:09:00:: | definition=(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed | examples=tyrannical government
4. sense_key=government%1:09:01:: | definition=the study of government of states and other political units | synonyms=politics, political science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "government" in the given context. The target surface form is "government", and the lemma is "government". The context discusses the role of government in society, specifically mentioning "government occupied a much smaller role in society". This is about the institution or system of governing. Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: organization that is the governing authority (synonyms: authorities, regime). Example: "the government reduced taxes". This refers to the specific governing body.
2. Sense 2: the act of governing; exercising authority. Example: "regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government." This is about the process or activity.
3. Sense 3: the system or form by which a community is governed. Example: "tyrannical government". This is about the type or system.
4. Sense 4: the study of government (politics, political science). Not relevant here.

In the context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society..." Here, "government" refers to the institution or the governing authority as a whole, i.e., the organization that governs. It is not about the act of governing (sense 2) nor the system of government (sense 3) nor the study (sense 4). The phrase "government occupied a much smaller role" suggests the governmental apparatus or the state as an entity. This aligns with sense 1: the organization that is the governing authority.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occupy
Target surface form: occupied
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government <t>occupied</t> a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occupy%2:41:00:: | definition=keep busy with | synonyms=busy | examples=She busies herself with her butterfly collection
2. sense_key=occupy%2:42:00:: | definition=live (in a certain place) | synonyms=reside, lodge in | examples=She resides in Princeton; he occupies two rooms on the top floor
3. sense_key=occupy%2:42:01:: | definition=occupy the whole of | synonyms=fill | examples=The liquid fills the container
4. sense_key=occupy%2:42:04:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, worry | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
5. sense_key=occupy%2:33:00:: | definition=march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation | synonyms=invade | examples=Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
6. sense_key=occupy%2:40:08:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=take, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
7. sense_key=occupy%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, engage | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
8. sense_key=occupy%2:41:04:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, take | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "occupied" in the given context. The target lemma is "occupy", surface form "occupied". Let's read the context carefully.

Context snippet: "First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government <t>occupied</t> a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe."

Here, "government occupied a much smaller role in society" means the government had a smaller role. So "occupy" here means to hold or fill a position or role. Let's look at the senses:

1. keep busy with (busy) - doesn't fit: government isn't keeping busy with a role.
2. live (in a certain place) (reside, lodge in) - government doesn't live anywhere.
3. occupy the whole of (fill) - could be: government fills a role? But the example is "The liquid fills the container" – that's about physically filling space, not a role.
4. be on the mind of (concern, interest, worry) - no.
5. march aggressively into another's territory by military force (invade) - no.
6. require (time or space) (take, use up) - could be: "government took a much smaller role"? That might be interpreted as requiring/consuming. Example: "This event occupied a very short time" – time/space.
7. consume all of one's attention or time (absorb, engross, engage) - no, government role isn't consuming attention.
8. assume, as of positions or roles (fill, take) - "assume, as of positions or roles" fits perfectly. "government occupied a much smaller role" means government assumed/took a smaller role. Synonyms: fill, take. Example: "She took the job as director; he occupies the position of manager" – directly about roles/positions.

Sense 8 is the best match: the government "assumed" a smaller role, i.e., took on/had that role. The example with "position" matches exactly.

Thus, the correct indexed sense is 8.

Answer: {"sense_index": 8}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller <t>role</t> in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "role" in the given context. The target surface form is "role", and the context is about government's role in society. The candidate senses are:

1. role%1:04:00:: - the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group (function, office, part) examples: the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. role%1:09:00:: - an actor's portrayal of someone in a play (character, theatrical role, part, persona)
3. role%1:07:00:: - what something is used for (function, purpose, use) examples: the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. role%1:04:01:: - normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting examples: what is your role on the team?

In the context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller <t>role</t> in society..." Here, "role" refers to the function or part that government plays in society. It is about the government's activities and expected actions, similar to sense 1 "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group". Sense 1 even includes the example "the government must do its part", which directly aligns with the use of "role" regarding government. Sense 3 is about the purpose of something, which could also fit, but sense 1 is more specific to the actions/activities of a person or group (like government). Sense 4 is about a person's normal activity in a social setting, but it's also about a person, not necessarily an institution. Since the context says "government occupied a much smaller role", it's referring to the government's function or part in society. That matches sense 1 best, especially with the example about government.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is sense 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: society
Target surface form: society
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in <t>society</t> and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: | definition=an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, guild, gild, lodge, order | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being with someone | synonyms=company, companionship, fellowship | examples=he missed their company; he enjoyed the society of his friends
4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: | definition=the fashionable elite | synonyms=high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "society" in the context: "...government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe."

We have four candidate senses:
1. an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. a formal association of people with similar interests (synonyms: club, social club, guild, etc.)
3. the state of being with someone (synonyms: company, companionship, fellowship)
4. the fashionable elite (synonyms: high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton)

In the context, "government occupied a much smaller role in society" refers to the broader social structure, not a club, companionship, or elite. It means the overall society (the public sphere, the collective of people and institutions). Sense 1 fits perfectly: "an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization." That is exactly what "society" means here: the large-scale social organization. The other senses are too narrow.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma <t>problem</t> confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "problem", surface form "problem". Context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma <t>problem</t> confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe." So "problem" is part of the phrase "prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters". The "prisoner's dilemma" is a well-known concept in game theory, a situation where individuals acting rationally produce an outcome that is not optimal. So the problem is a difficulty or a situation that needs resolution. The options: sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" (synonyms: job). sense 2: "a question raised for consideration or solution" (example: homework problems). sense 3: "a source of difficulty" (synonyms: trouble). In context, "problem" refers to the dilemma faced by voters. That is a state of difficulty, not a question to be answered like a homework problem. It's a difficulty that needs resolution. Sense 1 fits well: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved". Sense 3 is similar but might be more of a source of difficulty. However, "prisoner's dilemma problem" is more of a predicament. Sense 1 includes examples like "she and her husband are having problems" which is a state of difficulty. Sense 3 example: "one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?" That also could fit. But the phrase "confronting voters" suggests a state of difficulty. I'd lean sense 1 because it's a situation that needs resolution, like a dilemma. But let's check: WordNet 3.0: problem%1:26:00:: (state of difficulty), problem%1:10:00:: (a question raised for consideration or solution), problem%1:09:00:: (a source of difficulty). The prisoner's dilemma is a classic problem in game theory, often considered a "problem" as a difficulty. I think sense 1 is best because it's a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved. Sense 2 is clearly for math or academic problems. The context isn't homework. So not sense 2. Between 1 and 3, I'll pick 1.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: races
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in <t>races</t> for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "race" with surface form "races" in the given context. The context discusses elections: "races for Congress". The candidate senses are provided. Sense 1 is "any competition" with example "the race for the presidency". Sense 2 is "a contest of speed". The context is clearly about political races, which are competitions. The phrase "races for Congress" parallels "race for the presidency". Therefore, sense 1 is the best match. Sense 2 is about speed contests, not appropriate. Other senses are about genetic groups, air flow, water canal, etc., none of which fit. So the correct sense index is 1. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explains
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it <t>explains</t> why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "explain" and surface form "explains" in a specific context. The context is a passage discussing a theory about voting behavior. The target word is used in: "it appears to explain several things. First, ... Second, it <t>explains</t> why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: ..." So "explains" here is used in the sense of providing a reason or cause for why voters hold Congress in disdain but love their own representatives. The theory is offering an explanation for why these patterns occur. So it is giving a reason or justification.

Now look at the candidate senses:
1. make plain and comprehensible (explicate) - like explaining a concept. Example: He explained the laws of physics to his students.
2. define - The committee explained their plan. That is more like clarifying or detailing a plan.
3. serve as a reason or cause or justification of - excuse. Example: Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again.

In the context, the theory "explains" why voters behave in a certain way. It is providing a causal explanation or justification. That matches sense 3 perfectly. The examples for sense 3 include "Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work" and "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again", which show the meaning of serving as a reason or cause. So sense 3 is the best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "hold" and the surface form "hold" in a specific context. The context sentence is: "Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives". So, "hold Congress in disdain" means they have a feeling of disdain towards Congress. The phrase is "hold ... in disdain", which is similar to "hold in contempt" or "hold in high esteem". This is a metaphorical use of "hold" meaning to have a particular attitude or feeling towards someone or something. Let's look at the candidate senses.

We need the best sense that fits "hold Congress in disdain". The structure is "hold [object] in [noun]". This implies a state of having a certain opinion or feeling.

Looking through the candidates:

1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place. This might fit: "hold Congress in disdain" could be interpreted as keeping Congress in a state of disdain. But the examples "keep clean" and "hold in place" suggest a more physical or concrete state. However, "in disdain" is a state of feeling, and "hold in" can be used with such abstractions. But is it the best?

2. hold%2:35:00:: physical holding. No.

3. hold%2:36:00:: organize or be responsible for. No.

4. hold%2:40:00:: have or possess. This is very broad: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense". Examples: "She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters". Could abstract possession include feelings? For instance, "hold someone in contempt" means to have contempt for them. So this might be interpreted as "have Congress in disdain", i.e., possess disdain towards Congress. That seems plausible. But "hold" here is not simply "have", it's a specific construction.

5. hold%2:31:01:: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view. Definition: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view", synonyms: deem, view as, take for. Examples: "take for granted; view as important". This seems very close: "hold Congress in disdain" means to view Congress with disdain, to deem them disdainful. So "hold ... in disdain" could be paraphrased as "view as contemptible". This might be sense 5.

6. hold%2:37:00:: maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings). Synonyms: harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse. Examples: "bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions". This sense is about harboring feelings. "Hold Congress in disdain" means to harbor disdain for Congress. This is very fitting. "Harbor" would be a good synonym: "harbor disdain". So sense 6 seems strong.

7. hold%2:35:03:: to close within bounds, limit or hold back. Not relevant.

8. hold%2:40:02:: secure and keep for possible future use. Not relevant.

9. hold%2:40:04:: have rightfully; of rights, titles, offices. Not.

10. hold%2:35:01:: be the physical support of. No.

11. hold%2:42:13:: contain or hold; have within. No.

12. hold%2:42:05:: have room for. No.

13. hold%2:42:01:: remain in a certain state. Not a transitive use.

14. hold%2:35:02:: support in a certain manner (hold one's head high). No.

15. hold%2:42:02:: be valid, applicable. No.

16. hold%2:31:08:: assert or affirm. Example: "Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good". This is about holding a belief, not holding a person in a certain regard.

17. hold%2:42:07:: have as a major characteristic. No.

18. hold%2:42:14:: be capable of holding. No.

19. hold%2:41:00:: reserve. No.

20. hold%2:33:05:: protect against a challenge. No.

21. hold%2:32:13:: bind by an obligation. No.

22. hold%2:31:04:: hold the attention of. No.

23. hold%2:31:10:: remain committed to. "I hold to these ideas." No.

24. hold%2:42:08:: resist or confront. No.

25. hold%2:42:04:: be pertinent or relevant. "This theory holds for all irrational numbers." No.

26. hold%2:42:12:: stop dealing with. "hold all calls" No.

27. hold%2:41:15:: lessen the intensity of; control. "hold your tongue". This has "hold" meaning to restrain. "Hold in restraint" is part of the definition. Could "hold Congress in disdain" mean to restrain Congress within disdain? That seems forced; it's idiomatic.

28. hold%2:41:13:: keep from departing. No.

29. hold%2:41:14:: take and maintain control. No.

30. hold%2:38:05:: cause to stop. No.

31. hold%2:35:09:: cover for protection. No.

32. hold%2:34:00:: drink alcohol without showing ill effects. No.

33. hold%2:33:00:: aim, point, or direct. No.

34. hold%2:32:11:: declare to be. "judge held that the defendant was innocent". This is about a judge holding something to be the case. Not "hold someone in contempt".

35. hold%2:32:15:: be in accord. No.

36. hold%2:29:04:: keep from exhaling. No.

Now, the key contenders are:
- Sense 1: keep in a certain state, position, or activity.
- Sense 4: have or possess (abstract sense possible).
- Sense 5: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view; view as.
- Sense 6: maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings); harbor, entertain.

The phrase "hold someone in contempt/disdain/esteem" is a fixed expression. WordNet likely has a specific sense for this. Let's check the definitions and examples:
Sense 5: definition: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view; synonyms: deem, view as, take for. Examples: "take for granted; view as important". If you "hold Congress in disdain", you view them as contemptible, you deem them disdainful. So sense 5 fits.

Sense 6: maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings); synonyms: harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse. Examples: "bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions". "Harbor" suggests holding feelings, but sometimes "hold someone in contempt" is more about the attitude towards the person, not just harboring the feeling. Could be both.

Sense 1: keep in a certain state. "Hold Congress in disdain" might mean keeping Congress in the state of being disdained. This seems less idiomatic; the phrase usually means "regard with disdain".

Sense 4: have or possess. "Have Congress in disdain" is not how we usually say it; we say "have disdain for Congress". So "hold ... in disdain" is a different construction.

Which sense is lexically closest? In WordNet, the phrase "hold in" might be under hold%2:42:00 (sense 1) because it says "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., 'keep clean; hold in place'". The examples show "hold in place", not "hold in [a feeling]". But "keep in a certain state" could abstract to feelings.

I recall that in WordNet, the sense for "hold someone in high regard" is often sense 5: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view". Looking at the example: "take for granted" uses "take" in a similar construction? "View as important" is similar: "view as important". So "hold [object] in [noun]" might be akin to "view as [adjective]". Actually, "hold in disdain" is "view as disdainful", so it matches "deem, view as". Thus, sense 5 seems tailored for that.

Sense 6 (harbor) is about maintaining feelings, but "hold in disdain" is not just "harbor disdain", it's "hold Congress in disdain" where the object is the person, and the feeling is in a prepositional phrase. Sense 5's definition says "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view" and the synonyms "deem, view as, take for" suggest an evaluative stance. For instance, "take for granted" is "hold for granted" in archaic usage? No, but "hold someone in contempt" is akin to "deem someone contemptible". So sense 5 seems best.

I'll choose sense 5.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disdain
Target surface form: disdain
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in <t>disdain</t> but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disdain%1:12:00:: | definition=lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike | synonyms=contempt, scorn, despite | examples=he was held in contempt; the despite in which outsiders were held is legendary
2. sense_key=disdain%1:10:00:: | definition=a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient | synonyms=condescension, patronage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "disdain" in the given context. The target word is "disdain" in the sentence: "...why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives...". The candidate senses are two: sense 1: lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike (contempt, scorn, despite), and sense 2: a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient (condescension, patronage). In the context, "hold Congress in disdain" means voters have a feeling of contempt or scorn towards Congress as a whole, not a communication of condescension. The examples for sense 1 include "he was held in contempt" which is similar to "hold in disdain". Sense 2 is about a patronizing communication, not a feeling. So the best fit is sense 1. Return as JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: love
Target surface form: love
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally <t>love</t> their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=love%2:37:00:: | definition=have a great affection or liking for | examples=I love French food; She loves her boss and works hard for him
2. sense_key=love%2:37:02:: | definition=get pleasure from | synonyms=enjoy | examples=I love cooking
3. sense_key=love%2:37:01:: | definition=be enamored or in love with | examples=She loves her husband deeply
4. sense_key=love%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, make out, make love, sleep with, get laid | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "love" and its surface form "love" in a specific context. We need to perform word sense disambiguation and choose the best sense from four candidate senses. The context is a political science discussion about voters' preferences. The sentence: "Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: ..." So, the target verb "love" is used here in the phrase "generally love their own congressional representatives". This means that voters have a positive affection or liking for their own representatives, contrasting with disdain for Congress as a whole.

Let's evaluate each sense:
1. sense_key=love%2:37:00:: | definition=have a great affection or liking for | examples=I love French food; She loves her boss and works hard for him
2. sense_key=love%2:37:02:: | definition=get pleasure from | synonyms=enjoy | examples=I love cooking
3. sense_key=love%2:37:01:: | definition=be enamored or in love with | examples=She loves her husband deeply
4. sense_key=love%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | ... (obviously not)

The context is about voters' attitude toward their representatives: they "love" them. This is a political affection or approval, not romantic love (sense 3) or sexual (sense 4). Sense 2 is "get pleasure from, enjoy" which could be a possibility, but the example "I love cooking" suggests an activity. Here, loving one's representative is more about a positive feeling of affection or liking, not just enjoying them. The first sense, "have a great affection or liking for", fits well: voters like their representatives. The example "She loves her boss" is similar to loving a representative. Sense 2 is more about deriving pleasure from an activity (e.g., cooking). One could say "I love my representative" meaning I have great affection for them, not that I get pleasure from them as an activity. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the chosen sense index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}