[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mathematical
Target surface form: mathematical
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in <t>mathematical</t> completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "mathematical" in the given context. The target lemma is "mathematical" and the surface form is "mathematical". The context is a passage about bell ringers, ending with a quote from Dorothy L. Sayers: "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." We need to choose the correct sense from five candidates.

Let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

In the context: "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection". The word "mathematical" modifies "completeness". The idea is that the passion finds satisfaction in completeness that is like that of mathematics, perhaps meaning precise, exact, flawless, or perfectly ordered. The ringers perform intricate ritual faultlessly. So "mathematical completeness" suggests a kind of exactness, precision, or perfection, similar to mathematical precision.

Looking at the senses:
- Sense 1: of or pertaining to mathematics. That would be literal, but here it's used metaphorically; completeness is not literally mathematical.
- Sense 2: relating to numerical ability. Not about numbers.
- Sense 3: beyond question. "Mathematical certainty" is an example. Does "mathematical completeness" mean absolute, unquestionable completeness? Possibly, but the focus is on the faultless performance, the exactness.
- Sense 4: statistically possible but improbable. Irrelevant.
- Sense 5: characterized by exactness or precision of mathematics. Example: "mathematical precision". This fits perfectly: completeness with mathematical precision/exactness.

Thus, sense 5 is the best match. "Mathematical precision" is the example, and "mathematical completeness" is analogous: completeness that is exact and precise like mathematics.

Now, we need to return a JSON object with the chosen index: {"sense_index": 5}.

provider: SiliconFlow


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: completeness
Target surface form: completeness
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical <t>completeness</t> and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=completeness%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being complete and entire; having everything that is needed
2. sense_key=completeness%1:07:00:: | definition=(logic) an attribute of a logical system that is so constituted that a contradiction arises if any proposition is introduced that cannot be derived from the axioms of the system

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "completeness" in the given context. The target sentence: Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." The senses are:

1. sense_key=completeness%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being complete and entire; having everything that is needed
2. sense_key=completeness%1:07:00:: | definition=(logic) an attribute of a logical system that is so constituted that a contradiction arises if any proposition is introduced that cannot be derived from the axioms of the system

We need to pick the best one. The context is about bell ringing, which involves precise timing and sequences (changes). "Mathematical completeness" likely refers to the idea of something being complete, whole, or perfectly ordered, not necessarily logical completeness. The phrase "mathematical completeness" in the context of change ringing suggests the intricate patterns that cycle through all possible permutations, achieving a complete set. The sense 1 fits: the state of being complete and entire, having everything needed. Sense 2 is a technical logic sense, which doesn't fit the context of bell ringing. So sense 1 is correct.

JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mechanical
Target surface form: mechanical
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and <t>mechanical</t> perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mechanical%3:00:00:: | definition=using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices | examples=a mechanical process; his smile was very mechanical
2. sense_key=mechanical%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or concerned with machinery or tools | synonyms=mechanically skillful | examples=mechanical arts; mechanical design
3. sense_key=mechanical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or governed by or in accordance with mechanics | examples=a belief that the universe is a mechanical contrivance; the mechanical pressure of a strong wind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "mechanical" in the context. The target word is "mechanical" in the phrase "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection" from a quote about bell ringing. The sentence describes skilled ringers performing intricate ritual faultlessly. The surrounding context describes the physical act of bell ringing, but the quote emphasizes the satisfaction from mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. The word "mechanical" here likely refers to something done with the precision or automaticity of a machine, or perhaps relating to physical skill. But let's examine the senses:

Sense 1: mechanical%3:00:00:: - using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices. Example: "a mechanical process; his smile was very mechanical". This sense often has a connotation of being automatic, lacking emotion, or done by rote. But in the context, "mechanical perfection" might imply perfection in the mechanical execution of the ringing, i.e., the precise, skilled movement. However, note that the quote pairs "mathematical completeness" with "mechanical perfection", suggesting a kind of precision and order.

Sense 2: mechanical%3:01:01:: - relating to or concerned with machinery or tools; mechanically skillful. Example: "mechanical arts; mechanical design". This sense is about the field of mechanics or skill with machinery. It might fit because bell ringing involves ropes and wheels, a mechanical system. But the phrase is "mechanical perfection", not directly about the art but the quality.

Sense 3: mechanical%3:01:00:: - relating to or governed by or in accordance with mechanics. Example: "a belief that the universe is a mechanical contrivance; the mechanical pressure of a strong wind". This sense refers to the principles of mechanics, physical forces, etc. It could apply to the physical act of ringing as governed by mechanics.

But the quote is about the passion finding satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. It suggests that the perfection is not just physical skill, but the precise, perhaps automatic, flawless execution of the ritual. The ringers are absorbed, using peripheral vision, timing pulls precisely. The description says "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing...". There is a mechanical aspect, but "mechanical perfection" might mean perfection in the mechanical operation, i.e., the machinery-like precision.

Often, "mechanical" in such contexts can mean "like a machine; automatic, precise". That would lean towards sense 1, which includes the example "his smile was very mechanical" implying an automatic, unemotional quality. However, here it's positive: perfection. The example for sense 1 includes "a mechanical process" which could be neutral.

But let's check the synonyms: Sense 1 has no synonyms listed. Sense 2 has "mechanically skillful". Sense 3 has none. The phrase "mechanical perfection" likely refers to the perfection of the mechanical action, i.e., the physical execution. Sense 3 is about relating to mechanics (the branch of physics). Sense 2 is about relating to machinery or tools, and mechanically skillful. Sense 1 is about using mechanisms or devices.

The context doesn't emphasize machinery per se, but the bells and ropes are a mechanical system. The perfection is about the faultless performance of intricate ritual. So it's the performance that is mechanically perfect. That aligns with sense 1: the process is mechanical, using tools (ropes) to achieve a result. But sense 2 could apply if we think of it as "mechanically skillful" — they are skilled ringers. However, the word modifying "perfection" is "mechanical", not "mechanically skillful perfection". That would be odd.

Consider the quote: "a passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." This contrasts with the idea that ringing is a passion with an intellectual and physical precision. The mathematical completeness refers to the patterns of changes, while mechanical perfection refers to the flawless physical execution. So "mechanical" here likely means "relating to the physical mechanism of the action" or "relating to machinery/tools". But is it about the tools or the process? The phrase "mechanical perfection" could be interpreted as perfection in the mechanical aspect (the physical movements, the use of the machinery). That might be closest to sense 3: governed by mechanics. But the example for sense 3 is "the mechanical pressure of a strong wind", which is about physical force. The example for sense 2 is "mechanical arts; mechanical design", which is about the skill and field. The example for sense 1 is "a mechanical process", which is about a process that uses mechanisms.

In this context, the ringers perform a ritual, which is a process. The ropes and bells are mechanisms. The perfection is in the process. The quote says "finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." So they derive satisfaction from the fact that the ringing is mathematically complete and mechanically perfect. So "mechanical" describes the perfection of the mechanism's operation. That seems like sense 1: using mechanisms or tools. The phrase "mechanical process" fits because ringing is a process involving tools. Sense 2 is more about the art or skill (mechanically skillful) — it would be odd to say "mechanical perfection" meaning "mechanically skillful perfection". Sense 3: governed by mechanics; but the mechanics here are the physical laws, not necessarily the human-operated machinery.

I think sense 1 is the best: using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices. The example "a mechanical process" aligns with the ritual.

Thus, I choose sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: perfection
Target surface form: perfection
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical <t>perfection</t>. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=perfection%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being without a flaw or defect | synonyms=flawlessness, ne plus ultra
2. sense_key=perfection%1:09:00:: | definition=an ideal instance; a perfect embodiment of a concept | synonyms=paragon, idol, beau ideal
3. sense_key=perfection%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of making something perfect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'" The target word is "perfection" in the phrase "mechanical perfection". We need to disambiguate between three senses.

Sense 1: state of being without a flaw or defect. Synonyms: flawlessness, ne plus ultra. This is an abstract state.

Sense 2: an ideal instance; a perfect embodiment of a concept. Synonyms: paragon, idol, beau ideal. This refers to a concrete example that embodies perfection.

Sense 3: the act of making something perfect. This is an action.

The context: "mechanical perfection" — here "mechanical" modifies "perfection". The phrase "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection" suggests it's a state or quality that the ringing achieves. Sayers describes it as a passion that finds satisfaction in completeness and perfection. It is about the quality of the performance, not an act of making something perfect, nor a specific instance that is a paragon. It is the state of being perfect mechanically. So sense 1 fits best: the state of being without a flaw or defect. Sense 3 is an act, but here it's a noun describing the result/state. Sense 2 would be a specific embodiment, but here it's not referring to a person or thing that embodies perfection, but the abstract quality. Therefore, I choose sense 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: Ringers
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "<t>Ringers</t>, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "ringers" in the given context. The target surface form is "Ringers" (with capital R, but it's part of the sentence: "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication...'" The context describes people who ring church bells. The whole passage is about bell ringing, ringers staring at ropes, skilled ringers using wrists, etc. The target word appears in a quote from Dorothy L. Sayers, describing ringers. So, clearly, the sense is about people who ring church bells.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. bell ringer, toller: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)
2. dead ringer, clone: a person almost identical to another
3. false contestant
4. horseshoe throw

Clearly, sense 1 is the correct one. So {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: added
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she <t>added</t>, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "add" and surface form "added" in a specific context. We need to choose the best WordNet sense from the six candidate senses provided. Let's analyze the context.

Context: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.' Ringers, she <t>added</t>, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"

Here, "added" is used in a quoting context: Dorothy L. Sayers is being quoted, and the author writes "Ringers, she added, are ..." This is a typical use of "added" meaning "said further" or "stated in addition to what was previously said." It's a discourse verb introducing additional speech.

Now, look at the candidate senses:

1. make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of. Example: "She added a personal note to her letter." This is about physically adding something to something else.

2. state or say further. Synonyms: append, supply. Example: `'It doesn't matter,' he supplied`. This fits perfectly: "she added" means she stated further.

3. bestow a quality on. Synonyms: lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring. Example: "The music added a lot to the play." This is about contributing a quality.

4. make an addition by combining numbers. Example: "Add 27 and 49, please!" Mathematical addition.

5. determine the sum of. Similar to 4.

6. constitute an addition. Example: "This paper will add to her reputation." This is about contributing to something abstract.

Clearly, sense 2 is the correct one: "state or say further." The context is someone speaking and adding more words.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: filled
Target surface form: filled
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "<t>filled</t> with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=filled%5:00:01:full:00 | definition=(usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with | examples=theirs was a house filled with laughter; a large hall filled with rows of desks
2. sense_key=filled%3:44:00:: | definition=of purchase orders that have been filled
3. sense_key=filled%5:00:00:occupied:00 | definition=(of time) taken up | examples=well-filled hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for the word "filled" in the given context. The target is "filled" and appears in the sentence: "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"

We have three candidate senses:
1. sense_key=filled%5:00:01:full:00 | definition=(usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with | examples=theirs was a house filled with laughter; a large hall filled with rows of desks
2. sense_key=filled%3:44:00:: | definition=of purchase orders that have been filled
3. sense_key=filled%5:00:00:occupied:00 | definition=(of time) taken up | examples=well-filled hours

We need to pick the one that best matches the usage in context.

The context is: "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication...'"

Sense 1: generously supplied with. This sense suggests being full of something, and is followed by 'with'. The example "a house filled with laughter" is very similar: "filled with" followed by an emotion-like noun. Here it's "filled with the solemn intoxication", which is a feeling. This fits well.

Sense 2: of purchase orders that have been filled. This is a commercial/transactional sense, not relevant.

Sense 3: (of time) taken up, as in "well-filled hours". This is about time being occupied, not about a person being filled with an emotion.

Thus sense 1 is the best match. The definition says "usually followed by `with'" and indeed it is. The example aligns with the usage.

So we return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: solemn
Target surface form: solemn
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the <t>solemn</t> intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=solemn%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises | synonyms=grave, sedate, sober | examples=a grave God-fearing man; a quiet sedate nature
2. sense_key=solemn%5:00:01:serious:00 | definition=characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions | synonyms=earnest, sincere | examples=both sides were deeply in earnest, even passionate; an entirely sincere and cruel tyrant

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "solemn" in the context: "... filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed." The sentence comes from a description of change ringing. The candidate senses:

1. dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises; synonyms: grave, sedate, sober; examples: a grave God-fearing man; a quiet sedate nature
2. characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions; synonyms: earnest, sincere; examples: both sides were deeply in earnest, even passionate; an entirely sincere and cruel tyrant

The phrase "solemn intoxication" is paradoxical: intoxication suggests excitement, but solemn suggests seriousness. Here, it's a "solemn intoxication" that comes from "intricate ritual faultlessly performed." So the intoxication is solemn, meaning it's a deep, serious, awe-inspiring feeling, not a lighthearted one. This matches sense 1: dignified and somber. Sense 2 is about firm belief in one's opinions, which doesn't fit the ritual context. The ringers are not expressing opinions; they are performing a ritual. "Solemn" here modifies "intoxication," describing the nature of the feeling. It's grave, earnest, perhaps ritualistic. Sense 1 fits best. Therefore, choose index 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: comes
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that <t>comes</t> of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "come", surface form "comes", and a context: a passage about bell ringing. The target appears in the phrase: "the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the 21 candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context. The phrase is "comes of" meaning "results from" or "arises from". It's similar to "the solemn intoxication that comes from intricate ritual faultlessly performed." The sense is that the solemn intoxication is a result or product of the intricate ritual. So the meaning is about causation or origin.

Look at the candidate senses:

1. move toward, travel toward (physical movement)
2. reach a destination; arrive (physical arrival)
3. come to pass; arrive, as in due course (happen, occur)
4. reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position (like "come to understand")
5. to be the product or result (synonyms: follow; examples: Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience)
6. be found or available (These shoes come in three colors)
7. come forth (A scream came from her mouth)
8. be a native of (hail from)
9. extend or reach (The sleeves come to your knuckles)
10. exist or occur in a certain point in a series (Next came the student)
11. cover a certain distance (She came a long way)
12. come under, be classified or included (fall into a category)
13. happen as a result (Nothing good will come of this)
14. add up in number or quantity (The bill came to $2,000)
15. develop into (nothing came of his plans)
16. be received (News came in)
17. come to one's mind; suggest itself (It occurred to me)
18. come from; be connected by blood (descend from)
19. proceed or get along (How is she doing?)
20. experience orgasm (not relevant)
21. have a certain priority (My family comes first)

The phrase "comes of" is key. It indicates a result or consequence. Sense 5 is "to be the product or result" with synonym "follow" and examples: "Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience." This matches well: the sober intoxication is a product/result of the ritual.

Sense 13: "happen as a result" with example "Nothing good will come of this." That also fits: "the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual" meaning the intoxication happens as a result. But note: sense 13's example uses "come of" directly. The definition is "happen as a result". Sense 5 is "to be the product or result". They are similar. Which is more precise?

Let's examine the exact wording: sense 5 sense_key=come%2:42:04::, definition "to be the product or result", example "Understanding comes from experience". Sense 13 sense_key=come%2:30:13::, definition "happen as a result", example "Nothing good will come of this". In our sentence, the phrase is "comes of" not "come of" but the same construction. The example for sense 13 exactly uses "come of". So that is a strong signal. Sense 5 uses "come from" which is similar but not identical. However, the WordNet entries might distinguish them: sense 5 is about something being a product (like melons from vine, understanding from experience), while sense 13 is about eventual outcome or result, often with a negative connotation? "Nothing good will come of this" implies a consequence. Our sentence: "the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed" is a positive outcome, describing a feeling that results from the activity. It's similar to "understanding comes from experience" (sense 5) and also "nothing good will come of this" (sense 13). Both could work.

But note: sense 13's example uses the exact preposition "of". So if there is a specific sense for "come of", that would be it. Sense 5 uses "come from". In many contexts, "come of" and "come from" can be synonymous, but WordNet might have separated them. Let's check the sense keys: come%2:42:04:: vs come%2:30:13::. The verb "come" has many senses. I should see which one is more likely given the gloss.

Sense 13 definition: "happen as a result". Sense 5 definition: "to be the product or result". The difference is subtle: sense 5 might be more about a thing being a product of something else, while sense 13 is about an event or situation happening as a result. In our sentence, "solemn intoxication" is a state or feeling that is the product/result of the ritual. It could be seen as a product. But "happen as a result" also works: the intoxication happens as a result of the ritual. However, "comes of" is a fixed phrase often used to mean "results from". The OED might have an entry for "come of" meaning "to be the consequence or result of". Given that sense 13 explicitly has the example with "come of", I'd lean towards 13.

But also look at sense 15: "develop into" with example "nothing came of his grandiose plans". That's also similar. However, sense 15 definition is "develop into", which is about development into something. The example "nothing came of his plans" means nothing developed from his plans, i.e., no result. But our sentence is not about development; it's about the immediate result, not a development over time.

Sense 4: "reach or enter a state" could be stretched, but it's more about reaching a state (come to a boil), not about causation.

So the most direct match is sense 13, with the exact preposition "of" in the example. Sense 5 is also relevant, but the example uses "come from". The prompt says to choose the best indexed sense. Given that sense 13 has "come of" example, I'll go with that.

Thus, sense_index is 13.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ritual
Target surface form: ritual
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate <t>ritual</t> faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ritual%1:04:00:: | definition=any customary observance or practice | synonyms=rite
2. sense_key=ritual%1:04:01:: | definition=the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies
3. sense_key=ritual%1:04:02:: | definition=stereotyped behavior

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "ritual" with surface form "ritual" in the given context. The context describes church bell ringing as a ritual. The sentence: "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed." The context talks about ringing as a "passion" and an "obsession," not strictly religious. The ritual is intricate, faultlessly performed, and gives solemn intoxication. The candidate senses:
1. any customary observance or practice (rite) - general sense.
2. the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies - specifically religious.
3. stereotyped behavior - a pattern of behavior that is performed automatically.

Given that it's church bells, there is a religious connection, but the description emphasizes the mathematical perfection and mechanical precision, not necessarily the religious ceremony. The ritual is the ringing itself, which is a customary practice. It might be religious because they are church bells, but the context says "ringing" as a passion, not necessarily a religious ceremony. The ringing might be performed in a church, but the description doesn't emphasize its role in religious ceremony; rather, it's about the intricate performance. "Solemn intoxication" suggests a formal, serious practice. Sense 1 is broad: any customary observance. Sense 2 is specifically religious. Sense 3 is stereotyped behavior, which might fit because it's done repeatedly, but "stereotyped behavior" often implies a lack of thought, while here it's intricate and faultlessly performed, requiring skill. So sense 1 seems most appropriate: a customary observance or practice, like a rite. The word "rite" is a synonym for sense 1. In context, "ritual" refers to the practice of change ringing, which is a customary practice, often associated with churches but not necessarily a religious ceremony. It might be part of a religious ceremony, but the text doesn't specify that it's part of a religious service; it's just ringing bells. So I'd go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: perform
Target surface form: performed
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly <t>performed</t>. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=perform%2:36:00:: | definition=carry out or perform an action | synonyms=execute, do | examples=John did the painting, the weeding, and he cleaned out the gutters; the skater executed a triple pirouette
2. sense_key=perform%2:41:02:: | definition=perform a function | examples=Who will perform the wedding?
3. sense_key=perform%2:36:01:: | definition=give a performance (of something) | examples=Horowitz is performing at Carnegie Hall tonight; We performed a popular Gilbert and Sullivan opera
4. sense_key=perform%2:41:00:: | definition=get (something) done | synonyms=do | examples=I did my job

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "perform" with surface form "performed" in context. The context is about church bell ringing. The sentence containing the target is: "...'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"

We need to choose the best indexed sense from four options. Let's analyze each:

Sense 1: perform%2:36:00:: definition="carry out or perform an action" synonyms=execute, do. Examples: "John did the painting, the weeding, and he cleaned out the gutters; the skater executed a triple pirouette" – This is a general sense of carrying out an action.

Sense 2: perform%2:41:02:: definition="perform a function" examples="Who will perform the wedding?" – This is more about fulfilling a role or function, often in a ceremony.

Sense 3: perform%2:36:01:: definition="give a performance (of something)" examples="Horowitz is performing at Carnegie Hall tonight; We performed a popular Gilbert and Sullivan opera" – This is about artistic performance, like music or theater.

Sense 4: perform%2:41:00:: definition="get (something) done" synonyms=do, examples="I did my job" – This is similar to sense 1, but emphasizes completing a task or job.

In the context, "intricate ritual faultlessly performed" refers to the ringing of bells as a ritual. The ringers are performing a complex set of actions (patterns of ringing) with precision. The phrase "ritual" suggests a ceremonial or routine action, but not necessarily an artistic performance for an audience. The bell ringing is described as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." It is more about carrying out a series of actions accurately.

Sense 1 is the most general: "carry out or perform an action". This fits well: the ritual is an action that is performed. The synonym "execute" also matches the precision aspect: they execute the intricate ritual.

Sense 2 ("perform a function") could also work, but the examples focus on specific ceremonial functions like a wedding. The ritual here is a function, but sense 1 is broader.

Sense 3 is specifically about giving a performance, like on stage. While bell ringing could be considered a performance, the context emphasizes the technical and ritualistic aspect, not a show for an audience. The quote mentions "mathematical completeness" not artistic expression.

Sense 4 is similar to 1, but "get (something) done" sounds more like completing a job. The ritual is being performed flawlessly, not just done.

The best fit is sense 1, as it directly covers carrying out an action (ritual) with precision. The example "the skater executed a triple pirouette" also involves a skilled, precise movement, similar to bell ringing.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does <t>become</t> a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "become", target surface form "become", and the context sentence: "Ringing does <t>become</t> a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden...

We need to choose the best WordNet sense from the four candidate senses provided.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
   This sense is about entering a state or condition, often with a complement. Example: "He became annoyed" – linking verb with an adjective. In our context, "become a bit of an obsession" – "a bit of an obsession" is a noun phrase, not an adjective. But "become" can also be used with noun phrases to indicate a change of state or role: "She became a doctor." So this sense could be applicable.

2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
   This sense also involves a change, but the examples show a transformation where something turns into something else. "Her former friend became her worst enemy" is similar to "become an obsession" – something changes into a different thing. However, note that "become" in sense 1 and sense 2 might overlap. WordNet separates them: sense 1 is "enter or assume a certain state or condition" which is often temporary or state-based, while sense 2 is "undergo a change or development" which might be more about transformation. The example "Her former friend became her worst enemy" could also fit sense 1? But the synonym "turn" suggests a transformation. In our context, ringing becomes an obsession – it's a change of state or classification. But is it more like "enter a state" (become annoyed) or "undergo a change" (turn into ice)? I'd say it's a bit of both, but we need to see which is more precise.

3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
   This is a very philosophical sense, meaning "to happen, to come into being." Example: "What becomes has duration" is about existence. It doesn't fit "become an obsession" which is not about coming into existence from nothing, but about turning into something.

4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!
   This sense means "to be suitable to, to look good on." "That dress becomes you." Clearly not fitting here.

So the choice is between sense 1 and sense 2. Let's look at the context: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," meaning it turns into an obsession, it develops into an obsession. The phrase "a bit of an obsession" is a noun phrase indicating a state or a role. WordNet's sense 1 is very broad: "enter or assume a certain state or condition." It can be used with adjectives ("became annoyed") or with noun phrases ("became a teacher"). Sense 2 is "undergo a change or development," with synonyms "turn" and example "Her former friend became her worst enemy." That example is structurally similar: "became her worst enemy" – noun phrase, transformation. But sense 1 also covers noun phrases: "He became a doctor" would be sense 1? I need to check typical WordNet assignments. In WordNet, "become" as a linking verb (copula) is generally sense 1. The example "He became annoyed" is clearly sense 1. "She became a doctor" is also sense 1? Actually, WordNet's sense 1 for "become" includes the entire synset with "go" and "get", and its definition is "enter or assume a certain state or condition". The example given in the prompt is "He became annoyed" and "It must be getting more serious". However, the synset might also include uses with nouns. I suspect that sense 1 is the most common and general sense for "become" as a copular verb meaning "to come to be". Sense 2, with synonym "turn", might be more about a transformation into something different, perhaps with a sense of development. But the line between them is fuzzy.

Let's examine the specific example for sense 2: "Her former friend became her worst enemy." That is exactly the same structure: [Subject] became [noun phrase]. So why is that listed under sense 2 instead of sense 1? Possibly because it implies a change in relationship/role that is more dynamic, whereas sense 1 is about entering a state. However, "become an obsession" also implies a change.

Looking at the WordNet hierarchy: sense 1 (become%2:30:00) is a verb of being/having/doing? The number 30 might indicate stative. Sense 2 (become%2:42:00) is change of state. Actually, WordNet lexicographer files: 30 is "verb.stative", 42 is "verb.change". So sense 1 is stative, sense 2 is change. "Become an obsession" is a change of state, not a stative description. The example "He became annoyed" is stative? Sometimes "become" can be stative when it means "to be appropriate" but that's sense 4. For sense 1, "become" as a stative verb? That might be for uses like "Mourning becomes Electra" which is actually sense 4. Wait, I'm mixing things. Let's check: sense 1 is "become%2:30:00", so "2" meaning verb, "30" is the lexicographer file for "stative" verbs. Stative verbs typically refer to states, not actions. But "become annoyed" is a change from not annoyed to annoyed – it's dynamic. So why is it under "stative"? Possibly because it describes the resulting state? I read that WordNet sometimes places verbs like "become" in "stative" when they are linking verbs. Sense 2 is "verb.change" (42), which is definitely about change. So the distinction might be that sense 1 is the copular, stative-like usage (entering a state), while sense 2 is more active change. But both involve change. However, in the examples given, "Her former friend became her worst enemy" is under sense 2, which is change. And "He became annoyed" is under sense 1, stative. That seems inconsistent because both involve a change. Maybe "become annoyed" is considered a state because "annoyed" describes a state, while "became her worst enemy" is a relational change. I'm not entirely sure.

Given that the target sentence is "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession", it's a noun phrase complement, indicating a transformation into an obsession. It is similar to "Her former friend became her worst enemy" (transformation) more than "He became annoyed" (state). So sense 2 seems more appropriate: it emphasizes the change/development aspect. Moreover, the synonym "turn" works: "Ringing does turn into a bit of an obsession" – yes. For sense 1, synonyms "go" and "get" don't fit as well: "Ringing goes/gets a bit of an obsession" is ungrammatical. That's a clue: sense 1 often pairs with adjectives, while sense 2 pairs with noun phrases indicating a new identity/role. The example for sense 2 explicitly uses a noun phrase "her worst enemy". So "become an obsession" is a noun phrase, fitting sense 2.

Thus, I'll choose sense 2.

So the answer is: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: obsession
Target surface form: obsession
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an <t>obsession</t>, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=obsession%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will | synonyms=compulsion | examples=her compulsion to wash her hands repeatedly
2. sense_key=obsession%1:09:00:: | definition=an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone | synonyms=fixation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden... The context talks about bell ringing as a passion that finds satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. It's described as a "passion" and "solemn intoxication." The target word is "obsession." We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will. Synonyms: compulsion. Example: her compulsion to wash her hands repeatedly.

Sense 2: an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone. Synonyms: fixations.

We need to choose the best sense. The context says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession." It is a passion, something that people are absorbed in. There's no indication of it being against one's will or performing trivial actions. It's more about a preoccupation with the activity. Sense 2 seems more fitting: an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation. Sense 1 focuses on repetitive actions, but the context emphasizes the intricate ritual and mathematical perfection, not just repetitive actions. The word "passion" and "satisfaction" suggest a strong interest, not necessarily against one's will. So sense 2 is better.

Thus, choose sense 2. Return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: admit
Target surface form: admits
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "<t>admits</t> Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=admit%2:32:00:: | definition=declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of | synonyms=acknowledge | examples=He admitted his errors; She acknowledged that she might have forgotten
2. sense_key=admit%2:41:01:: | definition=allow to enter; grant entry to | synonyms=allow in, let in, intromit | examples=We cannot admit non-members into our club building; This pipe admits air
3. sense_key=admit%2:41:00:: | definition=allow participation in or the right to be part of; permit to exercise the rights, functions, and responsibilities of | synonyms=let in, include | examples=admit someone to the profession; She was admitted to the New Jersey Bar
4. sense_key=admit%2:40:00:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, take, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
5. sense_key=admit%2:42:06:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=allow | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
6. sense_key=admit%2:42:00:: | definition=give access or entrance to | examples=The French doors admit onto the yard
7. sense_key=admit%2:42:04:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, hold | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
8. sense_key=admit%2:42:03:: | definition=serve as a means of entrance | examples=This ticket will admit one adult to the show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "admits" in the given context. The context is: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden... Here, "admits" means that Stephanie Pattenden is acknowledging or confessing that ringing becomes an obsession. It's used to report speech where she agrees with the statement. So the sense is about confessing or acknowledging something, often reluctantly or as a truth. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=admit%2:32:00:: | definition=declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of | synonyms=acknowledge | examples=He admitted his errors; She acknowledged that she might have forgotten

This fits perfectly: she admits (acknowledges) that ringing becomes an obsession.

2. allow to enter; grant entry – not relevant.
3. allow participation in – not relevant.
4. admit into a group – not relevant.
5. afford possibility – not the meaning; "admits of" is a different construction.
6. give access or entrance – not relevant.
7. have room for – not relevant.
8. serve as a means of entrance – not relevant.

Thus the best sense is index 1.

The instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: master
Target surface form: master
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, <t>master</t> of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=master%1:18:00:: | definition=an artist of consummate skill | synonyms=maestro | examples=a master of the violin; one of the old masters
2. sense_key=master%1:18:04:: | definition=a person who has general authority over others | synonyms=overlord, lord
3. sense_key=master%1:18:01:: | definition=a combatant who is able to defeat rivals | synonyms=victor, superior
4. sense_key=master%1:18:03:: | definition=directs the work of others
5. sense_key=master%1:18:06:: | definition=presiding officer of a school | synonyms=headmaster, schoolmaster
6. sense_key=master%1:06:00:: | definition=an original creation (i.e., an audio recording) from which copies can be made | synonyms=master copy, original
7. sense_key=master%1:18:07:: | definition=an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship | synonyms=captain, sea captain, skipper
8. sense_key=master%1:18:05:: | definition=someone who holds a master's degree from academic institution
9. sense_key=master%1:18:02:: | definition=an authority qualified to teach apprentices | synonyms=professional
10. sense_key=master%1:06:01:: | definition=key that secures entrance everywhere | synonyms=passkey, passe-partout, master key

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "master" in the given context. The context is about bell ringing. Stephanie Pattenden is called "master of the band at St. Mary Abbot". In this context, "master" refers to the person who leads or directs the band of ringers. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. an artist of consummate skill - not really, she is skilled, but "master of the band" is a title.
2. a person who has general authority over others - this could work, as she is in charge of the band.
3. a combatant who is able to defeat rivals - no.
4. directs the work of others - this fits well: she directs the band's ringing.
5. presiding officer of a school - no.
6. original creation - no.
7. officer who commands a ship - no.
8. someone with a master's degree - no.
9. an authority qualified to teach apprentices - possible but she is the master of the band, not necessarily teaching apprentices.
10. key that secures entrance - no.

Between sense 2 and sense 4: "master" as in "master of the band" is a specific title, often used in groups like bell ringers, choirs, etc., meaning the leader or director. Sense 4 says "directs the work of others" which is more specific to directing work, while sense 2 is more general authority. In this context, she is the person who directs the band's activities. Given the examples and synonyms, sense 4 seems best. But let's check: sense 4's definition is "directs the work of others" with no synonyms listed. However, sense 2 has synonyms "overlord, lord" which seem too grandiose for a bell ringing band. Sense 4 is more apt. I'll go with 4.

Thus, the answer is sense index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's <t>best</t> female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "best" and target surface form "best". The context: "...Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's <t>best</t> female ringers."

The candidate senses are listed, but the sense_index numbering is not explicitly provided. However, the list starts with 1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: etc. So we need to map each sense to its index as listed: 1 through 23.

We need to choose the correct sense for "best" in this context: "one of England's best female ringers." Here, "best" is used to indicate that she is among the most skilled female ringers. It is a superlative meaning "most good" in the sense of skill/excellence.

Let's examine the senses:

1. (superlative of 'good') having the most positive qualities: examples: the best film of the year; the best solution. This fits "best ringers" meaning the ringers with the most positive qualities (skill, in context). But note: "best ringers" might be read as "the best female ringers", i.e., the most skilled.

But wait, sense 10: adept%5:00:00:skilled:00: having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude; synonyms: adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful. This is a sense of "good", not "best". However, WordNet might not have a separate sense for "best" as "most skilled," because "best" is the superlative of "good" and the superlative form is often covered under the first sense (superlative of 'good'). So sense 1 is the general superlative sense. There's also sense 2: (comparative and superlative of 'well') wiser or more advantageous, which doesn't fit.

The phrase "best ringers" clearly means top ringers in terms of skill. So it's the superlative of "good" meaning "of the highest quality, excellence" etc. That is sense 1.

But check if any other sense is more specific. Sense 14 (good%5:00:00:opportune:00) is "most suitable or right for a particular purpose" - not quite. Sense 10 is a sense of "good" meaning skilled, but "best" is superlative, so sense 1 is the correct mapping because it directly says "superlative of 'good' having the most positive qualities" and it encompasses the idea of being the most skilled.

Thus, sense_index: 1.

The instructions: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: female
Target surface form: female
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best <t>female</t> ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=female%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop | examples=a female heir; female holly trees bear the berries
2. sense_key=female%5:00:02:feminine:01 | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to a woman | synonyms=distaff | examples=female sensitiveness; female suffrage
3. sense_key=female%5:00:01:female:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls | examples=the female lead in the play; a female chorus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "female" and its surface form "female" in context. The context is about bell ringing, specifically mentioning Stephanie Pattenden as "one of England's best female ringers". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the three candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=female%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop | examples=a female heir; female holly trees bear the berries
2. sense_key=female%5:00:02:feminine:01 | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to a woman | synonyms=distaff | examples=female sensitiveness; female suffrage
3. sense_key=female%5:00:01:female:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls | examples=the female lead in the play; a female chorus

In the context: "one of England's best female ringers". This means she is one of the best ringers who are female. It's classifying her as a female ringer, i.e., a ringer who is a woman or girl. It's not about biological sex producing ova (sense 1) in this context directly, though obviously that's the underlying biological category, but the phrase "female ringers" uses "female" as an adjective describing the category of ringers. Sense 3 says "for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls", which fits perfectly: a female ringer is a ringer pertaining to women. Sense 2 is "characteristic of or peculiar to a woman", which might be used in "female sensitiveness", but here it's simply denoting that she is a woman who rings. So sense 3 is the most appropriate. Sense 1 is the biological sex, but in this adjectival use, it's more about the category of women. Actually, sense 1 is the main sense for "female" as an adjective meaning "being the sex...", and could also apply: a female ringer is a ringer of the female sex. But the gloss for sense 1 says "being the sex...", and the examples are "a female heir" (a heir who is female), "female holly trees bear the berries" (trees of the female sex). So sense 1 also works. However, sense 3 is specifically "for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls", which is essentially the same but with a different sense key. Looking at the gloss, sense 1 is "being the sex...", while sense 3 is "for or pertaining to... women or girls". In many contexts, "female" as an adjective just means "of the female sex". The distinction might be that sense 1 is the primary biological attribute, while sense 3 is more about grouping or association. But in "female ringers", it's simply indicating the sex of the ringers. I'd lean towards sense 1 because it's the basic adjectival sense: being the sex that produces ova. But wait, the WordNet sense indices are: 1 is female%3:00:00:: (adjective, presumably the main sense), 2 is female%5:00:02:feminine:01 (a satellite of feminine? It says characteristic of or peculiar to a woman, synonyms distaff?), 3 is female%5:00:01:female:00 (pertaining to women or girls). According to WordNet, sense 1 is the core biological adjective, sense 3 is a derived sense "for or pertaining to women", which might be used in phrases like "female chorus". The example "the female lead in the play" means the lead that is a woman. In our phrase "female ringers", it's exactly the same structure: ringers who are women. So both sense 1 and sense 3 could apply. We need to choose the single best indexed sense. Let's examine the definitions: sense 1 emphasizes the biological sex, sense 3 emphasizes the group/pertaining to women. In typical usage, "female ringers" would be considered an example of sense 1, as "female" directly modifies a noun to indicate sex. But the examples given for sense 3 are "the female lead in the play; a female chorus", which are exactly akin to "female ringers". Meanwhile, sense 1 examples: "a female heir; female holly trees bear the berries" – "female heir" is similar. So both share examples. Perhaps the distinction is that sense 1 is the broader, primary sense, and sense 3 is a derived sense for contexts where it's used as a noun modifier meaning "consisting of women". However, the WordNet indexing: sense 1: female%3:00:00:: (adjective, probably the primary sense). Senses with %5 are satellite adjectives? Actually, in WordNet, the format is: lemma%lexical_domain:??:??:??. I'm not fully sure. But the instruction says: "Choose the single best indexed sense." So we need to pick one index. Given that sense 1 is the primary definition, it might be the intended one. However, let's see if there's any nuance. In the sentence, "one of England's best female ringers", it's simply stating she is a female who is a ringer. It's not about "characteristic of a woman" (sense 2). So sense 2 is out. Between 1 and 3, I'd argue that sense 1 is the most direct: being the sex that produces ova. That's the fundamental meaning of female. Sense 3 is a specific usage, but WordNet often has satellite senses. The instruction says: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." We should look at the examples. Sense 1: "a female heir" – similar to "female ringer". Sense 3: "the female lead in the play; a female chorus" – also similar. But notice that sense 3's definition says "for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls". The phrase "female ringer" means a ringer who is a woman, which is "pertaining to women". Could also be "being the sex". But if we consider that sense 1 might be restricted to biological contexts? Not necessarily. The examples include "female heir" which is a person. So both work. However, the WordNet sense index for the primary sense is likely 1. In many WSD tasks, the primary sense is often the correct one for generic contexts. I'll check if there's any reason to prefer sense 3: maybe sense 1 is labeled as a noun? Wait, the sense_key: female%3:00:00:: – the 3 might indicate adjective? WordNet uses 1 for noun, 3 for adjective, 5 for satellite adjective? Actually, I recall that WordNet sense keys have an integer indicating the part of speech: 1 for noun, 2 for verb, 3 for adjective, 4 for adverb, 5 for satellite adjective? No, the standard format is: word%pos:source:lexical_id:sense_pos. pos: 1=noun, 2=verb, 3=adjective, 4=adverb, 5=adjective satellite? Usually satellite adjectives are 5. So female%3 means adjective, female%5 means satellite adjective. Sense 1 is female%3:00:00:: – adjective, primary sense. Sense 2 is female%5:00:02:feminine:01 – satellite of feminine? Sense 3 is female%5:00:01:female:00 – satellite of female? That means sense 1 is the head adjective, and senses 2 and 3 are satellite senses. In WordNet, satellite adjectives are often more specific or relational. So sense 3 is a satellite adjective "for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls", derived from the main adjective. The main adjective "female" (sense 1) covers all instances of being the sex. Therefore, for "female ringers", both could apply, but maybe the satellite is used when it's more about grouping. However, the difference is subtle. I'll lean towards sense 1 because it's the core meaning, and the satellite sense 3 seems redundant. But in the examples given for sense 3: "the female lead in the play", that's exactly like "female ringers". If I had to map it to a dictionary, "female lead" would just be the adjective female meaning "of the female sex". I think the safest choice is sense 1, as it is the primary adjective sense.

Let's examine the synonyms and other info: For sense 2, synonyms=distaff, examples "female sensitiveness; female suffrage". That is about qualities characteristic of women, not simply denoting that someone is a woman. Sense 3 has no synonyms, just definition. In our context, it's not about a quality peculiar to women, it's simply stating she is a female ringer. So it's either 1 or 3. Could there be a nuance that "female" in "female ringers" might be seen as "pertaining to women" (the category) rather than strictly biological? But generally, in such contexts, it's biological. Many WSD tasks would assign sense 1 as the default. I'll go with sense 1.

But let's be careful: The instruction says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense." So I'll pick 1.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female <t>ringers</t>. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "ringers" in the context. The context is about church bell ringing: it mentions ringers staring ahead, using peripheral vision to watch ropes, bells in the belfry, skilled ringers using wrists, and quotes Dorothy L. Sayers describing ringing as a passion. The target is "ringers" at the end: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female <t>ringers</t>." So clearly, "ringers" refers to people who ring church bells. The appropriate sense is the one defined as "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms "toller, bell ringer". That is sense index 1. So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.