attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: art
Target surface form: art
Context:
The <t>art</t> of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=art%1:06:00:: | definition=the products of human creativity; works of art collectively | synonyms=fine art | examples=an art exhibition; a fine collection of art
2. sense_key=art%1:04:00:: | definition=the creation of beautiful or significant things | synonyms=artistic creation, artistic production | examples=art does not need to be innovative to be good; I was never any good at art
3. sense_key=art%1:09:00:: | definition=a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation | synonyms=artistry, prowess | examples=the art of conversation; it's quite an art
4. sense_key=art%1:10:00:: | definition=photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication | synonyms=artwork, graphics, nontextual matter | examples=the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "art" in the given context: "The <t>art</t> of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world." Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors"

We have four candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples:

1. sense_key=art%1:06:00:: | definition: the products of human creativity; works of art collectively | synonyms=fine art | examples: an art exhibition; a fine collection of art
2. sense_key=art%1:04:00:: | definition: the creation of beautiful or significant things | synonyms=artistic creation, artistic production | examples: art does not need to be innovative to be good; I was never any good at art
3. sense_key=art%1:09:00:: | definition: a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation | synonyms=artistry, prowess | examples: the art of conversation; it's quite an art
4. sense_key=art%1:10:00:: | definition: photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication | synonyms=artwork, graphics, nontextual matter | examples: the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book

The context is "the art of change-ringing". "Change-ringing" refers to the practice of ringing a set of tuned bells in a precise sequence, which is a skill-based activity. The phrase "the art of ..." typically refers to a skill or craft that requires practice and study. Sense 3 fits perfectly: "a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation" with examples "the art of conversation; it's quite an art". The other senses don't match: sense 1 is about art as a collection of works (exhibition), sense 2 is about the process of creating art, sense 4 is about graphics in publications. Here, "art" clearly refers to the skill of change-ringing. So the best sense is sense 3.

Answer: {"sense_index": 3}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: NextBit

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: peculiar
Target surface form: peculiar
Context:
The art of change-ringing is <t>peculiar</t> to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=beyond or deviating from the usual or expected | synonyms=curious, funny, odd, queer, rum, rummy | examples=a curious hybrid accent; her speech has a funny twang
2. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:specific:00 | definition=unique or specific to a person or thing or category | synonyms=particular, special | examples=the particular demands of the job; has a particular preference for Chinese art
3. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:unusual:00 | definition=markedly different from the usual; ; -Virginia Woolf | examples=a peculiar hobby of stuffing and mounting bats; a man...feels it a peculiar insult to be taunted with cowardice by a woman
4. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:characteristic:00 | definition=characteristic of one only; distinctive or special; - R.B.Taney | examples=the peculiar character of the Government of the U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "peculiar" in the given context. The context is: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world." Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the four candidates.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=beyond or deviating from the usual or expected | synonyms=curious, funny, odd, queer, rum, rummy | examples=a curious hybrid accent; her speech has a funny twang
   This sense means strange or odd. In the context, "peculiar to the English" does not mean strange to the English; it means specific or exclusive to them.

2. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:specific:00 | definition=unique or specific to a person or thing or category | synonyms=particular, special | examples=the particular demands of the job; has a particular preference for Chinese art
   This sense means "unique or specific to". The phrase "peculiar to" is often used to indicate something that is characteristic or limited to a particular group. Here, "peculiar to the English" means the art of change-ringing is specific or unique to the English. This matches perfectly.

3. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:unusual:00 | definition=markedly different from the usual; ; -Virginia Woolf | examples=a peculiar hobby of stuffing and mounting bats; a man...feels it a peculiar insult to be taunted with cowardice by a woman
   This sense also means unusual or different from the usual. Again, the context is about belonging specifically to the English, not about being unusual.

4. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:characteristic:00 | definition=characteristic of one only; distinctive or special; - R.B.Taney | examples=the peculiar character of the Government of the U.S.
   This sense means characteristic of one only. This is also very close. It says "characteristic of one only; distinctive or special". The example: "the peculiar character of the Government of the U.S." implies something distinctive to the U.S. So this sense might also fit "peculiar to the English". However, we need to differentiate between sense 2 and sense 4. Sense 2 specifically says "unique or specific to a person or thing or category", with synonyms "particular, special". Sense 4 says "characteristic of one only; distinctive or special". They are similar. But note the prepositions: sense 2 examples don't use "to", but the definition says "unique or specific to". Sense 4 example: "the peculiar character of the Government of the U.S." uses "of", not "to". The phrase "peculiar to" is a fixed expression meaning "belonging exclusively to". In WordNet, the sense "peculiar to" is often captured by sense 2. Also, the first sense was "strange", and the second is "specific to". In many dictionaries, "peculiar to" is defined as "characteristic of only one person, group, or thing". Looking at the candidate senses, sense 2 explicitly says "unique or specific to a person or thing or category", which aligns perfectly with "peculiar to". Sense 4 says "characteristic of one only", which is also plausible, but the example given is "the peculiar character of the Government of the U.S." where "peculiar" modifies "character", not directly linked with "to". In the sentence, we have "peculiar to the English", so the preposition "to" is key. Sense 2 is more about the pattern "peculiar to". Moreover, the synonyms for sense 2 are "particular, special", and we often say "particular to" or "special to", but "peculiar to" is a direct match. Sense 4's synonyms are not given, just the definition. Given that WordNet organizes these closely, we need to choose the one that best matches the syntactic and semantic context. The phrase "is peculiar to" is a predicate adjective followed by "to", indicating belonging. Sense 2 is defined as "unique or specific to", which exactly captures that. So I'll go with sense 2.

Thus, the answer is sense 2. Return JSON: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the <t>English</t>, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "English" in the sentence: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world." by Dorothy L. Sayers. The target word is "English" as surface form, but it is used as a noun? Let's check: "the English" refers to the people of England, like the English people. Also "English peculiarities" refers to the peculiarities of the English people. The context says change-ringing is an art peculiar to the English (the people). So this is likely sense 2: the people of England. The other senses: language (1), discipline (3), sports term (4). None fit. So the answer is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like <t>most</t> English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%3:00:02:: | definition=(superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number | examples=who has the most apples?; most people like eggs
2. sense_key=most%3:00:01:: | definition=the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree | examples=made the most money he could; what attracts the most attention?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "most" in the sentence: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world." We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=most%3:00:02:: (superlative of 'many' used with count nouns) meaning the greatest in number. Example: "most people like eggs."
2. sense_key=most%3:00:01:: (superlative of 'much' used with mass nouns) meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree. Example: "what attracts the most attention?"

The target word is "most" and it modifies "English peculiarities". "Peculiarities" is a count noun (plural). So we need to determine whether "most" here means "greatest in number" (sense 1) or "greatest in amount/degree" (sense 2). Since "peculiarities" is a count noun, "most" is the superlative of "many", indicating the largest number of peculiarities. The phrase "like most English peculiarities" means "like the majority of English peculiarities" which is a quantifier over count entities. Therefore, sense 1 is appropriate. Sense 2 is for mass nouns (e.g., "most money", "most attention"), where you can't count individual items. So the correct sense is the first one.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most <t>English</t> peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense. The target word is "English" in the context: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world." Note that the first occurrence is "the English" (noun phrase meaning the people of England) and the second is "English" as an adjective modifying "peculiarities". The candidate senses are both adjectives: one relating to England or its culture/people, and one relating to the English language. The context is clearly about something peculiar to the English people, not the language. The art of change-ringing is a peculiarity of the English people. So the sense refers to the people/culture, not the language. Sense 1 fits. Thus, sense_index is 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: peculiarity
Target surface form: peculiarities
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English <t>peculiarities</t>, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=peculiarity%1:09:00:: | definition=an odd or unusual characteristic | synonyms=distinctive feature, distinguishing characteristic
2. sense_key=peculiarity%1:07:02:: | definition=a distinguishing trait | synonyms=specialness, specialty, speciality, distinctiveness
3. sense_key=peculiarity%1:06:00:: | definition=something unusual -- perhaps worthy of collecting | synonyms=curio, curiosity, oddity, oddment, rarity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "peculiarity" and the surface form "peculiarities" in the sentence: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English <t>peculiarities</t>, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

The target is marked as <t>peculiarities</t>. We need to choose the best sense among three candidates.

Let's analyze the context: The sentence says "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world." Here "peculiarities" refers to things that are peculiar to the English, i.e., distinctive characteristics of the English. The phrase "like most English peculiarities" suggests that the English have many peculiar traits, and change-ringing is one of them. So it's a distinguishing trait or characteristic of the English people. That aligns with sense 2: "a distinguishing trait" (synonyms: specialness, specialty, speciality, distinctiveness). Sense 2 specifically says "a distinguishing trait", which fits perfectly: English peculiarities are traits that distinguish the English. Sense 1 says "an odd or unusual characteristic", but the emphasis in context is on being distinctive to the English, not necessarily odd or unusual (though it could be, but the core is distinctiveness). Sense 3 is about something unusual worthy of collecting, which is less likely here. In fact, the sentence uses "peculiar to" just before, meaning "belonging exclusively to", so it's about distinctiveness. Therefore, sense 2 is the best.

Check synonyms: sense 2 has "specialness, specialty, speciality, distinctiveness". "Distinctiveness" fits the "peculiar to" concept.

Thus, the answer is sense index 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unintelligible
Target surface form: unintelligible
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, <t>unintelligible</t> to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unintelligible%3:00:00:: | definition=poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise | examples=unintelligible speech
2. sense_key=unintelligible%5:00:00:incomprehensible:00 | definition=not clearly understood or expressed | synonyms=opaque

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "unintelligible" in the given context. We have two candidate senses. Need to choose the best one.

Context: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world." This implies that the art of change-ringing is something that the rest of the world cannot understand. It's not about speech articulation or noise; it's about being incomprehensible, not understood. Sense 2 says "not clearly understood or expressed" which fits. Sense 1 is about poor articulation or noise, which doesn't fit here.

Thus, sense index 2 is best.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rest
Target surface form: rest
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the <t>rest</t> of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rest%1:24:00:: | definition=something left after other parts have been taken away | synonyms=remainder, balance, residual, residue, residuum | examples=there was no remainder; he threw away the rest
2. sense_key=rest%1:04:00:: | definition=freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility) | synonyms=ease, repose, relaxation | examples=took his repose by the swimming pool
3. sense_key=rest%1:28:00:: | definition=a pause for relaxation | synonyms=respite, relief, rest period | examples=people actually accomplish more when they take time for short rests
4. sense_key=rest%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of inaction | examples=a body will continue in a state of rest until acted upon
5. sense_key=rest%1:26:01:: | definition=euphemisms for death (based on an analogy between lying in a bed and in a tomb) | synonyms=eternal rest, sleep, eternal sleep, quietus | examples=she was laid to rest beside her husband; they had to put their family pet to sleep
6. sense_key=rest%1:06:00:: | definition=a support on which things can be put | examples=the gun was steadied on a special rest
7. sense_key=rest%1:10:00:: | definition=a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "rest" and the context: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world." This is from Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors". The phrase "the rest of the world" is a common expression meaning "the remaining part of the world". The sense we need is "something left after other parts have been taken away", which is sense 1: remainder, balance, residual, etc. The example "there was no remainder; he threw away the rest" matches. So the best indexed sense is 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the <t>world</t>. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "world" in the sentence: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world." by Dorothy L. Sayers.

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list.

Let's analyze the context. The sentence says that the art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and like most English peculiarities, it is unintelligible to the rest of the world. Here, "the rest of the world" means the people or countries outside England. It refers to people in general, not the physical planet, not the universe, not a domain of shared interest specifically, but broadly "people in general" or "all other people/nations".

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. everything that exists anywhere (universe) - No, not about the universe.
2. people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest (domain) - Example: "the Western world". Here, "the rest of the world" could be seen as a domain, but the context is about unintelligibility to people outside England. The phrase "the rest of the world" often contrasts with a specific group, but it's not necessarily a "distinctive group with some shared interest" like "the Western world". It's more general: everyone else.
3. all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you (reality) - No.
4. the 3rd planet from the sun (Earth) - No, not literally the planet.
5. people in general considered as a whole (populace, public) - "he is a hero in the eyes of the public". This sense fits well: "unintelligible to the rest of the world" means unintelligible to all other people, the general populace outside England.
6. a part of the earth that can be considered separately - No.
7. concerns of this life vs. heaven - No.
8. all of the living human inhabitants of the earth (human race, humanity) - This also could work: "all the world loves a lover" means all people. "unintelligible to the rest of humanity" has a similar meaning. But sense 5 is "people in general considered as a whole" and sense 8 is "all living human inhabitants". They are very close. The phrase "the rest of the world" typically refers to the people in the rest of the world, not necessarily the entire human race, just those outside a particular group. Sense 5 seems more appropriate because it's "people in general" and "populace, public", which is often used in such contrasts (e.g., the British vs. the rest of the world). Sense 8 is more about the species as a whole, often used in grand statements about humanity. Here, it's a contrast between a specific group (the English) and everyone else, so sense 2 ("people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest") might also fit because "the rest of the world" is a kind of domain? But sense 2's example is "the Western world", which is a specific cultural/political group. "The rest of the world" is not a distinctive group with a shared interest; it's just all others. So sense 5 seems the best: people in general considered as a whole. The Oxford dictionary might list this as "the inhabitants of the earth, or a part of them" but WordNet splits them. Let's examine the glosses carefully.

Sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" - example "the Western world". So it's for when "world" refers to a particular sphere or domain of people. Here, "the rest of the world" is not a domain with a shared interest; it's simply those not belonging to the English. So it's less specific than a domain.

Sense 5: "people in general considered as a whole" - example: "he is a hero in the eyes of the public". This fits perfectly: "unintelligible to the rest of the world" means unintelligible to the general public outside England.

Sense 8: "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth" - example: "all the world loves a lover". This is more about the entire human race globally. Here, the contrast is "the English" vs. "the rest of the world", so it's not necessarily every single human, but all non-English people. It's a collective group of people. Sense 5 is more about the populace in general. I think sense 5 is the best.

Thus, I choose sense index 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scene
Target surface form: scenes
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all <t>scenes</t> that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scene%1:15:00:: | definition=the place where some action occurs | examples=the police returned to the scene of the crime
2. sense_key=scene%1:11:00:: | definition=an incident (real or imaginary) | examples=their parting was a sad scene
3. sense_key=scene%1:09:00:: | definition=the visual percept of a region | synonyms=view, aspect, prospect, vista, panorama | examples=the most desirable feature of the park are the beautiful views
4. sense_key=scene%1:10:01:: | definition=a consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film | synonyms=shot
5. sense_key=scene%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=picture | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
6. sense_key=scene%1:10:00:: | definition=a subdivision of an act of a play | examples=the first act has three scenes
7. sense_key=scene%1:26:01:: | definition=a display of bad temper | synonyms=fit, tantrum, conniption | examples=he had a fit; she threw a tantrum
8. sense_key=scene%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept | synonyms=view | examples=he painted scenes from everyday life; figure 2 shows photographic and schematic views of the equipment
9. sense_key=scene%1:15:01:: | definition=the context and environment in which something is set | synonyms=setting | examples=the perfect setting for a ghost story
10. sense_key=scene%1:06:00:: | definition=the painted structures of a stage set that are intended to suggest a particular locale | synonyms=scenery | examples=they worked all night painting the scenery

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "scene" and surface form "scenes" in context. The context: "Of all <t>scenes</t> that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

We need to choose the best sense from the list. The target is "scenes" in the phrase "Of all scenes that evoke rural England". Here, "scenes" likely refers to visual scenes or views that evoke rural England. The description then paints a picture of a church, fields, etc. It's a visual percept of a region. Let's examine the candidates:

1. scene%1:15:00:: "the place where some action occurs" – This is about a location of an action, like crime scene. Not fitting.

2. scene%1:11:00:: "an incident (real or imaginary)" – Their parting was a sad scene. An event or incident. Not exactly evocative of a visual scene.

3. scene%1:09:00:: "the visual percept of a region" – synonyms: view, aspect, prospect, vista, panorama. Example: the most desirable feature of the park are the beautiful views. This fits perfectly: "scenes that evoke rural England" – like a view of rural England.

4. scene%1:10:01:: "a consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film" – Film scenes. Not applicable.

5. scene%1:26:00:: "a situation treated as an observable object" – synonyms: picture. Example: the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England... This could maybe fit: "scenes that evoke rural England" could be a situation or picture. But it says "situation treated as an observable object", more abstract: "the religious scene in England" means the overall situation. Here it's "scenes" plural, and it evokes rural England, specifically a visual image (church, fields). Probably more about visual percept.

6. scene%1:10:00:: "a subdivision of an act of a play" – Not.

7. scene%1:26:01:: "a display of bad temper" – No.

8. scene%1:06:01:: "graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept" – Synonyms: view. Example: he painted scenes from everyday life. This is about art representations. Here we are talking about actual scenes that evoke rural England, not necessarily paintings. The context describes a real scene: a stone church, fields, bells. So it's the actual visual percept, not a representation.

9. scene%1:15:01:: "the context and environment in which something is set" – synonyms: setting. Example: the perfect setting for a ghost story. A setting for something. Not quite: it's not a setting for an event, but the scene itself is the evocative thing.

10. scene%1:06:00:: "the painted structures of a stage set..." – Scenery. Not.

So the best fit is sense 3: visual percept of a region (view, vista, panorama). The phrase "scenes that evoke rural England" clearly refers to picturesque views of rural England. The description following is exactly that. So index 3.

Now return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evoke
Target surface form: evoke
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that <t>evoke</t> rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evoke%2:37:00:: | definition=call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) | synonyms=arouse, elicit, enkindle, kindle, fire, raise | examples=arouse pity; raise a smile
2. sense_key=evoke%2:36:00:: | definition=evoke or provoke to appear or occur | synonyms=provoke, call forth, kick up | examples=Her behavior provoked a quarrel between the couple
3. sense_key=evoke%2:36:01:: | definition=deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning) | synonyms=educe, elicit, extract, draw out | examples=We drew out some interesting linguistic data from the native informant
4. sense_key=evoke%2:36:02:: | definition=summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic | synonyms=raise, conjure, conjure up, invoke, stir, call down | examples=raise the specter of unemployment; he conjured wild birds in the air
5. sense_key=evoke%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=suggest, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to identify the best sense for the word "evoke" in the context: "Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong." We need to match to one of the five candidate senses. The target is "evoke" as a verb. The senses:

1. call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) | synonyms: arouse, elicit, enkindle, kindle, fire, raise | examples: arouse pity; raise a smile
2. evoke or provoke to appear or occur | synonyms: provoke, call forth, kick up | examples: Her behavior provoked a quarrel
3. deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning) | synonyms: educe, elicit, extract, draw out | examples: We drew out some interesting linguistic data
4. summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic | synonyms: raise, conjure, conjure up, invoke, stir, call down | examples: raise the specter of unemployment; he conjured wild birds
5. call to mind | synonyms: suggest, paint a picture | examples: this remark evoked sadness

In the context, "scenes that evoke rural England" means that these scenes bring to mind, or suggest, an image of rural England. The sense is about evoking a concept or image, not necessarily emotions specifically. "Call to mind" fits perfectly: the scenes suggest or paint a picture of rural England. Sense 5's definition is "call to mind" with synonyms "suggest, paint a picture". Example: "this remark evoked sadness" is similar. So sense 5 is the best fit.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lovely
Target surface form: loveliest
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the <t>loveliest</t>: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lovely%5:00:00:beautiful:00 | definition=appealing to the emotions as well as the eye
2. sense_key=lovely%5:00:00:lovable:00 | definition=lovable especially in a childlike or naive way | synonyms=adorable, endearing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "loveliest" in the given context. The target lemma is "lovely", and the context is describing a rural English scene: an ancient stone church, fields, bells, parishioners chatting. The sentence: "Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have."

We have two candidate senses:
1. lovely%5:00:00:beautiful:00 | definition=appealing to the emotions as well as the eye
2. lovely%5:00:00:lovable:00 | definition=lovable especially in a childlike or naive way | synonyms=adorable, endearing

We must pick the single best indexed sense. The context describes a scene that is visually and emotionally appealing: an ancient stone church, fields, bells, evensong. This is a picturesque, beautiful scene. It's "lovely" in the sense of being beautiful and emotionally appealing. The second sense is about being lovable in a childlike or naive way, which doesn't fit the description of a rural church scene. The scene isn't childlike or naive, nor are we talking about a person being adorable or endearing. So sense 1 fits perfectly.

Thus, we choose sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ancient
Target surface form: ancient
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An <t>ancient</t> stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire | examples=ancient history; ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians
2. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=very old | examples=an ancient mariner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "ancient" and a context. The context is: "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An <t>ancient</t> stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

We need to choose between two senses:
1. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire | examples=ancient history; ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians
2. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=very old | examples=an ancient mariner

The context describes an ancient stone church. The church is not necessarily from before the fall of the Western Roman Empire; it's just very old. The phrase "ancient stone church" likely means a church that is very old, not necessarily from antiquity. The example for sense 2 is "an ancient mariner", which implies a very old person, not necessarily from ancient times. Sense 1 is specifically about historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire, typically referring to ancient civilizations. A church in England is more likely medieval, but could be older. However, "ancient" here is used in the common sense of "very old," not the technical historical sense. So sense 2 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer is sense 2. The output should be a JSON object like {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stone
Target surface form: stone
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient <t>stone</t> church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stone%1:17:00:: | definition=a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter | synonyms=rock | examples=he threw a rock at me
2. sense_key=stone%1:06:00:: | definition=building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose | examples=he wanted a special stone to mark the site
3. sense_key=stone%1:27:00:: | definition=material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust | synonyms=rock | examples=that mountain is solid rock; stone is abundant in New England and there are many quarries
4. sense_key=stone%1:27:01:: | definition=a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry | synonyms=gem, gemstone | examples=he had the gem set in a ring for his wife; she had jewels made of all the rarest stones
5. sense_key=stone%1:23:00:: | definition=an avoirdupois unit used to measure the weight of a human body; equal to 14 pounds | examples=a heavy chap who must have weighed more than twenty stone
6. sense_key=stone%1:20:00:: | definition=the hard inner (usually woody) layer of the pericarp of some fruits (as peaches or plums or cherries or olives) that contains the seed | synonyms=pit, endocarp | examples=you should remove the stones from prunes before cooking
7. sense_key=stone%1:18:05:: | definition=United States jurist who was named chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt (1872-1946) | synonyms=Harlan Stone, Harlan F. Stone, Harlan Fisk Stone
8. sense_key=stone%1:18:04:: | definition=United States filmmaker (born in 1946) | synonyms=Oliver Stone
9. sense_key=stone%1:18:03:: | definition=United States feminist and suffragist (1818-1893) | synonyms=Lucy Stone
10. sense_key=stone%1:18:02:: | definition=United States journalist who advocated liberal causes (1907-1989) | synonyms=I. F. Stone, Isidor Feinstein Stone
11. sense_key=stone%1:18:01:: | definition=United States jurist who served on the United States Supreme Court as chief justice (1872-1946) | synonyms=Harlan Fiske Stone
12. sense_key=stone%1:18:00:: | definition=United States architect (1902-1978) | synonyms=Edward Durell Stone
13. sense_key=stone%1:07:00:: | definition=a lack of feeling or expression or movement | examples=he must have a heart of stone; her face was as hard as stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate "stone" in the sentence: "An ancient <t>stone</t> church stands amid the fields..." The word "stone" here is used as an adjective? Actually it's a noun modifier: "stone church" meaning a church made of stone. The word "stone" in this compound noun refers to the building material. So we are looking for the sense related to building material, or consolidated mineral matter, or rock. Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=stone%1:17:00:: definition=a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter | synonyms=rock | examples=he threw a rock at me. This is a general sense of a piece of rock, a stone you can throw. Not quite fitting for a building material description; it's more a piece of rock.

2. sense_key=stone%1:06:00:: definition=building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose | examples=he wanted a special stone to mark the site. This is specifically about stone as a building material, a shaped piece for a purpose. In the context of "stone church", it's the material stone. This seems very close. The example "he wanted a special stone to mark the site" is about a stone used for a memorial or marker; it's a shaped piece of rock. The church is made of stone (material). So this sense (stone%1:06:00::) is about building material consisting of a piece of rock. However, note that "stone church" might be more about the material generally, not necessarily a single shaped piece. But it's still the building material sense. Alternatively, there is sense 3: material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust, rock. That's more general: "stone is abundant in New England". Could be used for the material of the church, but it's a mass noun sense. Sense 2 is specifically about "a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose" - that might be for a stone block, but a church is made of many stones. Sense 2 is a count noun? "he wanted a special stone" - singular. The phrase "stone church" is using stone as a modifier, probably meaning "built of stone". That might be either sense 2 (building material) or sense 3 (the substance). Let's check other senses.

Sense 4: gemstone - not relevant.
Sense 5: weight unit - not relevant.
Sense 6: fruit pit - not relevant.
Senses 7-12: people named Stone - not relevant.
Sense 13: lack of feeling - not relevant.

Now, between sense 1, 2, 3. Sense 1: "a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter" = a piece of rock. Not the best for describing a building's material; it's more like a stone you pick up. Sense 3: "material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust" = rock as a substance. This is the sense for "stone" as a material, like "stone is abundant". That could work: "stone church" meaning church made of stone material. Sense 2: "building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose" - this is more about a shaped stone for building. In WordNet, sense 2 is a hyponym? Actually, let's look at the hierarchy. Sense 3 is the general rock material. Sense 2 might be "stone" as a building block. The context: "An ancient stone church" - the church is built of stone. Typically, we would say the church is made of stone, using the mass noun. Sense 3 is the most common for "made of stone". Sense 2 is more about a particular stone object. For example, "the church was built of stone" would be sense 3. "He placed a stone marker" is sense 2. In the phrase "stone church", it's an attributive noun, meaning the church is constructed of stone (the material). So I think sense 3 is the most appropriate: the material consisting of the aggregate of minerals, rock. Although sense 2 is about building material, sense 3 is more general and often used for the substance. Sense 2's example uses "a special stone" as a shaped piece, not as a mass material. So I'll go with sense 3.

Let's double-check WordNet index for sense 3: stone%1:27:00:: definition=material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust | synonyms=rock | examples=that mountain is solid rock; stone is abundant in New England and there are many quarries. This fits perfectly: stone as the material. The church is made of stone. So the best sense index is 3.

Output format: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone <t>church</t> stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "church" and target surface form "church" in context. The context includes two sentences: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have."

We need to choose the best sense from the four candidate senses.

Let's analyze each sense:

Sense 1: "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" (synonym: Christian church). This refers to a denomination or institutional church, like the Catholic Church, the Methodist Church, etc. It is an organization or group, not a physical building.

Sense 2: "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" (synonym: church building, example: "the church was empty"). This refers to the physical structure or building used for worship.

Sense 3: "a service conducted in a house of worship" (synonym: church service, example: "don't be late for church"). This refers to the religious ceremony or service.

Sense 4: "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church" (example: "our church is hosting a picnic next week"). This refers to the congregation or the people of a local church.

Now, examine the context. The first sentence: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong." Here, "church" is described as an ancient stone structure with a tower, standing in fields. It is clearly a physical building. The second sentence: "The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have." Here, "church door" refers to the door of that physical building. So, in both instances, "church" refers to the building.

Thus, the sense is the building itself, which corresponds to Sense 2: a place for public worship, a church building.

Therefore, the chosen sense index is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stand
Target surface form: stands
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church <t>stands</t> amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stand%2:35:00:: | definition=be standing; be upright | synonyms=stand up | examples=We had to stand for the entire performance!
2. sense_key=stand%2:42:04:: | definition=be in some specified state or condition | examples=I stand corrected
3. sense_key=stand%2:42:03:: | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically | examples=We stand on common ground
4. sense_key=stand%2:42:00:: | definition=hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright | synonyms=remain firm | examples=I am standing my ground and won't give in!
5. sense_key=stand%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
6. sense_key=stand%2:31:01:: | definition=have or maintain a position or stand on an issue | examples=Where do you stand on the War?
7. sense_key=stand%2:42:06:: | definition=remain inactive or immobile | examples=standing water
8. sense_key=stand%2:42:02:: | definition=be in effect; be or remain in force | examples=The law stands!
9. sense_key=stand%2:42:01:: | definition=be tall; have a height of; copula | examples=She stands 6 feet tall
10. sense_key=stand%2:35:01:: | definition=put into an upright position | synonyms=stand up, place upright | examples=Can you stand the bookshelf up?
11. sense_key=stand%2:33:00:: | definition=withstand the force of something | synonyms=resist, fend | examples=The trees resisted her; stand the test of time
12. sense_key=stand%2:35:10:: | definition=be available for stud services | examples=male domestic animals such as stallions serve selected females

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields..." The target word is "stands" (lemma stand). We need to choose the correct WordNet sense from the list.

Looking at the context: The church is located in a rural scene, it's a building that "stands" amid the fields. This is a typical usage for describing the location or position of an object, especially a building. It means "occupy a place or location". Let's check the senses:

Sense 1: be standing; be upright (for people/animals). Example: We had to stand for the entire performance. Not for a church, unless personified, but the primary sense is for living beings.

Sense 2: be in some specified state or condition. Example: I stand corrected. Not about location.

Sense 3: occupy a place or location, also metaphorically. Example: We stand on common ground. This fits well: The church stands amid the fields = occupies a place.

Sense 4: hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright. Example: I am standing my ground. Not for location of a building.

Sense 5: put up with something. Not relevant.

Sense 6: have or maintain a position on an issue. Not relevant.

Sense 7: remain inactive or immobile (standing water). Not for a church, which is a building, but it could be metaphorical, but better fits sense 3.

Sense 8: be in effect (The law stands). Not relevant.

Sense 9: be tall; have a height of. Example: She stands 6 feet tall. Could be, but the context doesn't give height, it just says "stands amid the fields" which is location.

Sense 10: put into an upright position. Not relevant.

Sense 11: withstand the force of something. Not relevant.

Sense 12: be available for stud services. Not relevant.

The best match is sense 3: occupy a place or location. The synonym and example: "We stand on common ground" is metaphorical, but the gloss explicitly says "occupy a place or location" which fits a building's location.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: field
Target surface form: fields
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the <t>fields</t>, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed | examples=he planted a field of wheat
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought | synonyms=battlefield, battleground, field of battle, field of honor | examples=they made a tour of Civil War battlefields
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected | examples=anthropologists do much of their work in the field
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it | synonyms=field of force, force field
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise | synonyms=field of operation, line of business | examples=they are outstanding in their field
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples=his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game | synonyms=playing field, athletic field, playing area | examples=the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land | synonyms=plain, champaign | examples=they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1 | examples=the set of all rational numbers is a field
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress | synonyms=field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations | examples=the army was in the field awaiting action; he served in the Vietnam theater for three years
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found | examples=the diamond fields of South Africa
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) | synonyms=field of view
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land | synonyms=airfield, landing field, flying field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "fields" in the sentence: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong." The context is rural England, with a church surrounded by open land. The word "fields" here likely refers to an area of open land, possibly cultivated or used for pasture. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. field%1:15:00: a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed; example: he planted a field of wheat. This is a typical agricultural field.
2. battlefield - not appropriate.
3. practical work field - not appropriate.
4. branch of knowledge - no.
5. electromagnetic field - no.
6. commercial enterprise - no.
7. environment/sphere - no.
8. playing field - no.
9. plain, champaign: extensive tract of level open land. Example: "they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth" This sense is more about open land, not necessarily cultivated. The example includes "fields" used in a similar way: "he longed for the fields of his youth" which could be rural, open countryside.
10. mathematics - no.
11. military operations area - no.
12. horses in race - no.
13. competitors - no.
14. geographic region with something valuable - no.
15. computer science - no.
16. field of view - no.
17. airfield - no.

The most likely sense is either sense 1 (agricultural field) or sense 9 (plain/champaign). The context says "amid the fields", suggesting a rural setting with open land. It doesn't specify that it's planted or enclosed; it's just the typical English countryside. Sense 9 is "extensive tract of level open land" and includes "plain, champaign". The example "he longed for the fields of his youth" is very similar to the idea of open countryside. Sense 1 is more specific: a piece of land cleared and usually enclosed, used for growing crops. While possible, "amid the fields" in a rural England scene often refers to the open fields, the agricultural landscape. However, both are plausible. Let's check the definition: Sense 1 says "cleared of trees and usually enclosed" which might not fit because it's in a village setting, but it's not necessarily enclosed? Sense 9 is more general open land. But in WordNet, "fields" often refers to sense 1 when there are multiple. The example for sense 9 uses "fields" in the plural: "they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth." That second part is exactly "fields" in a nostalgic rural sense. So sense 9 is a better fit because it's not specifically about agricultural fields but about the open countryside as a landscape feature. Sense 1 is more about a specific piece of land for farming. Given the description "evoke rural England", the open land around a church, the "fields" are just the open countryside. I think sense 9 is the best.

Sense index for 9 is the 9th in the list. Actually, the list is numbered: 1 is field%1:15:00, 2 is field%1:15:04, 3 is field%1:15:01, 4 is field%1:09:00, 5 is field%1:19:00, 6 is field%1:04:00, 7 is field%1:26:00, 8 is field%1:15:02, 9 is field%1:17:00, 10 is field%1:14:00, 11 is field%1:15:03, 12 is field%1:14:01, 13 is field%1:14:02, 14 is field%1:15:05, 15 is field%1:14:03, 16 is field%1:09:01, 17 is field%1:06:00. So sense 9 corresponds to index 9? The list is 1-indexed, so the 9th item is "field%1:17:00". That's the one for plain, champaign.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 9}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the <t>sound</t> of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%1:07:00:: | definition=the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause | examples=the sound of rain on the roof; the beautiful sound of music
2. sense_key=sound%1:09:00:: | definition=the subjective sensation of hearing something | synonyms=auditory sensation | examples=he strained to hear the faint sounds
3. sense_key=sound%1:19:00:: | definition=mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium | examples=falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them
4. sense_key=sound%1:11:00:: | definition=the sudden occurrence of an audible event | examples=the sound awakened them
5. sense_key=sound%1:10:00:: | definition=the audible part of a transmitted signal | synonyms=audio | examples=they always raise the audio for commercials
6. sense_key=sound%1:10:01:: | definition=(phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language | synonyms=phone, speech sound
7. sense_key=sound%1:17:01:: | definition=a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water | synonyms=strait
8. sense_key=sound%1:17:00:: | definition=a large ocean inlet or deep bay | examples=the main body of the sound ran parallel to the coast

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "sound" in the given context. The context is from Dorothy L. Sayers' "The Nine Tailors", describing a church with the sound of bells. The word "sound" appears in the phrase "the <t>sound</t> of bells cascading from its tower". We need to choose the best sense from the given list.

Let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=sound%1:07:00:: | definition=the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause | examples=the sound of rain on the roof; the beautiful sound of music
   - This sense refers to a specific auditory effect from a cause. The example "the sound of rain on the roof" is very similar to "the sound of bells". This seems plausible.

2. sense_key=sound%1:09:00:: | definition=the subjective sensation of hearing something | synonyms=auditory sensation | examples=he strained to hear the faint sounds
   - This emphasizes the subjective experience in the listener. The context is about bells ringing, not about someone's subjective sensation. It's more objective: the sound of bells.

3. sense_key=sound%1:19:00:: | definition=mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium | examples=falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them
   - This is a scientific/physical definition. The context is literary, describing a rural scene, not a physics discussion.

4. sense_key=sound%1:11:00:: | definition=the sudden occurrence of an audible event | examples=the sound awakened them
   - This sense focuses on the event of an audible occurrence. The example "the sound awakened them" implies a sudden event. In the context, it's a continuous cascading of bells, not a sudden occurrence.

5. sense_key=sound%1:10:00:: | definition=the audible part of a transmitted signal | synonyms=audio | examples=they always raise the audio for commercials
   - This relates to transmitted signals, like in broadcasting. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=sound%1:10:01:: | definition=(phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language | synonyms=phone, speech sound
   - This is about speech sounds. Not applicable.

7. sense_key=sound%1:17:01:: | definition=a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water | synonyms=strait
   - Geographical sense. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=sound%1:17:00:: | definition=a large ocean inlet or deep bay | examples=the main body of the sound ran parallel to the coast
   - Also geographical. Not applicable.

The best match is sense 1: "the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause" with the example "the sound of rain on the roof". In our context, it's "the sound of bells cascading", which is exactly the auditory effect produced by the bells. Sense 2 is about the subjective sensation, but the phrase "the sound of bells" is more about the sound itself as an effect, not the act of hearing. Sense 3 is too scientific. Sense 4 emphasizes a sudden occurrence, but the bells are cascading continuously. So sense 1 is the most appropriate.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of <t>bells</t> cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "bell" and a target surface form "bells" in a specific context. The context describes a scene: an ancient stone church, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The word "bells" appears in "<t>bells</t>". We need to choose the correct WordNet sense from the provided list.

Let's examine the context: "the sound of bells cascading from its tower" - this is clearly about church bells ringing. The phrase "calling the faithful to evensong" also indicates that these are bells used in a church context, ringing to summon people. The sound is described, so it's about the sound of bells being struck.

Now, looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: definition: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. This is the physical bell object.
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: definition: a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed (doorbell, buzzer). Not relevant; church bells are not doorbells.
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: definition: the sound of a bell being struck; synonyms=toll; examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells. This fits perfectly: "the sound of bells cascading" - they hear the sound. The example mentions "the distant toll of church bells", which is exactly what we have here. The focus is on the sound, not the physical object itself, though the physical object produces it. But the context emphasizes the sound cascading from the tower. So sense 3 is the sound of a bell.
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: nautical time units. Not relevant.
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: shape. Not relevant.
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: person: Alexander Melville Bell. Not relevant.
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: person: Vanessa Bell. Not relevant.
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: inventor Alexander Graham Bell. Not relevant.
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: percussion instrument set of tuned bells (chime, gong). The context is a church tower with bells, likely not an orchestral set. But it could be a set of church bells? However, the definition says "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument". Church bells are typically large individual bells hung in a tower, not an orchestral instrument. Also, the context is about the sound, and the sound of individual bells ringing, not a tuned set being played as an instrument. So this is probably not correct.
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: flared opening of a tubular device. Not relevant.

The main competition is between sense 1 (physical object) and sense 3 (sound). The context: "the sound of bells cascading from its tower... calling the faithful to evensong." The phrase "sound of bells" directly points to the sound rather than the objects. If the text said "the bells in the tower rang", it might be the objects, but it says "the sound of bells", so it's the sound that is cascading. Also, the example in sense 3: "she heard the distant toll of church bells" - very similar. This is a classic case where "bells" in context refers to the sound they make. The target surface form is "bells", but the word is used to mean the sound. In WordNet, sense 3 is "the sound of a bell being struck". That is the most appropriate.

Therefore, I'll choose sense 3.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cascade
Target surface form: cascading
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells <t>cascading</t> from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cascade%2:38:00:: | definition=rush down in big quantities, like a cascade | synonyms=cascade down
2. sense_key=cascade%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange (open windows) on a computer desktop so that they overlap each other, with the title bars visible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "cascade" in the given context. The target surface form is "cascading" and the context is about church bells ringing from a tower. We have two candidate senses:

1. cascade%2:38:00:: with definition "rush down in big quantities, like a cascade" and synonyms "cascade down"
2. cascade%2:35:00:: with definition "arrange (open windows) on a computer desktop so that they overlap each other, with the title bars visible"

We need to choose the single best sense. The context clearly refers to the sound of bells "cascading" from its tower. This imagery suggests a flowing, rushing sound, similar to a waterfall or something tumbling down. That matches sense 1, which is about rushing down like a cascade. Sense 2 is about arranging windows on a computer desktop, which is completely irrelevant here. Therefore, the best sense is the first one.

We must return JSON with "sense_index": 1.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tower
Target surface form: tower
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its <t>tower</t>, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tower%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building
2. sense_key=tower%1:25:00:: | definition=anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower | synonyms=column, pillar | examples=the test tube held a column of white powder; a tower of dust rose above the horizon
3. sense_key=tower%1:06:01:: | definition=a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships | synonyms=tugboat, tug, towboat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the single best indexed sense for the word "tower" in the given context. The context is: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong." So the tower here is part of a church, a structure that houses bells. The first sense is "a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building." That fits a church bell tower. The second sense is about anything approximating the shape of a column or tower, like a column of powder or dust. That doesn't fit here. The third sense is a tugboat. Clearly the church tower is the intended meaning.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

So the JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: calling
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, <t>calling</t> the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

native_finish_reason: error


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: calling
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, <t>calling</t> the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 28. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: target lemma "call", surface form "calling", in context: "the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong". This is from a passage about church bells in an English village. The bells are "calling the faithful to evensong" – meaning they are summoning the faithful to church for the evening service. So "calling" here is a verb, present participle, used as an act of summoning or inviting people to come to a religious service. Among the provided senses, which one matches? Sense 5: "order, request, or command to come" with synonyms "send for", examples: "She was called into the director's office; Call the police!" That seems to fit: the bells are sending for the faithful to come. Sense 23: "order or request or give a command for", example: "The unions called a general strike" – that's about ordering an event, not merely summoning people. Sense 24: "order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role" – that could also apply, but the example: "He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty" – more about a person being assigned to a duty. The bells are summoning the faithful to a service, which is a call to come. Sense 5 is simpler: "order, request, or command to come" – that's exactly calling the faithful to evensong. Sense 4 is "utter a sudden loud cry" – bells aren't crying. Sense 25: "utter in a loud voice or announce" – "He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids" – bells aren't literally uttering names; they are ringing to signal the time for service. Sense 10: "utter a characteristic note or cry" – could be for animals, but bells make a sound to summon. I think Sense 5 is the best fit because it's about summoning people to come. Check: WordNet for call sense 5: "order, request, or command to come" – that's exactly calling the faithful to evensong. So I'll choose sense 5.