[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "proportion" in the given context. The target is "proportion" and the surface form is "proportion". In the context:

"But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

The word "proportion" appears in: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners". This is a typical usage meaning a part or share of a whole. It's about the comparative quantity or number of immigrants relative to Nobel prize winners. The phrase "a large proportion of" indicates a part or fraction.

Now let's assess the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole. This is a mathematical sense, like a fraction expressed as a quotient. Not likely in this context, which is not mathematical.

2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions. This refers to size or extent. Not about a part of a group.

3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry. This is about harmony or proper balance. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin. This fits perfectly: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants" means a large part or share, a comparative quantity.

5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance. This is about aesthetic balance, not relevant.

Sense 4 is the best match. It explicitly includes "proportion of" with examples like "a large proportion of gin". The context uses "a large proportion of". So sense 4.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index":


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "American" in the context provided. The target lemma is "american" and surface form is "American". The context sentence: "...a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants." The candidate senses are:
1. of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture.
2. of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas.

In context, "American Nobel prize winners" clearly refers to Nobel prize winners from the United States, as the discussion is about immigration in the U.S. context (mentions companies like Google, Intel, etc., which are U.S. companies). There's no hint of referring to the continents of the Americas broadly. Thus, sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "winners" in the context: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners". The target is "winners", lemma "winner". Candidate senses:
1. the contestant who wins the contest (synonyms: victor)
2. a gambler who wins a bet
3. a person with a record of successes (synonyms: achiever, success, succeeder); example: "his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply"

The context is about immigrants being Nobel prize winners. Nobel prize is an award, so it's a contest in a sense, but sense 1 specifies "the contestant who wins the contest" – that fits well: Nobel prize is a prestigious competition, and the winner is the victor. Sense 3 is broader: a person with a record of successes. That could also apply, but the specific phrase "Nobel prize winners" typically means the person who won that specific contest. The example for sense 3: "his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply" seems more about general success, not a specific contest. The context clearly refers to winning a Nobel prize, which is a specific contest. So sense 1 is most appropriate. Sense 2 is about gambling, irrelevant.

Thus, choose sense 1. Return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yahoo
Target surface form: Yahoo
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: | definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: | definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "yahoo" appearing as "Yahoo" in the context. The context discusses immigrants and their contributions. Specifically: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants." So, Yahoo here refers to the company, the internet search engine/web service. So the correct sense is the third one: "a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance." Sense 3. The other senses are about a country bumpkin or a race in Gulliver's Travels, which make no sense in context. So the answer is sense index 3. Return JSON.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contributor
Target surface form: contributors
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "contributors" in the given context. The target surface form is "contributors". The context is about migrants being net contributors to social systems, meaning they contribute financially (taxes, etc.) more than they take in benefits. The sense options are:

1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Clearly, the context is about economic contribution, specifically net contribution to social systems (budgets, public budgets). The phrase "net contributors to social systems" and "net contribution (receipts less expenditure)" indicates a financial contribution. Therefore, sense 1 (someone who contributes a sum of money) is appropriate. Sense 2 is about a writer, irrelevant here.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "budget" (surface form: budgets) in the given context. The target word appears in: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries." and later: "an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution ... of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

We have two candidate senses:
1. a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose. Example: the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year.
2. a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them. Example: the president submitted the annual budget to Congress.

In the context, "budgets" refers to the financial resources of European countries' social systems, and the net contribution to public budgets. It's about the actual money available or allocated for social systems. It is not about the proposed plan or summary document; it's about the funds themselves. The phrase "net contributors to social systems" implies that migrants pay more in taxes and contributions than they receive in benefits, thus adding to the total pot of money available. That pot is "the total budgets of European countries" and "public budgets". So it's the sum of money, not the document proposing expenditures. Therefore, sense 1 fits better.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: Labor
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "Labor" in the context: "The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution ..." This refers to an organization. The name is "World Labor Organisation". This is likely a reference to the International Labour Organization (ILO), which is a United Nations agency dealing with labor issues. So "Labor" here is part of the proper name "World Labor Organisation". Among the senses, we need to find the one that fits this context. Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" – that's a class, not an organization. Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" – that's the activity, not the organization. Sense 3: childbirth – no. Sense 4: "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement" – that's a movement, not an organization named "World Labor Organisation". Sense 5: "a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900" – that's the British Labour Party, not world. Sense 6: "the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States" – that's the US Department of Labor, not world. Sense 7: "any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted" – no. None of these directly say "an international organization". But the context clearly indicates "World Labor Organisation" as an entity. Perhaps it's a proper noun not listed. Among the given senses, sense 4 might be closest because it relates to organized labor movement, but "World Labor Organisation" is not exactly that. Wait, is there a mistake? The text says "World Labor Organisation" but the real name is International Labour Organization. Possibly a typo. In any case, the sense that best matches "Labor" in this context might be sense 2? No, it's an organization, so it's a specific entity. However, we must choose from the given senses. Sense 4 mentions "labor movement" and "trade union movement", which could be related to an international labor organization. But it's not a perfect match. Let's read carefully: "The World Labor Organisation estimates..." That is a specific organization, so it might be a proper noun that isn't covered here. Since none of the senses explicitly define a world organization, we need to infer. Sense 4: "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status... or the leaders of this movement". That could be stretched to include an organization like ILO. Alternatively, sense 1: "a social class... " no. The word "Labor" here is part of the name, and the name refers to the concept of labor (work). Maybe it's sense 2: "productive work" because the organization deals with work. But that's the common noun. The organization's name uses the word "Labor" to denote work. So it's likely sense 2: productive work. But is that the best? The organization is about labor standards, so it's about work. However, the term "World Labor Organisation" is a proper name. In WordNet, proper names are often not covered. Given the choices, I think sense 2 is the core meaning of the word "labor" in this context: it's the organization dealing with labor (work). Sense 4 is about the labor movement, which might be closer in spirit, but the text says "estimates" and gives economic data, which is typical of an international labor organization that conducts research. So sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" is the generic meaning. But let's see if any other sense could apply. Sense 1 is social class, sense 3 pregnancy, sense 5 British party, sense 6 US department, sense 7 project. None fit. So the best is sense 2. However, the instruction says "Choose the single best indexed sense." And we need to output a JSON with sense_index. Sense key 2 corresponds to index 2. So answer {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organisation
Target surface form: Organisation
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who work together | synonyms=organization
3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, system | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
4. sense_key=organisation%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, system | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here
5. sense_key=organisation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business | synonyms=organization | examples=he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department
6. sense_key=organisation%1:04:01:: | definition=the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically | synonyms=organization | examples=his organization of the work force was very efficient
7. sense_key=organisation%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, formation, organization | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "organisation" with the surface form "Organisation" in the context: "The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that..." We need to choose the best matching sense from the provided candidate senses.

Candidate senses:
1: administration, governance, governing body, etc. (persons making up a body for administering something)
2: a group of people who work together (organization)
3: an organized structure for arranging or classifying (arrangement, organization, system)
4: an ordered manner; orderliness (organization, system)
5: the act of organizing a business or related activity
6: the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly
7: the act of forming or establishing something (constitution, establishment, formation)

In the context, "World Labor Organisation" is a proper name for an entity. The World Labor Organisation is not a real organization, but in context it's a fictional entity. The word "Organisation" is part of a proper noun referring to an established body, likely an international organization. This matches sense 2: "a group of people who work together" – that's the typical sense for an organization as a group or institution. Note that sense 1 is specifically about the persons who administer something, like a governing body, but not necessarily the organization itself. Sense 2 directly says "a group of people who work together" and the example synonyms "organization" is broad. The World Labor Organisation is an organization in this sense. Also note that the surface form is capitalized, indicating it's part of a proper name, and it's an entity that estimates something, so it's a group that works together. Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Confirm: Sense 1 is about the governance of an entity, not the entity itself. Sense 2 directly matches the concept of an organization like the ILO (International Labour Organization) which is a group of people working together. So sense_index 2.

Thus, JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "age" in the given context. The context sentence is: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution..." Here, "age" refers to a specific point in a person's life, marked by years (30 years old). Let's review the senses:

1. age%1:07:00:: "how long something has existed" (e.g., it was replaced because of its age). This is a general property of an object's existence duration, not specifically a time of life.

2. age%1:28:02:: "an era of history having some distinctive feature" (historic period). Not relevant here.

3. age%1:28:00:: "a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises" (e.g., school age, tall for his eld). This fits well: "age of 30" is a specific time of life where certain things happen (like making contributions). The definition mentions "a time of life ... at which some particular qualification or power arises" – here, the qualification might be related to being a net contributor. But is it exactly a qualification? It's just the age at which he arrives. The definition says "a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises". School age is when you can go to school; here, 30 isn't a typical qualification age, but it's a point in life marked by years. The example "she was now of school age" shows a specific time of life with a qualification. "Age of 30" is simply a chronological age. This sense might be a bit specific.

4. age%1:28:03:: "a prolonged period of time" (long time, years). Not relevant; "age of 30" is not a prolonged period.

5. age%1:28:01:: "a late time of life" (old age). Not relevant; 30 is not old age.

Sense 3 seems the most appropriate, as it specifically refers to a time of life defined in years. The context clearly indicates a person's age in years (30). Sense 1 could also be about how long something has existed, but it's less commonly used for a person's age; "how long something has existed" might apply to a person's age, but WordNet typically separates these (sense 1 is for things, like "the age of the building"). Sense 3 is explicitly for a person's time of life with an associated qualification or power. However, "age of 30" doesn't inherently confer a qualification, but it is a time of life defined in years. The phrase "at the age of X" is a standard way to express a person's age, so sense 3 is the best match.

Therefore, the answer should be sense index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contribution
Target surface form: contribution
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=part, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work
2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00:: | definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | synonyms=donation
3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00:: | definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | synonyms=donation
4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01:: | definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest
5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01:: | definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "contribution" with surface form "contribution" in a specific context. The context is a text about the economic effects of immigrants. The sentence of interest: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime." So the "contribution" here is a net amount of money (receipts less expenditure) that an immigrant makes to public budgets. It is a financial contribution, specifically an amount of money that is contributed, likely in the sense of taxes paid minus benefits received. The word is explicitly quantified as 150,000 Euros.

Now we examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=part, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work. This is about playing a role or having a share in bringing about a result. It is a more general, non-monetary sense. The example "my contribution in advancing the project" suggests a non-financial role. In our context, the contribution is explicitly monetary (receipts less expenditure), so this sense is less likely.

2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00:: | definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | synonyms=donation. This implies a voluntary gift. In the context, the contribution is not voluntary; it's net payments to public budgets through taxes and other mechanisms, which are mandatory, not a gift. So this sense doesn't fit well.

3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00:: | definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | synonyms=donation. This is about the act of giving, especially to charity. Again, the context is about mandatory payments to public budgets, not an act of giving to charity. Also, the contribution is not described as an act, but as a net amount.

4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01:: | definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest. This is specifically "an amount of money contributed". In the context, the contribution is an amount of money (150,000 Euros) contributed to public budgets. The phrase "receipts less expenditure" indicates the net financial amount. This sense is a perfect fit: it is a monetary amount that is contributed, not necessarily voluntary, just an amount of money that goes into a system.

5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01:: | definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story. This is clearly not applicable.

Thus, sense 4 is the best match. The sense key is contribution%1:21:01::, but we only need to return the index. The senses are listed with numbers: 1 through 5. So index 4 corresponds to sense_key=contribution%1:21:01::.

We must output JSON: {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditure
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "expenditure" and the target surface form "expenditure" in the context. The context is a passage discussing economic effects, specifically mentioning that an immigrant in Germany makes a net contribution calculated as "receipts less expenditure". So "expenditure" here refers to money paid out or spending in a public budgets context. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: money paid out; an amount spent. Synonyms: outgo, spending, outlay. This matches the context of financial budgets, where receipts less expenditure gives net contribution.

2. sense 2: the act of spending money for goods or services. Synonyms: expending. This is the act, but in the context "receipts less expenditure", it is used as a noun referring to the amount spent (outgo), not necessarily the act. It's a quantity.

3. sense 3: the act of consuming something. Synonyms: consumption, using up. This is about consumption of resources, not specifically money. The context is clearly financial, so this is inappropriate.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match because "expenditure" in a budgetary context means the amount of money spent, which is exactly "money paid out; an amount spent".

Therefore, the answer is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%1:09:00:: | definition=a statistic describing the location of a distribution | synonyms=norm | examples=it set the norm for American homes
2. sense_key=average%1:24:00:: | definition=(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities
3. sense_key=average%1:09:01:: | definition=an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual | examples=he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. ... an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution ... of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

The target lemma is "average" and the surface form is "average". We need to choose the best sense among the three candidates.

Sense 1: a statistic describing the location of a distribution (synonyms: norm; example: "it set the norm for American homes"). This is a statistical term, like mean, median, etc. In context, "an average of 150,000 Euros" is indeed a statistical average (presumably the mean net contribution). But "averaging 1% of the total budgets" also uses "averaging" as a verb, but the target is the noun "average" in the phrase "an average of 150,000 Euros". So, it's a numerical average.

Sense 2: (sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities. This is a sports-specific sense like batting average. Not relevant.

Sense 3: an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual. Examples: "he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average". This sense is about being typical or in the middle of a range, not necessarily a precisely computed statistic. In the context, "an average of 150,000 Euros" is a computed average value, likely the mean of a distribution of net contributions. It is a statistic. The phrase "averaging 1% of the total budgets" also implies a mean percentage. While sense 3 could be used loosely, sense 1 is more precise as the statistical term. WordNet sense 1 is specifically "a statistic describing the location of a distribution", and the example uses "norm". That fits a computed average. Sense 3 is more about a qualitative judgment of being typical. Here, they present a specific number, so it's quantitative. Thus, sense 1 is better.

Therefore, the chosen sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public <t>budgets</t> during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the lemma "budget" with surface form "budgets" in the given context. The target word appears twice: "1% of the total budgets of European countries" and "net contribution ... to public budgets". So it's about national/government budgets, not a sum allocated for a particular purpose like a lab budget. The context talks about migrants' contributions to social systems, European countries' budgets, public budgets. Sense 2 is "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them" with example: the president submitted the annual budget to Congress. That fits government budgets. Sense 1 is about a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose, like a laboratory budget. So sense 2 is correct. Output as JSON: {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mandate
Target surface form: mandate
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mandate%1:10:00:: | definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation
2. sense_key=mandate%1:15:00:: | definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
3. sense_key=mandate%1:04:00:: | definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "mandate" in the given context. The target is "mandate" as used in "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.'" The context discusses immigration and economic contributions, and then mentions Sarkozy's mandate. "Mandate" here likely refers to his term in office as president. The three candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mandate%1:10:00:: | definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation
2. sense_key=mandate%1:15:00:: | definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
3. sense_key=mandate%1:04:00:: | definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory

Sense 3 fits: "the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory." This is essentially the authority granted to a leader by election, i.e., his term in office. Sense 1 is a document giving instruction, which doesn't fit the context of a political leader's term. Sense 2 is a historical territorial mandate, clearly irrelevant. So the best sense is 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "growth" in the given context. The target word appears in the phrase: "missing points of <t>growth</t>". The context is about economic growth, specifically the positive effect of immigrants on pay and economic growth. The sentence says: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.'" So "growth" here refers to economic growth, i.e., an increase in economic activity or prosperity. Among the candidate senses, we need to pick the one that best matches this meaning.

Candidate senses:
1. (biology) organic growth of an organism. Not relevant.
2. progression from simpler to more complex forms. Could apply to economic growth? Economic growth is typically about increase in output, not necessarily progression to more complex forms. It's more about quantitative increase. The example: "the growth of culture" suggests a qualitative development. But economic growth is often measured as an increase in GDP, which is an increment. So sense 3 might be better.
3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important. Synonyms: increase, increment. Examples: "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population". This fits economic growth: growth in an economy means becoming larger, more numerous (e.g., more jobs), more important. It's a quantitative increase. This seems like a good match.
4. vegetation that has grown. Not relevant.
5. gradual beginning or coming forth. Not relevant; growth is not emergence here.
6. abnormal proliferation of tissue. Not relevant.
7. something grown or growing. Example: a growth of hair. Not relevant.

So sense 3 seems the best: the process of becoming larger or more numerous or more important, with synonyms increase, increment. In economics, growth is an increase. So I'll choose sense 3.

Now, output JSON as {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: question
Target surface form: question
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=question%1:10:00:: | definition=an instance of questioning | synonyms=inquiry, enquiry, query, interrogation | examples=there was a question about my training; we made inquiries of all those who were present
2. sense_key=question%1:10:01:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=head | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
3. sense_key=question%1:10:03:: | definition=a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply | synonyms=interrogation, interrogative, interrogative sentence | examples=he asked a direct question; he had trouble phrasing his interrogations
4. sense_key=question%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise
5. sense_key=question%1:10:02:: | definition=a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote | synonyms=motion | examples=he made a motion to adjourn; she called for the question
6. sense_key=question%1:10:04:: | definition=an informal reference to a marriage proposal | examples=he was ready to pop the question

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target "question" in the given context. The context: "... The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect." The phrase is "the teeth in question". This is an idiomatic usage meaning "the teeth that are being discussed" or "the teeth under consideration". The word "question" here refers to the subject matter at issue, the thing being talked about. Among the candidate senses, sense 2: "the subject matter at issue", synonyms "head", examples: "the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets". That fits perfectly: "the teeth in question" means "the teeth that are the subject matter".

Other senses:
- Sense 1: an instance of questioning (e.g., there was a question about my training). Not applicable here; no one is asking a question.
- Sense 3: a sentence of inquiry. Not a sentence; it's a noun phrase modifying "teeth".
- Sense 4: uncertainty. Not "teeth in doubt"; it's "teeth under discussion".
- Sense 5: formal proposal. Not relevant.
- Sense 6: marriage proposal. Clearly not.

Thus, the best sense is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "effect" in the given context. The target lemma is "effect", surface form is also "effect". The context is a long paragraph about immigrants' economic contributions. At the end, it says: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.' The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>." So "effect" here refers to the outcome or consequence of something. The "teeth" (probably referring to a policy or deterrent) intended to dissuade immigrants had the opposite outcome. So it's about a result or consequence. Now, let's review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=... This matches the usage: the intended deterrent had the opposite outcome/consequence. So this is a strong candidate.

2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression. Not relevant.

3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect. Not relevant; the context isn't about creating an impression.

4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect. Not relevant; "effect" here is not about legal validity.

6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic. Not about symptom; it's about a general outcome.

Thus, the best match is sense index 1.

Now return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pound
Target surface form: pound
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million <t>pound</t> fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pound%1:23:09:: | definition=16 ounces avoirdupois | synonyms=lb | examples=he got a hernia when he tried to lift 100 pounds
2. sense_key=pound%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid
3. sense_key=pound%1:23:10:: | definition=a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy
4. sense_key=pound%1:23:08:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Syrian pound
5. sense_key=pound%1:23:07:: | definition=the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Sudanese pound
6. sense_key=pound%1:23:05:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Lebanese pound
7. sense_key=pound%1:23:04:: | definition=formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=Irish pound, Irish punt, punt
8. sense_key=pound%1:23:03:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Egyptian pound
9. sense_key=pound%1:23:02:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to 100 cents | synonyms=Cypriot pound
10. sense_key=pound%1:23:00:: | definition=a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of 1 pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to 32 feet/sec/sec | synonyms=lbf.
11. sense_key=pound%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972) | synonyms=Ezra Pound, Ezra Loomis Pound
12. sense_key=pound%1:10:00:: | definition=a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain) | synonyms=pound sign
13. sense_key=pound%1:06:00:: | definition=a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed dogs | synonyms=dog pound | examples=unlicensed dogs will be taken to the pound
14. sense_key=pound%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows) | synonyms=hammer, hammering, pounding | examples=the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard; the pounding of feet on the hallway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "pound" in the context of a fine paid by Deutsche Bank in the USA. The fine is "multi-million pound fine". Deutsche Bank is a German bank, and they are fined in the USA, but the fine is expressed in "pound". Given that it's a bank, it's likely a monetary fine. The context says "multi-million pound fine" and the fine is in the USA. The currency of the USA is the US dollar, not the pound. However, Deutsche Bank is German, so maybe it's a fine in British pounds? But the context says "in the USA". However, it might be that the bank is fined an amount in British pounds, or perhaps "pound" here refers to the unit of weight? No, fines are monetary. The sentence says "pays multi-million pound fine". So it's a monetary unit. Among the senses, many are monetary units. The most common monetary pound is the British pound sterling. The context says "in the USA" but that doesn't mean the fine is in US dollars; it could be that the bank is fined a certain amount of British pounds. The article is in English, likely from a British source, so they might refer to the currency simply as "pound". So I'll choose sense 2: British pound sterling. Sense 1 is weight, not applicable. Sense 12 is a symbol, not the unit itself. The other currency senses are for specific countries (Syria, Sudan, Lebanon, Egypt, Cyprus, Ireland). The bank is Deutsche Bank, so it could be a fine in some currency, but the typical "pound" in the context of international banking could be the British pound. Also, the phrase "multi-million pound fine" without a country modifier strongly implies British pounds. So sense 2 is most likely.

Now, return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: usa
Target surface form: USA
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the <t>USA</t> Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, US
2. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: | definition=the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare | synonyms=United States Army, US Army, Army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "USA" in the given context. The candidate senses are two:
1. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: (the country)
2. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: (the army)

The context: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."

Clearly, "USA" here refers to the country, not the army. The fine is paid in the United States of America as a location. So sense 1 is correct.

We need to return JSON object with the sense index: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trouble
Target surface form: trouble
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh <t>trouble</t> is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros) to settle disputes arising from the bankruptcy of five major credit unions during the financial crisis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trouble%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=problem | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?
2. sense_key=trouble%1:11:01:: | definition=an angry disturbance | synonyms=fuss, bother, hassle | examples=he didn't want to make a fuss; they had labor trouble
3. sense_key=trouble%1:11:00:: | definition=an event causing distress or pain | examples=what is the trouble?; heart trouble
4. sense_key=trouble%1:04:02:: | definition=an effort that is inconvenient | synonyms=difficulty | examples=I went to a lot of trouble; he won without any trouble
5. sense_key=trouble%1:12:03:: | definition=a strong feeling of anxiety | synonyms=worry | examples=his worry over the prospect of being fired; it is not work but worry that kills
6. sense_key=trouble%1:26:02:: | definition=an unwanted pregnancy | examples=he got several girls in trouble

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "trouble" in the given context. The context: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. ..." The phrase "Fresh trouble" indicates new difficulties or problems. It says "fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar", meaning additional difficulties after the existing ones. Later, it says "As if the problems at home were not already enough", equating trouble with problems. So "trouble" refers to a source of difficulty, a problem. Looking at the senses:

1. sense 1: "a source of difficulty" synonym "problem" example: "one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?" This fits perfectly. "Fresh trouble" means a new source of difficulty.

2. sense 2: "an angry disturbance" (fuss, bother, hassle). The context is about financial penalties, not an angry disturbance, though "uproar" might suggest disturbance, but "trouble" here is the fine and legal issues, not a disturbance.

3. sense 3: "an event causing distress or pain" example "what is the trouble? heart trouble". This is more about the event itself causing distress, but here "trouble" is used as a count noun: "fresh trouble" meaning a new problem. It's a source of difficulty, not just an event.

4. sense 4: "an effort that is inconvenient" (difficulty) example "I went to a lot of trouble". Not appropriate.

5. sense 5: "a strong feeling of anxiety" (worry). Not appropriate.

6. sense 6: "unwanted pregnancy". No.

So sense 1 is best.

Answer: {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: uproar
Target surface form: uproar
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the <t>uproar</t> around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros) to settle disputes arising from the bankruptcy of five major credit unions during the financial crisis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=uproar%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of commotion and noise and confusion | synonyms=tumult, tumultuousness, garboil
2. sense_key=uproar%1:11:00:: | definition=loud confused noise from many sources | synonyms=hubbub, brouhaha, katzenjammer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "uproar" in the sentence: "Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank". The context is about a financial scandal or controversy. The word "uproar" here likely means a public outcry or commotion, not necessarily a literal loud noise. The candidate senses:
1. a state of commotion and noise and confusion (synonyms: tumult, tumultuousness, garboil)
2. loud confused noise from many sources (synonyms: hubbub, brouhaha, katzenjammer)

Sense 1 is more about a state of commotion, which can include public uproar or controversy. Sense 2 is specifically about actual noise. In the context, it's metaphorical: the uproar around a CEO is a public controversy or scandal, not literal noise. So sense 1 fits better. Synonyms like tumult also fit a figurative commotion. Sense 2's synonyms hubbub, brouhaha, katzenjammer are more about literal noise or sometimes a confused situation, but brouhaha can also mean a noisy and overexcited reaction. However, WordNet separates them: sense 1 is the state, sense 2 is the noise itself. Given the context, it's the state of commotion. So I'll pick sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pound
Target surface form: pound
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million <t>pound</t> fine in the USA. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros) to settle disputes arising from the bankruptcy of five major credit unions during the financial crisis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pound%1:23:09:: | definition=16 ounces avoirdupois | synonyms=lb | examples=he got a hernia when he tried to lift 100 pounds
2. sense_key=pound%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid
3. sense_key=pound%1:23:10:: | definition=a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy
4. sense_key=pound%1:23:08:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Syrian pound
5. sense_key=pound%1:23:07:: | definition=the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Sudanese pound
6. sense_key=pound%1:23:05:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Lebanese pound
7. sense_key=pound%1:23:04:: | definition=formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=Irish pound, Irish punt, punt
8. sense_key=pound%1:23:03:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Egyptian pound
9. sense_key=pound%1:23:02:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to 100 cents | synonyms=Cypriot pound
10. sense_key=pound%1:23:00:: | definition=a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of 1 pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to 32 feet/sec/sec | synonyms=lbf.
11. sense_key=pound%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972) | synonyms=Ezra Pound, Ezra Loomis Pound
12. sense_key=pound%1:10:00:: | definition=a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain) | synonyms=pound sign
13. sense_key=pound%1:06:00:: | definition=a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed dogs | synonyms=dog pound | examples=unlicensed dogs will be taken to the pound
14. sense_key=pound%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows) | synonyms=hammer, hammering, pounding | examples=the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard; the pounding of feet on the hallway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "pound" in the given context. The context is: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA... Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million <t>pound</t> fine in the USA. ... Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros)..."

The word is "pound" and it appears in "multi-million pound fine". Here, "pound" likely refers to a currency unit. But the fine is paid in the USA, and the amount is given in dollars: 145 million dollars. However, the text says "multi-million pound fine". That suggests that the fine is denominated in pounds, probably British pounds, since Deutsche Bank is a German bank but the fine is in the USA? Actually, the text says "multi-million pound fine in the USA" and then clarifies: "will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros)". So the fine is actually in dollars, but the phrase "multi-million pound fine" might be using "pound" to refer to the currency of the UK, even though the fine is in dollars. However, the context says "in the USA", so it might be that the fine is from US authorities, but it's still referred to as a "pound fine" because the bank is European? That seems odd. Alternatively, "pound" could refer to the weight unit, like a multi-million pound fine (i.e., millions of pounds in weight)? That makes no sense. Or "pound" as in a dog pound? No.

Given the candidate senses, most are currency units: British pound, Syrian pound, Sudanese pound, Lebanese pound, Irish pound, Egyptian pound, Cypriot pound. There's also a weight unit (16 ounces), a force unit, a writer, a symbol, an enclosure for dogs, and the act of pounding.

The context is clearly financial: a fine paid by a bank. The amount is given in millions, so it's monetary. "Pound" is a currency unit. The fine is in the USA, but it says "pound fine". However, the fine is actually in dollars, but maybe the phrase "multi-million pound" is describing the magnitude, like "multi-million dollar fine" but using "pound" because the bank is British or European? Deutsche Bank is German, so they use euros, not pounds. But the fine might have been originally in pounds? The text says: "pays multi-million pound fine in the USA". It might be that the fine is from a US regulator but they refer to it as a "pound fine" because the amount is converted? Or it could be a mistake, or it's actually a fine in British pounds? But then it gives the dollar and euro amounts: 145 million dollars (106 million Euros). That conversion: 145 million USD to EUR at some rate: 106 million euros is about 0.73, which is plausible. But if it were pounds, 106 million euros is about 90 million pounds? Not sure. The text says "multi-million pound fine", so it's likely referring to the British pound sterling. Why? Because Deutsche Bank is a major international bank, and it might be fined by UK authorities? But it says "in the USA". Hmm.

Let's look at the candidate senses. Sense 2: British pound sterling. Sense 4: Syrian pound, 5: Sudanese, 6: Lebanese, 7: Irish (formerly), 8: Egyptian, 9: Cypriot. The context is a global bank, Deutsche Bank, paying a fine in the USA. The most prominent pound currency in international banking is the British pound. The fine amount is in millions, so it's a multi-million pound fine. The text then says the bank will pay 145 million dollars. That could be the equivalent in dollars of a fine that was levied in pounds. So, it's likely the British pound. Sense 2 is "the basic unit of money in Great Britain... synonyms: British pound, pound sterling, quid". That fits.

Sense 1 is weight, but "multi-million pound fine" would mean a fine of millions of pounds in weight? No, that's absurd. Sense 3 is apothecary weight, also no. Sense 10 is force, no. Sense 11 is a writer, no. Sense 12 is symbol, no. Sense 13 is dog pound, no. Sense 14 is the act of pounding, no.

Therefore, the correct sense is the British pound. But note: the fine is in the USA, but it's referred to as a pound fine. That might be because the bank's operations or the fine is related to the UK? Actually, Deutsche Bank is German, but it operates globally, and the fine might have been imposed by a US regulator for activities involving the UK or something. However, the text explicitly says "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA". So the fine is in the USA, but the denomination is in pounds. That's possible if the fine is assessed in pounds. Or it's a journalism error, but we must go by the context.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: usa
Target surface form: USA
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the <t>USA</t>. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros) to settle disputes arising from the bankruptcy of five major credit unions during the financial crisis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, US
2. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: | definition=the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare | synonyms=United States Army, US Army, Army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: Target lemma: usa, surface form: USA. Context: it's about Deutsche Bank paying a fine in the USA. The candidate senses: 1 is the country (United States), 2 is the army. In context, "fine in the USA" clearly refers to the country, not the army. So sense_index: 1. Return JSON.