[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot <t>church</t> in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "church" and surface form "church" in a specific context. The context is about bell ringing at St. Mary Abbot church in Kensington. The sentence: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot <t>church</t> in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

We need to disambiguate the sense of "church" as used here. It refers to a physical place where the bell ringing practice takes place. The context mentions "the ringing chamber" and "high ceiling" of the church. So it's a building, a place of worship. Among the candidate senses:

1. Christian church as a group (denomination) - not a physical building.
2. A place for public worship, especially Christian, like a church building. Example: "the church was empty" - fits, as it's a physical location.
3. A service conducted in a house of worship - not a place, an event. Example: "don't be late for church" - not fitting here, they're at a practice, not a service.
4. The body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church - congregation. Example: "our church is hosting a picnic" - could refer to the people, but here they are in the building.

The context clearly indicates the physical building: "St. Mary Abbot church" is a place, they are in the ringing chamber. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: NextBit


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: give
Target surface form: gives
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London <t>gives</t> an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=give%2:40:03:: | definition=cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense | examples=She gave him a black eye; The draft gave me a cold
2. sense_key=give%2:40:05:: | definition=be the cause or source of | synonyms=yield, afford | examples=He gave me a lot of trouble; Our meeting afforded much interesting information
3. sense_key=give%2:40:00:: | definition=transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody | examples=I gave her my money; can you give me lessons?
4. sense_key=give%2:40:07:: | definition=convey or reveal information | examples=Give one's name
5. sense_key=give%2:32:01:: | definition=convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.; bestow | synonyms=pay | examples=Don't pay him any mind; give the orders
6. sense_key=give%2:36:02:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, make | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
7. sense_key=give%2:32:00:: | definition=convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture | synonyms=throw | examples=Throw a glance; She gave me a dirty look
8. sense_key=give%2:40:01:: | definition=give as a present; make a gift of | synonyms=gift, present | examples=What will you give her for her birthday?
9. sense_key=give%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen or be responsible for | synonyms=yield | examples=His two singles gave the team the victory
10. sense_key=give%2:31:02:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=pay, devote | examples=give thought to; give priority to
11. sense_key=give%2:36:00:: | definition=give or supply | synonyms=render, yield, return, generate | examples=The cow brings in 5 liters of milk; This year's crop yielded 1,000 bushels of corn
12. sense_key=give%2:40:09:: | definition=transmit (knowledge or skills) | synonyms=impart, leave, pass on | examples=give a secret to the Russians; leave your name and address here
13. sense_key=give%2:36:01:: | definition=bring about | synonyms=establish | examples=The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth
14. sense_key=give%2:40:02:: | definition=leave with; give temporarily | examples=Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?; Can I give you the children for the weekend?
15. sense_key=give%2:41:00:: | definition=emit or utter | examples=Give a gulp; give a yelp
16. sense_key=give%2:40:10:: | definition=endure the loss of | synonyms=sacrifice | examples=He gave his life for his children; I gave two sons to the war
17. sense_key=give%2:40:06:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=pass, hand, reach, pass on, turn over | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
18. sense_key=give%2:32:03:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
19. sense_key=give%2:40:13:: | definition=give (as medicine) | examples=I gave him the drug
20. sense_key=give%2:40:14:: | definition=give or convey physically | synonyms=apply | examples=She gave him First Aid; I gave him a punch in the nose
21. sense_key=give%2:32:02:: | definition=bestow | synonyms=render | examples=give homage; render thanks
22. sense_key=give%2:40:11:: | definition=bestow, especially officially | synonyms=grant | examples=grant a degree; give a divorce
23. sense_key=give%2:38:00:: | definition=move in order to make room for someone for something | synonyms=move over, give way, ease up, yield | examples=The park gave way to a supermarket; `Move over,' he told the crowd
24. sense_key=give%2:34:00:: | definition=give food to | synonyms=feed | examples=Feed the starving children in India; don't give the child this tough meat
25. sense_key=give%2:40:08:: | definition=contribute to some cause | synonyms=contribute, chip in, kick in | examples=I gave at the office
26. sense_key=give%2:38:13:: | definition=break down, literally or metaphorically | synonyms=collapse, fall in, cave in, give way, break, founder | examples=The wall collapsed; The business collapsed
27. sense_key=give%2:31:00:: | definition=estimate the duration or outcome of something | examples=He gave the patient three months to live; I gave him a very good chance at success
28. sense_key=give%2:41:10:: | definition=execute and deliver | examples=Give bond
29. sense_key=give%2:40:12:: | definition=deliver in exchange or recompense | examples=I'll give you three books for four CDs
30. sense_key=give%2:40:15:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, open | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
31. sense_key=give%2:36:13:: | definition=present to view | examples=He gave the sign to start
32. sense_key=give%2:36:12:: | definition=perform for an audience | examples=Pollini is giving another concert in New York
33. sense_key=give%2:35:00:: | definition=be flexible under stress of physical force | synonyms=yield | examples=This material doesn't give
34. sense_key=give%2:34:10:: | definition=propose | examples=He gave the first of many toasts at the birthday party
35. sense_key=give%2:32:11:: | definition=accord by verdict | examples=give a decision for the plaintiff
36. sense_key=give%2:32:08:: | definition=manifest or show | examples=This student gives promise of real creativity; The office gave evidence of tampering
37. sense_key=give%2:32:15:: | definition=offer in good faith | examples=He gave her his word
38. sense_key=give%2:32:14:: | definition=submit for consideration, judgment, or use | examples=give one's opinion; give an excuse
39. sense_key=give%2:32:09:: | definition=guide or direct, as by behavior of persuasion | examples=You gave me to think that you agreed with me
40. sense_key=give%2:32:07:: | definition=allow to have or take | examples=I give you two minutes to respond
41. sense_key=give%2:32:10:: | definition=inflict as a punishment | examples=She gave the boy a good spanking; The judge gave me 10 years
42. sense_key=give%2:30:13:: | definition=occur | examples=what gives?
43. sense_key=give%2:29:11:: | definition=consent to engage in sexual intercourse with a man | examples=She gave herself to many men
44. sense_key=give%2:29:10:: | definition=proffer (a body part) | examples=She gave her hand to her little sister

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London <t>gives</t> an idea of the work involved."

We need to choose the best sense for "gives" in this context. The sentence: "A look at a Thursday night practice ... gives an idea of the work involved." So, "gives" here means "provides" or "conveys" an idea. It's like: The look (the experience of looking) yields or affords an idea. So it's a cause or source sense, or a conveyance of abstract information.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense: examples: She gave him a black eye; The draft gave me a cold. This is causing someone to have something (like a condition). Not exactly "an idea". "Gives an idea" is more about providing information.

2. be the cause or source of: synonyms: yield, afford. examples: He gave me a lot of trouble; Our meeting afforded much interesting information. This one: "afforded much interesting information" is similar to "gives an idea". So sense 2 seems plausible.

3. transfer possession of something concrete or abstract: I gave her my money; can you give me lessons? Here, "gives" an idea is not transferring possession exactly; it's providing. But "an idea" could be abstract possession. However, sense 2 is more direct.

4. convey or reveal information: examples: Give one's name. That's about revealing information, like telling someone your name. "Gives an idea" is conveying information, so this could work.

5. convey, as of a compliment, regards, etc.; bestow: synonyms: pay. Don't pay him any mind; give the orders. This is about bestowing something like attention or orders. "Gives an idea" is similar to conveying something.

6. organize or be responsible for: hold a reception, have/throw/make a party. Not relevant.

7. convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture: Throw a glance; She gave me a dirty look. That's about conveying a non-verbal message. Not about an idea from an observation.

8. give as a present: not relevant.

9. cause to happen or be responsible for: yield. His two singles gave the team the victory. This is about causing a result. "Gives an idea" is a bit like causing an idea to happen? But it's more about providing the idea.

10. dedicate: give thought to; give priority to. Not relevant.

11. give or supply: render, yield, return, generate. The cow brings in 5 liters of milk; This year's crop yielded 1,000 bushels. This is about producing something. "Gives an idea" might be seen as generating an idea, but it's not exactly the same.

12. transmit (knowledge or skills): impart, leave, pass on. give a secret to the Russians; leave your name and address here. This is about transmitting information/knowledge. "Gives an idea" is indeed transmitting an idea. This is a strong candidate.

13. bring about: establish. The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth. Not really.

14. leave with; give temporarily: Can I give you my keys? Not relevant.

15. emit or utter: Give a gulp; give a yelp. Not relevant.

16. endure the loss of: sacrifice. Not relevant.

17. place into the hands or custody of: pass, hand, reach. Not relevant.

18. give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause: dedicate, commit. Not relevant.

19. give (as medicine): Not relevant.

20. give or convey physically: apply. She gave him First Aid; I gave him a punch. Not relevant.

21. bestow: render. give homage; render thanks. Not relevant.

22. bestow, especially officially: grant. Not relevant.

23. move in order to make room for someone: give way, yield. Not relevant.

24. give food to: feed. Not relevant.

25. contribute to some cause: I gave at the office. Not relevant.

26. break down: collapse. Not relevant.

27. estimate the duration or outcome: He gave the patient three months to live. Not relevant.

28. execute and deliver: Give bond. Not relevant.

29. deliver in exchange or recompense: Not relevant.

30. afford access to: the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace. This is about physical access. Not relevant.

31. present to view: He gave the sign to start. This could be about showing something. "gives an idea" is like presenting an idea to view? Possibly, but not the best.

32. perform for an audience: Pollini is giving another concert. Not relevant.

33. be flexible under stress: This material doesn't give. Not relevant.

34. propose: He gave the first of many toasts. Not relevant.

35. accord by verdict: give a decision for the plaintiff. Not relevant.

36. manifest or show: This student gives promise of real creativity; The office gave evidence of tampering. This is about showing or manifesting something. "Gives an idea" is like showing an idea? Actually, "gives an idea" means it conveys an understanding. But "gives evidence" is similar: the office gave evidence = it provided evidence. That is close.

37. offer in good faith: He gave her his word. Not relevant.

38. submit for consideration: give one's opinion; give an excuse. "Give an opinion" is similar to "give an idea"? But "gives an idea" is not about submitting an idea; it's about causing an idea to form.

39. guide or direct, as by behavior of persuasion: You gave me to think that you agreed with me. This is about causing someone to think something. "Gives an idea" is about causing someone to have an idea. This sense: "give (someone) to think" means to lead someone to believe. That is like "gives (someone) an idea" meaning to cause them to have an idea. But the structure: "A look ... gives an idea" – the object is "an idea". Here, the object is "an idea", not a person. So it's not "give someone to think", but "give an idea". So not this.

40. allow to have or take: I give you two minutes to respond. Not relevant.

41. inflict as a punishment: not relevant.

42. occur: what gives? Not relevant.

43. consent to engage in sexual intercourse: not relevant.

44. proffer (a body part): she gave her hand. Not relevant.

Now, the most relevant ones seem to be sense 2 (be the cause or source of, yield, afford), sense 4 (convey or reveal information), sense 12 (transmit knowledge or skills, impart), and perhaps sense 36 (manifest or show). Also sense 1 (cause to have) is a candidate.

Let's look at examples:

Sense 2: "Our meeting afforded much interesting information." That is exactly parallel to "A look ... gives an idea" – the look affords an idea. So sense 2 seems strong.

Sense 4: "Give one's name" – that is more about revealing personal information, like telling someone your name. It's a direct communication of a specific piece of information. "Gives an idea" is more about causing someone to have an understanding, not necessarily revealing a name. But "idea" is information. However, sense 4 is about conveying or revealing information. The example "Give one's name" is a specific instance. So it could fit, but is it the best? Sense 2 explicitly has "afforded information" which matches "gives an idea".

Sense 12: "impart, leave, pass on" – "give a secret to the Russians" – this is transmitting knowledge or skills. "Give an idea" is transmitting an idea. So that also fits.

Sense 36: "manifest or show" – "The office gave evidence of tampering." That means the office showed evidence. "Gives an idea" is like showing an idea. But "an idea" is more of a mental conception; the look provides an idea, but it's not manifesting an idea like evidence. It's more like yielding.

What is the subtle distinction? Let's read the WordNet glosses and examples carefully.

Sense 2: "be the cause or source of" with synonyms "yield, afford". The example "Our meeting afforded much interesting information" is about an event being the source of information. In our sentence, "A look at ... practice" is an event/activity that is the source of an idea. So this seems perfect.

Sense 12: "transmit (knowledge or skills)" – that verb "transmit" implies passing on existing knowledge to someone else. In "A look gives an idea", the look is not transmitting knowledge in the sense of teaching; it's that by looking, one gains an idea. The look causes the idea to arise, it doesn't necessarily transmit a pre-existing idea. So sense 2 is more about being the cause/source, whereas sense 12 is about active transmission.

Sense 4: "convey or reveal information" – again, it's about communicating information. Reveal implies making known something that was hidden. "Give one's name" is revealing your name. In our context, a look at a practice gives an idea; it's not revealing a secret, it's providing insight.

Thus, sense 2 seems the best match. It's a very common sense for "give" when it means "to provide or yield" as an outcome. For example: "The investigation gave us some clues." That's similar.

Also note, the sentence says "gives an idea of the work involved" – it's like the look provides an understanding. So I think sense 2 is best.

Let's confirm that sense 2 is an indexed sense. Yes, sense_key=give%2:40:05::.

Thus, I choose sense index 2.

Final output: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an <t>idea</t> of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "idea" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list.

Context: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an <t>idea</t> of the work involved."

The phrase "gives an idea of" means provides a general understanding or impression. It indicates that observing the practice conveys a sense of what the work entails. This usage is about getting a rough understanding or estimate, not a specific thought, intention, personal view, or musical theme.

Let's evaluate each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
   This is about a thought in one's mind. In the context, "gives an idea" doesn't just mean gives a thought, but gives a rough understanding or impression. The example "it was not a good idea" is different; here "idea" is synonymous with "thought" as a mental concept. Not the best fit.

2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
   This sense is about purpose or intention. "The idea of the game is to capture all the pieces" means the objective. In our context, "gives an idea of the work involved" is not about intention, but about giving a notion or impression.

3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
   This is a subjective belief or opinion. "Gives an idea" is not expressing a personal view; it's providing an objective impression based on observation.

4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
   This sense fits perfectly. "A rough idea" means an approximate estimate. In the context, "gives an idea of the work involved" means provides an approximate understanding of the effort required. It's not a precise calculation but a general sense, which matches "a rough idea". The example "a rough idea how long it would take" parallels the usage here.

5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first mesures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it
   This is clearly musical and unrelated.

Thus, the best choice is sense index 4.

Output as JSON: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the <t>work</t> involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something | examples=she checked several points needing further work
2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing | synonyms=piece of work | examples=it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works; the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work
3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=employment | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=study | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force | examples=work equals force times distance
6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done | synonyms=workplace | examples=he arrived at work early today
7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it) | synonyms=oeuvre, body of work | examples=he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre; Picasso's work can be divided into periods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target word "work" with surface form "work" in a specific context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list. The context is about bell ringing practice, describing the effort and activity involved. Let's analyze the context: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church... gives an idea of the <t>work</t> involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... each pulling a rope..." The word "work" here refers to the activity or effort required to perform bell ringing. It's not a product, not employment (though it could be, but the context is about the practice and the physical/mental effort), not study, not physics, not a place of work, and not an artist's oeuvre. Sense 1: "activity directed toward making or doing something" fits perfectly. The examples: "she checked several points needing further work" – that is similar, the work involved in the bell ringing is the activity. Sense 2 is about a product (piece of work), sense 3 is employment, sense 4 is study, sense 5 is physics, sense 6 is workplace, sense 7 is body of work. The phrase "work involved" implies the effort or activity. So sense 1 is most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work <t>involved</t>. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "involved" in the given context. The target surface form is "involved". We must choose the best indexed sense from the candidates.

Let's examine the context: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church ... gives an idea of the work <t>involved</t>." The sentence says: "gives an idea of the work involved." Here, "involved" is used as a past participle modifying "work", meaning the work that is required or entailed. It means the work that is part of the activity. Let's check each candidate:

1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use" fits. "the work involved" means the work that is associated with or necessary for the activity. It matches the usage: work that is involved in ringing bells. Example: "the problems involved" implies the problems that are part of something.

Sense 2: "entangled or hindered" doesn't fit because it's about difficulties, not work.

Sense 3: "emotionally involved" is about attachment, not relevant here.

Sense 4: "highly complex or intricate" is a synonym for convoluted. Not about work required.

Sense 5: "enveloped" means surrounded or covered, not relevant.

Clearly sense 1 is correct. It's the default sense of "involved" as a past participle meaning "connected or associated with something".

So the JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}? But the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" Wait, instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" but they said "sense_index" with an underscore? Actually the example given: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" Wait, they said "sense_index". But then they gave candidate senses numbered 1 through 5. So I'll return the chosen number.

Note: The sense keys are like "involved%3:00:00::" etc. But I'm not supposed to answer with the sense key. I'll just output the index.

Thus: {"sense_index":1}

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved <t>ringers</t> stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: ringer", "Target surface form: ringers", and context about bell ringing. The context is clearly about people ringing church bells in a practice session. Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer

This matches exactly: bell ringers at a church, practicing.

2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone

Not relevant.

3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses

Not relevant.

4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Not relevant.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stand
Target surface form: stand
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers <t>stand</t> in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stand%2:35:00:: | definition=be standing; be upright | synonyms=stand up | examples=We had to stand for the entire performance!
2. sense_key=stand%2:42:04:: | definition=be in some specified state or condition | examples=I stand corrected
3. sense_key=stand%2:42:03:: | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically | examples=We stand on common ground
4. sense_key=stand%2:42:00:: | definition=hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright | synonyms=remain firm | examples=I am standing my ground and won't give in!
5. sense_key=stand%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
6. sense_key=stand%2:31:01:: | definition=have or maintain a position or stand on an issue | examples=Where do you stand on the War?
7. sense_key=stand%2:42:06:: | definition=remain inactive or immobile | examples=standing water
8. sense_key=stand%2:42:02:: | definition=be in effect; be or remain in force | examples=The law stands!
9. sense_key=stand%2:42:01:: | definition=be tall; have a height of; copula | examples=She stands 6 feet tall
10. sense_key=stand%2:35:01:: | definition=put into an upright position | synonyms=stand up, place upright | examples=Can you stand the bookshelf up?
11. sense_key=stand%2:33:00:: | definition=withstand the force of something | synonyms=resist, fend | examples=The trees resisted her; stand the test of time
12. sense_key=stand%2:35:10:: | definition=be available for stud services | examples=male domestic animals such as stallions serve selected females

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "stand" in the given context. The target appears in: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers <t>stand</t> in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope..."

We need to choose the best sense from the list of candidate senses provided. The context describes ringers physically standing in a circle, with a specific stance. Let's evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=stand%2:35:00:: | definition=be standing; be upright | synonyms=stand up | examples=We had to stand for the entire performance!
   This fits physical standing posture. The context says they "stand in a circle" with a stance. So this is about being upright on their feet.

2. sense_key=stand%2:42:04:: | definition=be in some specified state or condition | examples=I stand corrected
   This is metaphorical, not about physical posture.

3. sense_key=stand%2:42:03:: | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically | examples=We stand on common ground
   This could apply physically (occupy a place) but it's often metaphorical. The example is "We stand on common ground" which is figurative. However, "stand in a circle" is physical occupation of a location. But sense 1 is more directly about the act of standing upright. Sense 3 might be too broad; it could include being located, but here the focus is on the physical action.

4. sense_key=stand%2:42:00:: | definition=hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright | synonyms=remain firm | examples=I am standing my ground and won't give in!
   This is about maintaining a position figuratively or physically not giving ground. Not appropriate here.

5. sense_key=stand%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, tolerate | examples=...
   Not relevant.

6. sense_key=stand%2:31:01:: | definition=have or maintain a position or stand on an issue | examples=Where do you stand on the War?
   Not relevant.

7. sense_key=stand%2:42:06:: | definition=remain inactive or immobile | examples=standing water
   Could be about being still, but the context emphasizes stance and pulling ropes, not necessarily inactive.

8. sense_key=stand%2:42:02:: | definition=be in effect; be or remain in force | examples=The law stands!
   Not relevant.

9. sense_key=stand%2:42:01:: | definition=be tall; have a height of; copula | examples=She stands 6 feet tall
   Not relevant.

10. sense_key=stand%2:35:01:: | definition=put into an upright position | synonyms=stand up, place upright | examples=Can you stand the bookshelf up?
    This is transitive, not intransitive. The sentence uses "stand" intransitively (they stand in a circle). Not applicable.

11. sense_key=stand%2:33:00:: | definition=withstand the force of something | synonyms=resist, fend | examples=...
    Not relevant.

12. sense_key=stand%2:35:10:: | definition=be available for stud services | examples=...
    Not relevant.

The most appropriate is sense 1: be standing; be upright. The phrase "stand in a circle" with a stance clearly indicates physical standing posture.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: circle
Target surface form: circle
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a <t>circle</t>, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=circle%1:25:00:: | definition=ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point | examples=he calculated the circumference of the circle
2. sense_key=circle%1:14:00:: | definition=an unofficial association of people or groups | synonyms=set, band, lot | examples=the smart set goes there; they were an angry lot
3. sense_key=circle%1:25:01:: | definition=something approximating the shape of a circle | examples=the chairs were arranged in a circle
4. sense_key=circle%1:04:00:: | definition=movement once around a course | synonyms=lap, circuit | examples=he drove an extra lap just for insurance
5. sense_key=circle%1:06:01:: | definition=a road junction at which traffic streams circularly around a central island | synonyms=traffic circle, rotary, roundabout | examples=the accident blocked all traffic at the rotary
6. sense_key=circle%1:06:03:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, rope, roofy, roach
7. sense_key=circle%1:06:02:: | definition=a curved section or tier of seats in a hall or theater or opera house; usually the first tier above the orchestra | synonyms=dress circle | examples=they had excellent seats in the dress circle
8. sense_key=circle%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=round | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "circle" in the given context. The target is "circle" and the surface form is "circle". In the context: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a <t>circle</t>, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope..." The ringers are standing in a circle, meaning they are arranged in a circular formation. That fits sense 3: "something approximating the shape of a circle" with example "the chairs were arranged in a circle". Sense 1 is about the geometric shape (ellipse), but here it's about the arrangement of people. Sense 2 is about a group of people, but they are standing in a circle, not a social circle. Sense 4 is movement around a course, not applicable. Sense 5 is a traffic circle, no. Sense 6 is drug slang, no. Sense 7 is a tier of seats, no. Sense 8 is a circular mechanism, no. So clearly sense 3.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foot
Target surface form: foot
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one <t>foot</t> ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foot%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint | synonyms=human foot, pes | examples=his bare feet projected from his trousers; armored from head to foot
2. sense_key=foot%1:23:00:: | definition=a linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard | synonyms=ft | examples=he is six feet tall
3. sense_key=foot%1:15:00:: | definition=the lower part of anything | examples=curled up on the foot of the bed; the foot of the page
4. sense_key=foot%1:05:01:: | definition=the pedal extremity of vertebrates other than human beings | synonyms=animal foot
5. sense_key=foot%1:06:00:: | definition=lowest support of a structure | synonyms=foundation, base, fundament, groundwork, substructure, understructure | examples=it was built on a base of solid rock; he stood at the foot of the tower
6. sense_key=foot%1:05:00:: | definition=any of various organs of locomotion or attachment in invertebrates | synonyms=invertebrate foot
7. sense_key=foot%1:04:00:: | definition=travel by walking | examples=he followed on foot; the swiftest of foot
8. sense_key=foot%1:18:00:: | definition=a member of a surveillance team who works on foot or rides as a passenger
9. sense_key=foot%1:14:00:: | definition=an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot | synonyms=infantry | examples=there came ten thousand horsemen and as many fully-armed foot
10. sense_key=foot%1:10:00:: | definition=(prosody) a group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm | synonyms=metrical foot, metrical unit
11. sense_key=foot%1:06:01:: | definition=a support resembling a pedal extremity | examples=one foot of the chair was on the carpet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance..." The phrase "one foot ahead of the other" uses "foot" as a measurement? Actually, it says "one foot ahead of the other". This could be a literal foot (body part) or a unit of length. But in the context, the ringers are standing in a circle, and they are in a stance. The phrase "one foot ahead of the other" indicates a positioning: one person's foot is placed ahead of another's? Or it's a description of their stance: they stand with one foot forward, like a prize-fighter's stance. That suggests the body part: the foot. Let's examine the candidate senses.

Sense 1: human foot. Examples: his bare feet projected from his trousers; armored from head to foot. This fits: they stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other (each person has one foot forward). That is a body part.

Sense 2: linear unit: foot = 12 inches. Could it be "one foot ahead" as a distance of 12 inches? Possibly, but in a prize-fighter's stance, it's about positioning of the actual feet. "One foot ahead of the other" typically means one foot (the body part) is placed in front of the other foot. So it's the body part.

Sense 3: lower part of anything. Not likely.

Sense 4: pedal extremity of vertebrates. Human foot is included but this is specifically non-human.

Sense 5: lowest support. No.

Sense 6: invertebrate foot. No.

Sense 7: travel by walking. "on foot" would be that, but here it's "one foot ahead", not "on foot".

Sense 8: surveillance team member. No.

Sense 9: infantry. No.

Sense 10: metrical foot. No.

Sense 11: support resembling pedal extremity (like one foot of a chair). Could "one foot ahead" mean a chair foot? No, they are people standing.

So sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ahead
Target surface form: ahead
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot <t>ahead</t> of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ahead%4:02:00:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=in front, before | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy
2. sense_key=ahead%4:02:06:: | definition=toward the future; forward in time | synonyms=forward | examples=I like to look ahead in imagination to what the future may bring; I look forward to seeing you
3. sense_key=ahead%4:02:02:: | definition=in a forward direction | synonyms=onward, onwards, forward, forwards, forrader | examples=go ahead; the train moved ahead slowly
4. sense_key=ahead%4:02:01:: | definition=ahead of time; in anticipation | synonyms=in advance, beforehand | examples=when you pay ahead (or in advance) you receive a discount; We like to plan ahead
5. sense_key=ahead%4:02:05:: | definition=to a more advanced or advantageous position | examples=a young man sure to get ahead; pushing talented students ahead
6. sense_key=ahead%4:02:04:: | definition=to a different or a more advanced time (meaning advanced either toward the present or toward the future) | examples=moved the appointment ahead from Tuesday to Monday; pushed the deadline ahead from Tuesday to Wednesday
7. sense_key=ahead%4:02:03:: | definition=leading or ahead in a competition | synonyms=out front, in the lead | examples=the horse was three lengths ahead going into the home stretch; ahead by two pawns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "one foot <t>ahead</t> of the other in a prize-fighter's stance". The target word is "ahead". We need to choose the best sense from the list.

Looking at the context: "one foot ahead of the other" describes a physical positioning where one foot is placed in front of the other. This is a spatial, directional meaning: in a forward direction relative to the other foot.

Now, let's review candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ahead%4:02:00:: | at or in the front | synonyms: in front, before | examples: I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy. This could fit, as "ahead" means in front. But note: "one foot ahead of the other" means one foot is placed forward relative to the other, i.e., in front. It's spatial.

2. toward the future; forward in time. Not temporal here.

3. in a forward direction | synonyms: onward, onwards, forward, forwards, forrader | examples: go ahead; the train moved ahead slowly. This is about movement or direction. But the phrase is "one foot ahead of the other" – it's a static positioning, not necessarily movement. Yet it can be interpreted as "placed forward". This sense is about direction.

4. ahead of time; in anticipation. No.

5. to a more advanced or advantageous position. Not really; this is metaphorical for success.

6. to a different or more advanced time. No.

7. leading or ahead in a competition. No.

Between sense 1 and sense 3:
Sense 1: "at or in the front". Synonyms: in front, before. Example: "the road ahead is foggy" – that refers to the road that lies in front. In "one foot ahead of the other", "ahead of" could be seen as "in front of". The phrasing "one foot ahead of the other" uses "ahead of" as a preposition meaning in front of. That is consistent with "in front".

Sense 3: "in a forward direction" – the examples show movement: "go ahead", "the train moved ahead slowly". The phrase "one foot ahead of the other" does not necessarily imply movement; it's a stance. So sense 1 seems more appropriate for a static spatial relationship: one foot is in front of the other. The phrase "ahead of" indicates relative position.

Check the part of speech: all are adverbs (sense_key%4). Sense 1: "at or in the front" can be used in expressions like "one foot ahead of the other" where "ahead" is part of a prepositional phrase. Sense 3 is more about direction of motion.

Given the context, I'd choose sense 1. The example "the road ahead is foggy" shows a stationary thing being described as ahead. Similarly, a foot placed ahead is stationary. So, I'll go with sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stance
Target surface form: stance
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's <t>stance</t>, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stance%1:07:00:: | definition=standing posture
2. sense_key=stance%1:09:00:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=position, posture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "stance" in the given context. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=stance%1:07:00:: | definition=standing posture
2. sense_key=stance%1:09:00:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=position, posture

Context: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope..."

Here, "stance" refers to the physical positioning of the body, specifically the way they are standing with one foot ahead of the other, like a prize-fighter's stance. This is clearly a physical standing posture, not a mental attitude. So sense 1 (standing posture) is the correct choice.

Return JSON with sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pull
Target surface form: pulling
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each <t>pulling</t> a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pull%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move by pulling | synonyms=draw, force | examples=draw a wagon; pull a sled
2. sense_key=pull%2:35:02:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=attract, pull in, draw, draw in | examples=Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers
3. sense_key=pull%2:38:01:: | definition=move into a certain direction | examples=the car pulls to the right
4. sense_key=pull%2:35:04:: | definition=apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion | examples=Pull the rope; Pull the handle towards you
5. sense_key=pull%2:41:00:: | definition=perform an act, usually with a negative connotation | synonyms=perpetrate, commit | examples=perpetrate a crime; pull a bank robbery
6. sense_key=pull%2:38:03:: | definition=bring, take, or pull out of a container or from under a cover | synonyms=draw, pull out, get out, take out | examples=draw a weapon; pull out a gun
7. sense_key=pull%2:38:00:: | definition=steer into a certain direction | examples=pull one's horse to a stand; Pull the car over
8. sense_key=pull%2:29:00:: | definition=strain abnormally | synonyms=overstretch | examples=I pulled a muscle in my leg when I jumped up; The athlete pulled a tendon in the competition
9. sense_key=pull%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move in a certain direction by exerting a force upon, either physically or in an abstract sense | synonyms=draw | examples=A declining dollar pulled down the export figures for the last quarter
10. sense_key=pull%2:38:02:: | definition=operate when rowing a boat | examples=pull the oars
11. sense_key=pull%2:38:04:: | definition=rein in to keep from winning a race | examples=pull a horse
12. sense_key=pull%2:35:01:: | definition=tear or be torn violently | synonyms=rend, rip, rive | examples=The curtain ripped from top to bottom; pull the cooked chicken into strips
13. sense_key=pull%2:35:03:: | definition=hit in the direction that the player is facing when carrying through the swing | examples=pull the ball
14. sense_key=pull%2:35:05:: | definition=strip of feathers | synonyms=pluck, tear, deplume, deplumate, displume | examples=pull a chicken; pluck the capon
15. sense_key=pull%2:35:10:: | definition=remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense | synonyms=extract, pull out, pull up, take out, draw out | examples=pull weeds; extract a bad tooth
16. sense_key=pull%2:33:13:: | definition=take sides with; align oneself with; show strong sympathy for | synonyms=root for | examples=We all rooted for the home team; I'm pulling for the underdog
17. sense_key=pull%2:30:11:: | definition=take away | examples=pull the old soup cans from the supermarket shelf

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "pulling" in the context provided. Let's examine the context carefully.

The target word is used as: "each <t>pulling</t> a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber."

This is from a description of bell ringers practicing. They each pull a rope connected to a bell. So the action is physically pulling a rope to make the bell ring. The rope disappears through a hole, so they are applying force to draw the rope downward or toward themselves.

Now, let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. cause to move by pulling: synonyms draw, force. Examples: draw a wagon; pull a sled. This is about causing something to move by pulling it. In the context, pulling the rope might cause the bell to move, but the direct object is "a rope", and it's about pulling on the rope. This sense seems plausible but note the definition emphasizes "cause to move" by pulling. The rope itself moves, but the bell also moves. However, the direct object is the rope.

2. direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes: synonyms attract, pull in, draw, draw in. This is about attracting attention or people, like magnetism. Not physical pulling of a rope. Not applicable.

3. move into a certain direction: example "the car pulls to the right". This is intransitive, about something moving in a direction. Not applicable.

4. apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion. Examples: Pull the rope; Pull the handle towards you. This directly matches: "pulling a rope". The definition is about applying force to cause motion towards you. This is exactly what the ringers are doing: they pull the rope, causing it to move toward them, which rings the bell.

5. perform an act, usually with a negative connotation: synonyms perpetrate, commit. Example: pull a bank robbery. Not applicable.

6. bring, take, or pull out of a container or from under a cover: examples: draw a weapon; pull out a gun. Not about pulling a rope.

7. steer into a certain direction: examples: pull one's horse to a stand; Pull the car over. Not about pulling a rope.

8. strain abnormally: overstretch. Example: pull a muscle. Not applicable.

9. cause to move in a certain direction by exerting a force upon, either physically or in an abstract sense: example: A declining dollar pulled down export figures. This could be used physically, but the definition emphasizes causing something to move in a certain direction, often abstract. In the rope context, it's more about direct pulling force.

10. operate when rowing a boat: pull the oars. Not applicable.

11. rein in to keep from winning a race: pull a horse. Not applicable.

12. tear or be torn violently: rend, rip. Not applicable.

13. hit in the direction that the player is facing when carrying through the swing: pull the ball (sports). Not applicable.

14. strip of feathers: pluck. Not applicable.

15. remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense: extract, pull out. Example: pull weeds; extract a bad tooth. This is about removing something from somewhere. Not about pulling a rope to ring a bell.

16. take sides with; align oneself with; show strong sympathy for: root for. Not applicable.

17. take away: example: pull the old soup cans from the supermarket shelf. Not applicable.

The most fitting sense is 4: "apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion" with the example explicitly "Pull the rope". Sense 1 is also about causing to move by pulling, but sense 4 is more precise for the action of pulling a rope towards oneself. In sense 1, the example "draw a wagon" involves pulling something that moves along with you. Sense 4 directly mentions "Pull the rope". So sense 4 is the best match.

Thus, I'll choose sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rope
Target surface form: rope
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a <t>rope</t> that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong line
2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, roofy, roach, forget me drug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target word "rope" in context. The context is clearly about bell ringers pulling ropes attached to bells. The ropes are physical strong lines used to ring bells. Sense 1 is "a strong line" which fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about a drug, which is unrelated. Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: small
Target surface form: small
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a <t>small</t> hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=small%3:00:00:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=little | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=small%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | synonyms=minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized | examples=a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation
3. sense_key=small%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=little | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=small%5:00:00:little:03 | definition=slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope | examples=a series of death struggles with small time in between
5. sense_key=small%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, low, lowly, modest | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
6. sense_key=small%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=little, minuscule | examples=little a; small a
7. sense_key=small%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=little | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
8. sense_key=small%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=have fine or very small constituent particles | examples=a small misty rain
9. sense_key=small%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=not large but sufficient in size or amount | synonyms=modest | examples=a modest salary; modest inflation
10. sense_key=small%5:00:00:decreased:00 | definition=made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth) | synonyms=belittled, diminished | examples=her comments made me feel small

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "small" and its surface form "small" in the context: "each pulling a rope that disappears through a <t>small</t> hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber." The candidate senses are various definitions of "small". We need to choose the best sense index (1-10) based on the context.

Let's examine the context: "a small hole in the high ceiling". Here, "small" describes the hole's physical size. The hole is small in dimensions. Sense 1: "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" with synonyms "little" and examples "a little dining room; a little house". That seems to refer to size, magnitude, extent. Sense 2: "limited in size or scope" with synonyms "minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized" and examples "a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation". That also refers to size/scope but often more metaphorical (business, circulation). Sense 3: "young, immature" - not applicable. Sense 4: "slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope" with example "a series of death struggles with small time in between" - not about physical size. Sense 5: "low or inferior in station or quality" - not applicable. Sense 6: "lowercase" - not applicable. Sense 7: "(of a voice) faint" - not applicable. Sense 8: "have fine or very small constituent particles" - example "a small misty rain" - not about hole. Sense 9: "not large but sufficient in size or amount" - example "a modest salary" - that's about sufficiency, not just smallness. Sense 10: "made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth)" - example "her comments made me feel small" - not about physical hole.

The hole is physically small. Sense 1 is the most general for physical size: "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent." The synonyms are "little", and examples include "a little house" which is about physical size. Sense 2 also deals with size/scope, but its examples are "a small business" and "modest circulation", which are less about physical dimensions. Sense 1 is more direct for a concrete object's size. However, WordNet glosses are schematic; we should consider the context. The hole is small in extent (magnitude). Sense 1 fits. Sense 2 might also fit, but note that sense 1 says "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" which directly covers physical magnitude. Sense 2 says "limited in size or scope" with synonyms "minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized" - "pocket-size" is literal size, but the example "a small business" is not. In this context, the hole is simply a small opening. Sense 1 seems most appropriate. Let's check if there is any nuance: The hole is in the ceiling, and it's small. That's purely physical dimension. I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hole
Target surface form: hole
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small <t>hole</t> in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hole%1:17:01:: | definition=an opening into or through something
2. sense_key=hole%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening deliberately made in or through something
3. sense_key=hole%1:06:01:: | definition=one playing period (from tee to green) on a golf course | synonyms=golf hole | examples=he played 18 holes
4. sense_key=hole%1:25:00:: | definition=an unoccupied space
5. sense_key=hole%1:17:02:: | definition=a depression hollowed out of solid matter | synonyms=hollow
6. sense_key=hole%1:26:01:: | definition=a fault | examples=he shot holes in my argument
7. sense_key=hole%1:26:00:: | definition=informal terms for a difficult situation | synonyms=fix, jam, mess, muddle, pickle, kettle of fish | examples=he got into a terrible fix; he made a muddle of his marriage
8. sense_key=hole%1:08:00:: | definition=informal terms for the mouth | synonyms=trap, cakehole, maw, yap, gob

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "hole" in context. The target lemma is "hole" and the surface form is "hole". The context: "each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber." So it's a small opening in the ceiling through which a rope passes. We need to pick the best sense among the given candidates.

Looking at the candidates:
1. hole%1:17:01:: | definition=an opening into or through something
2. hole%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening deliberately made in or through something
3. hole%1:06:01:: | definition=one playing period (from tee to green) on a golf course | synonyms=golf hole | examples=he played 18 holes
4. hole%1:25:00:: | definition=an unoccupied space
5. hole%1:17:02:: | definition=a depression hollowed out of solid matter | synonyms=hollow
6. hole%1:26:01:: | definition=a fault | examples=he shot holes in my argument
7. hole%1:26:00:: | definition=informal terms for a difficult situation | synonyms=fix, jam, mess, muddle, pickle, kettle of fish | examples=he got into a terrible fix; he made a muddle of his marriage
8. hole%1:08:00:: | definition=informal terms for the mouth | synonyms=trap, cakehole, maw, yap, gob

In this context, it is clearly an opening in the ceiling through which a rope passes. Senses 1 and 2 are both about openings. Sense 1: "an opening into or through something" – very general. Sense 2: "an opening deliberately made in or through something" – implies intentional creation. The hole in the ceiling is likely a deliberate opening for the bell ropes. So both could fit, but we need to decide which is the most precise. Sense 1 is broader; sense 2 specifies "deliberately made". In a church bell tower, the holes for ropes are typically deliberately made, but the text does not explicitly say it's deliberate. However, it's common sense. The instruction says to choose the best indexed sense. I'll examine the examples if any, but these definitions lack examples. The context says "a small hole in the high ceiling" – it's just an opening. Often in WordNet, sense 1 (the most frequent sense) might be preferred if both apply. But we need to see if there's a finer distinction. Sense 2 might be more specific to something like a hole punched in paper, but not necessarily. The rope disappearing through a hole in the ceiling: that's an opening through something. I'd lean toward sense 1 as it is more general and fits. However, the hole in the ceiling is an opening into or through the ceiling. Sense 2 emphasizes deliberate making. But we don't have evidence it was deliberately made for this purpose; it could just be an existing hole. But in the context of a ringing chamber, it's likely a permanent hole for ropes. Both senses are plausible. Which one is more appropriate? WordNet frequently groups similar senses. Sense key: hole%1:17:01:: and hole%1:06:00::. The numbers: 17 vs 06. 17 is for nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made)? Actually, WordNet lexicographer file numbers: 17 is "noun.object" (natural objects), 06 is "noun.artifact" (man-made objects). So sense 1 is an opening as a natural object, sense 2 is an opening as an artifact. A hole in a ceiling is likely a man-made hole, so it's an artifact. So sense 2 might be more accurate: "an opening deliberately made in or through something". Even if it's not explicitly stated, a hole in a ceiling for bell ropes is certainly man-made. Sense 1 might be more for natural openings like a hole in a rock. Therefore, sense 2 is more appropriate. But let's check the examples or further information. They didn't provide examples for sense 1 or 2. In many WSD tasks, distinction between natural and artifact is crucial. So I choose sense 2. However, the instruction says: "WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together." Synonyms for sense 2? None given. So it's just definition. I think sense 2 fits perfectly. But I'll reconsider: might sense 1 be more general and thus more likely? Given that the hole is in a ceiling, it's definitely a hole through something. The phrase "small hole" could be either. But the fact that it's in a man-made ceiling of a church ringing chamber suggests it's a deliberate opening. I'll go with sense 2.

Now, the answer must be a JSON object with the sense_index. The sense_index should be the number as listed. The list goes from 1 to 8. So I need to output {"sense_index": 2}.

Wait, check the list:
1. sense_key=hole%1:17:01:: ...
2. sense_key=hole%1:06:00:: ...
So I pick index 2.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: high
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the <t>high</t> ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "high" in the given context. The context includes: "...each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber." So "high" modifies "ceiling", indicating the ceiling is at a great elevation. This is a literal spatial meaning. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. degree/intensity/amount (e.g., high temperature)
2. literal elevation (e.g., high ceilings) – exactly matches "high ceiling"
3. superior in quality/position (e.g., high priest)
4. high-pitched sound (used of sounds)
5. elated (in high spirits)
6. spoiled meat smell
7. slightly intoxicated

Clearly, sense 2 fits perfectly: "being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension... high ceilings". The example even includes "high ceilings". So we choose sense 2.

Now we need to output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

Note: The instruction says "choose the best indexed sense", and the senses are numbered 1 through 7. So we output the index as an integer.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ceiling
Target surface form: ceiling
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high <t>ceiling</t> of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ceiling%1:06:00:: | definition=the overhead upper surface of a covered space | examples=he hated painting the ceiling
2. sense_key=ceiling%1:07:00:: | definition=(meteorology) altitude of the lowest layer of clouds
3. sense_key=ceiling%1:10:00:: | definition=an upper limit on what is allowed | synonyms=roof, cap | examples=he put a ceiling on the number of women who worked for him; there was a roof on salaries
4. sense_key=ceiling%1:07:01:: | definition=maximum altitude at which a plane can fly (under specified conditions)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "ceiling" in the given context. The target word appears twice: "the high <t>ceiling</t> of the ringing chamber" and "muffled by the ceiling". The context is about bell ringers in a church, pulling ropes that go through a hole in the ceiling. So, it's clearly the overhead surface inside a room. Sense 1: "the overhead upper surface of a covered space" with example "he hated painting the ceiling". That matches perfectly. Sense 2 is meteorological cloud altitude, sense 3 is an upper limit, sense 4 is aviation altitude limit. None of those fit. So sense_index = 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chamber
Target surface form: chamber
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing <t>chamber</t>. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chamber%1:06:00:: | definition=a natural or artificial enclosed space
2. sense_key=chamber%1:08:00:: | definition=an enclosed volume in the body | examples=the chambers of his heart were healthy
3. sense_key=chamber%1:06:02:: | definition=a room where a judge transacts business
4. sense_key=chamber%1:14:00:: | definition=a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly | examples=the upper chamber is the senate
5. sense_key=chamber%1:06:01:: | definition=a room used primarily for sleeping | synonyms=bedroom, sleeping room, sleeping accommodation, bedchamber

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "chamber" in the given context. The context is about bell ringing in a church. The ringing chamber is where the ringers stand and pull ropes that go through small holes in the high ceiling. This is a room in a church tower. The candidate senses are:

1. sense 1: a natural or artificial enclosed space
2. sense 2: an enclosed volume in the body (like heart chamber)
3. sense 3: a room where a judge transacts business
4. sense 4: a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly
5. sense 5: a room used primarily for sleeping (bedroom)

The context is clearly a room in a church where bell ringers practice. It's not a natural enclosed space (sense 1 is broader), not a body chamber (sense 2), not a judge's chamber (sense 3), not an assembly (sense 4), and not a bedroom (sense 5). The best fit is sense 1: a natural or artificial enclosed space, as it is an artificial enclosed space (a room). Sense 1 is the most general and fits. There is no more specific sense like "a room in a church tower" so sense 1 is the correct choice.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 1.

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