[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: passion
Target surface form: passion
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a <t>passion</t> that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=passion%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
2. sense_key=passion%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being intensely emotional | synonyms=heat, warmth
3. sense_key=passion%1:26:01:: | definition=something that is desired intensely | synonyms=rage | examples=his rage for fame destroyed him
4. sense_key=passion%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
5. sense_key=passion%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. sense_key=passion%1:09:00:: | definition=any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting
7. sense_key=passion%1:26:02:: | definition=the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion | synonyms=Passion of Christ

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "passion" with the surface form "passion" in the given context. The context describes bell-ringing as a passion, an obsession, something that brings satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. The target is in the sentence: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." Referring to the activity of bell-ringing.

We need to select the best sense from the candidate senses provided. Let's evaluate each:

1. sense_key=passion%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
2. sense_key=passion%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being intensely emotional | synonyms=heat, warmth
3. sense_key=passion%1:26:01:: | definition=something that is desired intensely | synonyms=rage | examples=his rage for fame destroyed him
4. sense_key=passion%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
5. sense_key=passion%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. sense_key=passion%1:09:00:: | definition=any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting
7. sense_key=passion%1:26:02:: | definition=the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion | synonyms=Passion of Christ

Context: the passion is for bell-ringing. It's described as an "obsession" (by Stephanie Pattenden) and as something that finds satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. It is a strong enthusiasm or devotion to an activity. It's not a general strong feeling (sense 1) but specifically a passion *for* something. The sentence "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" suggests it is a devotion or enthusiasm for bell-ringing. Sense 6 "any object of warm affection or devotion" with synonyms "love" and examples like "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting" fits well. The activity of bell-ringing is the object of devotion. Sense 3 "something that is desired intensely" could also be considered, but it is glossed as something desired, synonymous with "rage", example "his rage for fame" - that feels more like an intense desire for something, like a craving. Sense 4 "irrational but irresistible motive" (mania) also matches the "obsession" mention, but it refers to a motive for belief or action; in this context, passion is the enthusiasm itself, not necessarily an irrational motive. Sense 6 specifically includes "any object of warm affection or devotion", which can be an activity. The phrase "a passion" often means a strong interest or hobby. So sense 6 is the best fit.

Let's verify: In the context, "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". Passion here refers to the hobby/interest. Sense 6 is about an object of devotion, like a hobby. The examples: "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting" directly parallel "ringing is a passion". So sense 6 is correct.

No need to output the sense key, only the index in the candidate list (1-based? The list is numbered 1 to 7). We return JSON with sense_index.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stay
Target surface form: stays
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually <t>stays</t> in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stay%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=remain, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=stay%2:38:00:: | definition=stay put (in a certain place) | synonyms=stick, stick around, stay put | examples=We are staying in Detroit; we are not moving to Cincinnati; Stay put in the corner here!
3. sense_key=stay%2:42:01:: | definition=dwell | synonyms=bide, abide | examples=You can stay with me while you are in town; stay a bit longer--the day is still young
4. sense_key=stay%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay on, continue, remain | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
5. sense_key=stay%2:38:01:: | definition=remain behind | examples=I had to stay at home and watch the children
6. sense_key=stay%2:30:01:: | definition=stop or halt | synonyms=detain, delay | examples=Please stay the bloodshed!
7. sense_key=stay%2:42:04:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, remain | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up
8. sense_key=stay%2:42:03:: | definition=hang on during a trial of endurance | synonyms=last out, ride out, outride | examples=ride out the storm
9. sense_key=stay%2:41:00:: | definition=stop a judicial process | examples=The judge stayed the execution order
10. sense_key=stay%2:35:00:: | definition=fasten with stays
11. sense_key=stay%2:34:00:: | definition=overcome or allay | synonyms=quell, appease | examples=quell my hunger

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "stays" in: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." Context: The passion (for ringing) stays in the tower, meaning it remains there, doesn't leave. The sense is about remaining in a place. Among senses:
1. remain in a certain state (state, not place)
2. stay put (in a certain place) – synonyms: stick, stick around, stay put. Example: "We are staying in Detroit; we are not moving to Cincinnati; Stay put in the corner here!" This fits "stays in the tower" – it means remains in the tower, doesn't go elsewhere.
3. dwell (abide) – often with a person, not a passion.
4. continue in a place, position, or situation – could also fit, but synonyms: stay on, continue, remain. Example: After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge... This also implies staying in a place. But sense 2 is specifically "stay put", which is exactly not moving from a location. The phrase "stays in the tower" suggests it doesn't leave the tower, it remains there. Sense 2: stick around, stay put. Sense 4: continue in a place, position, or situation (more general). Which is better? The context: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." Meaning: the passion doesn't go beyond the tower; it stays there. Sense 2 is more about staying put in a location. The example for sense 4 includes "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge" which is similar but that is about a person staying on. Sense 2 examples: "We are staying in Detroit; we are not moving to Cincinnati" also location. Both are plausible. However, sense 2 includes the phrasal verb "stay put", which is exactly the idea of remaining fixed in one place. Sense 4 includes "continue in a place" which is also fine. Let's look at the fine-grained differences. Sense 2: stay%2:38:00:: (stay put in a certain place). Sense 4: stay%2:42:02:: (continue in a place, position, or situation). The latter is broader: position or situation. Here it's a location (the tower). The phrase "stays in the tower" is purely about location, so sense 2 seems more precise. Additionally, the context says "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." That uses "stuck" which is a synonym for "stay" in sense 2 (stick, stick around). So "stays" aligns with "stick around". Thus, sense 2 is the best match.

Sense index: 2.

So answer: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tower
Target surface form: tower
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the <t>tower</t>, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tower%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building
2. sense_key=tower%1:25:00:: | definition=anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower | synonyms=column, pillar | examples=the test tube held a column of white powder; a tower of dust rose above the horizon
3. sense_key=tower%1:06:01:: | definition=a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships | synonyms=tugboat, tug, towboat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the context about church bell ringing, mentioning a belfry, bells, tower. The target word is "tower" in "<t>tower</t>". The sentence: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." This refers to the bell tower where ringing takes place. So "tower" means a tall structure, specifically a bell tower. The candidate senses: 1 is a structure taller than its diameter, can stand alone or be attached to a larger building - fits perfectly. Sense 2 is metaphorical: anything approximating the shape of a column or tower, like a column of dust. Sense 3 is a tugboat. Context clearly indicates a physical bell tower, not a metaphorical column or a boat. So sense 1 is correct.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, <t>however</t>. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

The target is "however". The context: preceding sentence says ringing does become an obsession, but it is a passion that usually stays in the tower. Then "however" connects to the next sentence: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." This suggests a contrast or concession: the passion stays in the tower, but (however) ringers view the church in a detached way.

Check candidate senses:

1. despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) – synonyms: nevertheless, still, yet, etc. Example: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it". This sense is used to introduce a statement that contrasts with something that has just been said, often implying concession. In the text, the first part: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession" and then "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." This might be using "however" to mean "nevertheless": The passion usually stays in the tower, but nevertheless ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom. That seems like a concessive contrast: although the passion is contained, ringers still see the church in a detached way. But is that the exact flow? The text: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." So the "however" appears after "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". The next sentence: More often than not, ringers think of the church as... That seems to contrast with the idea that the passion stays in the tower. If it stays in the tower, one might expect that ringers have a deep connection to the church itself, but instead they see the church as just a base for the belfry. So "however" introduces a contrast. Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand" with example: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours." That sense is used to introduce a contrasting fact. Here, it's similar: the passion stays in the tower; however, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom. That is a contrast. Sense 1 "nevertheless" is similar but often follows a concession, like "although X, nevertheless Y". Sense 2 is simply "by contrast". The difference is subtle: "nevertheless" implies that there is something unexpected given the previous statement, while "by contrast" simply points out a difference. In this case, there's a contrast between the passion being confined to the tower and the ringers' view of the church. Could be either. But examples: sense 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it" – this uses "however" after a comma, similar to "nevertheless". Sense 2 example: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours" – "however" is used to contrast two directly comparable items. In our text, we have two statements: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" and "ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." These are contrasting ideas: passion vs detached view. The second is not a contradictory but an additional contrast. However, the phrase "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." might be read as: The passion stays in the tower; but, by contrast, ringers think of the church as something stuck... So it could be sense 2. But note the punctuation: "tower, however." The "however" is at the end of the first contrasting clause? Actually, the sentence: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." Then new sentence: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." So "however" is placed after the first clause, but it logically connects to the next. This is common: "X, however, Y." So the contrast is direct. Sense 2 seems fitting. Sense 1 might also fit because "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" might be a concession: Even though it becomes an obsession, it stays in the tower; however (nevertheless), ringers have a detached view. But the "however" is directly after "stays in the tower" and before the next sentence, which is a contrast. So both senses 1 and 2 are plausible. Let's examine the definitions and examples more. Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" – the example: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it" – here, "however" could be replaced by "nevertheless". In that example, the first clause is a concession ("although..."), and then "however" introduces the main point. In our text, is there a concession? "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" is not explicitly introduced with "although". The preceding sentence: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden." Then: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." So the obsession is acknowledged, then limited: it stays in the tower. Then however, ringers see the church as an appendage. The "however" might be contrasting the limitation with a further observation. Sense 1 often implies that the second statement would be expected to be different given the first, but it is not. Sense 2 is simply a contrast. The example for sense 2: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours." That's just stating two contrasting facts. Here, it's similar: staying in the tower vs. seeing church as stuck on bottom. I'd lean towards sense 2 because the sentence structure is parallel: "It is a passion... however. More often than not, ringers think..." This is like "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours." The "however" introduces the second contrasting fact. Also, the synonyms for sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand". That fits perfectly: on the one hand, the passion stays in the tower; on the other hand, ringers have this detached view. Sense 1's synonyms are "nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so", which suggest a surprising result despite the first statement. Is the detached view surprising? Possibly, but the text doesn't signal a surprise, just a contrast. Even the "More often than not" suggests a common attitude, not a surprising one. So I think sense 2 is better.

Sense 3: "to whatever degree or extent" – not applicable, no degree being discussed.

Sense 4: "in whatever way or manner" – not applicable.

Thus, I select sense 2.

JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: More
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. <t>More</t> often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "more" and the surface form "More" in the context. The sentence is: "<t>More</t> often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

We need to determine which sense is used in "More often than not". The phrase "more often than not" means "usually" or "most of the time". Here, "more" is used as a comparative adverb modifying "often". But we need to see which sense fits.

Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" with synonyms "to a greater extent" and examples "more interesting; more beautiful". This sense is specifically about forming comparatives. For example, when you say "more interesting", "more" is used to form the comparative of the adjective. In "more often", "often" is an adverb, and "more" forms its comparative. So "more often" means "to a greater extent often" or "comparative of often". So this aligns with sense 1: used to form the comparative of adverbs.

Sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" with examples "he works more now; they eat more than they should." This sense is used when "more" functions as a comparative of "much" or "many", meaning a greater quantity or degree. For example, "he works more" means he works a greater amount. In "more often than not", "more" is not the comparative of "much" but is part of the fixed phrase "more often than not". Here, "more" modifies "often" directly. It is not "more" as in "more work" or "more of something". It's the comparative marker.

Consider the phrase: "More often than not" = (More often) than not. That is, "more often" is the comparative of "often". According to grammatical analysis, "more" here is an adverb forming the comparative degree of the adverb "often". For example, Collins dictionary says: "More is used to form the comparative of many adjectives and adverbs." And gives example: "Her life was becoming more complex by the day." and "We did it more easily than we thought." So "more often" fits that pattern.

Sense 2 is for when "more" is used as a pronoun or adverb meaning a greater amount or degree, like "I need more time" or "He talks more." But in "more often", it's not "more" as a standalone adverb meaning "to a greater degree" (which could also be sense 2?), wait. Let's examine examples: "he works more now" - here "more" modifies the verb "works" and means a greater amount of working. In "they eat more than they should" - "more" is a pronoun or adverb indicating quantity. In "more often", "more" is part of the comparative construction. The distinction might be that sense 1 is specifically the grammatical function of forming comparatives, while sense 2 is the comparative of "much" indicating a greater degree or extent in a more general sense. In many dictionaries, they are split: "more" as a determiner/pronoun (comparative of much/many) vs. "more" as an adverb forming comparatives. For instance, Oxford Learner's Dictionaries separates:
- more as determiner/pronoun: a larger number or amount of.
- more as adverb: 1. used to form the comparative of adjectives and adverbs with two or more syllables; 2. to a greater degree.

In our candidate senses, sense 1 is explicitly "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs", so that is exactly what is happening in "more often". Sense 2 is "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" with examples that show it as a standalone adverb or pronoun. The phrase "more often than not" is an idiomatic expression where "more" is the comparative marker. If I say "He comes more often than not", "more often" is the comparative of "often". So sense 1 applies.

Also note the synonyms: sense 1 gives "to a greater extent" as a synonym, which could also fit, but the key is the definition starting with "used to form the comparative...". In WordNet, these are distinct senses. For the word "more", WordNet adverb senses include:
- more%4:02:00:: (used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs) "more interesting"; "more beautiful"
- more%4:02:01:: (comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent) "he works more now"; "they eat more than they should"

Thus, in "more often than not", "more" is directly forming the comparative of "often", so sense 1 is correct.

Therefore, the chosen sense_index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More <t>often</t> than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "often" in a specific context. We need to choose the best indexed sense among the three provided. The context: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." The phrase "more often than not" is an idiom meaning "usually" or "in most cases." It indicates frequency of occurrence in terms of instances, not necessarily short intervals or great quantities. Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee. This sense emphasizes repetition at short intervals.

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much. This sense is about frequency or large amounts, often with a quantitative sense (much, a great deal). It's often used in negative contexts or questions? The example shows "I don't drink much" which means "I don't drink often" or "I don't drink a large quantity." But the phrase "more often than not" doesn't fit this sense.

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances. This sense is about how frequently something occurs in terms of cases or instances, not necessarily at short intervals, just that it happens in many cases. The phrase "more often than not" means "in more cases than not," so this aligns perfectly.

Thus, sense 3 is the best match.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, <t>ringers</t> think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are disambiguating the word "ringers" in the given context. The target lemma is "ringer", surface form "ringers". Let's read the context:

"Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.' 'Ringers,' she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.' 'Ringing does become a bit of an obsession,' admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below."

The context is entirely about church bell ringing. "Ringers" here are people who ring church bells. The text describes them using their wrists, swapping bells, mathematical completeness, mechanical perfection, intricate ritual, etc. It mentions "master of the band" and "female ringers". They think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry (bell tower). After ringing, they go to the pub. Clearly, sense 1: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) is the perfect match. Synonyms: toller, bell ringer. The other senses: dead ringer/clone, contestant under false pretenses, or horseshoe throw are completely unrelated. So we choose sense index 1.

But we need to output as a JSON object with "sense_index" number. The sense keys listed are:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: (definition: a person who rings church bells)
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: (dead ringer)
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: (contestant entered under false pretenses)
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: (horseshoes)

We want the first one. Index would be 1? Actually, the numbering in the prompt: "Candidate senses:" and they list them with numbers 1,2,3,4. So the best sense is 1.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think_of
Target surface form: think of
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers <t>think of</t> the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think_of%2:31:00:: | definition=keep in mind for attention or consideration | synonyms=remember | examples=Remember the Alamo; Remember to call your mother every day!
2. sense_key=think_of%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration, have in view | synonyms=entertain, toy with, flirt with, think about | examples=He entertained the notion of moving to South America
3. sense_key=think_of%2:31:01:: | definition=look on as or consider | synonyms=repute, regard as, look upon, look on, esteem, take to be | examples=she looked on this affair as a joke; He thinks of himself as a brilliant musician
4. sense_key=think_of%2:31:02:: | definition=intend to refer to | synonyms=have in mind, mean | examples=I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!
5. sense_key=think_of%2:36:00:: | definition=devise or invent | synonyms=think up, dream up, hatch, concoct | examples=He thought up a plan to get rich quickly; no-one had ever thought of such a clever piece of software
6. sense_key=think_of%2:31:04:: | definition=choose in one's mind | examples=Think of any integer between 1 and 25

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "think_of" and target surface form "think of". The context: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." The phrase is "think of the church as something". This is a pattern "think of X as Y", meaning they consider or regard the church in a particular way. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "keep in mind for attention or consideration" (remember) - not about remembering, but about considering/regarding.
2. "take into consideration, have in view" (entertain, toy with) - this is more about considering an idea or possibility, like entertaining a notion. But here it's a fixed perception: they think of the church as something. Not just considering it, but viewing it as that.
3. "look on as or consider" (repute, regard as, look upon, look on, esteem, take to be) - This fits perfectly: "think of the church as something" means they regard the church as something stuck on the bottom. Example: "she looked on this affair as a joke" parallels "think of the church as something".
4. "intend to refer to" (have in mind, mean) - This is about reference, like "when I talk about France, I'm thinking of good food". Not the sense here.
5. "devise or invent" (think up, dream up) - Not inventing.
6. "choose in one's mind" - like pick an integer. Not applicable.

Clearly, sense 3 is the most appropriate. The construction "think of X as Y" directly matches the sense of "regard as" or "look on as". So answer: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the <t>church</t> as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: a passage about bell ringers and how they tend to think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. The target word is "church" as it appears in the phrase: "ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." This implies the physical building, because the belfry is the tower or part of a church where bells are hung. Ringers are in the tower, and they see the church as an appendage to the tower. So "church" here refers to the building itself. Among the senses:

1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

The context is clearly referring to the physical structure, not the congregation, service, or denomination. The phrase "something stuck on the bottom of the belfry" emphasizes the physical building. So sense 2 ("church building") is the best match.

Thus, the answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bottom
Target surface form: bottom
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the <t>bottom</t> of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bottom%1:15:00:: | definition=the lower side of anything | synonyms=underside, undersurface
2. sense_key=bottom%1:15:01:: | definition=the lowest part of anything | examples=they started at the bottom of the hill
3. sense_key=bottom%1:08:00:: | definition=the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on | synonyms=buttocks, nates, arse, butt, backside, bum | examples=he deserves a good kick in the butt; are you going to sit on your fanny and do nothing?
4. sense_key=bottom%1:28:00:: | definition=the second half of an inning; while the home team is at bat | synonyms=bottom of the inning
5. sense_key=bottom%1:17:00:: | definition=a depression forming the ground under a body of water | synonyms=bed | examples=he searched for treasure on the ocean bed
6. sense_key=bottom%1:17:01:: | definition=low-lying alluvial land near a river | synonyms=bottomland
7. sense_key=bottom%1:06:00:: | definition=a cargo ship | synonyms=freighter, merchantman, merchant ship | examples=they did much of their overseas trade in foreign bottoms

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "bottom" in the sentence: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list. The context is about bell ringers. They ring bells in a belfry. They say ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. That means the church building is beneath the belfry. The belfry is the tower or part of the tower where bells are hung. So "bottom" here means the lower part or underside of the belfry.

Now, look at the senses:

1. sense_key=bottom%1:15:00:: | definition=the lower side of anything | synonyms=underside, undersurface
2. sense_key=bottom%1:15:01:: | definition=the lowest part of anything | examples=they started at the bottom of the hill
3. sense_key=bottom%1:08:00:: | definition=the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on ...
4. sense_key=bottom%1:28:00:: | definition=the second half of an inning; while the home team is at bat
5. sense_key=bottom%1:17:00:: | definition=a depression forming the ground under a body of water
6. sense_key=bottom%1:17:01:: | definition=low-lying alluvial land near a river
7. sense_key=bottom%1:06:00:: | definition=a cargo ship

Clearly, senses 3-7 are irrelevant. We need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2. Both refer to a part of something: "lower side" vs "lowest part". The phrase "stuck on the bottom of the belfry" suggests that the church is attached to the lower side of the belfry. But also, "bottom" could mean the lowest part. In typical usage, "the bottom of the belfry" would be the lowest part of the belfry, i.e., the base of the tower. The ringers think of the church as something stuck on that bottom. It could be interpreted as the underside of the belfry (if the belfry is above the church). Given that bell towers are often above the church, the belfry is the upper part, so the church is underneath. Thus, "bottom" refers to the lower side or underside. Sense 1 is specifically "the lower side of anything". Sense 2 is "the lowest part of anything". Which is more appropriate? The belfry is the bell tower, and if you think of it as a structure, its bottom is the lowest part. But the context says "something stuck on the bottom of the belfry", implying that the church is attached to the bottom side. I think sense 1 fits better because it emphasizes the surface or side that is lower, while sense 2 could be the very bottom part, like the base. Often "bottom" in spatial locative phrases like "on the bottom of" uses sense 1 or 2 depending on whether it's a surface. WordNet differentiates these subtly. For instance, "bottom of the hill" is sense 2. But "underside" is sense 1. Here, it's like "stuck on the bottom", like a sticker on the underside. The belfry is the tower, and the church is attached underneath it. So I'd go with sense 1: lower side, underside. Let's read carefully: "ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." That conveys that the church is like an appendage to the belfry's lower side. It feels more like the underside surface. Sense 1 has synonyms "underside, undersurface", which perfectly matches "stuck on the underside of the belfry". So I pick sense 1.

Thus, index 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complete
Target surface form: completed
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are <t>completed</t>, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complete%2:30:02:: | definition=come or bring to a finish or an end | synonyms=finish | examples=He finished the dishes; She completed the requirements for her Master's Degree
2. sense_key=complete%2:30:00:: | definition=bring to a whole, with all the necessary parts or elements | examples=A child would complete the family
3. sense_key=complete%2:41:00:: | definition=complete or carry out | synonyms=dispatch, discharge | examples=discharge one's duties
4. sense_key=complete%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=nail
5. sense_key=complete%2:32:00:: | definition=write all the required information onto a form | synonyms=fill out, fill in, make out | examples=fill out this questionnaire, please!; make out a form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "complete" in the form "completed" in the given context. We have 5 candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to return the index of the best sense as JSON.

Let's analyze the context:

"In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.' 'Ringers,' she added, 'are filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.' 'Ringing does become a bit of an obsession,' admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are <t>completed</t>, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics."

The target phrase: "When their changes are completed". "Changes" here refers to change ringing, a method of ringing bells where the order of the bells is changed according to a pattern. So "changes" are the sequences or patterns they ring. So "completed" means they finish ringing those changes. The word "completed" is used as a past participle in a passive construction: "are completed" means the changes are finished, brought to an end.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=complete%2:30:00:: | definition: come or bring to a finish or an end | synonyms=finish | examples=He finished the dishes; She completed the requirements for her Master's Degree

This sense is about bringing something to an end, finishing it. That seems very appropriate: the changes (the ringing sequences) are finished. The example "She completed the requirements" aligns with fulfilling a task. In the context, the ringers have finished their ringing, so this sense fits.

2. sense_key=complete%2:30:01:: | definition: bring to a whole, with all the necessary parts or elements | examples=A child would complete the family

This sense is about making something whole, adding missing parts to complete a set. That doesn't fit here. The changes are not being brought to a whole; they are being finished.

3. sense_key=complete%2:41:00:: | definition: complete or carry out | synonyms=dispatch, discharge | examples=discharge one's duties

This sense is about performing or carrying out a task. It could fit: "carry out the changes" but the phrase is "are completed" which suggests they are finished, not being carried out. The ringers complete (carry out) the changes, but the phrasing "are completed" passive suggests the changes undergo completion. The primary meaning is finishing, not just performing. The synonyms "dispatch, discharge" imply executing a duty. Could work, but sense 1 is more direct.

4. sense_key=complete%2:33:00:: | definition: complete a pass | synonyms=nail

This is a sports sense (American football) meaning to successfully catch a pass. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=complete%2:32:00:: | definition: write all the required information onto a form | synonyms=fill out, fill in, make out | examples=fill out this questionnaire, please!; make out a form

This is about filling in a form. Not applicable.

Between sense 1 and 3: Sense 1 is "come or bring to a finish or an end". The example "She completed the requirements" is close. Sense 3 is "complete or carry out" with synonyms "dispatch, discharge". In the context, the changes are a ritual that is performed, and when they are completed, they are finished. The phrase "faultlessly performed" earlier emphasizes performance, but "completed" here means the performance is brought to an end. The most natural reading is finishing the ringing. I think sense 1 is the best.

Thus, index 1.

Wait, the indexes are 1 through 5 as listed. Sense 1 is the first one. So I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work_up
Target surface form: worked up
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have <t>worked up</t> a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work_up%2:30:00:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, build, progress | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border
2. sense_key=work_up%2:29:00:: | definition=develop | synonyms=get up | examples=we worked up an as of an appetite
3. sense_key=work_up%2:30:06:: | definition=bolster or strengthen | synonyms=build up, build, ramp up | examples=We worked up courage; build up confidence
4. sense_key=work_up%2:30:03:: | definition=come up with | synonyms=work out | examples=His colleagues worked out his interesting idea; We worked up an ad for our client

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "work_up" with the surface form "worked up" in the given context. The target word appears in the phrase "after they have worked up a sweat". We need to choose the best sense from the four provided candidates.

Let's analyze each candidate:

1. sense_key=work_up%2:30:00:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, build, progress | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border
- This sense is intransitive: something builds up or accumulates. But here "work up a sweat" is transitive: they worked up a sweat. The sweat is not accumulating by itself; they are causing it through effort. So this sense might not fit well because it's intransitive (no direct object). "Worked up a sweat" has a direct object "a sweat".

2. sense_key=work_up%2:29:00:: | definition=develop | synonyms=get up | examples=we worked up an as of an appetite (likely a typo: "we worked up an appetite")
- This sense means to develop or create something like appetite. "Work up an appetite" is a common phrase. Similarly, "work up a sweat" is very similar: produce sweat through physical exertion. This sense is transitive: we worked up an appetite. So it fits the pattern "work up + a noun" (a sweat, an appetite). This seems promising.

3. sense_key=work_up%2:30:06:: | definition=bolster or strengthen | synonyms=build up, build, ramp up | examples=We worked up courage; build up confidence
- "Work up courage" means to gradually build up or strengthen one's courage. "Worked up a sweat" could be interpreted as building up a sweat, but sweat is not something you strengthen; it's a physical result. However, "work up a sweat" is an idiom similar to "work up an appetite". But "work up courage" is about building an internal emotional state. Sweat is a physical substance. The sense of "bolster or strengthen" doesn't fit well with producing sweat.

4. sense_key=work_up%2:30:03:: | definition=come up with | synonyms=work out | examples=His colleagues worked out his interesting idea; We worked up an ad for our client
- This sense means to devise or create a plan or idea. "Worked up an ad" means created an ad. "Work up a sweat" is not about creating or devising sweat; it's about generating it through physical activity. So this doesn't fit.

Comparing sense 2 and sense 3: In sense 2, "develop" with example "worked up an appetite" is very analogous to "worked up a sweat". In sense 3, "worked up courage" is about building courage, which is internal and gradual. "Work up a sweat" is more about immediate physical result from exertion. I think sense 2 is the best fit.

Additionally, the context: "when their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub" - They have been ringing bells, which is physically demanding, so they have produced sweat. "Work up a sweat" means to cause oneself to sweat through physical activity. That matches the "develop" sense, like developing an appetite.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.

Now, respond with JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sweat
Target surface form: sweat
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a <t>sweat</t>, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sweat%1:08:00:: | definition=salty fluid secreted by sweat glands | synonyms=perspiration, sudor | examples=sweat poured off his brow
2. sense_key=sweat%1:26:01:: | definition=agitation resulting from active worry | synonyms=fret, stew, lather, swither | examples=don't get in a stew; he's in a sweat about exams
3. sense_key=sweat%1:19:00:: | definition=condensation of moisture on a cold surface | examples=the cold glasses were streaked with sweat
4. sense_key=sweat%1:04:00:: | definition=use of physical or mental energy; hard work | synonyms=effort, elbow grease, exertion, travail | examples=he got an A for effort; they managed only with great exertion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "sweat" and context: "When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub..." The phrase "worked up a sweat" means they have exerted themselves physically, resulting in sweating. Sense 1 is about the fluid secreted by sweat glands, which fits the context of physical exertion leading to sweat. Sense 4 is about effort or hard work, but the phrase "worked up a sweat" specifically implies the physical result of exertion, the fluid. The context says "after they have worked up a sweat", so they have physically perspired from the activity of ringing bells. Sense 1 has example "sweat poured off his brow", which matches the idea. Sense 4 is more abstract: "use of physical or mental energy; hard work", but "worked up a sweat" is an idiom meaning to perspire due to exertion. The phrase literally means to produce sweat (the fluid). Therefore, sense 1 is most appropriate. The instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." So we just output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, <t>ringers</t> often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "ringer" with surface form "ringers" in a context about church bell ringing. The context mentions Dorothy L. Sayers, ringing as a passion, church bells, belfry, etc. So "ringers" clearly refers to bell ringers. Looking at the candidates: sense 1 is "toller, bell ringer" – a person who rings church bells. That fits perfectly. The other senses are about look-alikes (dead ringer), fraudulent contestants, or horseshoe throws. Thus, the best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers <t>often</t> skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "often" and surface form "often" in context. We need to choose the best sense among three provided. The senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Context: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below."

The word "often" appears in "ringers often skip off". It describes the frequency of an action: they habitually skip off. The phrase is not about great quantities, so sense 2 is unlikely. Sense 1 emphasizes "many times at short intervals", which might imply repeatedly and quickly. Sense 3 is about "in many cases or instances", which is a general frequency sense. The context says "ringers often skip off" meaning it happens frequently, not necessarily at short intervals. Also, earlier: "More often than not" which is an idiom meaning usually. So "often" here simply means frequently. Sense 1's definition says "many times at short intervals" – does that fit? Not necessarily short intervals; just that they do it after their ringing. But sense 3 says "in many cases or instances", which might be a vaguer definition. The example for sense 1: "we often met over a cup of coffee" – that implies regular occurrence but not necessarily short intervals. The synonyms for sense 1 include "frequently", which is how we'd paraphrase here. However, sense 3 has no synonyms listed, just definition "in many cases or instances". Often in modern usage, "often" is simply synonymous with "frequently". The WordNet sense 1 specifically says "many times at short intervals" – does that imply a high frequency within a short time? Possibly sense 3 is more general. Let's check typical WordNet distinctions: Sense 1 has synonyms "frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes". Sense 3 is "in many cases or instances". The example for sense 3 might be something like "Often, people don't realize..." but there's no example provided. In this sentence, "ringers often skip off" means it's their common practice. I think it matches sense 1 better: it's a regular occurrence, they frequently do it. The short intervals might not be emphasized, but it's about repetition of the action across different ringing sessions. I'd go with sense 1. But let's double-check: the context says "More often than not" right before, which is a set phrase meaning usually. The sense 1 definition doesn't mention that phrase, but it's still about frequency. Sense 3 could also apply, but sense 1's inclusion of "frequently" as a synonym aligns perfectly. Typically, WordNet sense 1 for often is the most common one. I'll select sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: skip
Target surface form: skip
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often <t>skip</t> off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=skip%2:31:01:: | definition=bypass | synonyms=jump, pass over, skip over | examples=He skipped a row in the text and so the sentence was incomprehensible
2. sense_key=skip%2:42:00:: | definition=intentionally fail to attend | synonyms=cut | examples=cut class
3. sense_key=skip%2:38:00:: | definition=jump lightly | synonyms=hop, hop-skip
4. sense_key=skip%2:38:02:: | definition=leave suddenly | synonyms=decamp, vamoose | examples=She persuaded him to decamp; skip town
5. sense_key=skip%2:38:03:: | definition=bound off one point after another | synonyms=bound off
6. sense_key=skip%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to skip over a surface | synonyms=skim, skitter | examples=Skip a stone across the pond

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "skip" in the given context. The target surface form is "skip". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list, numbered 1 to 6. The context describes ringers who, after completing their bell-ringing, often "skip off to the local pub". We need to determine which sense of "skip" is used here.

Let's analyze each sense:

Sense 1: skip%2:31:01:: (bypass) - "jump, pass over, skip over" - example: "He skipped a row in the text". This sense is about omitting or going past something without dealing with it. In the context, ringers are not bypassing the pub; they are going to it. So this doesn't fit.

Sense 2: skip%2:42:00:: (intentionally fail to attend) - "cut" - example: "cut class". This means not attending something. The ringers are going to the pub, not failing to attend something. The phrase is "skip off to the local pub", which implies leaving and going somewhere, not avoidance. So this is not it.

Sense 3: skip%2:38:00:: (jump lightly) - "hop, hop-skip" - This is the literal motion of hopping or skipping. "Skip off" could be interpreted as leaving in a light, playful manner. The phrase "skip off" often suggests a quick, light-hearted departure. Example: They skipped off to the beach. This sense could work: the ringers are cheerfully hopping or lightly jumping out of the church to the pub.

Sense 4: skip%2:38:02:: (leave suddenly) - "decamp, vamoose" - examples: "She persuaded him to decamp; skip town". This sense is about departing quickly or suddenly, often to escape. The ringers "skip off to the local pub" after ringing, leaving worship for others. This implies a sudden departure, perhaps to avoid the service? The phrase "leave suddenly" fits the idea of quickly going to the pub. Sense 4 explicitly includes "leave suddenly" with synonyms "decamp, vamoose", and the example "skip town" shows it can be used with "skip" meaning to leave a place. "Skip off" could be a phrasal verb meaning to leave, especially in a hurried or casual manner. This seems very plausible.

Sense 5: skip%2:38:03:: (bound off one point after another) - "bound off" - This is a more specific physical action, like bouncing off surfaces. Not appropriate for humans leaving a church.

Sense 6: skip%2:35:00:: (cause to skip over a surface) - "skim, skitter" - Example: "Skip a stone across the pond". This is transitive, causing something to skip. Not relevant.

Now, between sense 3 and sense 4: Sense 3 is "jump lightly" (hop, hop-skip). Sense 4 is "leave suddenly". The context says "ringers often skip off to the local pub". The phrase "skip off" is a phrasal verb meaning to leave quickly or casually. In many dictionaries, "skip off" is defined as to leave a place quickly or secretly. For example, "They skipped off without paying." Here, it's not necessarily secretive, but it's a sudden departure. Sense 4 explicitly says "leave suddenly" and includes "skip town" as an example, which is similar. Sense 3 is a physical motion, but the emphasis here is on the departure, not the manner of walking. The ringers are leaving the church to go to the pub, leaving worship behind. The context also says "This does not sit well with some clerics," implying that they are quickly going away, perhaps to avoid the service. So sense 4 captures the idea of leaving abruptly.

Sense 4's definition is "leave suddenly" with synonyms "decamp, vamoose". This perfectly matches "skip off to". Sense 3 is more about a playful jumping motion, which could be part of it, but the primary meaning in context is the act of leaving. Since the WordNet senses are distinct, sense 4 is explicitly about leaving, while sense 3 is about the physical action. We should choose sense 4.

Let's double-check: In WordNet, the synset for sense 4 is indeed "leave suddenly" (often followed by "off" as in "skip off"? The example "skip town" uses "skip" without a particle, but it's still a leave-taking sense. Sense 3: "jump lightly" includes "hop-skip", which is more about a specific kind of movement. The context has "skip off" which is an idiomatic phrasal verb meaning to leave. So I'll go with sense 4.

Thus, the chosen index is 4.

Response format: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the <t>local</t> pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "local" in the given context. The target is "local" in "the local pub". The context: ringers skip off to the local pub after ringing. The senses: 1) relating to administration of a city/town/district (local taxes, local authorities); 2) of or belonging to a particular locality or neighborhood (local customs, local schools); 3) affecting only a restricted part of the body (local anesthesia). Clearly, "local pub" refers to a pub that is in the neighborhood or nearby, not about administration or body part. Sense 2 fits perfectly: of or belonging to a particular locality or neighborhood. Sense 1 is about administrative local, like government. So sense 2 is best. Answer: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: leave
Target surface form: leaving
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, <t>leaving</t> worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=leave%2:38:01:: | definition=go away from a place | synonyms=go forth, go away | examples=At what time does your train leave?; She didn't leave until midnight
2. sense_key=leave%2:31:05:: | definition=go and leave behind, either intentionally or by neglect or forgetfulness | examples=She left a mess when she moved out; His good luck finally left him
3. sense_key=leave%2:42:02:: | definition=act or be so as to become in a specified state | examples=The inflation left them penniless; The president's remarks left us speechless
4. sense_key=leave%2:30:02:: | definition=leave unchanged or undisturbed or refrain from taking | synonyms=leave alone, leave behind | examples=leave it as is; leave the young fawn alone
5. sense_key=leave%2:38:00:: | definition=move out of or depart from | synonyms=exit, go out, get out | examples=leave the room; the fugitive has left the country
6. sense_key=leave%2:42:01:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=allow for, allow, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
7. sense_key=leave%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=result, lead | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
8. sense_key=leave%2:41:00:: | definition=remove oneself from an association with or participation in | synonyms=depart, pull up stakes | examples=She wants to leave; The teenager left home
9. sense_key=leave%2:40:06:: | definition=put into the care or protection of someone | synonyms=entrust | examples=He left the decision to his deputy; leave your child the nurse's care
10. sense_key=leave%2:40:01:: | definition=leave or give by will after one's death | synonyms=bequeath, will | examples=My aunt bequeathed me all her jewelry; My grandfather left me his entire estate
11. sense_key=leave%2:42:03:: | definition=have left or have as a remainder | examples=That left the four of us; 19 minus 8 leaves 11
12. sense_key=leave%2:30:03:: | definition=be survived by after one's death | synonyms=leave behind | examples=He left six children; At her death, she left behind her husband and 11 cats
13. sense_key=leave%2:40:02:: | definition=transmit (knowledge or skills) | synonyms=impart, give, pass on | examples=give a secret to the Russians; leave your name and address here
14. sense_key=leave%2:31:02:: | definition=leave behind unintentionally | synonyms=forget | examples=I forgot my umbrella in the restaurant; I left my keys inside the car and locked the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "leave" with surface form "leaving". The context: "... ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below." So the ringers go to the pub, and in doing so, they leave worship for others. The sense is that they are leaving worship behind, perhaps abandoning it or not participating in it. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. go away from a place (like physically departing from a specific place). Example: "She didn't leave until midnight." This is more about departing a location.

2. go and leave behind, either intentionally or by neglect or forgetfulness. Example: "She left a mess when she moved out." That implies leaving something behind as a result of going away.

3. act or be so as to become in a specified state. Example: "The inflation left them penniless." That implies causing someone or something to be in a state.

4. leave unchanged or undisturbed or refrain from taking. Example: "leave it as is" - preserving something, not taking it.

5. move out of or depart from. Example: "leave the room" - physically exit.

6. make a possibility or provide opportunity for. Example: "This leaves no room for improvement." That means results in or allows.

7. have as a result or residue. Example: "The water left a mark." Physical result.

8. remove oneself from an association with or participation in. Example: "She wants to leave." (Leave an organization, home, participation). "The teenager left home."

9. put into the care or protection of someone. Example: "He left the decision to his deputy." That's entrusting.

10. leave or give by will after one's death. Not relevant.

11. have left or have as a remainder. Mathematical.

12. be survived by after death. Not relevant.

13. transmit (knowledge or skills), like "leave your name and address" but that's actually another sense? Actually sense 13 is "transmit (knowledge or skills)" with examples "leave your name and address here"? That seems off because that example is more like depositing information. But sense 13 says "impart, give, pass on". Might not fit.

14. leave behind unintentionally, like forgetting. Example: "I left my keys inside the car."

In context: "ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below." They are ringers, they ring the bells, then they go to the pub, leaving the act of worship to the people in the church below. So they are not participating in worship; they are abandoning it or leaving it for others to do. This is about leaving an activity (worship) for others to do, i.e., they are going away and leaving the task of worship to others. This might be sense 2: "go and leave behind, either intentionally or by neglect or forgetfulness" with the example "She left a mess when she moved out" - they left worship behind. Or sense 4: "leave unchanged or undisturbed or refrain from taking" with synonyms "leave alone, leave behind" and example "leave it as is". But leaving worship for others means they are refraining from taking part in worship, they are leaving it alone. However, the phrase "leaving worship for others below" implies they are leaving the task of worship to others, which is like entrusting or abandoning it. Sense 4's gloss: "leave unchanged or undisturbed or refrain from taking" is close: they refrain from taking worship? They leave it undisturbed? Might be a stretch.

Sense 8: "remove oneself from an association with or participation in" - example "She wants to leave." That's more like quitting. They are physically leaving the church to go to the pub, but the worship is going on inside the church, not them. So they are physically moving away from the place, but also not participating. Sense 5: "move out of or depart from" would be physical leaving of a place. But the sentence says "leaving worship for others below" – worship is not a place, it's an activity. So the leaving is not physical departure from worship; it's more abstract.

Sense 6: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain" – "This leaves no room for improvement" – here "leaving worship for others" could be interpreted as they are providing the opportunity for others to worship, or leaving the worship to them. That sense fits: they allow worship to happen for others. The definition: "permit to be attainable or cause to remain". They leave worship (cause it to remain) for others. Example: "The evidence allows only one conclusion." So leaving worship as something for others to do. That seems plausible.

Sense 2: "go and leave behind" could also apply if they left worship behind like leaving a mess. But worship isn't a physical object. However, sense 2 may include abstract things? The examples are physical: "She left a mess" "His good luck finally left him". The latter is abstract: luck leaving him. So they could be leaving worship behind.

Sense 8: "remove oneself from an association with or participation in" – they remove themselves from participation in worship. That's very direct. "She wants to leave" (leave a group). They skip off to the pub, i.e., they exit the activity. So "leaving worship for others" means they exit from worshipping, leaving it to others. That fits well.

Sense 5: physical departure from a place. But they are leaving the belfry, perhaps, but the object is "worship", not the church. So sense 5 would be "leaving worship" meaning they depart from worship, which is not a place. Might be a metaphorical extension, but WordNet has distinct senses. The context: they are in the belfry, they ring the bells, then they go to the pub. The worship is happening in the church below. They are not actually participating in the worship; they were ringing bells, which is part of the service perhaps, but they then leave. They physically leave the church? Typically, bell ringers ring from the tower, and after ringing they might go to the pub rather than attend the service. So they physically leave the church building or the tower, leaving the act of worship to the congregation. The phrase "leaving worship for others below" suggests they are not joining in the worship; they are allowing others to do it. The phrasal verb "leave something to someone" often means to allow them to do it, or to entrust it to them. For example, "I'll leave the decision to you." That's sense 9: put into the care or protection of someone, with synonyms "entrust". The example: "He left the decision to his deputy." "leave your child in the nurse's care." So here, they leave worship in the care of others, or entrust it to others below. That seems to match sense 9 exactly: "leave or give by will after one's death" is sense 10, but sense 9 is entrust. However, the WordNet entry for sense 9: "put into the care or protection of someone" with examples: "He left the decision to his deputy"; "leave your child the nurse's care." So "leave worship for others" is an act of entrusting worship to others. That fits perfectly. The ringers entrust worship to the ones below.

Let's check the surface form: "leaving worship for others below." So they are leaving worship (object) for others (beneficiary). This is the same structure as "leave the decision to his deputy." So sense 9 is strong.

Sense 1,5 are physical departure, which is not the main meaning here. Sense 8 (leave participation) is close but sense 9 is more precise because of the indirect object "for others". In the context, they are not just leaving participation, they are leaving the act of worship to others. So I think sense 9 is the best.

We have to output a JSON with the sense_index. Sense indices start from 1 in the list. So sense 9 is index 9.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worship
Target surface form: worship
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving <t>worship</t> for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worship%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of worshipping
2. sense_key=worship%1:12:01:: | definition=a feeling of profound love and admiration | synonyms=adoration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target word "worship" in a specific context. The context is about bell ringers and their passion for ringing, often leaving the church service to others. The sentence: "... ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below." This suggests that "worship" here refers to the religious service or the act of worshiping that happens in the church. The two candidate senses: 1. the activity of worshipping; 2. a feeling of profound love and admiration. In context, "leaving worship for others" likely means leaving the religious activity (the church service) to be done by others. It's not about a feeling, but the activity itself. So sense 1 is appropriate.