[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: urgency
Target surface form: urgency
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new <t>urgency</t> as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=urgency%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity
2. sense_key=urgency%1:07:00:: | definition=pressing importance requiring speedy action | examples=the urgency of his need
3. sense_key=urgency%1:26:01:: | definition=an urgent situation calling for prompt action | examples=I'll be there, barring any urgencies; they departed hurriedly because of some great urgency in their affairs
4. sense_key=urgency%1:10:00:: | definition=insistent solicitation and entreaty | synonyms=importunity, urging | examples=his importunity left me no alternative but to agree

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "urgency" in the given context.

The context: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."

Here, "urgency" refers to the pressing need for speedy action because of the deadline. It's about the importance or necessity of acting quickly.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=urgency%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity
   - This is a state of urgency. It could fit.

2. sense_key=urgency%1:07:00:: | definition=pressing importance requiring speedy action | examples=the urgency of his need
   - This seems very appropriate: pressing importance requiring speedy action. The talks took on new pressing importance requiring speedy action.

3. sense_key=urgency%1:26:01:: | definition=an urgent situation calling for prompt action | examples=I'll be there, barring any urgencies; they departed hurriedly because of some great urgency in their affairs
   - This refers to a situation, an instance. "They departed hurriedly because of some great urgency in their affairs." Here, "urgency" is a situation that calls for prompt action. In the context, "The talks took on new urgency" could be interpreted as the talks acquired a new urgent character. It's more about the quality or state, not a specific urgent situation. The sentence doesn't mention a specific "urgency" like an emergency; it's about the overall nature of the talks becoming more urgent. So sense 3 is less likely because it's a countable situation ("an urgent situation").

4. sense_key=urgency%1:10:00:: | definition=insistent solicitation and entreaty | synonyms=importunity, urging
   - This is about begging or pleading. Not fitting at all.

Between sense 1 and sense 2: Sense 2 specifically highlights "pressing importance requiring speedy action," which aligns perfectly with the context: they must resolve issues before the heads arrive, so the talks became more urgent in the sense of requiring speedy action. Sense 1 is more general: "the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity." Both are close, but sense 2's example "the urgency of his need" mirrors the structure "took on new urgency" – meaning the need for speedy action became more pressing. Sense 1 is a broader state, but sense 2 captures the aspect of speedy action that is explicitly present in the context (deadline, resolve before arrival). I'll go with sense 2.

Thus, sense_index: 2.

provider: DigitalOcean


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the <t>fact</t> that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "fact" in the sentence: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the <t>fact</t> that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."

We need to choose among four candidate senses. Let's examine each:

Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" – example: "first you must collect all the facts of the case." This refers to individual pieces of information, facts as data points.

Sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" – example: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts." This is about statements or assertions that are proven true.

Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" – example: "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell." This sense refers to fact as opposed to fiction, or actual events.

Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved" – example: "scientific hypotheses are not facts." This is about a concept that is proven true.

In the context, the delegates focused on "the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues..." Here, "the fact that" introduces a clause that expresses a known reality or circumstance. It is not an individual piece of information (sense 1) or a statement/assertion (sense 2). It is more about the reality or truth of the situation: it is a fact that they must resolve issues. The phrase "the fact that" is often used to refer to a known situation or truth. That aligns with sense 3: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. Here, the "fact" is that they must resolve issues before heads of government arrive – it's a known circumstance. Sense 1 might also fit because it's a piece of information, but sense 3 captures the abstract notion of a known truth or reality. Sense 2 is about an assertion, which doesn't fit because they aren't focusing on an assertion; they're focusing on the situation itself. Sense 4 is about a concept whose truth can be proved, like a scientific fact, which is too narrow.

Thus, sense 3 is most appropriate.

So, the answer is sense index 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: issue
Target surface form: issues
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding <t>issues</t> before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition=an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples=the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
4. sense_key=issue%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity) | synonyms=issuing, issuance | examples=a new issue of stamps; the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago
5. sense_key=issue%1:21:01:: | definition=supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government | synonyms=military issue, government issue
6. sense_key=issue%1:21:00:: | definition=the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property | synonyms=return, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff | examples=the average return was about 5%
7. sense_key=issue%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
8. sense_key=issue%1:18:00:: | definition=the immediate descendants of a person | synonyms=offspring, progeny | examples=she was the mother of many offspring; he died without issue
9. sense_key=issue%1:11:00:: | definition=the becoming visible | synonyms=emergence, egress | examples=not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins
10. sense_key=issue%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening that permits escape or release | synonyms=exit, outlet, way out | examples=he blocked the way out; the canyon had only one issue
11. sense_key=issue%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of issuing printed materials | synonyms=publication

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "issue" and surface form "issues" in context. The context is about climate negotiations, delegates discussing unresolved points before heads of government arrive. The sentence: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding <t>issues</t> before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal." So "issues" here refers to unresolved matters or questions that need to be settled.

Now, look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition: an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples: "the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues" – This fits perfectly: outstanding issues that need to be resolved before a deal.
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition: one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number – Not relevant.
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition: some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter – This is close but less precise; the context is about disputes needing resolution, not just topics for thought. Sense 1 specifically mentions "in dispute and must be settled", which aligns with "resolve" and "outstanding issues" in the context.
4. sense_key=issue%1:04:01:: | definition: the act of providing an item for general use – Not relevant.
5. sense_key=issue%1:21:01:: | supplies – Not relevant.
6. sense_key=issue%1:21:00:: | income or profit – Not relevant.
7. sense_key=issue%1:19:00:: | consequence, effect – Could potentially work if "issues" meant problems, but in context, they are points to be resolved, not consequences.
8. sense_key=issue%1:18:00:: | offspring – Not relevant.
9. sense_key=issue%1:11:00:: | emergence – Not relevant.
10. sense_key=issue%1:06:00:: | opening, exit – Not relevant.
11. sense_key=issue%1:04:00:: | the act of issuing printed materials – Not relevant.

Sense 1 is the best fit: "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled". The examples include "issues" as matters to be settled, just like in the context. So index 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a <t>deal</t>. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal." The target word is "deal" in the phrase "strike a deal". The context is about climate negotiations, a political treaty, etc. The phrase "strike a deal" means to reach an agreement. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: a particular instance of buying or selling (trade, business deal). Not about political agreement; "strike a deal" in this context is not a business transaction.

2. Sense 2: an agreement between parties fixing obligations of each (bargain). This fits perfectly. "Strike a deal" means to reach an agreement, often in negotiations. The examples: "he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals." Here, it's about political talks, striking a deal on climate change.

3. Sense 3: a large number or amount (batch, flock, etc.). Not applicable.

4. Sense 4: a plank of softwood.

5. Sense 5: softwood.

6. Sense 6: cards held in a card game.

7. Sense 7: type of treatment received (e.g., a good deal on his car). This is about getting a good price or treatment, but "strike a deal" is about making an agreement, not receiving treatment.

8. Sense 8: the act of distributing playing cards.

9. Sense 9: the act of apportioning or distributing something.

Only sense 2 fits the idiomatic "strike a deal" meaning an agreement. Therefore, the correct sense index is 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: officials
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level <t>officials</t> such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "officials" in the context: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes..." The candidate senses are two: sense 1: a worker who holds an office (functionary); sense 2: someone who administers rules of a game or sport. The context clearly indicates government ministers, not sports officials. So sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minister
Target surface form: minister
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice <t>minister</t> stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minister%1:18:00:: | definition=a person authorized to conduct religious worship | synonyms=curate, minister of religion, parson, pastor, rector | examples=clergymen are usually called ministers in Protestant churches
2. sense_key=minister%1:18:02:: | definition=a person appointed to a high office in the government | synonyms=government minister | examples=Minister of Finance
3. sense_key=minister%1:18:01:: | definition=a diplomat representing one government to another; ranks below ambassador | synonyms=diplomatic minister
4. sense_key=minister%1:04:00:: | definition=the job of a head of a government department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "minister" in the given context. The target surface form is "minister", appearing as "Chinese vice <t>minister</t>" (likely "vice minister"). The context is about climate change negotiations, mentioning government officials like "Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh" and "Chinese vice minister". So it's clearly referring to a government official, not a religious figure. The candidate senses are:

1. religious worship sense (pastor, etc.)
2. a person appointed to a high office in the government (government minister) - example: Minister of Finance
3. a diplomat representing one government to another; ranks below ambassador (diplomatic minister)
4. the job of a head of a government department (the job itself, not the person)

The context says "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister..." This is about a person holding a high government office, specifically a minister (or vice minister) in the government. Sense 2 is "a person appointed to a high office in the government", examples include "Minister of Finance". Sense 3 is a diplomat, but here they are not diplomats; they are government ministers attending negotiations. Sense 4 is the job, but the text refers to the person (Jairam Ramesh as environment minister, and the Chinese vice minister). So sense 2 is the best fit. Sense 3 (diplomatic minister) might be considered if they are representing their government, but the context says "high-level officials" and "environment minister", which is a government position, not necessarily a diplomatic role below ambassador. The word "minister" can sometimes refer to a diplomat, but in this context, it's clearly about a government minister (like a cabinet minister). So I choose sense_index 2.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: plane
Target surface form: planes
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off <t>planes</t> and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=plane%1:06:01:: | definition=an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets | synonyms=airplane, aeroplane | examples=the flight was delayed due to trouble with the airplane
2. sense_key=plane%1:25:00:: | definition=(mathematics) an unbounded two-dimensional shape | synonyms=sheet | examples=we will refer to the plane of the graph as the X-Y plane; any line joining two points on a plane lies wholly on that plane
3. sense_key=plane%1:26:00:: | definition=a level of existence or development | examples=he lived on a worldly plane
4. sense_key=plane%1:06:02:: | definition=a power tool for smoothing or shaping wood | synonyms=planer, planing machine
5. sense_key=plane%1:06:00:: | definition=a carpenter's hand tool with an adjustable blade for smoothing or shaping wood | synonyms=carpenter's plane, woodworking plane | examples=the cabinetmaker used a plane for the finish work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "plane" and the target surface form "planes". The context is about climate negotiations, with high-level officials stepping off planes and racing into the meeting center. Let's analyze.

We have five candidate senses:

1. sense_key=plane%1:06:01:: | definition=an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets | synonyms=airplane, aeroplane | examples=the flight was delayed due to trouble with the airplane
2. sense_key=plane%1:25:00:: | definition=(mathematics) an unbounded two-dimensional shape | synonyms=sheet | examples=we will refer to the plane of the graph as the X-Y plane; any line joining two points on a plane lies wholly on that plane
3. sense_key=plane%1:26:00:: | definition=a level of existence or development | examples=he lived on a worldly plane
4. sense_key=plane%1:06:02:: | definition=a power tool for smoothing or shaping wood | synonyms=planer, planing machine
5. sense_key=plane%1:06:00:: | definition=a carpenter's hand tool with an adjustable blade for smoothing or shaping wood | synonyms=carpenter's plane, woodworking plane | examples=the cabinetmaker used a plane for the finish work

In context: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls". It is clear that "planes" here refers to aircraft, as they are arriving at a conference. So sense 1 is the correct one.

Thus, the chosen sense index is 1.

Now output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hall
Target surface form: halls
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's <t>halls</t> to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hall%1:06:03:: | definition=an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open | synonyms=hallway | examples=the elevators were at the end of the hall
2. sense_key=hall%1:06:05:: | definition=a large entrance or reception room or area | synonyms=anteroom, antechamber, entrance hall, foyer, lobby, vestibule
3. sense_key=hall%1:06:02:: | definition=a large room for gatherings or entertainment | examples=lecture hall; pool hall
4. sense_key=hall%1:06:04:: | definition=a college or university building containing living quarters for students | synonyms=dormitory, dorm, residence hall, student residence
5. sense_key=hall%1:06:06:: | definition=the large room of a manor or castle | synonyms=manor hall
6. sense_key=hall%1:18:04:: | definition=English writer whose novel about a lesbian relationship was banned in Britain for many years (1883-1943) | synonyms=Radclyffe Hall, Marguerite Radclyffe Hall
7. sense_key=hall%1:18:03:: | definition=United States child psychologist whose theories of child psychology strongly influenced educational psychology (1844-1924) | synonyms=G. Stanley Hall, Granville Stanley Hall
8. sense_key=hall%1:18:02:: | definition=United States chemist who developed an economical method of producing aluminum from bauxite (1863-1914) | synonyms=Charles Martin Hall
9. sense_key=hall%1:18:01:: | definition=United States explorer who led three expeditions to the Arctic (1821-1871) | synonyms=Charles Francis Hall
10. sense_key=hall%1:18:00:: | definition=United States astronomer who discovered Phobos and Deimos (the two satellites of Mars) (1829-1907) | synonyms=Asaph Hall
11. sense_key=hall%1:06:07:: | definition=a large and imposing house | synonyms=mansion, mansion house, manse, residence
12. sense_key=hall%1:06:08:: | definition=a large building used by a college or university for teaching or research | examples=halls of learning
13. sense_key=hall%1:06:01:: | definition=a large building for meetings or entertainment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "hall" appearing in the context as "halls". The sentence: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's <t>halls</t> to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week." The Bella Center is a convention center in Copenhagen where climate talks are happening. The officials are moving through the halls of the Bella Center. The context mentions that "13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day", and "draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper". The "halls" refer to passageways or corridors within the convention center. The sense that fits best is "an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open" (sense 1). That matches "hallway". The other senses like large room for gatherings (sense 3) or entrance hall (sense 2) might also be possible, but the phrase "raced through the Bella Center's halls" suggests moving through corridors to get to meetings, not lingering in a large room. So sense 1 is most appropriate.

We need to output the sense_index as a number. The candidate senses are numbered from 1 to 13 in the given list. Sense 1 is "hall%1:06:03::" with definition "an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open". So the sense_index is 1.

The instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: meeting
Target surface form: meetings
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door <t>meetings</t> and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=meeting%1:14:00:: | definition=a formally arranged gathering | synonyms=group meeting | examples=next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson
2. sense_key=meeting%1:14:01:: | definition=a small informal social gathering | synonyms=get together | examples=there was an informal meeting in my living room
3. sense_key=meeting%1:11:00:: | definition=a casual or unexpected convergence | synonyms=encounter | examples=he still remembers their meeting in Paris; there was a brief encounter in the hallway
4. sense_key=meeting%1:04:00:: | definition=the social act of assembling for some common purpose | synonyms=coming together | examples=his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day
5. sense_key=meeting%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of joining together as one | synonyms=merging, coming together | examples=the merging of the two groups occurred quickly; there was no meeting of minds
6. sense_key=meeting%1:15:00:: | definition=a place where things merge or flow together (especially rivers) | synonyms=confluence | examples=Pittsburgh is located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "meetings" in the context: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims..."

We need to choose the best sense among the six given. The target word is "meetings" (plural). The context describes officials going to "closed-door meetings" as part of high-level climate negotiations. These are formal gatherings, likely scheduled, with officials from various countries. They are "closed-door", indicating privacy and formality. The meetings are part of a large conference (the Bella Center). The purpose is to stake out claims before heads of government arrive.

Let's examine the senses:

1. Sense 1: a formally arranged gathering. Synonyms: group meeting. Example: next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson. This fits well: closed-door meetings are formally arranged gatherings of officials.

2. Sense 2: a small informal social gathering. Synonyms: get together. Example: informal meeting in my living room. This contrasts with "closed-door" which suggests private but not necessarily informal. The context is a high-stakes diplomatic negotiation, not informal social gathering.

3. Sense 3: a casual or unexpected convergence. Synonyms: encounter. Example: their meeting in Paris; a brief encounter. Not fitting: these meetings are planned, not casual or unexpected.

4. Sense 4: the social act of assembling for some common purpose. Synonyms: coming together. Example: his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day. This is broader and includes the act of meeting. Could fit, but sense 1 is more specific to a "formally arranged gathering", which matches the official nature.

5. Sense 5: the act of joining together as one. Synonyms: merging. Example: merging of two groups; no meeting of minds. Not applicable here.

6. Sense 6: a place where things merge (especially rivers). Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 1: a formally arranged gathering. The "closed-door" implies it's not casual. The context of high-level diplomats at a conference fits formal meetings.

Thus, the answer index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: claim
Target surface form: claims
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out <t>claims</t> that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=claim%1:10:00:: | definition=an assertion of a right (as to money or property) | examples=his claim asked for damages
2. sense_key=claim%1:10:02:: | definition=an assertion that something is true or factual | examples=his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims
3. sense_key=claim%1:04:00:: | definition=demand for something as rightful or due | examples=they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day
4. sense_key=claim%1:07:02:: | definition=an informal right to something | synonyms=title | examples=his claim on her attentions; his title to fame
5. sense_key=claim%1:07:01:: | definition=an established or recognized right | synonyms=title | examples=a strong legal claim to the property; he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate
6. sense_key=claim%1:10:01:: | definition=a demand especially in the phrase | synonyms=call | examples=the call of duty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "claim" with surface form "claims" in the provided context. We must choose the best indexed sense from the given list of six senses. The output must be a JSON object like {"sense_index": X} where X is the number of the chosen sense.

Let's analyze the context carefully. The relevant sentence: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out <t>claims</t> that will be arbitrated over the next week."

The phrase is "stake out claims". In this context, it's a metaphorical use: officials are in a hurry to assert their positions or demands in the negotiations, which will then be arbitrated (negotiated, resolved) in the coming week. The word "claims" refers to statements of what they want, their rights, or demands in the context of climate negotiations.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=claim%1:10:00:: | definition=an assertion of a right (as to money or property) | examples=his claim asked for damages
2. sense_key=claim%1:10:02:: | definition=an assertion that something is true or factual | examples=his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims
3. sense_key=claim%1:04:00:: | definition=demand for something as rightful or due | examples=they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day
4. sense_key=claim%1:07:02:: | definition=an informal right to something | synonyms=title | examples=his claim on her attentions; his title to fame
5. sense_key=claim%1:07:01:: | definition=an established or recognized right | synonyms=title | examples=a strong legal claim to the property; he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate
6. sense_key=claim%1:10:01:: | definition=a demand especially in the phrase | synonyms=call | examples=the call of duty

In the phrase "stake out claims", it typically means to assert one's demands, rights, or positions. In a negotiation context, it's like staking out a territory or a set of demands. The arbitration will decide between competing claims. So, it's likely that "claims" here refers to demands or assertions of what they want (rightful or due).

Looking at sense 3: "demand for something as rightful or due". That fits well because in negotiations, countries stake out their demands. Sense 1: "an assertion of a right (as to money or property)" is similar but may be too specific to money/property, though it could be metaphorical. Sense 2: "an assertion that something is true or factual" – but the officials aren't just asserting facts; they are putting forward positions that involve demands. The context says they are staking out claims "that will be arbitrated over the next week." Arbitration implies resolving conflicting demands, so sense 3 seems more active. The phrase "stake out claims" often implies making a demand or asserting a claim in a competitive setting.

Also consider sense 6: "a demand especially in the phrase" with synonym "call". But the example is "the call of duty", which is a different usage. "Stake out claims" is not related to "call of duty". So sense 6 is unlikely.

Sense 4 and 5 are about rights, but sense 5 is "established or recognized right", while sense 4 is "informal right". Here, they are not yet established; they are being staked out, so they are claims in the sense of assertions of a right or demand. Sense 1 and 3 both seem plausible. But sense 3 is explicitly "demand for something as rightful or due", which matches the negotiation context: they demand something (e.g., emission reductions, funding) and will be debated.

Let's check the examples: Sense 3 example: "they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day" – this is a demand. Sense 1 example: "his claim asked for damages" – also a demand, but sense 1 is more about asserting a right, while sense 3 is about demand. Often, in WordNet, sense 3 (claim%1:04:00::) is more abstract: demand for something as rightful or due. It might be the most appropriate for a negotiation stake-out.

In the context, the officials are not just asserting an existing right; they are making demands that will be arbitrated. So sense 3 seems best.

I'll go with sense index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next <t>week</t>. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with finding the best sense for "week" in the given context. We have three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

The context: "... so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next <t>week</t>." The phrase is "over the next week", which is a common expression meaning during the upcoming seven-day period. It does not specifically refer to a workweek or a calendar week starting on Sunday. Sense 1 is the most general: any period of seven consecutive days. Sense 3 specifies starting on Sunday, which is a calendar week. In common usage, "next week" typically means the upcoming calendar week, but WordNet sense 3 defines it explicitly as starting on Sunday. However, in many contexts, "next week" might not strictly start on Sunday; people might mean the next seven-day period. The definition of sense 1 is "any period of seven consecutive days", which is a broader sense that includes sense 3 but doesn't specify a start day. The example "it rained for a week" uses the broad sense. Here, "over the next week" likely means the next seven days, not necessarily starting on Sunday. It's a general period. So sense 1 seems most appropriate. Sense 2 is about work hours, which doesn't fit. Thus, I'll choose sense 1.

So answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: gathering
Target surface form: gathering
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the <t>gathering</t> -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=gathering%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of persons together in one place | synonyms=assemblage
2. sense_key=gathering%1:04:00:: | definition=the social act of assembling | synonyms=assembly, assemblage | examples=they demanded the right of assembly
3. sense_key=gathering%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of gathering something | synonyms=gather
4. sense_key=gathering%1:06:00:: | definition=sewing consisting of small folds or puckers made by pulling tight a thread in a line of stitching | synonyms=gather

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence with the target word "gathering". The context is about the Copenhagen climate talks. The sentence: "The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge."

Here, "gathering" refers to the large event/conference with many people. It describes the sprawl of the gathering. The word "gathering" could refer to the group of people assembled (sense 1), or the act of assembling (sense 2), or the act of gathering something (sense 3), or sewing folds (sense 4). Sense 4 is clearly wrong. Sense 3 is about gathering something (like gathering berries). Sense 2 is the social act of assembling. Sense 1 is a group of persons together in one place.

The context says "the sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day..." This indicates that "gathering" refers to the event or the group of people present. It is a noun describing the whole assembly of people at the convention. Sense 1: "a group of persons together in one place" fits well. Sense 2 is "the social act of assembling", but the sentence talks about the gathering's sprawl, not the act. The phrase "the gathering" is used as a noun to denote the convention itself, which is a group of people and activities. The examples for sense 1: synonyms "assemblage". Sense 2 has example "they demanded the right of assembly" which refers to the right to gather, the act.

Thus, sense 1 is most appropriate. The indexed sense key is gathering%1:14:00:: (first sense in WordNet?). The JSON should have {"sense_index": 1} if we are using 1-indexed. The instruction: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" with the correct index. So we need to output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 <t>people</t> move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "people" in the given context. We need to choose the best sense from the four provided. The context is a sentence from a news article about a climate conference. The target sentence: "The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge."

The target word is "people" referring to the 13,000 individuals moving in and out of the convention center. Let's analyze the senses:

1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
This sense is about any group of human beings collectively. The example "there were at least 200 people in the audience" is very similar to our context: 13,000 people moving in and out. This sense is general and fits.

2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
This is about citizens of a country. In the context, the people are attendees of a conference, not necessarily all citizens of a specific country. It's a diverse international gathering. So this doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
This refers to family lineage. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people
This sense is about the common people as opposed to the elite, the masses. In the context, it's just referring to 13,000 individuals (attendees, activists, etc.) moving in and out. It's not making a distinction between common people and leaders; it's just a count of all people. The sense "common people generally" might imply a contrast with rulers or warriors, but here it's just a number. It could be used, but sense 1 is more straightforward: any group of human beings. Sense 4 often has a connotation of the general populace, but in this context, it's simply a large group of people attending a conference.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 4: Sense 1 explicitly includes "any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively", with example "there were at least 200 people in the audience". That matches perfectly with "13,000 people move in and out". Sense 4 is more about the masses as a social class. In the context, there is no class contrast; it's just a large number of individuals. So sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, I choose sense 1. The JSON output should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: day
Target surface form: day
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each <t>day</t>, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=day%1:28:00:: | definition=time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis | synonyms=twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day | examples=two days later they left; they put on two performances every day
2. sense_key=day%1:28:03:: | definition=some point or period in time | examples=it should arrive any day now; after that day she never trusted him again
3. sense_key=day%1:28:01:: | definition=a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance | examples=Mother's Day
4. sense_key=day%1:28:02:: | definition=the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside | synonyms=daytime, daylight | examples=the dawn turned night into day; it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime
5. sense_key=day%1:28:04:: | definition=the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working) | examples=my day began early this morning; it was a busy day on the stock exchange
6. sense_key=day%1:28:05:: | definition=an era of existence or influence | examples=in the day of the dinosaurs; in the days of the Roman Empire
7. sense_key=day%1:28:07:: | definition=the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis | examples=how long is a day on Jupiter?
8. sense_key=day%1:28:06:: | definition=the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day | synonyms=sidereal day
9. sense_key=day%1:26:00:: | definition=a period of opportunity | examples=he deserves his day in court; every dog has his day
10. sense_key=day%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935) | synonyms=Clarence Day, Clarence Shepard Day Jr.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "day" with its surface form "day" in a specific context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses provided.

The context: "The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each <t>day</t>, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge."

Here, "each day" refers to the frequency with which 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center. It's talking about a recurring period of 24 hours. The phrase "each day" implies every day during the gathering. So, the sense is likely "time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis" (sense 1) or simply a period of 24 hours. But let's examine closely: "each day" in this context means every day, the daily occurrence. It's not referring to a specific point in time (sense 2), a special purpose (sense 3), daylight hours (sense 4), working hours (sense 5), an era (sense 6), planetary day (sense 7), sidereal day (sense 8), opportunity (sense 9), or a person (sense 10).

Sense 1: "time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis" with synonyms "twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day". Example: "two days later they left; they put on two performances every day". That fits: each day, 13,000 people move in and out. It's a 24-hour period.

Sense 5: "the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working)" with example "my day began early this morning; it was a busy day on the stock exchange". This might also be considered because "each day" could refer to the daily cycle of activity at the convention center, but note that the context is about the sheer sprawl of the gathering, and "each day" simply quantifies the movement of people. It's not about the working hours specifically; it's about the fact that every 24-hour period, 13,000 people move in and out. Also, the convention center might have events during the day and night? But the phrase "each day" typically means each calendar day. However, sense 5 is more about the waking/working period, but the example "it was a busy day on the stock exchange" suggests a day of business. But in this context, "each day" likely means each 24-hour period, because people move in and out possibly throughout the day and night? It doesn't specify only daytime. So sense 1 is more neutral and precise.

Sense 2 is "some point or period in time" with examples "it should arrive any day now; after that day she never trusted him again". That is more about a particular day, not a recurring "each day".

Thus, sense 1 seems best.

Let's check the example for sense 1: "they put on two performances every day" — that's analogous to "13,000 people move in and out each day". So sense 1 matches.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shows
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly <t>shows</t> mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining | examples=a remarkable show of skill
2. sense_key=show%1:10:03:: | definition=something intended to communicate a particular impression | synonyms=display | examples=made a display of strength; a show of impatience
3. sense_key=show%1:10:00:: | definition=a social event involving a public performance or entertainment | examples=they wanted to see some of the shows on Broadway
4. sense_key=show%1:04:01:: | definition=pretending that something is the case in order to make a good impression | synonyms=appearance | examples=they try to keep up appearances; that ceremony is just for show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target lemma "show" with surface form "shows" in the given context. The context is: "guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out". So "shows" here refers to performances or entertainments put on by activists. The four candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=show%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining | examples=a remarkable show of skill
2. sense_key=show%1:10:03:: | definition=something intended to communicate a particular impression | synonyms=display | examples=made a display of strength; a show of impatience
3. sense_key=show%1:10:00:: | definition=a social event involving a public performance or entertainment | examples=they wanted to see some of the shows on Broadway
4. sense_key=show%1:04:01:: | definition=pretending that something is the case in order to make a good impression | synonyms=appearance | examples=they try to keep up appearances; that ceremony is just for show

Now, examine the context: activists "put on nightly shows" that mock countries. This clearly indicates a performance or entertainment event. "Shows" here are like nightly performances, perhaps skits or plays, mocking countries. So it fits sense 3: a social event involving a public performance or entertainment. Sense 1 is "the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining", which is close but more general. The example "a remarkable show of skill" suggests a display of skill, not necessarily a planned event. Sense 3 specifically mentions "social event" and "public performance or entertainment", with examples about Broadway shows. That fits better: activists are putting on nightly shows, like scheduled performances. Sense 2 is about an impression, like a "show of force" — not applicable. Sense 4 is about pretending or keeping up appearances — definitely not.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 3. Return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the <t>countries</t> they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "country" and the surface form "countries". The context: "...nightly shows mocking the <t>countries</t> they think are selling out..." The <t> tag marks the target. So the phrase is "the countries they think are selling out". Here, "selling out" means betraying principles or giving in to pressure, likely in the context of climate negotiations. The activists are mocking those countries. So "countries" refers to political entities with governments that are participating in these negotiations. The sense needed is likely the political organized body of people under a government (sense 1), because it's about the governments and their actions in the talks. Sense 2 is territory, but here it's about the nations acting (selling out). Sense 3 is the people, but the activists are mocking the countries as political actors, not the population as a whole. Sense 4 is rural area, not applicable. Sense 5 is a general region, not applicable. Thus sense 1 is the best. So return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: draft
Target surface form: draft
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and <t>draft</t> proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=draft%1:21:00:: | definition=a document ordering the payment of money; drawn by one person or bank on another | synonyms=bill of exchange, order of payment
2. sense_key=draft%1:19:00:: | definition=a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle) | synonyms=draught
3. sense_key=draft%1:06:01:: | definition=a preliminary sketch of a design or picture | synonyms=rough drawing
4. sense_key=draft%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving of drink (usually alcoholic) drawn from a keg | synonyms=draught, potation, tipple | examples=they served beer on draft
5. sense_key=draft%1:10:00:: | definition=any of the various versions in the development of a written work | synonyms=draft copy | examples=a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution
6. sense_key=draft%1:07:00:: | definition=the depth of a vessel's keel below the surface (especially when loaded) | synonyms=draught
7. sense_key=draft%1:06:02:: | definition=a regulator for controlling the flow of air in a fireplace
8. sense_key=draft%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of liquid medicine | synonyms=draught | examples=he took a sleeping draft
9. sense_key=draft%1:04:03:: | definition=compulsory military service | synonyms=conscription, muster, selective service
10. sense_key=draft%1:04:02:: | definition=a large and hurried swallow | synonyms=gulp, draught, swig | examples=he finished it at a single gulp
11. sense_key=draft%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving a load by drawing or pulling | synonyms=draught, drawing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "draft" in the context: "draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail". The sentence is talking about the Copenhagen climate talks, where participants are exchanging draft proposals. Clearly, this refers to preliminary versions of documents, i.e., written proposals that are not final. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 5: "any of the various versions in the development of a written work" with synonyms "draft copy" and examples "a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution". This matches perfectly: draft proposals are preliminary versions of treaty proposals or documents.

Other senses:
1: a bill of exchange (financial order) - no.
2: current of air - no.
3: preliminary sketch of a design (drawing) - not matching, as it's about text, not design.
4: serving of drink - no.
6: depth of vessel - no.
7: regulator for airflow - no.
8: dose of liquid medicine - no.
9: compulsory military service - no.
10: large swallow - no.
11: act of pulling a load - no.

Thus, sense 5 is the correct one.

JSON: {"sense_index": 5}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proposal
Target surface form: proposals
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft <t>proposals</t> are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proposal%1:10:00:: | definition=something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)
2. sense_key=proposal%1:10:02:: | definition=an offer of marriage | synonyms=marriage proposal, proposal of marriage, marriage offer
3. sense_key=proposal%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of making a proposal | synonyms=proposition | examples=they listened to her proposal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "proposals" in context. The context is about climate change negotiations in Copenhagen. There's a sentence: "draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail". This clearly refers to written suggestions or plans for a treaty, not marriage proposals or the act of proposing. Sense 1: "something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)" fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about marriage, irrelevant. Sense 3 is "the act of making a proposal", but here "proposals" are concrete documents being passed around. So sense 1 is the best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: paper
Target surface form: paper
Context:
Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on <t>paper</t> rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge. The intensity is only building: nearly all of the key ministers are now here, and as early as Wednesday 60 heads of government will be in Copenhagen.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=paper%1:27:00:: | definition=a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses
2. sense_key=paper%1:10:01:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, report, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
3. sense_key=paper%1:10:03:: | definition=a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements | synonyms=newspaper | examples=he read his newspaper at breakfast
4. sense_key=paper%1:10:00:: | definition=a medium for written communication | examples=the notion of an office running without paper is absurd
5. sense_key=paper%1:10:02:: | definition=a scholarly article describing the results of observations or stating hypotheses | examples=he has written many scientific papers
6. sense_key=paper%1:14:00:: | definition=a business firm that publishes newspapers | synonyms=newspaper, newspaper publisher | examples=Murdoch owns many newspapers
7. sense_key=paper%1:06:00:: | definition=the physical object that is the product of a newspaper publisher | synonyms=newspaper | examples=when it began to rain he covered his head with a newspaper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "paper" in the given context. The context is: "...draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail..." So here "paper" refers to a physical material used for writing or printing documents. It is contrasted with electronic means (e-mail). So the sense is clearly the physical material.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. paper%1:27:00:: definition: a material made of cellulose pulp... That's the material sense. Example? No example given but it’s the physical stuff.

2. an essay, especially as an assignment. Not correct.

3. a daily or weekly publication (newspaper). Not correct; they are passing draft proposals, not newspapers.

4. a medium for written communication. This is broader, like "the notion of an office running without paper". But here they are explicitly handing out physical sheets. Sense 4 is a medium, not necessarily the physical sheets. Sense 1 is the actual material. In context, "on paper" vs email implies the physical medium. Sense 4 might also apply, but sense 1 is more specific: it's the material itself.

5. scholarly article. No.

6. business firm that publishes newspapers. No.

7. physical object that is the product of a newspaper publisher. That's a newspaper object. No.

The phrase "on paper" typically means using physical sheets of paper. Sense 1 is "a material made of cellulose pulp..." Sense 4 is "a medium for written communication". Which one is more appropriate? In WordNet, sense 1 is the substance, sense 4 is the medium. The example for sense 4: "the notion of an office running without paper is absurd" — that seems similar to the contrast here: using paper vs electronic. But the phrase is "passed hand-to-hand on paper", which emphasizes the physical sheets. I think sense 1 is the best because it's the physical material they are literally handing. Sense 4 is more abstract. The glosses: sense 1 is literal material, sense 4 is "medium for written communication". Considering the context, they are passing draft proposals physically from hand to hand. That is the material. I'll go with sense 1.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 1}