[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the <t>same</t> fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "same" with context. The context: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the <t>same</t> fate when she was a baby." So "same fate" refers to also losing an eye to that tumor. That means the mother experienced the identical fate: losing an eye to retinoblastoma. So it's about identity of the event/fate, not just similarity. Sense 1: "same in identity" with example "the same man I saw yesterday" fits identity. Sense 2: "closely similar or comparable" is about similarity, not exact identity. Sense 3: "equal in amount or value" is about quantitative equality. Sense 4: "unchanged in character or nature" is about remaining unchanged. Here, the mother suffered the same fate—the identical type of misfortune. So sense 1 is best. Example: "the same man" shows identity. So I choose sense_index 1.

Thus: {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fate
Target surface form: fate
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same <t>fate</t> when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fate%1:11:00:: | definition=an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future | synonyms=destiny
2. sense_key=fate%1:18:00:: | definition=the ultimate agency regarded as predetermining the course of events (often personified as a woman) | synonyms=destiny | examples=we are helpless in the face of destiny
3. sense_key=fate%1:26:00:: | definition=your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you) | synonyms=fortune, destiny, luck, lot, circumstances, portion | examples=whatever my fortune may be; deserved a better fate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best WordNet sense for "fate" in the given context. The target is "fate" in the sentence: "...after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby." The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=fate%1:11:00:: | definition: "an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future" | synonyms: destiny
2. sense_key=fate%1:18:00:: | definition: "the ultimate agency regarded as predetermining the course of events (often personified as a woman)" | synonyms: destiny | examples: "we are helpless in the face of destiny"
3. sense_key=fate%1:26:00:: | definition: "your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)" | synonyms: fortune, destiny, luck, lot, circumstances, portion | examples: "whatever my fortune may be; deserved a better fate"

In the context, "his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby." The mother also had retinoblastoma as a baby? The text: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby." So "fate" here refers to the mother having lost an eye to the retinoblastoma tumor when she was a baby. That is, she suffered the same outcome/event as her son: getting the eye cancer as an infant.

Sense 1: an event that will inevitably happen in the future. Here, it's not about inevitability in a grand scheme, but about a specific occurrence (cancer and loss of eye) that happened to both mother and son. "Destiny" might imply predetermination, but the context doesn't emphasize inevitability, just that the same thing happened. It's a particular event that befell them. However, Sense 1 says "an event ... that will inevitably happen", which implies future inevitability. But the context says the mother suffered the same fate. She already experienced it, so it already happened. "Fate" often refers to a significant outcome, possibly tragic. Sense 3: "your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)" with synonyms "fortune, destiny, luck, lot, circumstances, portion" and example "deserved a better fate". That fits: "the same fate" meaning the same condition/outcome in life. The example "deserved a better fate" is used similarly. Sense 3 is about one's lot in life, including specific events that make up one's life condition. The mother had the same fate as her son: losing an eye to cancer. That is part of her life circumstance.

Sense 2 is about an ultimate agency that predetermines events, personified as a woman. That is clearly not what "suffered the same fate" refers to. So Sense 2 is out.

Between 1 and 3: Sense 1 is an event that is inevitable, while Sense 3 is one's overall lot in life. The word "fate" here is referring to the specific outcome of getting cancer, but it's described as the mother having "suffered the same fate". That fits with Sense 3 because it's about circumstances or condition. Sense 1 defines "fate" as the destined event itself, but it says "will inevitably happen". The phrase "suffered the same fate" typically means the same thing happened to them, like a setback or misfortune. In many dictionaries, this use of "fate" means "the outcome that someone or something eventually experiences; final lot". That aligns with Sense 3: one's condition or circumstances. The examples given for Sense 3 are "what my fortune may be" and "deserved a better fate", which align with the expression "a better fate" referring to life outcome. Moreover, Sense 1 is specifically about an event that is inevitable, often predestined. While cancer might be predestined in a genetic sense, the phrase "suffered the same fate" is idiomatic for experiencing the same kind of outcome, particularly a negative one. Thus, Sense 3 seems more precise. Sense 1's definition emphasizes inevitable future, whereas Sense 3 emphasizes the overall circumstances or condition. The target is not emphasizing inevitability but rather that both lost an eye. It's about the outcome in life. Therefore, I choose Sense 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: baby
Target surface form: baby
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a <t>baby</t>. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=baby%1:18:00:: | definition=a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk | synonyms=babe, infant | examples=the baby began to cry again; she held the baby in her arms
2. sense_key=baby%1:18:01:: | definition=the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young) | examples=the baby of the family; the baby of the Supreme Court
3. sense_key=baby%1:18:03:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=child | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=baby%1:18:04:: | definition=an unborn child; a human fetus | examples=I felt healthy and very feminine carrying the baby; it was great to feel my baby moving about inside
5. sense_key=baby%1:18:02:: | definition=(slang) sometimes used as a term of address for attractive young women | synonyms=babe, sister
6. sense_key=baby%1:05:00:: | definition=a very young mammal | examples=baby rabbits
7. sense_key=baby%1:04:00:: | definition=a project of personal concern to someone | examples=this project is his baby

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "baby" in the given context. The target is "baby" in the sentence: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a <t>baby</t>."

We need to select the best sense from the provided candidate senses. The context is about retinoblastoma, an eye cancer. Mr. Quinlan had lost an eye to the tumor when he was two months old. His mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. So here "baby" refers to a very young child, likely an infant. The phrase "when she was a baby" indicates very early childhood, probably under 1 year old. The candidate senses include sense 1: "a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk", with synonyms "babe, infant". This fits perfectly. Sense 4 is "an unborn child; a human fetus", but that does not fit because the mother suffered the fate (losing an eye to the tumor) when she was a baby, implying after birth. Sense 6 is "a very young mammal", but that is too broad and less specific than sense 1. Sense 2 "the youngest member of a group" doesn't fit. Sense 3 "immature childish person" doesn't fit the context. Sense 5 is slang for attractive women, not applicable. Sense 7 is about a project, not applicable.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: isolation
Target surface form: isolation
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the <t>isolation</t> of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=isolation%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of separation between persons or groups
2. sense_key=isolation%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of being disliked and alone
3. sense_key=isolation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others | synonyms=closing off
4. sense_key=isolation%1:22:00:: | definition=(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which memory of an unacceptable act or impulse is separated from the emotion originally associated with it
5. sense_key=isolation%1:04:01:: | definition=a country's withdrawal from international politics | examples=he opposed a policy of American isolation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced." The target word is "isolation". Context: The gene was isolated, meaning they separated it or identified it separately, enabling the test. Sense 3: "the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others" fits perfectly. Synonyms: closing off. That matches the scientific process of isolating a gene. Other senses: state of separation (1) or feeling (2) or defense mechanism (4) or country's withdrawal (5) don't fit. So sense 3 is correct

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: became
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it <t>became</t> possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for the target word "became" in the given context. The surface form is "became", which is the past tense of "become". The context sentence: "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it <t>became</t> possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced." The target word is used in the phrase "it became possible", meaning "it came to be possible" or "it started to be possible". So, it indicates a change of state or condition to "possible". Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" with synonyms "go, get" and example "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news". This fits "it became possible" because "possible" is a state or condition.

2. sense 2: "undergo a change or development" with synonyms "turn" and example "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy". This might also fit because "became possible" indicates a change/development, but the synonyms "turn" and the examples suggest a more transformative change into something else entirely. "Turn into" is more about a complete change, whereas "became possible" is more like entering a state. Sense 1 seems more direct.

3. sense 3: "come into existence" with example "What becomes has duration". That is a philosophical sense, not fitting "became possible".

4. sense 4: "enhance the appearance of" with synonyms "suit". Example: "Mourning becomes Electra". That is a different meaning entirely, not applicable.

Thus, the best choice is sense 1. Sense 2 could be considered, but sense 1 explicitly mentions "enter or assume a certain state or condition", which perfectly matches "became possible". "Possible" is a condition or state. Moreover, the example "He became annoyed" parallels "it became possible". So I'll go with sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possible
Target surface form: possible
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became <t>possible</t> last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possible%3:00:00:: | definition=capable of happening or existing | examples=a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible
2. sense_key=possible%3:00:04:: | definition=existing in possibility | synonyms=potential | examples=a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "possible" in context. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=possible%3:00:00:: | definition=capable of happening or existing | examples=a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible
2. sense_key=possible%3:00:04:: | definition=existing in possibility | synonyms=potential | examples=a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power

Context: "it became <t>possible</t> last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced." This means that the capability of finding out became real; it was made feasible. The sentence is about a genetic test making it feasible to determine the threat. Sense 1: "capable of happening or existing" fits because it became capable of being done. Sense 2: "existing in possibility" with synonym "potential" is more about something that might be, not necessarily capable. The examples for sense 2 are "a potential problem" and "possible uses of nuclear power" – these refer to things that are not yet realized but exist as possibilities. In the context, it became actually feasible; the test was done. So sense 1 is better. We output JSON.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible <t>last</t> January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the target lemma "last" with the surface form "last" in the given context. The context mentions: "...it became possible <t>last</t> January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced." So the word "last" is used here as an adjective modifying "January". It refers to the January that occurred immediately before the current time of the utterance. In this context, "last January" means the January of the previous year relative to when this was written (the article seems to be from some time after the events, but the phrase "last January" is a typical use of "last" meaning "most recent past"). Among the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
   This sense fits perfectly. "last January" is analogous to "last Thursday", referring to the January just past.

2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
   This sense is more about finality, not specifically "immediately past." It could apply if "last January" meant the final January, but in standard usage, "last January" is not about a final January in a series, it's about the most recent one. The example "the last time I saw Paris" could be interpreted as the most recent time, but the gloss emphasizes "coming after all others" which is a different nuance. For time expressions like "last January," the typical sense is "immediately past."

3. closing:00 | concluding, final, terminal - not appropriate here.
4. unlikely - no.
5. dying - no.
6. conclusive in a process - final answer, last resort - not appropriate.
7. utmost - no.
8. unalterable - no.
9. lowest in rank - no.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match. The sense index is 1, according to the list numbering (1 through 9). We return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find_out
Target surface form: find out
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to <t>find out</t> what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find_out%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
2. sense_key=find_out%2:31:00:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, get a line | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=find_out%2:32:01:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
4. sense_key=find_out%2:31:01:: | definition=trap; especially in an error or in a reprehensible act | synonyms=catch out | examples=He was caught out; She was found out when she tried to cash the stolen checks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "find out" in the given context. Let's analyze the context.

Context: "...it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene..."

Here, "find out" refers to determining or discovering information through a test. The test was used to ascertain whether the baby had inherited the damaged gene. So it's an investigative process, not accidental discovery. The sense here is about establishing something through investigation or study.

Candidate senses:
1. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find, ascertain) - This fits well: the genetic test was used to determine what threat the baby faced.
2. get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally (learn, hear, get word, etc.) - Not accidental; it was through a deliberate test.
3. find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort (determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn) - This also fits: they made an inquiry/effort (the test) to determine with certainty. But note the examples: "I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works" – it's about checking or ascertaining. This sense overlaps with sense 1, but sense 1 emphasizes calculation/investigation/experiment. Sense 3 is more about making an inquiry or effort to learn. However, the distinction might be subtle. In WordNet, these are different frames: sense_key=find_out%2:32:00:: vs sense_key=find_out%2:32:01::. Both are in the verb group "determine" and "find". The examples for sense 1: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" – that's more about scientific discovery or calculation. For sense 3: "I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works" – more about checking a fact. In our context, they are using a genetic probe to determine whether the baby inherited the gene. It's a scientific test. It could be either sense. Let's check the gloss for sense 3: "find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort". That strongly matches: they made an inquiry (the test) to determine with certainty what threat the baby faced. Sense 1: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" – also matches, because it was an experiment/investigation. But the examples for sense 1 are more about mathematical or scientific findings. The context is explicitly a genetic test, which is a scientific investigation. However, the phrase "find out what threat" is more about getting information, not necessarily calculating a product. Sense 3 includes "learn" and "determine with certainty", which seems very appropriate. The difference between sense 1 and 3 might be: sense 1 is more about discovering something previously unknown, while sense 3 is about verifying or checking. But both can apply. Looking at the synonyms: sense 1 synonyms: determine, find, ascertain; sense 3 synonyms: determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn. Both have "determine" and "ascertain". The key is the examples: sense 1's examples are about results of calculation or discovery ("find the product", "found the elusive particle"). Sense 3's examples are about checking a state ("see whether she speaks French", "see whether it works"). Here, the test is checking whether the baby has the gene, i.e., checking a condition. So it's more like "determine with certainty whether the baby inherited the gene". That aligns well with sense 3. Sense 1 might be more apt for a scientific discovery of a gene, not for testing an individual. The sentence says "it became possible ... to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced." The test is to ascertain the baby's status. That's very much like "see whether it works" or "check whether she speaks French". Therefore, I lean towards sense 3.

Sense 4 is clearly wrong (trap). Sense 2 is accidental discovery, not deliberate. So between 1 and 3, sense 3 is more about making an inquiry to learn something specific, often a yes/no or factual determination. The context says "A test ... showed that ..." – the test was used to find out. That's a deliberate effort to get information. So I'll go with sense 3.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: threat
Target surface form: threat
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what <t>threat</t> the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=threat%1:26:00:: | definition=something that is a source of danger | synonyms=menace | examples=earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan
2. sense_key=threat%1:10:00:: | definition=a warning that something unpleasant is imminent | examples=they were under threat of arrest
3. sense_key=threat%1:10:01:: | definition=declaration of an intention or a determination to inflict harm on another | examples=his threat to kill me was quite explicit
4. sense_key=threat%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, scourge | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "threat" and context. The context is about a genetic test that determined whether a baby faced a risk of cancer. The sentence: "it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced." So "threat" here refers to the danger or risk of developing cancer. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "something that is a source of danger" – synonyms: menace; example: earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan. This fits well: the threat is the risk of cancer.

2. sense 2: "a warning that something unpleasant is imminent" – example: under threat of arrest. That's a warning sense, not applicable here. No warning is being issued.

3. sense 3: "declaration of an intention or a determination to inflict harm on another" – example: his threat to kill me. That's a verbal threat, not applicable.

4. sense 4: "a person who inspires fear or dread" – synonyms: terror, scourge. Not a person.

Thus, sense 1 is the best. The context says "what threat the Quinlan baby faced" – meaning what danger or risk. The test showed the baby had not inherited the damaged gene, so faced no more risk. So "threat" = source of danger.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: baby
Target surface form: baby
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan <t>baby</t> faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=baby%1:18:00:: | definition=a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk | synonyms=babe, infant | examples=the baby began to cry again; she held the baby in her arms
2. sense_key=baby%1:18:01:: | definition=the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young) | examples=the baby of the family; the baby of the Supreme Court
3. sense_key=baby%1:18:03:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=child | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=baby%1:18:04:: | definition=an unborn child; a human fetus | examples=I felt healthy and very feminine carrying the baby; it was great to feel my baby moving about inside
5. sense_key=baby%1:18:02:: | definition=(slang) sometimes used as a term of address for attractive young women | synonyms=babe, sister
6. sense_key=baby%1:05:00:: | definition=a very young mammal | examples=baby rabbits
7. sense_key=baby%1:04:00:: | definition=a project of personal concern to someone | examples=this project is his baby

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the context: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby." The target word is "baby" in the phrase "when she was a baby." Here, it refers to Mr. Quinlan's mother when she was a baby. She lost an eye to the tumor as a baby. That implies she was a very young child, likely an infant. The context compares: he lost an eye at two months old, she lost an eye when she was a baby. So "baby" means a very young child, before walking or talking. Sense 1 fits: "a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk." The examples: "the baby began to cry again; she held the baby in her arms." This matches the typical sense of baby as an infant. Sense 4 is "an unborn child; a human fetus" — but here she already lost an eye as a baby, meaning after birth. Sense 3 is "immature childish person," but that's derogatory and not literal. Sense 2 is youngest member of a group, not applicable. So sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: face
Target surface form: faced
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby <t>faced</t>. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=face%2:32:00:: | definition=deal with (something unpleasant) head on | synonyms=confront, face up | examples=You must confront your problems; He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes
2. sense_key=face%2:33:00:: | definition=oppose, as in hostility or a competition | synonyms=confront | examples=You must confront your opponent; Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring
3. sense_key=face%2:42:00:: | definition=be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to | synonyms=front, look | examples=The house looks north; My backyard look onto the pond
4. sense_key=face%2:42:02:: | definition=be opposite | examples=the facing page; the two sofas face each other
5. sense_key=face%2:38:00:: | definition=turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction | examples=Turn and face your partner now
6. sense_key=face%2:32:03:: | definition=present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize | synonyms=confront, present | examples=We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions
7. sense_key=face%2:39:04:: | definition=turn so as to expose the face | examples=face a playing card
8. sense_key=face%2:35:00:: | definition=line the edge (of a garment) with a different material | examples=face the lapels of the jacket
9. sense_key=face%2:35:01:: | definition=cover the front or surface of | examples=The building was faced with beautiful stones

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target is "faced" in the sentence: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."

Context: The test determined that the baby didn't inherit the damaged gene, so he "faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer." Here, "faced" means something like "was exposed to" or "had to deal with" the risk. It's about confronting or dealing with a potential unpleasant situation.

Let's review candidate senses:

1. sense_key=face%2:32:00:: : "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" synonyms: confront, face up. Example: "You must confront your problems; He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes." This fits well: risk is something unpleasant, and "faced no more risk" means he didn't have to deal with that risk.

2. sense_key=face%2:33:00:: : "oppose, as in hostility or a competition". Example: "You must confront your opponent; Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring." This is literal facing an opponent, not about facing a risk or situation.

3. sense_key=face%2:42:00:: : "be oriented in a certain direction". Example: "The house looks north". Not relevant.

4. sense_key=face%2:42:02:: : "be opposite". Example: "the facing page". Not relevant.

5. sense_key=face%2:38:00:: : "turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction". Not relevant.

6. sense_key=face%2:32:03:: : "present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize". Example: "We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence..." This sense is about confronting someone with evidence to accuse. It could be a candidate: "faced no more risk" could be interpreted as "was not presented with any more risk." However, the examples focus on accusation/criticism, which is not the case here. The baby isn't being accused. So this sense is less good than sense 1.

7. sense_key=face%2:39:04:: : "turn so as to expose the face" (like a playing card). Not relevant.

8. sense_key=face%2:35:00:: : "line the edge (of a garment) with a different material". Not relevant.

9. sense_key=face%2:35:01:: : "cover the front or surface of". Not relevant.

Sense 1 is the most appropriate: "deal with (something unpleasant) head on." The baby "faced no more risk" means he didn't have to deal with the risk of cancer. Thus, sense index 1.

We are to return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test <t>using</t> new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "using" in the sentence: "A test <t>using</t> new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene..."

We need to choose the best sense from the given candidates.

Let's analyze the context: A test using new genetic probes. Here, "using" means employing or making use of genetic probes as part of the test. It's about putting something into service for a purpose.

Now, look at the senses:

1. put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose. Synonyms: utilize, utilise, apply, employ. Example: use your head!; we only use Spanish at home. This fits perfectly: the test employs genetic probes.

2. take or consume (regularly or habitually). Example: She uses drugs rarely. Not relevant.

3. use up, consume fully. Example: The legislature expended its time. Not relevant.

4. seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage. Example: She uses her influential friends. This is about exploiting people or connections. Not a test using probes as a tool.

5. avail oneself to. Synonyms: practice, apply. Example: apply a principle; practice a religion. This is more about applying a method or principle, not a physical object like probes. The test is not "practicing" probes.

6. habitually do something (only in past tense). Example: She used to call. Not relevant.

Clearly, sense 1 is the best fit: the test puts the genetic probes into service.

Thus, the index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using <t>new</t> "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "new" in the phrase: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited..." The target word is "new" modifying "genetic probes". The context is about emerging genetic tests, a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis, and the isolation of a gene that made the test possible last January. The probes are described as "new", meaning recently developed or discovered. Let's evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars. This fits: the genetic probes are recently discovered/developed, as the gene was isolated last January.
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel. Could also fit, but "new" here is more about recency than novelty per se. The probes are new because they are based on a newly isolated gene.
3. inexperienced: no.
4. unprecedented: could be, but sense 1 is more direct.
5. other than the former one(s); different: no, not a replacement.
6. unaffected by use: no.
7. newfangled: no, negative connotation.
8. medieval times: no.
9. modern language: no.
10. crops: no.
11. unfamiliar: not quite, the probes themselves are new, not just unfamiliar.

The best is sense 1: "not of long duration; having just come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". The example "a new law; new cars" matches this usage: a newly developed test using recently discovered genetic probes.

Thus, index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "<t>genetic</t> probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "genetic" in the given context. The target is "genetic probes". We need to pick among the four candidate senses.

Let's examine the context: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene..."

Here, "genetic probes" likely means probes that are related to genes, specifically DNA probes used to detect genetic sequences. The sense should align with that.

Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" (e.g., inherited disease, familial traits). This is about traits passing through families. Not about probes.

Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" (e.g., genic combinations, genetic code). This directly relates to genes. Genetic probes relate to genes, as they probe gene sequences.

Sense 3: "pertaining to or referring to origin" (e.g., genetic history reconstructs origins). Not relevant here.

Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics" (e.g., genetic research). While probes could be used in genetic research, the context specifically talks about testing for a gene (inherited a damaged gene). It's more about the gene itself, not the science. The term "genetic probes" is a technical term meaning probes that target genetic material, i.e., DNA or RNA sequences corresponding to genes. That fits sense 2 better.

Also, the sentence mentions "isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene" and testing for a damaged gene. So the probes are gene-related.

Thus, sense 2 is most appropriate.

Return: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "<t>showed</t> that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "show" in the context "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene". The surface form is "showed" (past tense of show). We need to choose the best sense from the 12 candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer." Here, the test (genetic probes) provided evidence or a result indicating that the child did not inherit the damaged gene. It's a medical/scientific test showing a result. The verb "showed" here means the test indicated, demonstrated, or provided evidence for a fact.

Now examine candidate senses:

1. give an exhibition of to an interested audience - not about a test result, but about showing something like a performance or product. Example: "She shows her dogs frequently". Not relevant.

2. establish the validity of something - like demonstrating or proving a claim. Example: "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture". This could fit if we think the test established the validity of the gene status, but it's more about providing evidence, not necessarily proving a conjecture.

3. provide evidence for - synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence. Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father". This is exactly the context: a test (blood/genetic test) showed a result (paternity/inheritance). The example "The blood test showed that he was the father" is a perfect match. The test provides evidence. The sense 3 is "provide evidence for". This is the most fitting.

4. make visible or noticeable - "She showed her talent for cooking" - not about a test result.

5. show in, or as in, a picture - "This scene depicts country life" - not relevant.

6. give expression to - "She showed her disappointment" - not about a test result.

7. indicate a place, direction, person, or thing - "I showed the customer the glove section" - not about a test result indicating a fact.

8. be or become visible or noticeable - "His good upbringing really shows" - not about a test result.

9. indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments - "The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero" - this is about a gauge showing a reading. The genetic probes could be considered an instrument showing a reading? But the test is not a gauge; it's a test that provides evidence. Also the example is about a physical gauge reading. The context is more like a test proving something about a person's gene, not a gauge. So sense 3 is better than 9 because 3 explicitly says "provide evidence for" with an example "The blood test showed that he was the father", which is very similar.

10. give evidence of, as of records - "The diary shows his distress that evening" - this is about records showing evidence, but it's more about a document showing a state. Could fit, but sense 3 is more direct with "provide evidence for" and the example matches exactly (blood test showed...). The medical test is a test, not a record like a diary. So 3 is better.

11. take someone to their seats - usher - not relevant.

12. finish third or better in a horse or dog race - not relevant.

Sense 3 is clearly the best: "provide evidence for" with example "The blood test showed that he was the father". Our context is a test that showed the child did not inherit the damaged gene.

So the answer is sense_index: 3.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: little
Target surface form: little
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that <t>little</t> Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=little%3:00:01:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=small | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=little%3:00:03:: | definition=(quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with `a') at least some | synonyms=slight | examples=little rain fell in May; gave it little thought
3. sense_key=little%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=small | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=little%5:00:00:unimportant:00 | definition=(informal) small and of little importance | synonyms=fiddling, footling, lilliputian, niggling, piddling, piffling | examples=a fiddling sum of money; a footling gesture
5. sense_key=little%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=small | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
6. sense_key=little%3:00:00:: | definition=low in stature; not tall | synonyms=short | examples=he was short and stocky; short in stature
7. sense_key=little%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=minuscule, small | examples=little a; small a
8. sense_key=little%5:00:00:emotional:00 | definition=small in a way that arouses feelings (of tenderness or its opposite depending on the context) | examples=a nice little job; bless your little heart

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "little" in the context: "...showed that <t>little</t> Will Quinlan had not inherited..." Here, "little" modifies "Will Quinlan," who is a baby. The context says the couple had a baby, and they tested the baby. So "little Will" is referring to a young child. The sense that matches is sense 3: "young, immature" with examples like "small children." The other senses don't fit: sense 1 is about size/extent, sense 2 is quantifier with mass nouns, sense 4 is about importance, sense 5 about voice, sense 6 about stature (height), sense 7 about lowercase, sense 8 about emotional smallness. Sense 3 is clearly about children. So the index is 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not <t>inherited</t> a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to pick the best sense for "inherited" in the context. The sentence: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene..." This is clearly about genetic transmission. The word "gene" is mentioned, and the whole paragraph is about genetic testing and cancer risk passed from parent to child. So sense 3, "receive by genetic transmission", is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a <t>damaged</t> retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "damaged" in the given context. The context is about genetics and cancer, specifically retinoblastoma. The sentence containing "damaged" is: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby."

We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: definition = "harmed or injured or spoiled", examples = "I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings". This sense is about physical or functional harm, making something less good or worthless by injury.

Sense 2: definition = "being unjustly brought into disrepute", synonyms = "discredited", examples = "a discredited politician; her damaged reputation". This sense is about reputation being harmed.

In the context, "damaged gene" refers to a gene that is not functioning properly, likely mutated, causing hereditary retinoblastoma. This is a biological sense: the gene is physically or functionally harmed, not about reputation. So Sense 1 fits perfectly: a gene that is harmed/injured/spoiled in its function. Sense 2 is about social disrepute, which doesn't apply to genes.

Thus, the best indexed sense is Sense 1. The instruction says return JSON like {"sense_index": 3}, but here the indices are 1 and 2. So we output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: face
Target surface form: faced
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, <t>faced</t> no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=face%2:32:00:: | definition=deal with (something unpleasant) head on | synonyms=confront, face up | examples=You must confront your problems; He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes
2. sense_key=face%2:33:00:: | definition=oppose, as in hostility or a competition | synonyms=confront | examples=You must confront your opponent; Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring
3. sense_key=face%2:42:00:: | definition=be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to | synonyms=front, look | examples=The house looks north; My backyard look onto the pond
4. sense_key=face%2:42:02:: | definition=be opposite | examples=the facing page; the two sofas face each other
5. sense_key=face%2:38:00:: | definition=turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction | examples=Turn and face your partner now
6. sense_key=face%2:32:03:: | definition=present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize | synonyms=confront, present | examples=We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions
7. sense_key=face%2:39:04:: | definition=turn so as to expose the face | examples=face a playing card
8. sense_key=face%2:35:00:: | definition=line the edge (of a garment) with a different material | examples=face the lapels of the jacket
9. sense_key=face%2:35:01:: | definition=cover the front or surface of | examples=The building was faced with beautiful stones

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "face", surface form "faced". Context: "... found that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer." The sentence: "A test ... showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer." So "faced" here is used in the sense of "to be confronted with" or "to have to deal with" something, specifically risk. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=face%2:32:00:: | definition=deal with (something unpleasant) head on | synonyms=confront, face up | examples=You must confront your problems; He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes. This fits: "faced no more risk" meaning he didn't have to confront or deal with that risk.

2. sense_key=face%2:33:00:: | definition=oppose, as in hostility or a competition | synonyms=confront | examples=You must confront your opponent; Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring. This is about facing an opponent, not risk.

3. sense_key=face%2:42:00:: | definition=be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to | synonyms=front, look | examples=The house looks north; My backyard look onto the pond. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=face%2:42:02:: | definition=be opposite | examples=the facing page; the two sofas face each other. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=face%2:38:00:: | definition=turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction | examples=Turn and face your partner now. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=face%2:32:03:: | definition=present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize | synonyms=confront, present | examples=We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions. This sense is about presenting evidence or accusations, not about facing a risk.

7. sense_key=face%2:39:04:: | definition=turn so as to expose the face | examples=face a playing card. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=face%2:35:00:: | definition=line the edge (of a garment) with a different material | examples=face the lapels of the jacket. Not applicable.

9. sense_key=face%2:35:01:: | definition=cover the front or surface of | examples=The building was faced with beautiful stones. Not applicable.

Clearly, sense 1 is the best fit: "deal with (something unpleasant) head on". The phrase "faced no more risk" means he did not have to confront that risk. Sense 6 is close, but it specifically involves presenting someone with something, often to accuse or criticize. The context here is about facing a risk, not being presented with something by someone else. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no <t>more</t> risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the lemma "more" and the context sentence: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer." The target surface form is "more" as part of the phrase "no more risk than other children". The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Now, we need to disambiguate: "more" in "no more risk". "Risk" is an uncountable noun here (mass noun), not a count noun. The phrase "no more risk" indicates a degree or amount of risk. So, it's comparative of "much" (much risk? more risk). Indeed, "more" is used with a mass noun to indicate greater degree. Sense 1 fits: "greater in size or amount or extent or degree", used with mass nouns. Sense 2 is for count nouns, like "more seats", "more bananas". So, sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: risk
Target surface form: risk
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more <t>risk</t> than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=risk%1:26:00:: | definition=a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune | synonyms=hazard, jeopardy, peril, endangerment | examples=drinking alcohol is a health hazard
2. sense_key=risk%1:04:00:: | definition=a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury | synonyms=peril, danger | examples=he saw the rewards but not the risks of crime; there was a danger he would do the wrong thing
3. sense_key=risk%1:07:02:: | definition=the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred | synonyms=risk of infection
4. sense_key=risk%1:07:01:: | definition=the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent | synonyms=risk of exposure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do Word Sense Disambiguation for "risk" in the given context. The context: "... faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer." So the target word "risk" appears in the phrase "no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer". That is, the probability or chance of developing the cancer.

Now examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=risk%1:26:00:: | definition=a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune | synonyms=hazard, jeopardy, peril, endangerment | examples=drinking alcohol is a health hazard

This sense is about a source of danger, i.e., something that poses a risk. Example: "drinking alcohol is a health hazard" – alcohol is the source. In the context, "risk" is not the source; it's the probability. "No more risk ... of developing" is about the chance, not a source.

2. sense_key=risk%1:04:00:: | definition=a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury | synonyms=peril, danger | examples=he saw the rewards but not the risks of crime; there was a danger he would do the wrong thing

This sense is about a venture or action that is risky. That doesn't fit because the child isn't undertaking a venture; it's about the likelihood of developing cancer.

3. sense_key=risk%1:07:02:: | definition=the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred | synonyms=risk of infection

This is very specific to infection probability. Cancer isn't an infection. So not applicable.

4. sense_key=risk%1:07:01:: | definition=the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent | synonyms=risk of exposure

Again, about infectious agents. Not relevant.

None of these senses perfectly matches the general concept of "probability of a negative event". However, sense 1 might be used in a broader sense: "a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune". The definition says "a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune". It seems to conflate two related meanings: the source itself (hazard) and the possibility (risk). In many contexts, "risk" means the probability or chance. For example, "the risk of developing cancer" is commonly understood as the chance. The example given for sense 1: "drinking alcohol is a health hazard" focuses on the source. But the definition includes "a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune". That might cover the probability aspect. Looking at the context: "faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer." This is about the chance of developing cancer. So sense 1 might be the closest, as it mentions "possibility". Sense 2 is a deliberate venture, which doesn't fit. Senses 3 and 4 are infectious-disease specific. So sense 1 is the best match.
But let's double-check: WordNet often has a sense for "risk" as "the probability of a loss" etc. In standard WordNet, there is a sense: risk%1:07:00:: (risk, risk of exposure) that is about probability. But here, the candidate senses provided are limited. Sense 1 includes "a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune". That matches "risk" as a chance. The phrase "at risk" earlier in the text: "being at risk for retinoblastoma" also points to a state of having a higher probability. So sense 1 is the most appropriate. It might not be perfect because it says "source of danger", but the second part "a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune" is exactly what we need.

Therefore, I choose sense 1.

Now, output format: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: WandB