[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: sign
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright <t>sign</t> is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "sign" in the given context. The context: "One bright <t>sign</t> is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." Here, "sign" means a positive indication or clue that things are improving. It's a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (that the field is changing). So sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring". That fits perfectly: "bright sign" is a positive indication. Other senses do not fit: not a public display (2), not a nonverbal action (3), not a signboard (4), not astrology (5), not medical (6), not polarity (7), not augury (8) though similar, but augury is more about supernatural portents, while here it's a straightforward indication. Sense 8 says "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come", but the examples are religious/supernatural. Sense 1 is more general. The "bright sign" is just a positive clue, not necessarily an omen. Sense 1 is the best. So index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: number
Target surface form: number
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing <t>number</t> of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=number%1:07:00:: | definition=the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals | synonyms=figure | examples=he had a number of chores to do; the number of parameters is small
2. sense_key=number%1:23:00:: | definition=a concept of quantity involving zero and units | examples=every number has a unique position in the sequence
3. sense_key=number%1:10:04:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, turn, bit | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
4. sense_key=number%1:10:03:: | definition=the number is used in calling a particular telephone | synonyms=phone number, telephone number | examples=he has an unlisted number
5. sense_key=number%1:10:01:: | definition=a symbol used to represent a number | synonyms=numeral | examples=he learned to write the numerals before he went to school
6. sense_key=number%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=issue | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
7. sense_key=number%1:14:00:: | definition=a select company of people | examples=I hope to become one of their number before I die
8. sense_key=number%1:10:02:: | definition=a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification | synonyms=identification number | examples=she refused to give them her Social Security number
9. sense_key=number%1:07:01:: | definition=a clothing measurement | examples=a number 13 shoe
10. sense_key=number%1:10:05:: | definition=the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural) | examples=in English the subject and the verb must agree in number
11. sense_key=number%1:06:00:: | definition=an item of merchandise offered for sale | examples=she preferred the black nylon number; this sweater is an all-wool number

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "number" in the sentence: "One bright sign is that a growing <t>number</t> of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

The context: talking about ringers (bellringers), and a growing number of women entering the field. "Number" here means an amount or quantity. Let's check the senses.

Sense 1: "the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals" | synonyms: figure | examples: "he had a number of chores to do; the number of parameters is small". This fits exactly: "a growing number of women" means an increasing quantity of women. The example "a number of chores" is parallel.

Sense 2: "a concept of quantity involving zero and units" | examples: "every number has a unique position in the sequence". This is more abstract, mathematical concept. Not fitting here.

Sense 3: theatrical performance – no.

Sense 4: phone number – no.

Sense 5: symbol representing a number – no.

Sense 6: issue of a periodical – no.

Sense 7: select company of people – "one of their number" means one of the group. This sense is about being part of a select group, not a quantity. The example: "I hope to become one of their number before I die." Here, "a growing number of women" is not about being one of the group, but about quantity. So sense 7 is not the best.

Sense 8: identification number – no.

Sense 9: clothing measurement – no.

Sense 10: grammatical category – no.

Sense 11: an item of merchandise – no.

Thus, the best choice is sense 1. Its index is 1 (since list starts from 1). The JSON should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of <t>women</t> have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "women" in the given context. The target lemma is "woman" but the surface form is "women", which is plural. Let's examine the candidate senses:

Sense 1: adult female person (as opposed to a man). This is a general sense for an individual adult female human.

Sense 2: a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man. This is a more specific relational sense.

Sense 3: a human female employed to do housework. This is specifically a domestic cleaner.

Sense 4: women as a class (womanhood, fair sex). This is a collective sense, referring to the entire category of women.

Now, look at the context: The text is about bellringers. It mentions that a growing number of "women" have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. Here, "women" refers to female individuals participating in bellringing. It's plural and refers to adult human females in general. It's not about a specific role in a man's life, not about domestic cleaners, and not about the abstract class of women. The context is talking about individual ringers: "a growing number of women have entered the field... more than a third of the ringers today are women." This clearly matches Sense 1: adult female persons.

Sense 4 is "women as a class," but that sense is more abstract, like "woman is the glory of creation." Here, we're talking about concrete individuals, not the class as a whole. The sentence says "a growing number of women," which enumerates individuals, so Sense 1 is more appropriate. Sense 4 would be used in a generic statement about womanhood.

Thus, the correct sense is 1.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enter
Target surface form: entered
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have <t>entered</t> the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enter%2:38:00:: | definition=to come or go into | synonyms=come in, get into, get in, go into, go in, move into | examples=the boat entered an area of shallow marshes
2. sense_key=enter%2:33:00:: | definition=become a participant; be involved in | synonyms=participate | examples=enter a race; enter an agreement
3. sense_key=enter%2:41:06:: | definition=register formally as a participant or member | synonyms=enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit | examples=The party recruited many new members
4. sense_key=enter%2:42:00:: | definition=be or play a part of or in | synonyms=figure | examples=Elections figure prominently in every government program; How do the elections figure in the current pattern of internal politics?
5. sense_key=enter%2:32:04:: | definition=make a record of; set down in permanent form | synonyms=record, put down
6. sense_key=enter%2:36:00:: | definition=come on stage
7. sense_key=enter%2:41:00:: | definition=take on duties or office | synonyms=accede | examples=accede to the throne
8. sense_key=enter%2:35:03:: | definition=put or introduce into something | synonyms=insert, infix, introduce | examples=insert a picture into the text
9. sense_key=enter%2:30:10:: | definition=set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) | synonyms=embark | examples=she embarked upon a new career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma "enter", surface form "entered", context: "...a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." The candidate senses are described. We need to pick the best one. The context is about women becoming ringers, entering a field (bell ringing) that was male-dominated. They are joining this field, becoming participants. Let's evaluate each sense:

1. come or go into (physically entering a place) – "the boat entered an area of shallow marshes" – Not about physically entering a place, but about joining a field/profession.
2. become a participant; be involved in – "enter a race; enter an agreement" – This seems fitting: women have become participants in the field of bell ringing.
3. register formally as a participant or member – "enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit" – This implies formal registration. While they might register, the context says "entered the once male-dominated field" which is more about joining the field, not necessarily formally enrolling. Also, the example "The party recruited many new members" focuses on recruitment, not on voluntarily entering.
4. be or play a part of or in – "Elections figure prominently..." – Not appropriate; it's about being a factor, not joining.
5. make a record of – Not relevant.
6. come on stage – Not relevant.
7. take on duties or office – "accede to the throne" – This implies assuming an office or duty, but "field" is not an office.
8. put or introduce into something – "insert a picture" – Not relevant.
9. set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) – "embarked upon a new career" – This could work: they embarked upon a field, but "entered a field" is more about becoming a participant in it, not necessarily starting out on a new career. However, sense 9 and sense 2 are close. But "enter a field" is a common expression meaning to start working in that field. Sense 2 says "become a participant; be involved in" with examples "enter a race; enter an agreement". That seems more direct: you enter a field meaning you become a participant in that field. Sense 9 is "set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)" with example "embarked upon a new career". "Field" is like an area of activity, so "enter a field" is akin to "embark upon a career". But the gloss of sense 2 is "become a participant; be involved in". That fits perfectly: women have become participants in the field. The synonyms for sense 2: "participate" – yes, they participated. For sense 9, synonymous with "embark", which implies starting something. In the context, they "have entered the once male-dominated field" meaning they have joined it, not necessarily just started. But both could fit. Let's check the examples: sense 2 has "enter a race; enter an agreement" – "enter a field" is similar: you enter a competition or agreement, you become a participant. Sense 9 has "she embarked upon a new career" – that's more about taking the first step. The context says "a growing number of women have entered" – it's a trend, they are joining. The best match is sense 2. Also, the sense index 2 is for "participate". So I'll pick 2.

Thus, JSON: {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the <t>once</t> male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "once" in the given context. The target sentence is: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

We need to choose the best sense among:
1. on one occasion (e.g., once I ran into her)
2. as soon as (e.g., once we are home, we can rest)
3. at a previous time; formerly (e.g., at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing)

In the context, "once" modifies "male-dominated field". It means that the field was previously male-dominated, but now women have entered it. So it's referring to a previous state: "formerly male-dominated". This matches sense 3: "at a previous time" / "formerly". Sense 1 is about a single occasion, which doesn't fit because it's not about an event happening one time; it's about a state that existed in the past. Sense 2 is "as soon as", which is not applicable. Therefore, the correct sense is 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: field
Target surface form: field
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed | examples=he planted a field of wheat
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought | synonyms=battlefield, battleground, field of battle, field of honor | examples=they made a tour of Civil War battlefields
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected | examples=anthropologists do much of their work in the field
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it | synonyms=field of force, force field
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise | synonyms=field of operation, line of business | examples=they are outstanding in their field
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples=his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game | synonyms=playing field, athletic field, playing area | examples=the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land | synonyms=plain, champaign | examples=they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1 | examples=the set of all rational numbers is a field
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress | synonyms=field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations | examples=the army was in the field awaiting action; he served in the Vietnam theater for three years
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found | examples=the diamond fields of South Africa
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) | synonyms=field of view
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land | synonyms=airfield, landing field, flying field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women." The word is "field". Context: the text talks about bellringing, a specific activity/hobby/profession. The phrase "once male-dominated field" suggests a domain or area of activity. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. agriculture/land clearing - no.
2. battlefield - no.
3. practical work away from office/lab - not exactly; bellringing isn't exactly "fieldwork" in that sense.
4. branch of knowledge (discipline, subject) - possibly, but bellringing is more of an activity/skill than an academic discipline.
5. force field - no.
6. a particular kind of commercial enterprise (field of operation, line of business) - could be, if bellringing is considered an enterprise. But it's not commercial; it's a hobby/service.
7. a particular environment or walk of life (sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena) - this seems good: "once male-dominated field" meaning sphere/area of activity.
8. playing field - no.
9. tract of level open land - no.
10. mathematics - no.
11. military operations - no.
12. horses - no.
13. competitors - no.
14. geographic region with valuable resource - no.
15. computer science - no.
16. area visible through optical instrument - no.
17. airfield - no.

Between sense 7 and 4 and 6: Sense 7 ("sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena") is broad and fits well: "a particular environment or walk of life". The example: "his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment". Bellringing is an environment/walk of life. Sense 6 is "a particular kind of commercial enterprise", but bellringing isn't necessarily a commercial enterprise. Sense 4 is "branch of knowledge", but bellringing is more a practical skill. So I'd lean towards sense 7.

Thus, the answer is sense 7. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 7}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: third
Target surface form: third
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=third%1:23:00:: | definition=one of three equal parts of a divisible whole | synonyms=one-third, tierce | examples=it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement
2. sense_key=third%1:04:00:: | definition=the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the third of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate) | synonyms=third base | examples=he is playing third
3. sense_key=third%1:24:00:: | definition=following the second position in an ordering or series | examples=a distant third; he answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly, and the third with resentment
4. sense_key=third%1:10:00:: | definition=the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it | examples=a simple harmony written in major thirds
5. sense_key=third%1:06:00:: | definition=the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle | synonyms=third gear | examples=you shouldn't try to start in third gear
6. sense_key=third%1:06:01:: | definition=the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball | synonyms=third base | examples=he was cut down on a close play at third

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "third" with surface form "third" in the given context. We have six candidate senses. We need to choose the best indexed sense based on the context, synonyms, and examples. The output should be a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

First, analyze the context:
"One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women."

Here, "third" is used to indicate a fraction: more than a third of the ringers are women. That is, one out of three equal parts. This matches sense 1: "one of three equal parts of a divisible whole", synonyms: one-third, tierce, example: "it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement".

The other senses:
2. baseball fielding position (third base) - not relevant.
3. ordinal position (following second) - "a distant third" - but here it's "a third", not referring to a ranking but a fraction.
4. musical interval - not relevant.
5. third gear in a vehicle - not relevant.
6. third base in baseball - not relevant.

Thus, sense 1 is clearly the intended meaning.

So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the <t>ringers</t> today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a context about bellringers. The target word "ringers" appears multiple times. In the sentence: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the <t>ringers</t> today are women." The context clearly talks about bell ringers, as it mentions "trained bellringers", "still ring", "bells need to be rung", "small, rural parishes and inner-city churches", "council's program to attract and train ringers". So the sense is about a person who rings church bells. That corresponds to sense 1: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation). The synonyms are toller, bell ringer. Sense 2 is about a look-alike, sense 3 is a contestant under false pretenses, sense 4 is a horseshoe throw. None of the other senses fit. So the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "today" in the given context. The target lemma is "today" and the surface form is "today". The context is: "...more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women." The sentence is about the current state of bellringers.

We have two candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

In the context, "today" is used in the phrase "more than a third of the ringers today are women." This refers to the current time period, not specifically the exact calendar day. It's talking about the present age or era, not literally today's date. The example "the world of today" fits with this usage. Sense 2 is more about the specific day. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

Thus, we choose sense_index 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are <t>women</t>. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "women" in the given context. The target lemma is "woman", surface form "women". The context is about bellringers. The sentence: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." This refers to adult female persons in general, entering the field. The sense 1: adult female person (as opposed to a man) fits perfectly. Sense 4 is a class sense, but here it's specific individuals, not the class abstractly. Sense 2: significant role, no. Sense 3: cleaning woman, no. So sense_index = 1.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accept
Target surface form: accepted
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not <t>accepted</t> everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accept%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or hold as true | examples=I cannot accept the dogma of this church; accept an argument
2. sense_key=accept%2:40:00:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=take, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
3. sense_key=accept%2:32:00:: | definition=give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to | synonyms=consent, go for | examples=I cannot accept your invitation; I go for this resolution
4. sense_key=accept%2:31:01:: | definition=react favorably to; consider right and proper | examples=People did not accept atonal music at that time; We accept the idea of universal health care
5. sense_key=accept%2:40:03:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=admit, take, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
6. sense_key=accept%2:40:01:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=bear, take over, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=accept%2:31:03:: | definition=tolerate or accommodate oneself to | synonyms=live with, swallow | examples=I shall have to accept these unpleasant working conditions; I swallowed the insult
8. sense_key=accept%2:42:00:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=take | examples=This surface will not take the dye
9. sense_key=accept%2:40:07:: | definition=receive (a report) officially, as from a committee
10. sense_key=accept%2:40:12:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=take | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
11. sense_key=accept%2:31:08:: | definition=be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal | examples=The cow accepted the bull

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "accept" and target surface form "accepted" in a specific context. The context is about women bell-ringers: "They are not accepted everywhere, however." This refers to the fact that women are not allowed into some groups like the Ancient Society of College Youths, which remains male-only. So the meaning is about being admitted to a group or community.

Let's review the candidate senses:

1. consider or hold as true (accept an argument)
2. receive willingly something offered (take, have)
3. give an affirmative reply to; consent to (accept an invitation)
4. react favorably to; consider right and proper (accept atonal music)
5. admit into a group or community (accept students for graduate study) -> This seems exactly right: women are not admitted into certain bell-ringing groups.
6. take on as one's own expenses/debts (accept the charges)
7. tolerate or accommodate oneself to (accept unpleasant conditions)
8. be designed to hold or take (surface takes dye)
9. receive a report officially
10. make use of or accept for some purpose (take a risk)
11. be sexually responsive to (cow accepted the bull)

Sense 5 is clearly the best fit: "admit into a group or community". The example: "accept students for graduate study". The context is about exclusion from a society, so it's about being admitted.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 5.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "They are not accepted everywhere, however." The target word is "however". The context is about women in bell-ringing, that they are not accepted everywhere, but earlier it said they are a growing number and more than a third are women. Then "They are not accepted everywhere, however." This indicates a contrast or concession: despite the growing number, they are not accepted everywhere.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) - synonyms: nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so. Examples: although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed.
2. by contrast; on the other hand - examples: the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours.
3. to whatever degree or extent - examples: The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge...
4. in whatever way or manner - examples: Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever.

The sentence "They are not accepted everywhere, however." is placed after stating a positive development (more women entering), and then provides a contrasting point. The "however" here is used as a conjunction adverb meaning "nevertheless" or "on the other hand". The punctuation: it's at the end of the sentence, which is typical for sense 1 or 2. Sense 1 says "usually following a concession", and the preceding sentence is not exactly a concession but a positive statement. However, the "however" introduces a contrast to the positive trend. Sense 2 is "by contrast; on the other hand". That fits well: the first part (bright sign) is positive, the second part "however" introduces a contrast.

But note the example for sense 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it" – that shows a concession-relationship. The example for sense 2: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours" – that is simply contrasting two parts. Here we have: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered... They are not accepted everywhere, however." This is contrasting the general trend with a specific limitation. So it's more like "on the other hand".

Sense 3 and 4 are clearly not applicable: they modify adjectives or verbs (however general, however reluctantly, however it was brought about). In this sentence, "however" is a sentence adverb.

Thus, I'll go with sense_index: 2. But let's double-check: sense 1 says "usually following a concession". Is there a concession? A concession might be "Although they are a growing number, they are not accepted everywhere." The preceding sentence doesn't explicitly have a conjunction like "although", but the idea is concessive: even though many women are entering, they still aren't accepted everywhere. So it could be seen as a concession. However, the gloss for sense 1 is "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" and the examples show it typically comes after an explicit concession. Sense 2 is simply "by contrast; on the other hand" and the example shows it can just contrast two ideas without an explicit concession.

In many dictionaries, this use of "however" to introduce a contrasting statement is often treated as a single sense. But WordNet splits it into two: one for concession (nevertheless) and one for contrast (on the other hand). The distinction is subtle. The context: "They are not accepted everywhere, however." The preceding sentence says a growing number of women have entered, more than a third. Then: "They are not accepted everywhere, however." This is pointing out a limitation to the positive trend. That seems like a contrast, not necessarily a concession where you are granting something. The example for sense 2: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours" is simply showing two aspects. Here: the bright sign is that many women entered; however, they are not accepted everywhere. So it's directly contrasting.

I'll go with sense 2.

Thus, JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell_ringing
Target surface form: bell-ringing
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of someone playing a set of bells
2. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:10:00:: | definition=persuasion of voters in a political campaign | synonyms=electioneering, canvassing
3. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:04:00:: | definition=playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "bell_ringing" and surface form "bell-ringing". The context is about ringers, bells, churches, and bell-ringing groups. The target appears in: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country..." This clearly refers to a group that practices the activity of ringing bells. Sense 1 is the sound, sense 2 is political campaigning (electioneering), and sense 3 is playing a set of bells hung in a tower. In the context, "bell-ringing group" means a group of people who ring bells, so sense 3 is correct. Choose sense 3.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "group" in the given context. The target word appears in the sentence: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..." So the "group" here refers to an organization or society. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping. This is a general sense for a collection of people or things considered together.

2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group. This is a chemical sense, clearly not applicable here.

3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group. This is a mathematical sense, also not applicable.

The context is clearly about a social organization (bell-ringing group). Sense 1 fits perfectly: a group of people considered as a unit. Therefore, the answer is sense 1.

Now, return JSON with {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the <t>country</t>, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "country" in the given context. The target sentence: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..." The context talks about bell-ringing in Britain, mentioning "This being Britain..." So "the country" clearly refers to the nation of Britain. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (synonyms: state, nation, land, etc.). Examples refer to government, president. This sense is about the political entity.

2. Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" (synonyms: state, land). Examples: "he returned to the land of his birth", "he visited several European countries". This sense focuses on the geographic territory.

3. Sense 3: "the people who live in a nation or country" (synonyms: nation, land). Examples: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood", "the news was announced to the nation". This sense is about the populace.

4. Sense 4: "an area outside of cities and towns" (synonyms: rural area). Example: "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country". This is the rural sense.

5. Sense 5: "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary" (synonyms: area). Example: "Bible country". This is a general region.

In the context, "the oldest bell-ringing group in the country" means in that nation, Britain. The group is the Ancient Society of College Youths, which is a specific organization within Britain. The phrase "in the country" is commonly used to mean "in the nation". Which sense best fits? Typically, when we say "in the country" to denote a nation, we might be referring to the territory (sense 2) or the political unit (sense 1). Sense 3 (the people) doesn't fit as well because the group is located in the nation, not composed of all the people. Sense 4 is clearly wrong (not rural). Sense 5 is too vague. Between 1 and 2: "in the country" often refers to the geographic area (territory) of the nation. But in many contexts, distinctions between political entity and geographic territory are subtle. Let's check the examples: for sense 2, "he visited several European countries" - that's geographic. For sense 1, "the state has elected a new president" - that's political. The phrase "in the country" often just means "in the nation" without strong emphasis on either political or geographic. However, the group is "in the country" meaning within the borders of that nation. That suggests territory. Also, note the context mentions "Britain" and "the country" as the place where this group exists. It's a geographic location. So I'd lean toward sense 2.

But let's consider the WordNet gloss: Sense 2 is "the territory occupied by a nation". That is exactly what we mean when we say "in the country": within the territory of that nation. Sense 1 is more about the political entity as a body of people under a government. The group is not part of the government, just located in the territory. So sense 2 seems more appropriate.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: found
Target surface form: founded
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, <t>founded</t> in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=found%2:41:00:: | definition=set up or found | synonyms=establish, set up, launch | examples=She set up a literacy program
2. sense_key=found%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, plant, constitute, institute | examples=establish a new department
3. sense_key=found%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, base, ground | examples=base a claim on some observation
4. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=find, happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
5. sense_key=detect%2:39:00:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
6. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=find, regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
8. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=find, feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
9. sense_key=witness%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
10. sense_key=line_up%2:40:00:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up, find | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
11. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover, find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
12. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover, find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
13. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | synonyms=find | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
14. sense_key=rule%2:32:00:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule, find | examples=find someone guilty
15. sense_key=receive%2:30:01:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
16. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | synonyms=find | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
17. sense_key=recover%2:40:00:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, find, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
18. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | synonyms=find | examples=The arrow found its mark
19. sense_key=find_oneself%2:30:00:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself, find | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, <t>founded</t> in 1637, remains male-only..." The target lemma is "found", surface form "founded". This is the verb "found" in the past participle, meaning "established" or "set up". We need to find the sense that matches this, specifically for the verb "found" (not "find"). The candidate senses include many for "find" (senses 4-19), but some for "found" (senses 1-3). The context: "founded in 1637" clearly means the group was established/created in 1637. So we need a sense for "found" meaning to establish or create. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=found%2:41:00:: definition=set up or found | synonyms=establish, set up, launch | examples=She set up a literacy program
2. sense_key=found%2:36:00:: definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, plant, constitute, institute | examples=establish a new department
3. sense_key=found%2:31:00:: definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, base, ground | examples=base a claim on some observation

Sense 1 and 2 both mean to establish or set up. Sense 3 is more about basing something on something else, not appropriate. The context refers to the founding of an organization. The example for sense 1: "She set up a literacy program" is similar to founding a group. Sense 2: "establish a new department" also similar. Which is more precise? The WordNet definitions: Sense 1: "set up or found" (note: "found" is the same verb, so it's a bit circular; "set up" is the main). Sense 2: "set up or lay the groundwork for". Sense 2 has synonyms: establish, plant, constitute, institute. Sense 1 has synonyms: establish, set up, launch. The context: "founded in 1637" — that is like "established". Both are very close. But we need to choose the single best. Often, when a group is founded, it's about creating the organization. Sense 2 might emphasize laying the groundwork, but for an organization that is founded, it's just set up. Actually, looking at the WordNet sense indices: for "found" verb, there are 3 senses. The key "found%2:41:00::" corresponds to sense 1 in the list? I need to map them: The list given has 1, 2, 3 as the three "found" senses. Sense 1: set up or found; Sense 2: set up or lay the groundwork for; Sense 3: use as a basis for; found on. In typical usage, "founded" for an organization means "established". Both sense 1 and 2 could work. But we must use the context, synonyms, and examples to choose the best. The example for sense 1: "She set up a literacy program" – that's like starting a program. The example for sense 2: "establish a new department" – that's like creating a department. The context is an ancient society, founded in 1637. It's an organization, so it could be either. But let's check the synonyms: sense 1 has "establish, set up, launch"; sense 2 has "establish, plant, constitute, institute". "Plant" and "institute" seem more for founding something like an institution. "Institute" fits. The word "constitute" also. The sense 2 definition "set up or lay the groundwork for" might be more about the initial planning stages. But in the phrase "was founded in 1637", it's the past tense of "found", meaning established. Usually, when we say an organization was founded, we use the same verb. The WordNet mapping: I think the most common sense for "founded" in this context is the one that means "set up" (sense 1). However, we need to see if there's a difference. Let's look at the WordNet online. The verb "found" in WordNet 3.0 has: 1. (41) found, establish, set up, launch -- (set up or found) "She set up a literacy program"; 2. (36) establish, plant, constitute, institute -- (set up or lay the groundwork for) "establish a new department"; 3. (31) establish, base, ground, found -- (use as a basis for; found on) "base a claim on some observation". So sense 1 is "found, establish, set up, launch", sense 2 is "establish, plant, constitute, institute", sense 3 is "establish, base, ground, found". The context: "the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637" – this is clearly the "found" meaning to create an organization. Normally, you'd say "the society was founded in 1637" using sense 1? But note that sense 2 also has "constitute" and "institute", which are very relevant for a society. Also, the example "establish a new department" is like a formal unit. Both are highly overlapping. Often, the first sense is the most common. In the WordNet, the frequency counts might indicate sense 1 is more common? The sense keys include numbers like 41 and 36, which are the frequency counts? Not sure. Actually, WordNet senses are ordered by frequency; the first sense (41) is the most frequent. The second sense (36) is less frequent. So sense 1 is the most common sense for "found". So I'll go with sense 1.

Additionally, the context says "remains male-only", indicating the society still exists, so it was established. "Founded" is a past participle. The example "She set up a literacy program" is a bit more casual, but it's still about creating something. "Launch" is also a synonym. Could "launch" apply to a society? Launch a society? Not as common as "found". But the main verb is "found". So I'll choose sense 1.

We must return only a JSON object with sense_index, which is the index from the candidate list, so 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remain
Target surface form: remains
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, <t>remains</t> male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remain%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=stay, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=remain%2:42:03:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay, stay on, continue | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
3. sense_key=remain%2:42:05:: | definition=be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. | examples=There remains the question of who pulled the trigger; Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war
4. sense_key=remain%2:42:01:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, stay | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "remain" with surface form "remains" in a context. The context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..." So the group remains male-only, meaning it continues to be male-only. The sense is about staying the same state. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=remain%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=stay, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=remain%2:42:03:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay, stay on, continue | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
3. sense_key=remain%2:42:05:: | definition=be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. | examples=There remains the question of who pulled the trigger; Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war
4. sense_key=remain%2:42:01:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, stay | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up

In the sentence, "remains male-only" means it continues to be in the state of being male-only. That matches sense 1: "stay the same; remain in a certain state". The examples in sense 1: "The dress remained wet..." is exactly parallel: the group remained male-only (adjective complement). Sense 2 is about staying in a place or position, like continuing in a location or job. Sense 3 is about being left, like remaining after others are gone, or remaining as the only one. Sense 4 is about staying behind, often with a connotation of lingering. The context is clearly about the group being still male-only, not moving or staying behind, but persisting in a state. So sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a <t>fact</t> that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "fact" in the given context. The target is "a <t>fact</t> that's particularly galling to women..." Let's parse the sentence: "The oldest bell-ringing group... remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women..." Here, "fact" refers to the state of affairs or situation that the group remains male-only. It's a piece of information or a true statement about a circumstance. We need to select the best indexed sense from the provided candidates.

Let's examine each sense:

Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" (examples: first you must collect all the facts of the case). This could fit, as the male-only status is a piece of information about a circumstance.

Sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" (examples: he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts). This sense emphasizes a statement or assertion. In the context, "a fact that's particularly galling" treats the situation itself as the fact, not necessarily a statement about it. The fact is the circumstance, not an assertion.

Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" (examples: your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell). This sense relates to events or existence, distinguishing fact from fiction. The male-only status is something known to exist (a state of affairs), so this might fit.

Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved" (examples: scientific hypotheses are not facts). This is more about provable truths, which doesn't fit as well; the male-only status is simply a known state, not a concept to be proved.

The phrase "a fact that..." often uses "fact" to refer to a known piece of information or a real situation. In this context, it's the situation that the group remains male-only, which is galling. It's not a statement or assertion, but the actual state of affairs. Sense 3 emphasizes "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" – here, it's something known to exist (the group's male-only status). Sense 1 is about pieces of information, but the focus is more on the existence of the circumstance. Sense 3 is often used for "fact" as opposed to fiction or opinion, referring to something real. The example "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction" aligns with the idea of a real situation. In this context, the fact that the society remains male-only is a real situation. Sense 1 might also work, but sense 3 captures the "something known to have existed" nuance better. Let's see the differences: sense 1 is "a piece of information about circumstances", sense 3 is "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed". When we say "a fact that's galling", we mean the situation itself is galling, not just the information about it. So sense 3 seems more direct. Sense 2 is clearly about a statement or assertion, which is not the case here. Sense 4 is too narrow. So between 1 and 3, I lean toward 3 because it's the existence of the male-only policy that is galling. In WordNet, sense 1 is a hypernym of sense 2? I'm not sure. But given the options, I think sense 3 best matches the usage of "fact" as a real state of affairs. Let's confirm with examples: "a fact that's particularly galling" – the galling thing is the fact itself, i.e., that the group remains male-only. That is an existing situation, so sense 3: something known to have existed. Sense 1 is a piece of information, which is more abstract; you might collect facts. But here, it's not about collecting information. So I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: particularly
Target surface form: particularly
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's <t>particularly</t> galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=particularly%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=peculiarly, especially, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=particularly%4:02:02:: | definition=specifically or especially distinguished from others | synonyms=in particular | examples=loves Bach, particularly his partitas; recommended one book in particular
3. sense_key=particularly%4:02:01:: | definition=uniquely or characteristically; ; ; - John Knowles | synonyms=peculiarly | examples=these peculiarly cinematic elements; a peculiarly French phenomenon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "particularly" and its surface form in context. The context is a text, and the specific sentence is: "a fact that's <t>particularly</t> galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

We need to disambiguate between three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=particularly%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=peculiarly, especially, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack

2. sense_key=particularly%4:02:02:: | definition=specifically or especially distinguished from others | synonyms=in particular | examples=loves Bach, particularly his partitas; recommended one book in particular

3. sense_key=particularly%4:02:01:: | definition=uniquely or characteristically; ; ; - John Knowles | synonyms=peculiarly | examples=these peculiarly cinematic elements; a peculiarly French phenomenon

The context: The fact that the Ancient Society of College Youths remains male-only is "particularly galling to women" because that group is the sole source of ringers for prestigious churches. "Galling" means annoying or irritating. So it is especially/particularly annoying to women. The word "particularly" here intensifies the adjective "galling". It means to a great extent, or more than usual. Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" fits well. It emphasizes the degree of galling. Synonyms: "peculiarly, especially, specially". Example: "a particularly gruesome attack".

Sense 2: "specifically or especially distinguished from others" with synonym "in particular" and example: "loves Bach, particularly his partitas". This usage picks something out as a specific instance. In our context, it's not picking out a specific thing from a group; it's modifying an adjective to indicate degree.

Sense 3: "uniquely or characteristically" with examples like "a peculiarly French phenomenon" meaning characteristically French. That doesn't fit here because it's not saying the fact is characteristically galling; it's just very galling.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best match.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to <t>women</t> because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense." The target lemma is "woman", surface form "women", in the given context. We need to select from the four candidate senses.

Context: The text discusses bell-ringing, mentioning that a growing number of women have entered the field, more than a third of ringers are women. Then it talks about the Ancient Society of College Youths, which remains male-only, which is galling to women because that society is the sole source of ringers for prestigious churches. Then: "This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit..."

So the target word "women" refers to female persons in general, particularly those who are bell-ringers or who might want to join the society. It's clearly about adult female humans in the context of their gender in a profession/hobby. It's not about a specific woman in a relationship (sense 2), nor a cleaning lady (sense 3), nor the abstract class of women (sense 4 could apply but it's more about the collective class; here it's specific female individuals). The context says "a growing number of women have entered...", "more than a third of the ringers today are women", "that's particularly galling to women", "no woman has filed...". In all these, "women"/"woman" refers to adult female persons. Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" fits perfectly. Sense 4 is "women as a class" but that is more abstract, like "woman is the glory of creation". In context, we are talking about concrete individuals. The examples for sense 4 are about womanhood abstractly. So sense 1 is the correct sense.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the <t>group</t> is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "group" in the given context. The target word appears as: "... because the <t>group</t> is the sole source of ringers ..." The context is about bell-ringers, specifically about a society called "the Ancient Society of College Youths" which is a bell-ringing group. That group is the only source of ringers for certain prestigious churches. So "group" here refers to an organization or a collection of people. Now, among the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
   This sense fits well: the bell-ringing group is a number of entities (people) considered as a unit.

2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
   This is chemistry-specific, not relevant.

3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group
   This is mathematical, not relevant.

Clearly, sense 1 is correct. So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of <t>ringers</t> for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "ringer" in the context of bell ringing. The context talks about ringers not living where bells need to be rung, training ringers, women ringers, a bell-ringing group, and a newspaper for ringers. Clearly, the sense is about bell ringers.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. Sense 1: a person who rings church bells (bell ringer). This matches perfectly.
2. Sense 2: a look-alike. Not relevant.
3. Sense 3: a contestant under false pretenses. Not relevant.
4. Sense 4: a successful throw in horseshoes. Not relevant.

Thus, the correct sense is sense 1.

The answer should be a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}