[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: quickly
Target surface form: quickly
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "quickly" in the context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

The target lemma is "quickly" and surface form is "quickly". We need to choose among three senses:

1. with rapid movements (rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace) - example: he works quickly. This sense implies physical speed of movement.

2. with little or no delay (promptly, quick) - examples: the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick! This sense emphasizes immediacy, happening without delay.

3. without taking pains (cursorily) - example: he looked cursorily through the magazine. This sense implies doing something hastily, superficially, without care.

In the context, "the difference is quickly washed away" suggests that the initial advantage fades away swiftly. It's not about physical movement, nor about being done cursorily or without care. It's about the difference disappearing after a short time, i.e., with little or no delay. The washing away happens soon after. So sense 2 fits best: "with little or no delay". The example "the rescue squad arrived promptly" is similar in that something happens without delay.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wash_away
Target surface form: washed away
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "wash_away" with surface form "washed away" in the given context. The candidate senses are provided with definitions, synonyms, and examples.

Context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>." The target is in the sentence: "the difference is quickly washed away." The surrounding text talks about early exposure to schooling improving performance in first grade, but the difference fades later. So "washed away" here is metaphorical, meaning the difference disappears or is eliminated.

Now, look at the candidate senses:
Sense 1: definition "eliminate", example "wash away all the differences". This is clearly metaphorical, meaning to remove or eliminate differences.
Sense 2: definition "remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent", synonyms "wash, wash out, wash off", examples "he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood". This is the literal sense of physically cleaning something.

In the context, "the difference is quickly washed away" means the difference disappears, just like in sense 1's example "wash away all the differences". There is no literal water or cleaning involved. So sense 1 is the correct one.

Thus, the answer should be sense index 1.

We need to output JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: NextBit

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sum_up
Target surface form: sum up
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with Word Sense Disambiguation for the phrase "sum up" in the given context. The target lemma is "sum_up" and surface form is "sum up". The context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- ..." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

We need to choose the best indexed sense. The context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education..." Here, the phrase is used to mean summarizing or giving a brief overview of what they know. Sense 1 definition: "give a summary (of)" seems directly applicable. Sense 2 definition: "be a summary of" suggests that something (like an abstract) is a summary of something else. That is, the abstract itself summarizes the main ideas. In the sentence, "Let us sum up what we do know...", the subject is "us", so we are performing the action of summing up. That fits "give a summary (of)" where we are the agents giving the summary. Sense 2 is more like "The abstract summarizes the main ideas", where the abstract is the summary. In our sentence, we are not saying that something is a summary; we are saying "Let us sum up", i.e., we are going to give a summary. So Sense 1 is more appropriate. Sense 3 is about arithmetic sum, which doesn't fit.

Thus, the best sense is 1. Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "know" in the context: "Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work". The context is part of an argument about education. The target "know" appears in the phrase "what we do know about education". It refers to having knowledge or information about a fact or topic. The sentence is about summarizing established knowledge regarding education reforms. The sense should be "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about". That matches sense 1: know%2:31:01::. The examples include "I know that the President lied..." which is similar: knowing a fact. Sense 3 is about belief/faith in truth, but here it's about factual knowledge, not belief. Sense 1 is the most appropriate.

Thus, sense_index is 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "education" in the given context. The target word appears in the phrase: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work". The context discusses education reforms, educational system, and what works in education. The candidate senses are various.

Let's examine the senses:

1. activities of educating or instructing; imparting knowledge or skill.
2. knowledge acquired by learning and instruction.
3. gradual process of acquiring knowledge.
4. profession of teaching.
5. result of good upbringing.
6. US federal department.

The context talks about "education reforms" and what works in education. The phrase "what we do know about education" refers broadly to the field or process of education, not just the knowledge acquired or the profession. The preceding sentences discuss an educational program, exposure to schooling, performance improvement, and then summing up what works in education. This seems to refer to the system or activities of educating. Sense 1 ("the activities of educating or instructing") fits well. Sense 2 is about the knowledge acquired, like "he had a broad education". Sense 3 is the process, like "education is preparation for life". Sense 4 is profession. Sense 5 is upbringing. Sense 6 is the department. The context is not about the department. It's about education as a system or set of activities. The phrase "education reforms" suggests changes to the activities or system of educating. So I think sense 1 is the best.

But let's double-check: The sentence says "what we do know about education and about those education reforms". "Education reforms" are reforms to the educational system, so "education" here likely means the system of instruction. Sense 1: the activities of educating or instructing. This matches. Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" which is a bit broader but similar. However, sense 1 explicitly mentions "activities that impart knowledge or skill" which aligns with the context of schooling and educational programs. The examples: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed" show that sense 1 is used in the context of formal schooling. The context discusses pre-kindergarten, educational system, first grade, etc., all pointing to formal instruction. So sense 1 is appropriate.

Thus, I choose sense_index 1.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those <t>education</t> reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "education" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the six candidates. Let's analyze the context.

Context snippet: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- 'Parental involvement' is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

The paragraph discusses education in the context of schooling, educational reforms, and the educational system. Earlier, it mentions "governors' conference on education," "comprehensive child-development policy," "extending the educational system down to pre-kindergarten years," "child-care program, not an educational program," "early exposure to schooling improves performance," "education reforms." So here "education" clearly refers to the system, process, or activities of educating, especially in formal schooling.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: definition: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill. Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity. Example: he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed. This seems fitting: it's about the activities of teaching/learning, formal education system.
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: definition: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction. Example: it was clear that he had a very broad education. This refers to the body of knowledge someone possesses.
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: definition: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge. Example: education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's. This is about the process of learning, but not necessarily institutionalized.
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: definition: the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university). Example: none given. This is the occupation.
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: definition: the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior); synonyms: training, breeding. Example: a woman of breeding and refinement. This is about cultural refinement, not schooling.
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: definition: the United States federal department... This is the Education Department, not applicable.

In the context, "education" is used in phrases like "governors' conference on education," "what we do know about education," "education reforms." It is clearly about the field or system of education, the activities and institutions of teaching and learning. This aligns best with sense 1: the activities of educating or instructing; educational activity. The example "he received no formal education" matches the formal schooling context. Sense 3 (gradual process of acquiring knowledge) could also be considered, but the context emphasizes "educational system," "schooling," "first grade," "education reforms" — these are institutional and activity-oriented, not just the broad process. Sense 2 (knowledge acquired) is a result state, but here they are talking about the system and reforms, not a person's acquired knowledge. Sense 4 is too specific to the profession. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reforms
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the word "reforms" in the given context. The target word is "reforms" (surface form), lemma "reform". The context is about education reforms, specifically discussing what kinds of educational changes work and do not work. The candidate senses are:

1. reform%1:04:00:: (sense 1): "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses" with example: "justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts"
2. sense 2: "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices" with example: "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians"
3. sense 3: "self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice" with example: "the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform"

The context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work:"

Here, "reforms" refers to educational changes aimed at improving the system. This aligns with sense 1 or sense 2. Sense 3 is about personal moral improvement, which doesn't fit. Between sense 1 and 2: sense 1 emphasizes the result ("a change for the better"), while sense 2 emphasizes the campaign or movement. In context, "reforms" are being discussed as specific policy changes that either work or do not work. The phrase "those education reforms" refers to specific changes proposed in education. Sense 2's definition "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices" fits well because reforms are often proposed as campaigns or sets of changes. However, sense 1's definition "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses" also fits as a general term for a change. The example for sense 2: "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians" matches the context of discussing reforms as proposed changes. In the text, the author is discussing various reforms like "parental involvement" being a bad idea. So, "reforms" here are the specific educational proposals. Thus, sense 2 is more appropriate because it focuses on the proposed campaign of changes, which is exactly what the text discusses: what reforms do and do not work.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate "work" in the sentence: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work:"

The target is "do work" meaning they have an effect, are successful, effective. It's not about labor or employment. It's about whether reforms are effective. The context: "those education reforms that do work and do not work" means reforms that succeed or fail. So it's sense 3: have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected. Synonyms: act. Examples: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" That fits perfectly.

Sense 4 is similar: "perform as expected when applied" (function, operate). But 3 is more about having an effect/outcome, often desired. In the examples for 3: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought" is about effectiveness. Sense 4: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in" is more about mechanical functioning. Here, education reforms are not mechanical; they are about whether they produce desired results. Sense 3 is better.

Thus, the best index is 3.

Return {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "work" with the surface form "work" in a given context. The context discusses education reforms, saying: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: ..." So the word "work" appears twice: "do work" and "do not work". Here, "work" means "have the desired effect or outcome; be effective or successful". The sentence is contrasting reforms that are effective versus those that are not. So the sense is about having an effect or outcome.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. exert oneself to do mental or physical work (effort)
2. be employed (job)
3. have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected, with examples: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" This matches exactly: "reforms that do work" meaning reforms that are effective, produce the desired outcome. So sense 3 is the best.
4. perform as expected when applied (like a machine functioning) - could be related, but it's more about mechanical operation. However, sometimes "work" for abstract systems can use this, but sense 3 is specifically "have an effect or outcome", which is better for reforms.
5-27 are other senses, not relevant.

Thus, the best sense is index 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parental
Target surface form: Parental
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "<t>Parental</t> involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "parental" in the given context. The sentence is: "<t>Parental</t> involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

The target word is "parental" (note: it's spelled "parental" but in the context it's "Parental involvement" with quotes). The sentence talks about parents and their involvement in education. The context is about education reforms, and the author says "Parental involvement" is a bad idea, and then explains that parents are too likely to blame schools for their children's limitations.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced. This is a biological/genetic sense, relating to parent organisms in hybridization. Example would be parent generation in genetics. Not relevant here.

Sense 2: relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent; synonyms: maternal, paternal; examples: parental guidance. This is the common sense meaning "of or relating to a parent." In the context, "Parental involvement" clearly means involvement of parents in their children's education. So this is the correct sense.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involvement
Target surface form: involvement
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "involvement" in the given context. The context is: "-- "Parental involvement" is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

We need to choose the best indexed sense among the provided candidates. The candidate senses are:

1. involvement%1:04:00:: | definition: the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms: engagement, participation, involution | examples: the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. involvement%1:24:00:: | definition: a connection of inclusion or containment | examples: he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
3. involvement%1:09:00:: | definition: a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms: interest | examples: an interest in music
4. involvement%1:26:00:: | definition: a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms: affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
5. involvement%1:26:01:: | definition: the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms: participation

The phrase is "Parental involvement". In the context, it's being discussed in relation to education: parents blaming schools, child development policy, educational programs. "Parental involvement" typically means parents participating in their children's education, being engaged in school activities, etc. That fits best with sense 1: "the act of sharing in the activities of a group", with synonyms engagement, participation. Sense 5 is "the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.)", also with synonym participation, but sense 1 is more active (act of sharing) while sense 5 is condition. The context suggests an active role: "Parental involvement" is mentioned as a bad idea, likely referring to parents getting involved in schools. Sense 1's example is about student engagement in class, but it's about sharing in group activities. Parental involvement in education is a common phrase meaning parents participating in school-related activities. Sense 2 is about inclusion or containment, like being involved in an accident, not fitting. Sense 3 is about interest or curiosity, but "parental involvement" is more than just interest; it's active participation. Sense 4 is clearly wrong.

Thus, sense 1 is the best. But let's double-check: WordNet often maps "parental involvement" to sense 1? In WordNet, "involvement" has multiple senses. The phrase "parental involvement" specifically refers to parents' participation in their children's education. That aligns with engagement and participation. Sense 1 explicitly includes "participation" as a synonym. Sense 5 is also participation but as a condition rather than an act. The context says "Parental involvement" is a bad idea, implying an action or practice, not just a condition. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bad
Target surface form: bad
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | examples=so-called bad grammar
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | examples=led a very bad life
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "bad" with target surface form "bad". The context: "... 'Parental involvement' is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." The candidate senses are listed with definitions, examples, synonyms. We need to pick the single best indexed sense.

Let's analyze the context: "bad idea" – the term "bad" is used to describe "idea" as having negative qualities, being undesirable, or not good. This is a very general negative evaluation. Looking at the senses, sense 1 is "having undesirable or negative qualities" with example "a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression". That fits perfectly: a "bad idea" means an idea with undesirable or negative qualities. No other sense seems as directly applicable. Sense 7 "below average in quality or performance" might also fit, but "below average" is more about performance or quality level; "bad idea" is simply a negative evaluation, not necessarily about being below average. Sense 1 is more general and directly matches. Also, the examples in sense 1 include abstract nouns like "impression", similar to "idea". So sense_index 1 is the best.

Thus the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "idea" and its surface form "idea". We need to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. The context is provided, and we have five candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples.

Let's read the context carefully:

"Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

The target word is "idea" inside the sentence: "Parental involvement is a bad idea." So the phrase "a bad idea" is directly where the target appears. We need to determine the sense of "idea" in this phrase.

Now look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

We can immediately discard sense 5 because the context is about education and parental involvement, not music. Sense 4 is about an approximate calculation or estimate; that doesn't fit either. The phrase "a bad idea" is a common expression where "idea" refers to a thought or concept that is considered not good. It is similar to the example in sense 1: "it was not a good idea". So sense 1 seems plausible: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about". The example "it was not a good idea" is almost identical to "is a bad idea". So sense 1 is likely.

Sense 2: "your intention; what you intend to do" - this is about intention. Saying "Parental involvement is a bad intention" doesn't make sense. It's not about intention; it's about the concept of parental involvement being a bad concept/idea. So 2 is out.

Sense 3: "a personal view" - this could be possible, but the example "he has an idea that we don't like him" suggests a personal belief or opinion. Here, "Parental involvement is a bad idea" is more of a general statement about the concept, not a personal view. It's not expressing someone's personal opinion about something; it's stating that the practice of parental involvement is a bad idea. However, one might argue it's a personal view, but sense 1 fits better with the generic use of "idea" as a thought or concept. The example in sense 1 directly matches the phrasing.

Sense 1: "it was not a good idea" is exactly parallel to "is a bad idea". So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, I'll choose sense 1. The index is 1 (since the first candidate is sense 1). In the JSON, we need to output the sense_index, which is the number in the list, starting from 1? The instructions say: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we need to give the index number corresponding to the candidate sense. The candidates are listed as 1., 2., etc. So for sense 1, index 1.

But careful: The list items are numbered 1 to 5. So sense 1 is index 1. So output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: Parents
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. <t>Parents</t> are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "parent" with the surface form "Parents" in a specific context. The context discusses educational policy, child-care programs, parental involvement, and how parents should be involved with their children's education at home. The target sentence: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." Clearly, "parents" here refers to fathers and mothers, i.e., human guardians. The first sense is exactly that: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian". The second sense is about organisms in a biological context, which is not relevant here. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

I'll output JSON with sense_index 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are <t>too</t> likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "too" in the given context. Let's look at the sentence: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." Here, "too" clearly indicates an excessive degree. It says they are "too likely" meaning excessively likely, more than what would be normal or proper. That matches sense 1: "to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits" with examples like "too big". Sense 2 is "in addition", which would not fit because there's no additive meaning; it's not saying parents are also likely, it's saying they are excessively likely. So the correct sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: likely
Target surface form: likely
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too <t>likely</t> to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "likely" with the surface form "likely" in the given context. The context is: "Parents are too <t>likely</t> to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." We have four candidate senses.

Let's analyze each sense:

Sense 1: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about" with examples: "these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget"
Sense 2: "likely but not certain to be or become true or real" synonyms: probable, examples: "a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss"
Sense 3: "expected to become or be; in prospect" synonyms: potential, examples: "potential clients"
Sense 4: "within the realm of credibility" examples: "not a very likely excuse"

Now, in the context: "Parents are too likely to blame schools..." Here, "likely" is used as an adverb? Actually, "too likely" is an adverbial phrase modifying "to blame". The candidate senses all appear to be adjectives (sense 1, 2, 3, 4 are all adjective senses). The word "likely" can be an adjective or an adverb. In WordNet, likely has both adjective and adverb senses. The given sense keys: likely%3:00:00:: (adjective, likely%3:00:00::), likely%3:00:04:: (adjective), likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 (adjective satellite), likely%5:00:00:credible:00 (adjective satellite). Here, "too likely" is an adverb? Actually, "likely" is often used as an adverb meaning "with considerable certainty; without much doubt". But in WordNet, there is an adverb sense: "likely%4:02:00::" meaning "with considerable certainty; without much doubt" with examples: "He is probably out of the country" or "in all likelihood we are headed for war". However, the candidate senses provided are all adjectives. So maybe in this context, "likely" is an adjective complement with "too". "Too likely" means "having too high a probability". The phrase is: "Parents are too likely to blame schools", which can be paraphrased as "It is too probable that parents blame schools" or "Parents have too high a tendency to blame schools". This is a typical adjective construction where "likely" is an adjective followed by an infinitive. For example, "She is likely to forget" matches Sense 1: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about". Sense 1's example: "she is likely to forget" is exactly the same structure: [subject] is likely to [verb]. So Sense 1 seems perfect. Sense 2 is also similar, but Sense 2 is "likely but not certain to be or become true or real" with synonym "probable". However, Sense 1 and Sense 2 are very close. WordNet has multiple adjective senses for "likely". Checking WordNet online: likely (adj) has 3 senses:
1. (adj) likely (has a good chance of being the case or of coming about) "these services are likely to be available to us all before long"; "she is likely to forget"; "a likely place for a restaurant"; "the broken limb is likely to fall"; "rain is likely"; "a likely topic for investigation"; "likely candidates for the job"
2. (adj) probable, likely (likely but not certain to be or become true or real) "a likely result"; "he foresaw a probable loss"
3. (adj) likely (within the realm of credibility) "not a very likely excuse"

So Sense 3 is "potential" (likely as in prospective). This is a satellite adjective, but our Sense 3 is "expected to become or be; in prospect" with synonyms: potential. That would be like "potential clients", meaning likely to become clients. But here, it doesn't fit: "Parents are too potential to blame"? No. Sense 4: "within the realm of credibility" fits for excuses, not here.

Thus, the best match is Sense 1, which has the exact construction "likely to [verb]" and the meaning of high probability.

We need to output JSON like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: blame
Target surface form: blame
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to <t>blame</t> schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=blame%2:32:00:: | definition=put or pin the blame on | synonyms=fault
2. sense_key=blame%2:32:01:: | definition=harass with constant criticism | synonyms=find fault, pick | examples=Don't always pick on your little brother
3. sense_key=blame%2:31:00:: | definition=attribute responsibility to | synonyms=charge | examples=We blamed the accident on her; The tragedy was charged to her inexperience

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "blame" in the given context. The target surface form is "blame" and it appears in the sentence: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." We need to choose the best indexed sense among the three provided candidates. Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=blame%2:32:00:: | definition=put or pin the blame on | synonyms=fault. This sense means to assign blame or fault to someone or something. The synonym "fault" is a verb meaning to blame or criticize. This fits well with the context: parents are likely to assign blame to schools for their children's limitations.

2. sense_key=blame%2:32:01:: | definition=harass with constant criticism | synonyms=find fault, pick | examples=Don't always pick on your little brother. This sense implies persistent, nagging criticism, like "picking on" someone. In the context, "blame schools" doesn't necessarily imply constant harassment or criticism; it's more about assigning responsibility or fault. The example "Don't always pick on your little brother" shows a different usage. So this is less likely.

3. sense_key=blame%2:31:00:: | definition=attribute responsibility to | synonyms=charge | examples=We blamed the accident on her; The tragedy was charged to her inexperience. This sense is about attributing responsibility, often for a negative event. The example "We blamed the accident on her" matches the pattern in the context: "blame schools for the educational limitations". This sense emphasizes attributing responsibility. Note that the first sense "put or pin the blame on" is very similar, but the third sense specifically says "attribute responsibility to", which is essentially the same idea. However, the distinction might be subtle: sense 1 is more about assigning fault, sense 3 about attributing responsibility. But both could work. We need to see which one fits better based on the examples and synonyms. Sense 1 has synonym "fault", which as a verb means to blame. Sense 3 has synonym "charge" and example "We blamed the accident on her". The context phrase "blame schools for the educational limitations" is a direct transitive use with "for", similar to "blame X for Y". Both senses could be used in that pattern. But the WordNet glosses might differentiate by syntactic frame or nuance. Sense 1: "put or pin the blame on" suggests a focus on the act of blaming, while sense 3: "attribute responsibility to" is more neutral. However, the example for sense 3 uses "blamed ... on" which is a different preposition pattern: "blame something on someone" vs "blame someone for something". The context uses "blame schools for ..." which is "blame someone for something". The first sense doesn't have an example, but the definition "put or pin the blame on" could match either pattern. Let's check typical WordNet groupings: Sense 1 is likely the main sense. Sense 3 might be more about crediting responsibility (like "charge" to someone's account). But in practical usage, "blame" in "blame X for Y" often means to hold X responsible for Y, which aligns with both. However, the synonyms give a clue: "fault" for sense 1, "charge" for sense 3. "Fault" as a verb means to blame or criticize. "Charge" means to attribute, as in "charge to someone's account". The context is about parents blaming schools, i.e., holding schools responsible. That could be either. But the phrase "put or pin the blame on" is exactly what is happening: parents are pinning the blame on schools. The third sense's example "We blamed the accident on her" uses the "blame something on someone" construction. The context uses "blame someone for something". In many dictionaries, "blame" can have two sub-senses: one where you blame a person for an event, and one where you blame an event on a person. They are often just alternative syntactic frames for the same meaning. WordNet sometimes separates them. Here, sense 1 is "blame%2:32:00::" (verb.communication) and sense 3 is "blame%2:31:00::" (verb.cognition? Actually, WordNet verb categories: 2:32 is communication, 2:31 is cognition? Let's check typical numbering: verb.communication is usually 2:32, verb.cognition 2:31. So sense 1 is a communication verb: "put or pin the blame on" implies an act of stating blame. Sense 3 is a cognition verb: "attribute responsibility to" implies a mental act of assigning responsibility. The context says "Parents are too likely to blame schools..." – this could be both a mental attribution and a communicative act. However, the focus of the sentence is on the tendency of parents to hold schools responsible, which is more of an attribution. The broader context: "Parental involvement" is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. This suggests that if parents are involved at school, they might end up blaming teachers/schools, i.e., they will attribute responsibility to the schools. This seems more cognitive: they will think the schools are at fault. They might also express it, but the likelihood is about their attitude. I'd lean towards the "attribute responsibility to" sense because it's about holding responsible, which is a mental state. But the example for sense 3 uses "blamed the accident on her", which is a different structure. The context structure "blame schools for ..." matches the "blame someone for something" pattern. Sense 1 doesn't provide an example but its definition "put or pin the blame on" can easily be used in that pattern: "Parents pin the blame on schools for limitations." That fits perfectly. Actually, "pin the blame on" takes the person as object: "pin the blame on someone". So "blame schools" is similar: "blame someone". So sense 1 seems very fitting. Moreover, the synonym "fault" is often used as "fault someone for something", which matches. So sense 1 appears correct. Sense 2 is clearly wrong because it implies harassment. Between 1 and 3, 1 is the most direct. Often in WSD, the first sense is the most frequent. In WordNet, sense 1 is usually the primary sense. The context uses the surface form "blame" directly without prepositions, it's "blame schools for ..." – that's a transitive use. Sense 1 is defined as "put or pin the blame on", which is typically used with the person as direct object. Sense 3's example shows "blame something on someone" which is ditransitive? Actually, in the example, "We blamed the accident on her" – "blame" takes a direct object "the accident" and a prepositional phrase. That's a different frame. The context has "blame schools" (person) as direct object. So the syntactic frame points to sense 1. I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, best sense: 1. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame <t>schools</t> for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "schools" in the given context. The target lemma is "school", surface form "schools". The context: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." Here, "schools" refers to the institutions that parents might blame. It's discussing parental involvement and blaming schools. The sense is clearly an educational institution. Let's check the candidate senses.

Sense 1: an educational institution. Example: the school was founded in 1900. That fits: blaming schools (institutions) for limitations.

Sense 2: a building where young people receive education. But the context is not about the physical building; it's about the institution as an entity that gets blamed. So sense 1 is more abstract.

Sense 3: the process of being formally educated ("schooling"). Not fitting.

Sense 4: a body of creative artists... not relevant.

Sense 5: the period of instruction. Not fitting.

Sense 6: an educational institution's faculty and students. That could be a metonymic sense, but the context says "blame schools" likely means the institution as a whole. Sense 6 is more specific: the body of people. But the sentence "blame schools for the educational limitations" usually refers to the institution, not just the people. Sense 1 is broader.

Sense 7: a large group of fish. Not relevant.

Between sense 1 and sense 6: In WordNet, sense 1 is the most general for educational institution. The example for sense 6: "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game" shows it refers to the people. In our context, "blame schools" could be interpreted as blaming the institution or the people running it. However, typical usage: "blame the school" means blame the institution. I think sense 1 is the best fit.

Sense 1 definition: an educational institution. That is the primary sense. So I will choose sense 1.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the <t>educational</t> limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "educational" in the given context. The context is about governors, education policy, and a discussion about extending the educational system to pre-kindergarten years. The specific sentence containing the target word is: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." Here, "educational" modifies "limitations" and refers to limitations related to education or learning. We need to choose between two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Let’s analyze the context. The phrase is "educational limitations of their children." This likely means the limitations in the children's educational attainment or performance, i.e., limitations relating to the process of education. Sense 1 is "relating to the process of education," which fits well: the limitations are connected to the educational process. Sense 2 is "providing knowledge," which is more about something that imparts knowledge, like an educational film. That sense doesn't fit here because "limitations" are not providing knowledge; they are limitations in the educational context. So sense 1 is appropriate.

The WordNet sense 1 is an adjective meaning "relating to the process of education." Sense 2 is a similar but slightly different adjective meaning "providing knowledge." In the phrase "educational limitations," we are talking about limitations in education, not limitations that provide knowledge. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: limitation
Target surface form: limitations
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational <t>limitations</t> of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=limitation%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle that limits the extent of something | synonyms=restriction | examples=I am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements
2. sense_key=limitation%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being limited or restricted | examples=it is a good plan but it has serious limitations
3. sense_key=limitation%1:23:00:: | definition=the greatest amount of something that is possible or allowed | synonyms=limit | examples=there are limits on the amount you can bet; it is growing rapidly with no limitation in sight
4. sense_key=limitation%1:28:00:: | definition=(law) a time period after which suits cannot be brought | examples=statute of limitations
5. sense_key=limitation%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of limiting or restricting (as by regulation) | synonyms=restriction

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "limitations" in the given context. The target lemma is "limitation", surface form "limitations". We have five candidate senses from WordNet, each with a definition, synonyms, and examples. We need to choose the best indexed sense based on the context.

Context: "... Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school."

The phrase "educational limitations of their children" suggests that the children have some inherent limitations in their education or learning abilities. It's about the quality or state of being limited, or the extent of their abilities. The context is about blaming schools for these limitations. This seems to refer to a restriction or a limit in the children's educational capacity. It is not a legal time period (sense 4), not an act of limiting (sense 5), not a principle that limits (sense 1), and not the greatest amount allowed (sense 3), but rather the quality of being limited or restricted. Sense 2: "the quality of being limited or restricted" with example "it is a good plan but it has serious limitations" fits well. The children have educational limitations, meaning they have inherent restrictions or limits in their educational ability.

Check sense 1: "a principle that limits the extent of something" - that's more about a rule or principle, like a restriction. But here, it's not a principle; it's the inherent limitations of the children. Sense 3: "the greatest amount of something that is possible or allowed" - that's a limit, like a maximum. In context, it's not about a maximum amount; it's about the limitations themselves. Sense 5: "an act of limiting or restricting" - that's an action, not a state. Sense 4: legal time period - not relevant.

Therefore, the best sense is 2.

Answer format: {"sense_index": 2}