[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they <t>found</t> defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Target lemma: find / Target surface form: found / Context: ... they found defects ..." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list (1-16). The target sentence: "By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome." The broader context: They used gene probes and analysis to detect/find defects. The sense should match this scientific discovery/detection scenario.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: come upon, as if by accident; meet with. Syn: happen, chance, bump, encounter. Example: "We find this idea in Plato" - accidental encounter. Not a deliberate analysis.

2. find%2:39:02:: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of. Syn: detect, observe, discover, notice. Example: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint." This fits perfectly: they found (detected) defects. It’s about determining the existence of something, often through observation. The context says they analyzed cells and found defects. This seems scientific, not accidental.

3. find%2:40:00:: come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost. Syn: regain. Example: "Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!" This implies a lost item, not a defect discovery.

4. find%2:32:00:: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study. Syn: determine, find out, ascertain. Example: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." This could also be relevant: they used a battery of gene probes and analysis, which is investigation/experiment. However, the specific phrase "found defects" suggests they observed/detected defects, rather than determining a fact through calculation. They "found defects" is more about observation. Sense 2's synonyms include "detect, observe, discover" which fit the laboratory analysis context. Sense 4's examples include "determine, find out, ascertain", which is more about concluding something. The sentence says they "found defects" – it's a direct observation/detection, not necessarily a calculation. But note: The context earlier: "He assumed the missing piece contained a gene... But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team... found the answer." So they did find an answer, but the specific sentence says "they found defects in the second copy..." – they detected the defects. It's more sense 2.

5. find%2:31:10:: come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds. "feel". Not applicable.

6. find%2:39:01:: perceive or be contemporaneous with. "witness, see". Example: "We found Republicans winning the offices" – witnessing an event. Not here.

7. find%2:40:01:: get something or somebody for a specific purpose. "line up, get hold, come up". Not applicable.

8. find%2:36:00:: make a discovery, make a new finding. "discover". Example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This is a general "discover" sense, but it's not about detecting a defect that was there; it's about discovering something new. The defects were already hypothesized as missing; they found the specific defects. Sense 8 is more about groundbreaking discovery. The context: they used probes and analysis to find pre-existing defects, not invent new particles. It might be too grand. Sense 2 is more about detecting existence.

9. find%2:31:09:: make a discovery. "discover". Example: "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover." This is about discovering a fact or truth, often a propositional discovery: find that... The sentence says "found defects", not "found that ...". It's a direct object noun. So not this.

10. find%2:40:03:: obtain through effort or management. "She found the time and energy..." Not relevant.

11. find%2:32:01:: decide on and make a declaration about. "rule". Not.

12. find%2:30:00:: receive a specified treatment (abstract). "receive, get, obtain". Not.

13. find%2:39:05:: perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place. Not.

14. find%2:40:15:: get or find back; recover the use of. "recover, retrieve, regain". Not.

15. find%2:38:10:: succeed in reaching; arrive at. "The arrow found its mark." Not.

16. find%2:30:13:: accept and make use of one's personality, etc. Not.

So the best matches are sense 2 "detect, observe, discover, notice" and sense 4 "determine, find out, ascertain". Sense 2 is about detecting existence/presence, sense 4 is about establishing via investigation. The sentence: "By analyzing cells ... they found defects ..." implies they looked at cells and observed defects. That's detection. The phrase "found defects" is very much like "detected defects". Sense 2's synonyms are "detect, observe, discover, notice". The examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water" (similar scientific measurement context), "We found traces of lead in the paint" (similar). Sense 4's example: "find the product of two numbers" is calculation; "The physicist who found the elusive particle" could be ambiguous, but that also fits sense 8. Sense 4 is often used with a clausal complement: "find that..." or "find out", but here it's a noun direct object, which can work for sense 4 too. However, sense 2 is explicitly for "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" – that is exactly what they did: discovered the existence of defects. So I think sense 2 is the best.

Thus, the answer is sense index 2. Return JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defect
Target surface form: defects
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found <t>defects</t> in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information
3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer
4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "defect" with surface form "defects". The context: "By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome." This is about genetic defects, specifically missing pieces of chromosome 13 that likely contain genes whose loss contributes to cancer. So these are genetic abnormalities or imperfections in a biological system (chromosomes, genes). The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs. This seems related to bodily systems, like visual or lung defects, which are physiological.

2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information. This is more abstract, like a shortcoming in reasoning or information.

3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer. This is for physical objects, like manufactured items.

4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish. This is about appearance, like on skin.

The context is about a missing piece of chromosome 13, which is a genetic defect. Chromosomes are part of a biological system, and the defect is in the genetic material, not an external object or a blemish. The example in sense 1 mentions "visual defects" and "defects in the lungs", so it covers bodily or system imperfections. Sense 1 specifically says "an imperfection in a bodily system". Genetic defects are indeed imperfections in a bodily system (the genetic system). So sense 1 seems most appropriate. Sense 2 could be considered, but "failing or deficiency" is more abstract and doesn't fit the concrete biological context as well. Sense 3 is for objects/machines, not relevant. Sense 4 is for appearance blemishes, not relevant. Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the <t>second</t> copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "second" (surface form "second") in the given context. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

The context: "Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the <t>second</t> copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine."

The target word is "second" modifying "copy of chromosome 13". The phrase "second copy" is used in contrast to "first copy". Thus, "second" here means "coming next after the first in position", specifically the second copy among two copies. This is an ordinal sense, indicating order. Sense 1 fits perfectly: ordinal meaning 2nd. Sense 2 is about musical parts (second flute, second violins), which is completely irrelevant. Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second <t>copy</t> of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "copy" in the context: "they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome."

Here, "copy" refers to a biological instance of a chromosome. In genetics, each person has two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent). So the "second copy" means the other homologous chromosome. It is a duplicate, an identical version. The text says "the second copy of chromosome 13" meaning the other chromosome 13.

Now, the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: transcript, a reproduction of a written record. Not applicable.

2. sense 2: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. Example: the clone was a copy of its ancestor. This fits well: the second chromosome is like a clone, an identical copy. Chromosomes come in pairs; each is a copy of the genetic material. So sense 2 seems correct.

3. sense 3: matter to be printed; written matter. Not applicable.

4. sense 4: material for a journalistic account. Not applicable.

Thus, the best sense is sense 2.

We return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exact
Target surface form: exact
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the <t>exact</t> area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exact%3:00:00:: | definition=marked by strict and particular and complete accordance with fact | examples=an exact mind; an exact copy
2. sense_key=exact%5:00:00:correct:00 | definition=(of ideas, images, representations, expressions) characterized by perfect conformity to fact or truth ; strictly correct | synonyms=accurate, precise | examples=a precise image; a precise measurement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "exact" in the given context. The target lemma is "exact" and target surface form is "exact". The context is: "By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the <t>exact</t> area as in the first copy of the chromosome."

We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=exact%3:00:00:: | definition=marked by strict and particular and complete accordance with fact | examples=an exact mind; an exact copy
2. sense_key=exact%5:00:00:correct:00 | definition=(of ideas, images, representations, expressions) characterized by perfect conformity to fact or truth ; strictly correct | synonyms=accurate, precise | examples=a precise image; a precise measurement

We need to choose the one that fits best.

In the context, "exact" is used in "the exact area". It means the very same area, precisely that area. The first sense is about "marked by strict and particular and complete accordance with fact", with examples like "an exact copy". This seems to fit: "the exact area" means the same area, precisely that area. The second sense emphasizes conformity to fact or truth, with synonyms like accurate, precise, and examples about images and measurements. That seems more about correctness rather than identity. Here, "exact area" means the identical area, not necessarily a correct area. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

We must return only a JSON object with the key "sense_index" and the value as an integer (1 or 2). In the prompt, they wrote "sense_index": 3} as a example, but we will use 1 or 2. We need to choose the single best indexed sense. So, I'll choose sense 1.

Thus, JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the <t>first</t> copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate "first" in the context: "they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome." The target is "first" in "first copy". The context refers to a copy of chromosome 13, and they're comparing the second copy to the first copy. So "first" here means preceding all others in time or space or degree? Actually, it's about the first copy of the chromosome, as opposed to the second copy. It indicates the initial one in a series. The sentence says "the second copy ... in the exact area as in the first copy". So "first" is used to denote the first one of two copies, implying the initial one. The sense "preceding all others in time or space or degree" (sense 1) might fit: the first house on the right, the first day of spring. But here it's about a copy of a chromosome, which is not about time or space necessarily? It's about the first copy mentioned or the first copy in a pair. Chromosomes come in pairs; each cell has two copies of each chromosome. So the "first copy" might be the one that is normal? Actually, in the context: they found defects in the second copy in the exact area as in the first copy. So they were comparing the second copy to the first. The first copy is presumably the one that is not missing? The story: "a bit of chromosome 13 was missing" ... then "they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy." So they have two copies: one with a missing piece (first copy?) No, earlier: "He assumed the missing piece contained a gene... But he did not know which gene... Then, a scientific team... found the answer. The team used gene probes... By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy." Wait, let's parse: The first copy might be the one that had the missing piece originally? Actually, the initial observation: "a bit of chromosome 13 was missing." That was in one copy? He saw that a bit was missing, so that is the first copy? Then they found defects in the second copy in the exact same area. So the first copy is the one that originally had the missing piece. Thus "first" refers to the initial one, the one that came first in the observation. So it's ordinal: indicating the beginning unit in a series. That matches sense 2: "indicating the beginning unit in a series" with example "1st". That's exactly what "first" is doing: it's the first copy of the two, the 1st copy. Sense 1 is more general "preceding all others in time or space or degree", but that also includes ordinal. However, WordNet has a specific sense for ordinal (sense 2) which is often used for "first" as an ordinal number. The gloss: "indicating the beginning unit in a series" versus sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree". In many contexts, these are overlapping, but the context "first copy" as opposed to "second copy" clearly indicates ordinals. Sense 2 is specifically for ordinal numbers like "1st". So I'd pick sense 2. Let's check other senses: sense 3 "serving to set in motion" (inaugural) doesn't fit. sense 4 "serving to begin" (beginning canto) might be used for "first verse", but not for a copy of a chromosome. sense 5 "ranking above all others" (foremost) doesn't fit. sense 6 "highest in pitch" not relevant. So the best is sense 2.

Thus sense_index: 2.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first <t>copy</t> of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: copy, Context: "... By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first <t>copy</t> of the chromosome." The target is "copy" in "first <t>copy</t> of the chromosome". The candidate senses are:

1. copy%1:10:00:: definition: a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) synonyms: transcript
2. copy%1:06:00:: definition: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing examples: she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. copy%1:10:01:: definition: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials synonyms: written matter
4. copy%1:10:02:: definition: material suitable for a journalistic account examples: catastrophes make good copy

In the context, "copy" refers to one of the two homologous chromosomes (chromosome 13). In genetics, each person typically has two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. So a "copy" here means an instance of the chromosome, one of the pair. Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" fits because the two copies of chromosome 13 are similar/identical (homologous). The example even says "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" which relates to biological replication. Sense 1 is about written records, not applicable. Sense 3 is printing matter, not applicable. Sense 4 is journalistic material, not applicable. So the best is sense 2.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finding
Target surface form: finding
Context:
He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The <t>finding</t> riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures
2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: | definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: | definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate "finding" in the given context. The sentence: "The <t>finding</t> riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."

Context: A scientific team found the answer, they found defects, and this "finding" riveted medicine. It refers to the discovery or result they found.

Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures

This is the act. But in context, "the finding riveted medicine" - it's not the act that riveted, it's the result, the discovery that riveted medicine. So not likely act.

2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: | definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law

Legal sense. Not relevant to scientific discovery.

3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: | definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate...; an area rich in archaeological findings

This is the result or thing that is found. "The finding riveted medicine" refers to the discovery (the finding that both copies lost leads to cancer). That fits sense 3 perfectly.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 3.

Return {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted <t>medicine</t>. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "medicine" in the context: "The finding riveted medicine." The sentence is about a scientific discovery in genetics and cancer, which had a major impact. The phrase "riveted medicine" means it captured the attention of the field of medicine. So, the sense likely refers to the profession or the field of medical science, not a specific medication or punishment. The candidate senses:
1. medical specialty (branches dealing with nonsurgical techniques)
2. medication (something that treats/prevents/alleviates symptoms)
3. the learned profession of medicine (practice of medicine; e.g., he studied medicine at Harvard)
4. punishment for one's actions (e.g., take your medicine)

Given the context, the finding riveted the medical profession/field. "Riveted medicine" is a common phrasing meaning the medical community was captivated. Sense 3 fits as the profession. Sense 1 is more specific to branches, not the whole profession. Sense 2 is a drug, not applicable. Sense 4 is metaphorical punishment. So the best index is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the <t>first</t> time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "first" in the context: "It was the <t>first</t> time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."

Candidate senses:
1. first%3:00:00:: (preceding all others in time or space or degree) examples: "the first house on the right; the first day of spring"
2. first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 (indicating the beginning unit in a series) synonyms: 1st
3. first%5:00:02:opening:00 (serving to set in motion) synonyms: inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden
4. first%5:00:01:opening:00 (serving to begin) synonyms: beginning
5. first%5:00:00:best:00 (ranking above all others) synonyms: foremost, world-class
6. first%3:00:03:: (highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections)

In the context, "first time anyone had showed that..." is a temporal use: it refers to the earliest instance in time. That aligns with sense 1: "preceding all others in time". Sense 2 (ordinal) is also very similar, but sense 1 explicitly includes "in time" and examples like "first day of spring". Sense 2 is more about the beginning unit in a series, like "1st". The phrase "first time" is a classic temporal expression. Sense 4 ("serving to begin") could also fit, but that's more about the beginning of something, not necessarily the initial instance. Sense 3 ("inaugural") is for things like inaugural issue, initiative phase. Sense 5 is about ranking. Sense 6 is musical.

Also note that "first time" is an idiomatic expression meaning the initial occasion. That is clearly temporal. Sense 1 is the best match. Sense 2 might also be considered, but WordNet often separates temporal/ordinal: sense 1 is all POS "first%3:00:00::" which is likely the temporal sense. The ordinal sense is "first%5:00:00:ordinal:00". Here, "first time" uses "first" as an adjective modifying "time", indicating it is the earliest time. That fits the temporal sense.

Thus, sense_index 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first <t>time</t> anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "time" with surface form "time" in a specific context. The context: "It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer." So here, "time" is used in the phrase "the first time", indicating an instance or occasion when something happened. The synonyms and examples for sense 1: "an instance or single occasion for some event", synonyms: clip, examples: "this time he succeeded; he called four times". That matches perfectly with "the first time". Other senses: sense 2 is about a period of time as a resource, sense 3 indefinite period, sense 4 suitable moment, sense 5 continuum, sense 6 a person's experience on an occasion, sense 7 clock time, sense 8 fourth dimension, sense 9 rhythm, sense 10 prison term. None of these fit "the first time" as an instance/occasion. So sense 1 is correct. Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had <t>showed</t> that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "showed" in the sentence: "It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."

The context is about a scientific discovery. The team found defects in chromosomes and linked them to cancer. The sentence says it was the first time anyone had shown that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to cancer. Here, "showed" means demonstrated or proved, in a scientific context. It's about establishing a fact through evidence.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit). Not about proving something scientifically.
2. sense 2: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment. Synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew. Examples: The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture. This fits perfectly: they showed/proved that the loss leads to cancer.
3. sense 3: provide evidence for. Synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence. Examples: The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence. This is also similar, but note the nuance: sense 2 is about establishing validity, sense 3 is about providing evidence. In scientific discovery, they are establishing a causal link. Both could fit, but sense 2 explicitly mentions experiment, which aligns with the context of a scientific team finding a link. Also, the phrase "showed that" often pairs with scientific proof.
4. sense 4: make visible or noticeable. Example: She showed her talent. Not specifically about proving something.
5. sense 5: show in a picture. Not relevant.
6. sense 6: give expression to. Not relevant.
7. sense 7: indicate a place or direction. Not relevant.
8. sense 8: be or become visible. Not relevant.
9. sense 9: indicate a reading (instruments). Not relevant.
10. sense 10: give evidence of, as of records. Example: The diary shows his distress. This could be about indicating something, but not proving a scientific fact.
11. sense 11: usher. Not relevant.
12. sense 12: finish third in a race. Not relevant.

Between sense 2 and sense 3, which is more precise? Sense 2 is explicitly about demonstrating through experiment or explanation, which matches the context of a scientific team's finding. The example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" parallels "they showed that the loss... could lead to cancer." Sense 3 is more about providing evidence, but the context says "It was the first time anyone had showed that..." which implies establishing a new fact, demonstrating a causal mechanism. Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer is sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: loss
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the <t>loss</t> of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "loss" in the context: "the <t>loss</t> of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer." The sentence is about the loss of gene copies, a biological/genetic context. "Loss" here means the absence or disappearance of something (the gene copies). Looking at the senses:

1. loss%1:21:01:: something that is lost (the car was a total loss; loss of livestock...). This is a concrete thing that is lost. But here it's about the genetic material being lost, not a physical object like a car or livestock. It could be metaphorically a "thing", but the phrasing "loss of both copies" suggests the act or state of losing them, not the lost item itself.

2. loss%1:22:00:: gradual decline in amount or activity (weight loss; loss of business). This involves a decline over time, but the context is about a sudden loss/disappearance of gene copies, not a gradual decline.

3. loss%1:04:00:: the act of losing someone or something ("everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock"). This is about the event of losing something, like a game. It could apply to losing gene copies: the event of loss. The example "his loss" refers to a loss in a competition. However, in the sentence, it's "the loss of both copies" — that is more about the state or fact of having lost them. Still, this is a candidate.

4. loss%1:07:00:: the disadvantage that results from losing something; synonyms: deprivation. Examples: "his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation." This sense seems to focus on the consequence or the state of being deprived of something. "Loss of credibility" is similar to "loss of gene copies"? It might be about the resulting state.

5. loss%1:11:01:: the experience of losing a loved one. Not relevant.

6. loss%1:21:00:: financial loss (red ink). Not relevant.

7. loss%1:11:00:: military personnel lost. Not relevant.

8. loss%1:11:02:: euphemism for death. Not relevant.

Given the context, the loss of gene copies is the absence or disappearance of genetic material, which is a biological fact. It is not about the act of losing (like misplacing) but about the state where the gene is no longer present. The phrase "loss of both copies" is similar to "loss of function" in biology. In WordNet, sense 4: "the disadvantage that results from losing something" or "deprivation". The example "his loss of credibility" is similar: it's the condition of having lost credibility. Similarly, "loss of both copies" means the condition where both copies are missing. Sense 1 (something that is lost) would be the lost item, but the phrase "the loss of X" typically refers to the state or act. In WordNet, glosses often use "loss of" to illustrate the sense. Compare: sense 1 example "loss of livestock" — here, "loss" is something that is lost, i.e., the livestock lost is the loss. But in "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt", the loss is the event or the resulting state? It's ambiguous. Actually, in sense 1, the definition is "something that is lost", so the examples should show that. "The car was a total loss" — the car is the loss. "Loss of livestock" could be interpreted as the livestock that were lost, hence a tangible thing. In our sentence, "the loss of both copies" likely refers to the event/state, not the copies themselves as loss; it's not like "the lost copies are a loss". It says "loss of both copies could lead to cancer" — the absence of both copies. So it's the condition of having lost them, i.e., deprivation. That aligns with sense 4: "the disadvantage that results from losing something" or "deprivation". Example: "his loss of credibility led to his resignation" — similarly, loss of gene copies leads to cancer. So sense 4 seems best.

Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something" — example: "his loss was a shock" (referring to a defeat). That implies an action or event, but here it's more a state. "The loss of both copies" isn't really an act; it's a genetic defect.

Therefore, I choose sense 4.

So JSON: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both <t>copies</t> of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate "copies" in the given context. The target word is "copy" as used in the phrase "the loss of both copies of the same gene." Context: The text discusses genetic material, gene probes, chromosomes, and gene copies leading to cancer. Specifically, "they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome." And later: "the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."

The candidate senses:
1. transcript: a reproduction of a written record (e.g., legal or school record). Not relevant; we're talking about genetic copies, not documents.
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor." This is about replicas, clones, duplicates. In genetics, "copy" often means a duplicate of a gene or chromosome (e.g., copy number variation). So this sense fits: a thing made to be similar/identical to another thing, like a genetic copy (allele, duplicate gene, etc.).
3. matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials: "written matter." Not relevant.
4. material suitable for a journalistic account: "catastrophes make good copy." Not relevant.

Thus, sense 2 is the best fit. The context is about genetic "copies" meaning the two copies (alleles) of a gene or chromosome region, which are identical or similar in sequence. So choose sense_index=2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the <t>same</t> gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation on the target lemma "same" with target surface form "same" in the given context. We have 4 candidate senses. We need to choose the best indexed sense based on the context, using the definitions, synonyms, and examples provided.

Context: "But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team ... found the answer. ... By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. ... It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."

The phrase is "the loss of both copies of the same gene". Here, "same" modifies "gene". They are talking about two copies of a gene, and they are saying both copies are of the same gene. That is, the gene in both copies is identical in identity. They are talking about a specific gene, and both copies are of that gene. It's not about similarity or comparable nature; it's about being the identical gene. The context says "the exact area as in the first copy", indicating that they found defects in the second copy in the exact area corresponding to the same gene. So, "same" here means identical, not just similar.

Let's examine the senses:

1. same%3:00:02:: | same in identity | examples: the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice. This sense is about identity: being the very same entity or thing. Here, "the same gene" means the identical gene (not a similar gene). So this fits: both copies are of one and the same gene.

2. same%3:00:00:: | closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples: curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age. This is about similarity, not identity. In the context, it's not that the genes are similar; they are copies of the same gene, so they are identical in genetic sequence. So identity is more precise.

3. same%3:00:04:: | equal in amount or value | synonyms: like | examples: like amounts; equivalent amounts. This doesn't fit; it's about equality in amount or value, not about genes.

4. same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | unchanged in character or nature | examples: the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever. This is about something remaining unchanged over time. That doesn't fit the context; it's not about the gene staying the same over time, but about both copies being of the identical gene.

Thus, sense 1 is the best choice: same in identity.

Return a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lead
Target surface form: lead
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could <t>lead</t> to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lead%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=take, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
2. sense_key=lead%2:42:04:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, result | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=lead%2:42:12:: | definition=tend to or result in | examples=This remark lead to further arguments among the guests
4. sense_key=lead%2:38:00:: | definition=travel in front of; go in advance of others | synonyms=head | examples=The procession was headed by John
5. sense_key=lead%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to undertake a certain action | examples=Her greed led her to forge the checks
6. sense_key=lead%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=lead%2:41:00:: | definition=be in charge of | synonyms=head | examples=Who is heading this project?
8. sense_key=lead%2:42:01:: | definition=be ahead of others; be the first | synonyms=top | examples=she topped her class every year
9. sense_key=lead%2:41:12:: | definition=be conducive to | synonyms=contribute, conduce | examples=The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing
10. sense_key=lead%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=conduct, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
11. sense_key=lead%2:42:03:: | definition=lead, extend, or afford access | synonyms=go | examples=This door goes to the basement; The road runs South
12. sense_key=lead%2:38:02:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=precede
13. sense_key=lead%2:42:02:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=run | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
14. sense_key=lead%2:32:01:: | definition=preside over | synonyms=moderate, chair | examples=John moderated the discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "lead" in the context: "the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer." We need to choose the best indexed sense. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. lead%2:38:01:: (take somebody somewhere) – physical guiding.
2. lead%2:42:04:: (have as a result or residue) – e.g., leave a mark.
3. lead%2:42:12:: (tend to or result in) – e.g., remark lead to further arguments.
4. lead%2:38:00:: (travel in front of) – e.g., procession headed by.
5. lead%2:32:00:: (cause to undertake a certain action) – e.g., greed led her to forge.
6. lead%2:42:00:: (stretch out over distance) – e.g., service runs.
7. lead%2:41:00:: (be in charge of) – e.g., heading a project.
8. lead%2:42:01:: (be ahead of others) – e.g., top class.
9. lead%2:41:12:: (be conducive to) – e.g., use of computers lead to better writing.
10. lead%2:36:00:: (conduct music) – e.g., conduct orchestra.
11. lead%2:42:03:: (lead, extend access) – e.g., door goes to basement.
12. lead%2:38:02:: (move ahead in time/space) – precede.
13. lead%2:42:02:: (cause something to pass) – e.g., run the wire.
14. lead%2:32:01:: (preside over) – e.g., moderate discussion.

The sentence: "the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer" – indicating a causal relationship: X leads to Y. So "lead" here means "result in" or "cause". Among the senses, sense 3: "tend to or result in" with example "This remark lead to further arguments" is a near match. Sense 2: "have as a result or residue" with examples "The water left a mark" – that's more about leaving a physical residue, not a causal chain leading to an event. Sense 9: "be conducive to" with example "The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing" – also causal. Sense 5: "cause to undertake a certain action" – that's more about causing a person to do something, e.g., greed led her to forge. Here, the loss leads to eruption, not a person action. So the closest match is sense 3: "tend to or result in". The example "This remark lead to further arguments" directly parallels "could lead to the eruption of a cancer". Sense 9 is also similar but often used for conducive things. However, the wording "tend to or result in" is the most straightforward. Also, the sense index 3 matches exactly: "lead%2:42:12::" – which is the 12th sub-sense? Actually, in the list, it's the third one listed. The assignment: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I'll choose index 3.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eruption
Target surface form: eruption
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the <t>eruption</t> of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eruption%1:11:00:: | definition=the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material | synonyms=volcanic eruption
2. sense_key=eruption%1:26:02:: | definition=symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible
3. sense_key=eruption%1:26:01:: | definition=(of volcanos) pouring out fumes or lava (or a deposit so formed) | synonyms=eructation, extravasation
4. sense_key=eruption%1:11:03:: | definition=a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition) | synonyms=outbreak, irruption | examples=the outbreak of hostilities
5. sense_key=eruption%1:11:01:: | definition=a sudden very loud noise | synonyms=bang, clap, blast, bam
6. sense_key=eruption%1:11:02:: | definition=the emergence of a tooth as it breaks through the gum

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." Target lemma: eruption, target surface form: eruption. The context is: "The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the <t>eruption</t> of a cancer." So "eruption" here refers to the sudden occurrence or outbreak of cancer. The senses:

1. volcanic eruption - not relevant.
2. symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible - possibly, like a rash or cancer outbreak? But this sense is specifically medical symptom, like skin eruption. Could be metaphorical, but cancer doesn't typically "break out" on skin. The context is about cancer arising. Sense 2 says "symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible" - that might fit if we consider cancer becoming visible, but "eruption of a cancer" is likely metaphorical from the outbreak sense.
3. (of volcanos) pouring out fumes or lava (or a deposit so formed) - volcanic, not relevant.
4. a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition) - examples: the outbreak of hostilities. That fits "eruption of a cancer" as a sudden, undesirable occurrence. Synonyms: outbreak, irruption.
5. a sudden very loud noise - not relevant.
6. the emergence of a tooth as it breaks through the gum - not relevant.

Sense 4 is clearly the best: a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition). The example "outbreak of hostilities" parallels "eruption of a cancer." Sense 2 might be related to medical symptom (like a rash), but cancer doesn't typically "erupt" in that sense; it's not a visible breaking out on the skin; cancer can be internal. "Eruption" here is used metaphorically to mean the sudden onset or outbreak. The context: "the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer." That means the cancer starts suddenly, not a visible rash. So sense 4 is the most appropriate.

Therefore, sense_index = 4.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a <t>cancer</t>. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the target word "cancer" in the given context. The context is about molecular genetics, discussing gene defects leading to the eruption of a cancer. It's clearly a medical/biological context referring to the disease cancer, not astrology or crustaceans. So, sense 1 ("any malignant growth or tumor...") is the correct one. The JSON should have sense_index as 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: satisfying
Target surface form: satisfying
Context:
Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily <t>satisfying</t>, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=satisfying%5:00:00:wholesome:00 | definition=providing abundant nourishment | synonyms=hearty, solid, square, substantial | examples=a hearty meal; good solid food
2. sense_key=satisfying%5:00:00:satisfactory:00 | definition=providing freedom from worry | synonyms=comforting, cheering

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "satisfying" and its context. The context is about a scientific finding that was "extraordinarily satisfying" according to Dr. Knudson. The two candidate senses are:

Sense 1: providing abundant nourishment (synonyms: hearty, solid, square, substantial; examples: a hearty meal; good solid food).
Sense 2: providing freedom from worry (synonyms: comforting, cheering).

We need to choose the best sense based on the context.

The context: "It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. 'It was extraordinarily <t>satisfying</t>,' says Dr. Knudson..." This is about a scientific discovery providing intellectual satisfaction, not about food or nourishment. Sense 1 is about food/nourishment. Sense 2 is about emotional comfort, "providing freedom from worry." That seems more aligned with the idea of a scientist feeling satisfied because their hypothesis is confirmed, which brings comfort or reassurance. However, "satisfying" in this context likely means "giving satisfaction," but the WordNet senses given are not the primary sense of satisfaction (like fulfilling expectations). We must choose between these two specific indexed senses.

Sense 2: providing freedom from worry; synonyms: comforting, cheering. That could apply to a scientist feeling relieved and satisfied after a confirmation. Sense 1 is clearly about food. So Sense 2 is the better fit.

Thus, the index is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "<t>says</t> Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "say" with surface form "says" in a specific context. We need to do Word Sense Disambiguation and pick the best indexed sense from the list of 11 senses.

Context: A scientific team found a finding about retinoblastoma. Then Dr. Knudson is quoted as saying something. Specifically: "It was extraordinarily satisfying," says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."

So "says" here is used as a reporting verb to introduce direct speech. Dr. Knudson is expressing his opinion or stating something. Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
   - This is a general sense of expressing something verbally. It could fit, but is it the best?

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
   - This sense involves asserting something, often with an implication of claim or report. In the context, Dr. Knudson is reporting his conviction, so it might fit.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
   - This is for hypothetical situations, not fitting direct quotation of a past statement.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
   - This is about texts or laws containing wording, not a person speaking.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
   - This is about ordering, not quoting an opinion.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
   - This focuses on pronunciation, not the content of what is said.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
   - Nonverbal communication, not applicable.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
   - This is about verbalizing words, often in a simple utterance. It could fit as a general "said" but might be too simple.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
   - This sense explicitly includes stating an opinion or judgement. Dr. Knudson says "I was convinced..." which is stating his opinion/judgement. This seems very fitting.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
    - Reciting, not relevant.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
    - Indicating, not relevant.

Comparing senses 1, 2, 8, and 9. Sense 1 "express in words" is very general. Sense 2 "report or maintain" is also plausible because he is reporting his conviction. Sense 8 "utter aloud" is just producing words. Sense 9 "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" seems most precise because the quoted speech is a personal conviction: "I was convinced that..." That is a judgement. The example for sense 9: "I say let's forget this whole business" is similar in that it's expressing an opinion. Also, sense 9's definition uses "declare" which fits a direct quotation. Often in news articles, "says" used to introduce a quote is seen as declaring or stating an opinion. Sense 1 might be too broad, sense 2 might be more like maintaining a position, but sense 9 directly points to opinion/judgement. Moreover, WordNet often assigns the sense that directly matches the context. I'll go with sense 9.

Thus, sense_index: 9.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, <t>now</t> at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "now" as target lemma, surface form "now", context:

"Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. ... The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, <t>now</t> at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. ""

The <t>now</t> tag marks "now" as used in "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia." So the meaning is that Dr. Knudson is currently (at the time of the statement or narrative) at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center. But note: the context is describing past events. The team led by Cavenee was "then at the University of Utah" (past), and Dr. Knudson is "now at Fox Chase" (presumably at the time of the story or at present relative to the narrative). Which sense fits?

Let's examine candidate senses:

1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
This is used when narrating past events as if they are happening now. Not the case here; we are not using historical present. The narration says "says Dr. Knudson, now at..." Actually, it's a quotation. The "now" indicates Dr. Knudson's current affiliation at the time of the saying or writing. Not historical present.

2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
This is about contemporary times generally, not a specific person's current location. Could fit: Dr. Knudson is nowadays/currently at Fox Chase. But it's specifically about his current affiliation, not a general societal trend. Sense 4 "at the present moment" seems more direct.

3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | used to preface a command or reproof or request | Not applicable.

4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
This fits: "Dr. Knudson, at present at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center". It indicates his current location relative to the time of the statement. This is very common.

5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | without delay or hesitation | Not applicable.

6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | prefatory or transitional | Not applicable.

7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | in the immediate past | Not applicable.

Between 2 and 4, sense 4 is more precise: "at the present moment" vs. "in these times". Sense 2 is more like "nowadays" in a general sense, while sense 4 is about the current state of a particular thing. Example: "the now-aging dictator" parallels "Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase". Sense 2 examples are about trends. So I choose sense 4.

Thus, the best indexed sense is number 4.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}