[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about <t>American</t> education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "American" in the context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do... There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos..." The context is clearly about the United States, as it mentions "this nation" and "ghettos" (a term often used in the US). Sense 1 is "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture", which fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about the Americas (continents and islands), which is too broad and not indicated. So answer is sense_index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American <t>education</t>, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "education" in the given context. Let's analyze the context.

The text discusses teachers, salary, educational differentials, and being serious about American education. The phrase is "If we wish to be serious about American <t>education</t>, we know exactly what to do". The overall context is about the education system, teaching, and learning outcomes. The author is arguing that salary differentials don't necessarily lead to educational differentials, implying that the quality of education (the process or system) isn't simply improved by higher pay. The phrase "serious about American education" likely refers to the system of education or the process of educating children.

Now, examine the candidate senses:
1. education%1:04:00:: (activities of educating or instructing; teaching) - This is about the activity or process of education. Synonyms: instruction, teaching. Example: "he received no formal education." This fits well with the context, talking about teachers educating children, salary affecting educational differentials, and being serious about American education as the activity of teaching.
2. education%1:09:00:: (knowledge acquired by learning) - This is the knowledge someone has. "it was clear that he had a very broad education." The context isn't about the knowledge individuals possess; it's about the system or process.
3. education%1:09:01:: (gradual process of acquiring knowledge) - This is the process of an individual acquiring knowledge. Example: "education is a preparation for life." Could fit, but the context is more about the institutional/systemic aspect, not just an individual's gradual process. The phrase "American education" suggests the system, not an individual's learning journey.
4. education%1:04:01:: (profession of teaching) - The profession. Not the focus here; they're talking about the system, not the profession specifically.
5. education%1:07:01:: (result of good upbringing, social behavior) - Irrelevant. "a woman of breeding and refinement" is about manners, not schooling.
6. education%1:14:00:: (US federal department) - Department of Education. While "American education" could potentially refer to the federal department, the context isn't about the department's policies or actions; it's about the general state of education. The phrase "serious about American education" likely means the education system in America, not just the federal department. The article discusses teachers and schools, not the Department of Education specifically.

Sense 1 is the most appropriate: the activities of educating or instructing, the system of teaching. It encompasses the idea of "American education" as the overall instructional activities in the country.

Thus, I choose sense index 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we <t>know</t> exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "know" with surface form "know" in a specific context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list.

Let's examine the context carefully. The context is a paragraph about education and teachers' salaries. The relevant sentence: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we <t>know</t> exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."

The target word is "know" in that sentence. We need to determine which sense fits best. Let's parse the candidate senses:

1. know%2:31:01 — be cognizant or aware of a fact or specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. Example: "I know that the President lied to the people."

2. know%2:31:03 — know how to do or perform something. Example: "She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?"

3. know%2:31:02 — be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. Example: "I know that I left the key on the table."

4. know%2:31:00 — be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. Example: "She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?"

5. know%2:31:04 — have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. Synonyms: experience, live. Example: "I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?"

6. know%2:31:06 — accept someone to be what is claimed or accept power and authority. Synonyms: acknowledge, recognize. Example: "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne."

7. know%2:31:15 — have fixed in the mind. Example: "I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs."

8. know%2:35:00 — have sexual intercourse with. Clearly not.

9. know%2:31:11 — know the nature or character of. Example: "we all knew her as a big show-off."

10. know%2:31:12 — be able to distinguish, recognize as being different. Example: "The child knows right from wrong."

11. know%2:31:14 — perceive as familiar. Example: "I know this voice!"

The context sentence: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." Here, "know" is followed by "what to do" and "what not to do", indicating knowledge of how to act or what actions to take. It's about knowing the methods or steps to improve education. It's not about knowing a fact (sense 1), or being aware of truth (sense 3), or personal acquaintance (sense 4), etc. Sense 2 is "know how to do or perform something". This directly matches "know exactly what to do". The phrase "what to do" is essentially "how to act". The example for sense 2 includes "She knows how to knit" and "Does your husband know how to cook?" — knowledge of how to perform an action. So sense 2 seems perfect.

Sense 1 might be used for knowing a fact like "we know that the solution is X", but here it's "know what to do", which is procedural knowledge, not propositional knowledge. Sense 3 is about believing something is true, but not about action. Sense 7 is "have fixed in the mind" like memorized facts, which might fit "know" as in knowing a language, but that's different. In this context, "know what to do" is about knowing the appropriate actions, so sense 2 is the best fit.

Thus, index 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know <t>exactly</t> what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "exactly" in the given context. The context is: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." The word is modifying "know", indicating that we know precisely what to do. The meaning is about exactness or preciseness in knowledge. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. Definition: indicating exactness or preciseness. Synonyms: precisely, just. Example: "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do". This fits: we know exactly (precisely) what to do.

2. Definition: just as it should be. Synonyms: precisely, on the nose, etc. Example: "'Precisely, my lord,' he said". This sense is an interjection or a reply indicating agreement, like "exactly!" It doesn't fit the adverbial use here.

3. Definition: in a precise manner. Synonyms: precisely, incisively. Example: "she always expressed herself precisely". This might fit, but it's more about manner of expression. In the sentence, "know exactly what to do" is not about expressing something precisely but about knowing with exactness. Sense 1 is a better match because it directly covers the meaning of exactness/preciseness in content, not just manner. The example in sense 1 is very parallel: "he was doing exactly what she had told him to do" vs. "we know exactly what to do". So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the index is 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, <t>just</t> as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "just" in the sentence: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, <t>just</t> as important, what not to do."

Context: The speaker is arguing that salary differentials don't cause educational differentials, and that to be serious about education, we know what to do and, equally important, what not to do. The phrase "just as important" means "equally important" or "exactly as important".

Now evaluate senses:

1. "and nothing more" (merely, simply, only, but): "merely as important"? That doesn't fit the context; the idea isn't that it's "merely" important, it's that it's equally important.
2. "indicating exactness or preciseness" (precisely, exactly): "exactly as important" fits perfectly. The phrase "just as important" is idiomatic for "equally important" and uses "just" to mean "exactly". Example: "it was just as he said—the jewel was gone" shows "just as" meaning exactly.
3. "only a moment ago" (just now): temporal, not fit.
4. "absolutely": "absolutely as important"? Not quite idiomatic; "absolutely" could intensify "important" but not "as". Usually "just as" means exactly.
5. "only a very short time before" (barely, hardly): not temporal.
6. "exactly at this moment or the moment described": temporal.

Sense 2 "precisely, exactly" is correct. Index 2.

Thus JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "important" in the given context. The target is "important" and the context is a passage discussing education, teachers' salaries, and what to do about American education. The sentence with the target is: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the five candidates. The sense indices are 1 through 5 based on the order provided.

Let's examine each candidate:

1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do." Here, "important" modifies the fact that knowing what not to do is equally significant. The phrase "just as important" means "equally significant". It is not about authority or having a high position or being crucial in a crisis. It's about something being of great significance or value. However, sense 2 is "important in effect or meaning" with synonym "significant". The example: "a significant change in tax laws" aligns with something being significant. Sense 1 is "of great significance or value" with examples "important people; the important questions of the day". Here, the phrase "just as important" is comparing the importance of knowing what to do and what not to do. It means the latter is equally significant. So it's sense 1 or sense 2? Sense 1 is broader: "of great significance or value". Sense 2 says "important in effect or meaning", which might be more abstract. They are very close. But the context uses "important" to mean "significant" in the sense of "not trivial". The phrase "just as important" is a common expression meaning "equally significant". The synonym "significant" is directly provided in sense 2. Also, sense 1 has examples like "important people" which is more about prestige. In the context, it's not about people or prestige, but about the significance of a point. Sense 2 seems more about meaning or effect. Since it's about "what to do" and "what not to do", both are significant. Sense 2's definition is "important in effect or meaning", which fits because knowing what not to do is meaningful. However, both senses are plausible. But note that the context says "just as important", equating the importance. I'd lean toward sense 2 because it explicitly mentions "significant" and doesn't imply a hierarchical value like "great significance" but rather "important in meaning". Sense 1 often connotes "of great worth" like important people. Here, it's not about worth but about practical significance. Also, the examples for sense 1 are "important people" and "important questions", which are more concrete. Sense 2's example "a significant change" is more abstract, like this.

Sense 3 "crucial" is too strong, meaning vital to a crisis resolution. The context does not imply a crisis. Sense 4 "authoritative" doesn't fit; it's not about an official. Sense 5 "having a consciousness of high position" is about manner and air, clearly not.

Thus the best choice is sense 2. But let's double-check: The phrase "just as important" is used to say "equally significant". The definition "important in effect or meaning" fits because it's about the significance of the idea. So I'll choose 2.

Now output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful <t>schools</t> scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "schools" in the given context. The target lemma is "school" and the target surface form is "schools" (plural). The context discusses American education, successful schools, unsuccessful schools, educational reform, etc. Clearly, "schools" refers to educational institutions. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_index=1: school%1:14:00:: - an educational institution. Example: "the school was founded in 1900". This fits: "successful schools", "unsuccessful schools" are educational institutions.

2. sense_index=2: school%1:06:00:: - a building where young people receive education. Synonyms: schoolhouse. Example: "the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning". This emphasizes the physical building. The context: "scattered throughout this nation" suggests institutions, not just buildings. It's possible, but the broader sense of institution is more likely.

3. sense_index=3: school%1:09:00:: - the process of being formally educated at a school. Synonyms: schooling. Example: "what will you do when you finish school?". The context uses plural "schools" and talks about successful/unsuccessful schools, not the process.

4. sense_index=4: school%1:14:02:: - a body of creative artists or writers. Not relevant.

5. sense_index=5: school%1:28:00:: - the period of instruction. Not relevant; plural "schools" and context doesn't fit.

6. sense_index=6: school%1:14:03:: - an educational institution's faculty and students. Example: "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game." This is a metonymic sense where "school" refers to the people. The context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools..." Here, "schools" likely refers to the institutions themselves, not specifically the people. The phrase "sending us the same message" might be figurative, but it's still the institutions that are sending a message. The sense of institution (sense 1) is more general and fits better.

7. sense_index=7: school%1:14:01:: - a large group of fish. Not relevant.

Between sense 1 and sense 6: In WordNet, sense 1 is "school%1:14:00::" which is the most common sense: an educational institution. Sense 6 is more specific: the faculty and students. In the context, the sentence "they are all sending us the same message" could be interpreted as the schools (the people) sending a message, but it's common to say "schools" meaning institutions as abstract entities. The context also says "scattered", "in the poorest of ghettos", which emphasizes location and existence, not necessarily the collective body of people. So sense 1 is more straightforward. Moreover, the WordNet definition for sense 1 is "an educational institution". The plural "schools" here clearly denotes multiple educational institutions. Thus, sense_index: 1 is the best choice.

But let's double-check the instructions: "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." The candidate examples for sense 1: "the school was founded in 1900" matches the idea of institutions being "scattered throughout this nation". For sense 6: "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game" - this is when "school" is used as a collective group of people, often with a verb that indicates a singular entity acting as a group. In the context: "they are all sending us the same message" - "they" refers to "schools", so it could be personification. But even then, it's the institutions as entities that send a message, not specifically only the people. So sense 1 is more direct.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index: 1.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scattered
Target surface form: scattered
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools <t>scattered</t> throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:distributed:00 | definition=occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space | examples=scattered showers; scattered villages
2. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:incoherent:00 | definition=lacking orderly continuity | synonyms=confused, disconnected, disjointed, disordered, garbled, illogical | examples=a confused set of instructions; a confused dream about the end of the world

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate the word "scattered" in the given context. The sentence is: "There are many successful schools <t>scattered</t> throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message."

We have two candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:distributed:00 | definition=occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space | examples=scattered showers; scattered villages
2. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:incoherent:00 | definition=lacking orderly continuity | synonyms=confused, disconnected, disjointed, disordered, garbled, illogical | examples=a confused set of instructions; a confused dream about the end of the world

The context describes "successful schools scattered throughout this nation", indicating that they are distributed across various locations, not necessarily in a neat pattern but spread out. This matches the first sense: distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in space. The second sense refers to a lack of logical coherence or orderliness, which doesn't fit describing physical locations of schools. So sense 1 is the correct one.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: poor
Target surface form: poorest
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the <t>poorest</t> of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 | definition=deserving or inciting pity; ; ; - Galsworthy | synonyms=hapless, miserable, misfortunate, pathetic, piteous, pitiable | examples=a hapless victim; miserable victims of war
2. sense_key=poor%3:00:00:: | definition=having little money or few possessions | examples=deplored the gap between rich and poor countries; the proverbial poor artist living in a garret
3. sense_key=poor%3:00:03:: | definition=characterized by or indicating poverty | examples=the country had a poor economy; they lived in the poor section of town
4. sense_key=poor%3:00:02:: | definition=lacking in specific resources, qualities or substances | examples=a poor land; the area was poor in timber and coal
5. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=not sufficient to meet a need | synonyms=inadequate, short | examples=an inadequate income; a poor salary
6. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:bad:00 | definition=unsatisfactory | examples=a poor light for reading; poor morale

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense" for "poorest" in the given context. The target surface form is "poorest", which is superlative of "poor". The context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message." Here, "poorest" modifies "ghettos", so it describes the ghettos. It means the most impoverished or lacking money. So it's about economic poverty. Looking at the senses:

1. deserving pity (hapless, miserable) - not about economic poverty.
2. having little money or few possessions - this fits: the poorest ghettos are the ones where people have little money.
3. characterized by or indicating poverty - e.g., "poor section of town". This is also possible, as "poorest of ghettos" implies the ghettos characterized by poverty.
4. lacking in specific resources - not specific to money, more about lacking resources like timber.
5. insufficient to meet a need - not directly about poverty of people, but could apply to an inadequate income? "poor salary" is example. But here "ghettos" are places, not a salary.
6. unsatisfactory - e.g., "poor light". Not applicable.

The best choice: Sense 2 is about having little money, and Sense 3 is about indicating poverty. The phrase "poorest of ghettos" could be interpreted as the ghettos where the people have little money (Sense 2) or the ghettos that are characterized by poverty (Sense 3). Sense 3 explicitly uses "the poor section of town" as an example, which is very close to "poorest of ghettos". Ghettos are typically poor sections. Sense 3 is definition: characterized by or indicating poverty. So "poorest" would be the superlative of "poor" in that sense. I think Sense 3 is more precisely about the area being characterized by poverty. Sense 2 is about individuals having little money. Both are plausible, but in context, "poorest of ghettos" emphasizes the area's poverty. WordNet sense 3 example: "they lived in the poor section of town" matches. So I'll go with sense 3.

Thus, return {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the <t>same</t> message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "same" with the surface form "same" in the given context. We have four candidate senses with their glosses, examples, and synonyms. We need to pick the best one.

Let's analyze the context:

The paragraph talks about educational reform, libel by teachers' unions and politicians, and evidence about salary differentials not causing educational differentials. Then it says: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The phrase is "the same message". The question is: in what sense is "same" used here? The many successful schools are all sending us the same message. This means the message is identical in content, or at least very similar. The context emphasizes that diverse successful schools, even in poor areas, are conveying a consistent message. It implies that the message is identical or essentially the same in identity.

Now, look at the senses:

1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
   This sense is about being identical, the very same entity. "The same message" could mean the identical message, i.e., they all say exactly the same thing.

2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
   This is about similarity, not identity. They are of the same kind or quality. "The same message" could mean similar messages, not necessarily word-for-word identical.

3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
   This is about quantitative equality. Not appropriate for "message" as it's not about amount or value.

4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever
   This is about being unchanged over time. Not applicable here because the message isn't described as staying the same over time; rather, different schools are sending the same message.

Considering the context: When it says "they are all sending us the same message", it likely means they are all conveying an identical message, perhaps that certain practices lead to success regardless of funding. The intended sense is that the message is one and the same among these schools. It's closer to identity than mere similarity. In many contexts, "the same message" means the identical message content. Also, note the example for sense 1: "the same man" - that's identity. For sense 2: "curtains the same color" - that's similarity, not that they are the same curtains.

Given the contrast with "unsuccessful schools" and "we know which efforts... are doomed", the successful schools' message is probably a specific, consistent one. I think sense 1 is most appropriate: same in identity. They are all sending the identical message.

But let's double-check: Could it be sense 2? If the message is just similar, then they might be sending slightly different messages. However, "the same message" strongly implies it's the same one. The word "same" before a singular noun typically means identical. For example, "They gave the same answer" means identical answer. So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: majority
Target surface form: majority
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the <t>majority</t> of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=majority%1:07:00:: | definition=the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part | synonyms=bulk | examples=the majority of his customers prefer it; the bulk of the work is finished
2. sense_key=majority%1:23:00:: | definition=(elections) more than half of the votes | synonyms=absolute majority
3. sense_key=majority%1:28:00:: | definition=the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs | synonyms=legal age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "majority" in context.

Context: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools..."

Analyzing the senses:

1. sense_key=majority%1:07:00:: definition: "the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part" synonyms: bulk examples: "the majority of his customers prefer it; the bulk of the work is finished"

2. sense_key=majority%1:23:00:: definition: "(elections) more than half of the votes" synonyms: absolute majority

3. sense_key=majority%1:28:00:: definition: "the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs" synonyms: legal age

The context: "there are the majority of unsuccessful schools" means the greater part or most of the schools. It's not about votes or legal age. So sense 1 fits: the main part, the greater number. Sense 2 is specifically for elections. Sense 3 is age.

Thus, the best is sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful <t>schools</t>, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "schools" in the given context. The target lemma is "school", surface form "schools". The context discusses American education, successful schools vs unsuccessful schools, educational reform. Clearly, "schools" refers to educational institutions. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

In the context, we have: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools..." Here, "schools" clearly means educational institutions (the organization itself, not the building, process, period, or a body of people, but the institution). Sense 1 is "an educational institution". Sense 6 is "an educational institution's faculty and students" – but the message is from the schools as entities, not necessarily just the faculty and students. Also, "successful schools" refers to the institutions themselves. Sense 1 is a more general fit. Sense 2 is the building, but here "scattered throughout this nation" may imply the physical locations, but "successful" and "unsuccessful" refer to the quality of education, not the building. The context emphasizes educational outcomes and reform, so it's the institution. Sense 3 is the process of being educated; sense 5 is the time period. Neither fits. So sense 1 is most appropriate.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with finding the best sense for "know" in the given context. We have 11 candidate senses. Let's read the context carefully.

The relevant sentence: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." The target word is "know" in that sentence. Also, the surrounding text: "We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking." So they are talking about knowing facts, information, and having awareness.

The specific phrase: "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." This means we are aware of, we have knowledge of, which efforts will fail. It's about knowing a fact or a piece of information: that certain efforts are doomed. It is not about knowing how to do something, or being familiar with a person, or experiencing something, or having sex, etc. It's about cognitive awareness of a fact.

Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. Examples: "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!" This fits perfectly: "we know which efforts ... are doomed" is similar to "I know that ..." or "I know who ...". It's about knowing a fact.

2. sense: know how to do or perform something. Not relevant: we are not talking about knowing how to perform an action; we know which efforts are doomed, not how to do something.

3. sense: be aware of the truth of something; have belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. Examples: "I know that I left the key on the table" etc. This also could fit because it's about knowing something to be true. But note the nuance: sense 3 is about "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt." That is similar to sense 1, but sense 1 is more general "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information". Sense 1 is more neutral, just having information. Sense 3 emphasizes "be aware of the truth ... have belief or faith ... regard as true beyond any doubt." In the context, we are talking about knowing from evidence or experience which efforts are doomed. It's not necessarily a matter of faith; it's based on evidence (the prior sentence says "There are many successful schools ... sending us the same message." So we know from observed patterns. So it's more about having factual knowledge. Sense 1 seems more straightforward.

But let's see if there's any other sense that could fit. Sense 10: "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different" - "The child knows right from wrong". We are not distinguishing right from wrong; we are knowing which efforts are doomed. That is more like identifying, but not in the sense of distinguishing between two things; it's just knowing a fact about them.

Sense 11: "perceive as familiar" - "I know this voice!" Not relevant.

Sense 4: be familiar or acquainted with a person or object. Not relevant.

Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations (experience). We might have experience with educational reform, but the sentence says "we know which efforts ... are doomed beforehand." It could be based on firsthand experience, but the sense "experience" often means to have lived through something. However, the example "I know the feeling!" is about experiencing an emotion. Here it's more about knowing a fact, not an emotion.

Sense 7: have fixed in the mind (know Latin, know irregular verbs). Not about knowing a fact; it's about having memorized or learned information. But "know which efforts are doomed" is not like having Latin in mind; it's more procedural.

Sense 8: sexual intercourse. No.

Sense 9: know the nature or character of. "we all knew her as a big show-off." Possibly, but we are not knowing a person; we know a fact about efforts.

Sense 6: accept someone to be what is claimed or accept power/authority. Not.

Sense 2: know how to do something. Not.

Sense 3: as I said, is similar but with a nuance of "regard as true beyond any doubt." The context does not emphasize that; it just says we know which efforts are doomed, based on evidence. So sense 1 is more neutral: be aware of a fact.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

Let's double-check the examples: "I know that the President lied to the people" matches "we know which efforts are doomed" in structure (know + that/which clause). Sense 3 examples: "I know that I left the key on the table" also uses that-clause. But the distinction between 1 and 3: sense 1 is about having information; sense 3 is about being aware of the truth, having belief/faith. In the context, it's not about faith; it's about knowledge from evidence (the successful schools send a message). So it's more about being cognizant of a fact.

Therefore, answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effort
Target surface form: efforts
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which <t>efforts</t> at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effort%1:04:00:: | definition=earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something | synonyms=attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try | examples=made an effort to cover all the reading material; wished him luck in his endeavor
2. sense_key=effort%1:04:01:: | definition=use of physical or mental energy; hard work | synonyms=elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat | examples=he got an A for effort; they managed only with great exertion
3. sense_key=effort%1:04:02:: | definition=a notable achievement | synonyms=feat, exploit | examples=he performed a great feat; the book was her finest effort
4. sense_key=effort%1:04:03:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target is "efforts" in the sentence: "... we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." The context discusses educational reform and knowing which efforts will fail.

Let's examine the senses:

1. sense 1: earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something. Synonyms: attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try. Example: "made an effort to cover all the reading material"

2. sense 2: use of physical or mental energy; hard work. Synonyms: elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat. Example: "he got an A for effort"

3. sense 3: a notable achievement. Synonyms: feat, exploit. Example: "he performed a great feat; the book was her finest effort"

4. sense 4: a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end. Synonyms: campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement. Example: "he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace"

In the sentence, "efforts at educational reform" suggests attempts or endeavors to reform education. The phrase "which efforts... are doomed" implies which attempted actions or initiatives will fail. It aligns with the idea of an attempt or endeavor to accomplish something (educational reform). Sense 1 fits well: "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" – here, the efforts are attempts at reform. Sense 2 emphasizes hard work or exertion, but the phrase "efforts at educational reform" is more about the initiatives themselves rather than just the energy expended. Sense 3 (notable achievement) doesn't fit because these efforts are doomed, so they are not achievements. Sense 4 (campaign, cause) could be plausible because educational reform could be a cause, but "efforts at educational reform" is plural and specific attempts, not a single movement. The context says "we know which efforts... are doomed beforehand," implying specific attempts or endeavors. The WordNet sense 1 synonyms "attempt, endeavor" match well. So I'll choose sense 1.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at <t>educational</t> reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "educational" in the context: "which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." The target word is "educational" modifying "reform". We need to choose between sense 1: "relating to the process of education" (e.g., educational psychology) and sense 2: "providing knowledge" (e.g., an educational film). In the context, "educational reform" clearly refers to reform in the field of education, not simply something that provides knowledge. Sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 is more about being instructive, like an educational film. So, the correct sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reform
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational <t>reform</t> are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "reform" and its surface form "reform" in the context: "... we know which efforts at educational <t>reform</t> are doomed beforehand." The target is clearly a noun. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

The context: "efforts at educational reform" refers to attempts to improve education, likely involving systemic changes or campaigns. Sense 1 is a general change for the better, especially after correcting abuses. Sense 2 is specifically a campaign aimed at correcting abuses. Sense 3 is personal self-improvement, not applicable.

Given "efforts at educational reform," it suggests an organized attempt or campaign to improve education. Both sense 1 and 2 could fit, but sense 2 emphasizes "a campaign," which aligns with "efforts at" (implying active, organized attempts). The example for sense 2: "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians" fits well with educational reform efforts. Sense 1 is a change as a result, not the campaign itself. Here, "efforts at reform" suggests the process or campaign, not the end result. Therefore, sense 2 is more accurate.

Thus, choose sense index 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doomed
Target surface form: doomed
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are <t>doomed</t> beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:dead:01 | definition=marked for certain death | examples=the black spot told the old sailor he was doomed
2. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:lost:02 | definition=in danger of the eternal punishment of Hell | synonyms=cursed, damned, unredeemed, unsaved | examples=poor damned souls
3. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 | definition=marked by or promising bad fortune; ; ; ; - W.H.Prescott | synonyms=ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred, unlucky | examples=their business venture was doomed from the start; an ill-fated business venture
4. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:certain:03 | definition=(usually followed by `to') determined by tragic fate | synonyms=fated | examples=doomed to unhappiness; fated to be the scene of Kennedy's assassination

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "doomed" in the given context. The context is about educational reform: "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." Let's examine each sense:

Sense 1: marked for certain death. Example: "the black spot told the old sailor he was doomed." This is literal death. Not applicable here.

Sense 2: in danger of eternal punishment of Hell. Synonyms: cursed, damned, etc. This is religious damnation. Not applicable.

Sense 3: marked by or promising bad fortune. Synonyms: ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred, unlucky. Example: "their business venture was doomed from the start; an ill-fated business venture." This fits well: educational reform efforts that are destined to fail, promising bad fortune. The context says "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand," meaning they are fated to fail. Sense 3 captures this sense of inevitable failure or bad outcome.

Sense 4: (usually followed by `to') determined by tragic fate. Example: "doomed to unhappiness; fated to be the scene of Kennedy's assassination." This is similar but emphasizes tragic fate and often used with "to". The context uses "doomed" without a "to" phrase (it says "doomed beforehand"). While it could be interpreted as fated, sense 3 is more general for foreboding failure. Sense 3 explicitly mentions "promising bad fortune" and has the example "doomed from the start" which is very parallel to "doomed beforehand". Sense 4 requires "to" and is about tragic fate; sense 3 is about being ill-fated. Both are plausible, but sense 3 seems a better fit because it directly captures "doomed from the start" without needing a "to" complement.

Thus, I select sense 3.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: really
Target surface form: really
Context:
But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We <t>really</t> do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=really%4:02:03:: | definition=in accordance with truth or fact or reality | synonyms=truly, genuinely | examples=she was now truly American; a genuinely open society
2. sense_key=really%4:02:04:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=actually | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
3. sense_key=really%4:02:02:: | definition=in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers) | synonyms=in truth, truly | examples=in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it
4. sense_key=really%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=very, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "really" with its surrounding context. The target appears in: "...We really do know all we need to know..." We need to choose the best sense among the four provided.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense 1: in accordance with truth or fact or reality; truly, genuinely. Example: "she was now truly American; a genuinely open society." This sense emphasizes truth or genuineness of a statement.

2. sense 2: in actual fact; actually. Example: "to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark." This emphasizes actuality vs. appearance.

3. sense 3: in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers); in truth, truly. Examples: "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline...; really, you shouldn't have done it." This sense is used as an intensifier or to emphasize a statement, often parenthetically.

4. sense 4: used as intensifiers; very, real, rattling. Example: "she was very gifted; he played very well." This is an intensifier modifying adjectives or adverbs.

In the context: "We really do know all we need to know..." Here, "really" modifies the verb phrase "do know" to emphasize the truth of the statement. It is an intensifier emphasizing the certainty of the claim. It is similar to "We truly do know..." but not exactly like sense 1 (genuinely). It is more of an intensifier. Sense 4 is for intensifying adjectives/adverbs like "very," but here "really" modifies the auxiliary "do" to emphasize the whole predicate. Actually, sense 4 says "used as intensifiers," and the example includes "very." In modern English, "really" as an intensifier often modifies verbs or adjectives. But sense 4 specifically says "used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal," with synonyms "very, real, rattling." That sense typically intensifies an adjective or adverb (e.g., "really good"). In "really do know," "really" is an adverb modifying the verb phrase, similar to "truly" or "in fact." Sense 3 includes "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)" and examples: "really, you shouldn't have done it" where it's a sentence modifier. In the given sentence, "We really do know" is not exactly parenthetical but emphasizes the truth of the statement. It could be seen as an intensifier meaning "actually" or "in fact." Sense 2 is "actually" meaning in actual fact, but often used contrastively. Sense 3's gloss explicitly says "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)". The context: "We really do know all we need to know" is an emphatic assertion, clarifying that they do in fact know. That aligns with sense 3's usage: an intensifier. Sense 1's "truly/genuinely" is close but sense 1 is more about authenticity ("truly American"). Sense 2's "actually" is often used to correct a misconception, which isn't the case here. So sense 3 seems best: an intensifier emphasizing the truth of the clause.

Check examples: sense 3's example "in truth, moral decay hastened..." shows it as a sentence adverb meaning "in fact". In the context, it's not separated by commas, but "really do know" means "in fact, we do know". That matches sense 3. Sense 4 is more like "very" for adjectives, which doesn't fit "do know". So I'll go with sense 3.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 3. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do <t>know</t> all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform WSD on the word "know" in the context: "We really do <t>know</t> all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking." The candidate senses are given with definitions and examples.

Analyze the context: The sentence says: "We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking." Here, "know" is used as a verb meaning to possess knowledge or information about something. The phrase "all we need to know" indicates that we have the necessary information or understanding. This is about possessing knowledge of facts or information, not about knowing how to do something (skill), not about familiarity with a person or object, not about experience, not about acknowledging authority, not about having fixed in mind specific knowledge (like Latin), not sexual, not knowing someone's character, not distinguishing, and not just perceiving as familiar. The first sense is the most general: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about." The examples "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!" align with this: possessing information. The context says "know all we need to know" – this fits the sense of being aware of facts or information. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, choose sense index 1.

JSON response: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: need
Context:
But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we <t>need</t> to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "need" in the given context. The target surface form is "need" and the context is: "We really do know all we <t>need</t> to know". The target is marked with <t> tags, but in the actual sentence it appears as "need". Let's look at the context: "We really do know all we need to know". The word "need" here is used in the phrase "we need to know". The context is about knowing what to do for educational reform. So "need" here is expressing a requirement or necessity.

Now, let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work. This sense is about something being necessary or required for a purpose. The definition says "require as useful, just, or proper". In the context, "we need to know" suggests that we have a requirement to know something; it's necessary that we know it. The example given: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work." The synonyms include "require". This seems to fit well: "we require to know all...". However, note that sense 2 also involves "have need of" and includes the word "require" as a synonym.

2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner. This sense is about having a need for something, like lacking something essential. The example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner" suggests needing something because it lacks it. In our context, "we need to know" could be interpreted as "we have a need of knowing", but that sounds more personal or physical lack. The phrase "need to [verb]" typically expresses requirement or necessity, not possession of need. In English, "need" followed by an infinitive without "to" is a modal auxiliary verb, but here it's "need to know", which is the semi-modal usage. Actually, the syntax is: "we need to know". In this case, "need" is followed by "to" + infinitive. The word "need" can be a lexical verb meaning "to have to" or "to be obliged to". Let's see if this sense captures that. Sense 2 says "have need of", which is typically used for physical or emotional need, like "I need water" or "I need a friend". When "need" is used with an infinitive as in "need to do something", it often implies obligation, requirement, or necessity, which is more like sense 1. Sense 1 explicitly says "require as useful, just, or proper", which applies to actions or conditions. The example in sense1: "It takes nerve to do what she did" is not exactly analogous, but the sense is about necessity. Also, note the example in sense2: "This piano wants the attention..." uses "want" in the sense of lacking, not requiring something to be done. In "we need to know", we are not saying that we lack knowing; we are saying that it is necessary for us to know. This aligns more with requirement than possession of need.

3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money. This is about feeling a need for something, typically emotional or physical. Again, this is about desiring or requiring companionship or resources. It doesn’t fit the context of "need to know" which is about the necessity of knowing.

Thus, sense 1 seems the most appropriate. But let's double-check: In WordNet, when "need" is followed by an infinitive, it often corresponds to the sense of "require" rather than "have need of". For example, "I need to go" means "I must go", which is a modal-like necessity. The sense 1 definition "require as useful, just, or proper" with examples like "It takes nerve" might not directly map, but the synonyms "necessitate, require" suggest that. In many word sense disambiguation tasks, "need" as in "need to do" is often disambiguated to the sense of necessity. Therefore, sense 1 is the best.

Now, the answer should be a JSON with the sense_index number. So {"sense_index": 1}.