[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, <t>especially</t> in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "especially" in the given context. The context: "Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians." The word "especially" here is used to highlight that this phenomenon is particularly true or more pronounced in larger cities. It means "in particular" or "to a greater extent than elsewhere."

Now, compare the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" – synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially. Example: "he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack". This matches the usage: school boards become prey to politicians, and this is especially (particularly) true in larger cities.

Sense 2: "in a special manner" – synonyms: specially. Example: "a specially arranged dinner". This implies something done for a special purpose, in a special way. It doesn't fit the context, where "especially" is not about a special manner but about a higher degree or emphasis.

Thus, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: city
Target surface form: cities
Context:
Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger <t>cities</t>, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=city%1:15:00:: | definition=a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts | synonyms=metropolis, urban center | examples=Ancient Troy was a great city
2. sense_key=city%1:15:01:: | definition=an incorporated administrative district established by state charter | examples=the city raised the tax rate
3. sense_key=city%1:14:00:: | definition=people living in a large densely populated municipality | synonyms=metropolis | examples=the city voted for Republicans in 1994

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "cities" in the given context. The target lemma is "city", and we have three candidate senses from WordNet. We need to pick the best indexed sense (1, 2, or 3) based on the context.

First, examine the context: The text discusses parent involvement in education, criticizing community involvement. It specifically mentions "the experience of New York City" and then says: "Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians..." So "cities" refers to large urban areas with locally elected school boards. The focus is on these urban areas as political/administrative entities where school governance happens.

Now look at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts" (synonyms: metropolis, urban center). Example: "Ancient Troy was a great city." This sense emphasizes the physical, demographic aspect of a city as a large urban area.

Sense 2: "an incorporated administrative district established by state charter." Example: "the city raised the tax rate." This sense focuses on the city as a legal/political entity, an administrative district with government powers like taxing.

Sense 3: "people living in a large densely populated municipality" (synonym: metropolis). Example: "the city voted for Republicans in 1994." This sense is a metonymic one, where "city" refers to the inhabitants, the population.

In the context, "especially in our larger cities" refers to places like New York City, Chicago, etc. The sentence is about locally elected school boards in these cities becoming prey to politicians. The focus is on the city as a political/administrative entity where school boards exist. That aligns with the incorporated administrative district sense (sense 2), because school boards are part of the governance structure of the city as an administrative district. Sense 1 is more about the urban area as a physical place, but the context is about governance. Sense 3 is about the people, but the phrase "in our larger cities" indicates location/entity, not the populace. Saying "in our larger cities" could be ambiguous, but the subsequent description of school boards suggests the administrative/political unit. New York City is a large incorporated city with an administrative structure. The experience of New York City as an administrative entity with locally elected school boards is decisive. The example for sense 2 fits perfectly: "the city raised the tax rate" shows the city as an administrative entity taking action. Here, "cities" are entities where school boards exist. So sense 2 is most appropriate.

Sense 1 emphasizes the urban character, but the point is about governance. Sense 3 is clearly not right because it's not the people living there who "become the prey" but the school boards themselves within the city's political structure.

Thus, I choose sense index 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, <t>become</t> the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "become" and target surface form "become" in the context: "Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians." We need to choose the best sense among four candidate senses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

In the context, "become the prey of" means they turn into or end up as the prey. It's a change of state: the school boards become something they were not before. The phrase "become the prey" indicates assuming a certain state or condition. Sense 1 is "enter or assume a certain state or condition" with synonyms go, get. Sense 2 is "undergo a change or development" with synonyms turn, and example "Her former friend became her worst enemy" which is similar: someone becomes something else. But sense 2's definition emphasizes "change or development" while sense 1 specifically says "enter or assume a certain state or condition." The example for sense 1: "He became annoyed" is a state. In the context, "become the prey" is assuming the condition of being prey. Sense 2 example: "The water turned into ice" is a transformation. "Her former friend became her worst enemy" is also a change of relationship. I think both could fit, but sense 1 seems more precise because "become the prey" is assuming a state/condition. Also, sense 1's synonyms "go, get" are often used in such contexts: "go mad", "get caught". But "become" here is not "go" or "get"; it's "become". Still, the definition fits. Sense 3 "come into existence" doesn't fit because the boards already exist, they don't come into existence as prey. Sense 4 about appearance doesn't fit at all.

Between 1 and 2, consider the examples: Sense 2 has "Her former friend became her worst enemy" which is very similar to "become the prey of". It's a change of role or identity. Sense 1's examples are more about states (annoyed, serious). The phrase "become the prey" could be seen as undergoing a change: they were not prey, now they are. Both sense 1 and 2 are closely related. In WordNet, sense 1 (become%2:30:00) is for the sense where it's a linking verb (copula) meaning to come to be something. Sense 2 (become%2:42:01) is for the sense meaning to turn into. Actually, WordNet separates these: sense 1 is "enter or assume a certain state or condition", which typically takes an adjective complement ("He became annoyed"). Sense 2 is "undergo a change or development" and can take a noun complement ("Her former friend became her worst enemy"). In the context, "become the prey" takes a noun phrase "the prey". So it's more likely sense 2. Let's check the definitions and examples: Sense 1 examples: "He became annoyed" (adjective), "It must be getting more serious" (adjective). Sense 2 examples: "The water turned into ice" (noun phrase), "Her former friend became her worst enemy" (noun phrase). So the syntactic pattern: become + adjective usually sense 1, become + noun phrase usually sense 2. Here, "become the prey" is followed by a noun phrase, so sense 2 is appropriate. The definition "undergo a change or development" fits: they undergo a change into being prey. Sense 1 is for "become" as a copula with an adjective or participle. Thus, I'll go with sense 2.

But let's confirm the sense keys: sense_key=become%2:30:00:: (sense 1) is for the verb "become" as in "enter a state", often with adjectival complement. Sense_key=become%2:42:01:: (sense 2) is for "undergo a change or development" and often with a noun complement. So, given the context, it's sense 2.

So the answer is sense index 2. JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ambitious
Target surface form: ambitious
Context:
Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of <t>ambitious</t>, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ambitious%3:00:00:: | definition=having a strong desire for success or achievement
2. sense_key=ambitious%5:00:00:difficult:00 | definition=requiring full use of your abilities or resources | synonyms=challenging | examples=ambitious schedule; performed the most challenging task without a mistake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: ambitious" and "Target surface form: ambitious" and context with a sentence containing "<t>ambitious</t>". The sentence: "Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians." So the adjective "ambitious" modifies "local politicians". The meaning: these politicians are ambitious in a negative sense—they are corrupt and demagogic. The candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ambitious%3:00:00:: | definition=having a strong desire for success or achievement
2. sense_key=ambitious%5:00:00:difficult:00 | definition=requiring full use of your abilities or resources | synonyms=challenging | examples=ambitious schedule; performed the most challenging task without a mistake

Clearly, sense 2 does not fit because "ambitious" here describes people, not tasks or schedules. Sense 1 is about personal desire for success. That fits: the politicians are ambitious, they have a strong desire for success or achievement. The context adds corruption and demagoguery, but ambition itself can be negative depending on context. So sense 1 is correct. Answer: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, <t>generally</t> corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "generally" in the given context. The context is: "Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, <t>generally</t> corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses provided. The senses are:

1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Now, analyze the context: "ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians". Here, "generally" modifies "corrupt". It means that these politicians are, in a general sense, corrupt. The phrase "generally corrupt" suggests that typically or usually they are corrupt, with perhaps some exceptions. This aligns with sense 1: "usually; as a rule". Sense 2 is "without distinction of one from others" which would be used like "in general" to refer to a category as a whole, e.g., "He likes snakes in general." That doesn't fit here because we are not contrasting a specific instance with a general class; we are modifying an adjective "corrupt". Sense 3 is "without regard to specific details or exceptions" meaning broadly or loosely speaking. While similar, in context "generally corrupt" means "usually corrupt" rather than "broadly speaking corrupt". The synonyms for sense 1 include "by and large", "more often than not", "mostly", which fit perfectly. The example: "by and large it doesn't rain much here" shows it is about frequency or typicality. Sense 3 is more about interpreting something in a broad manner, not about frequency.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: corrupt
Target surface form: corrupt
Context:
Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally <t>corrupt</t>, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=corrupt%3:00:00:: | definition=lacking in integrity | examples=humanity they knew to be corrupt...from the day of Adam's creation; a corrupt and incompetent city government
2. sense_key=corrupt%3:00:04:: | definition=not straight; dishonest or immoral or evasive | synonyms=crooked
3. sense_key=corrupt%5:00:00:imperfect:00 | definition=containing errors or alterations | synonyms=corrupted | examples=a corrupt text; spoke a corrupted version of the language
4. sense_key=corrupt%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=touched by rot or decay | synonyms=tainted | examples=tainted bacon; `corrupt' is archaic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "corrupt" in the given context. The target is the adjective "corrupt" (as indicated by the sense keys, which are all adjective senses). The context says: "Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians." So, the word describes politicians who are ambitious, corrupt, and demagogic. This clearly refers to a lack of integrity, dishonesty, or immoral behavior, typical of corrupt politicians.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=corrupt%3:00:00:: | definition=lacking in integrity | examples=humanity they knew to be corrupt...from the day of Adam's creation; a corrupt and incompetent city government
2. sense_key=corrupt%3:00:04:: | definition=not straight; dishonest or immoral or evasive | synonyms=crooked
3. sense_key=corrupt%5:00:00:imperfect:00 | definition=containing errors or alterations | synonyms=corrupted | examples=a corrupt text; spoke a corrupted version of the language
4. sense_key=corrupt%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=touched by rot or decay | synonyms=tainted | examples=tainted bacon; `corrupt' is archaic

Sense 3 is about errors in a text or language, not about people. Sense 4 is about decay or rot, archaic, and not about politicians. So those are eliminated.

Between senses 1 and 2: Sense 1 is "lacking in integrity", and one of its examples is "a corrupt and incompetent city government", which exactly matches our context of politicians and government. Sense 2 defines as "not straight; dishonest or immoral or evasive" with synonym "crooked". While both could apply, sense 1 seems more directly about integrity, and the example includes "city government". Politicians being corrupt typically means they lack integrity, engage in bribery, etc. "Crooked" is a synonym for that as well, but sense 1 is the primary sense for moral corruption. In WordNet, the sense with definition "lacking in integrity" is likely the most common. The context says "ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians". That fits "lacking in integrity" perfectly. Sense 2 adds "not straight" which might be more literal or figurative, but dishonest/immoral fits. However, sense 1 is more standard.

Given the example in sense 1 explicitly mentions a corrupt city government, it's a strong match. Sense 2's definition includes "not straight; dishonest or immoral or evasive" which is broader but also appropriate. But the sense keys: sense 1 is %3:00:00::, likely the primary sense. Sense 2 is %3:00:04::, a different sense. I think sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, I choose sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic <t>local</t> politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "local" in the given context. The target is "local politicians". The context discusses community involvement in schools, locally elected school boards, and how they become prey to "ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians". "Local" here clearly refers to the administrative level of a city or district, as the text mentions "locally elected school boards" and "this system of school governance" in cities. Thus, sense 1 is about administration of a city or town. Sense 2 is about belonging to a locality, but the examples include "local schools", which might seem related, but the definition emphasizes "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood". In this context, politicians are tied to governance, so sense 1 fits better because it specifically mentions "administration of a city or town". Sense 3 is medical, about a body part, not applicable. So answer: sense 1.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: politician
Target surface form: politicians
Context:
Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local <t>politicians</t> or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=politician%1:18:01:: | definition=a leader engaged in civil administration
2. sense_key=politician%1:18:00:: | definition=a person active in party politics | synonyms=politico, pol, political leader
3. sense_key=politician%1:18:02:: | definition=a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the word "politicians" in the given context. The target lemma is "politician". We have three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=politician%1:18:01:: | definition=a leader engaged in civil administration
2. sense_key=politician%1:18:00:: | definition=a person active in party politics | synonyms=politico, pol, political leader
3. sense_key=politician%1:18:02:: | definition=a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways

We need to choose the best sense based on the context. The context is about school governance, locally elected school boards, and how they become prey of ambitious, corrupt, demagogic politicians. The text says: "Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local <t>politicians</t> or would-be politicians."

The word "politicians" here refers to people involved in political activities, likely holding or seeking elected office. They are described as "ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic". This suggests they are actively engaged in politics, possibly for personal gain, but the primary sense is that they are political figures. The third sense is specifically about a schemer in an organization in sly ways, which might fit some negative connotations, but the context explicitly ties them to "locally elected school boards", indicating they are part of the political system. Sense 1 is about a leader in civil administration, which could also fit, but the examples given in the context are about elected school boards being controlled by local politicians. The synonym for sense 2 is "politico, pol, political leader", which matches typical usage for elected officials. Sense 3 is more specialized, meaning a manipulative person in any organization, not necessarily a political one. In context, the word is used in the domain of politics, so sense 2 is more appropriate. Sense 1 might be too narrow (civil administration) and sense 3 is a metaphorical extension. The context says "locally elected school boards" and "politicians or would-be politicians", so it's clearly about people in politics. Therefore, sense 2 is the best.

Answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: politician
Target surface form: politicians
Context:
Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be <t>politicians</t>. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=politician%1:18:01:: | definition=a leader engaged in civil administration
2. sense_key=politician%1:18:00:: | definition=a person active in party politics | synonyms=politico, pol, political leader
3. sense_key=politician%1:18:02:: | definition=a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "politicians" in the given context. The target lemma is "politician", surface form "politicians". We have three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=politician%1:18:01:: | definition=a leader engaged in civil administration
2. sense_key=politician%1:18:00:: | definition=a person active in party politics | synonyms=politico, pol, political leader
3. sense_key=politician%1:18:02:: | definition=a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways

Context: The text discusses parents' involvement in education and criticizes "community involvement," specifically mentioning locally elected school boards. It says these boards "become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians." The word "politicians" is used in a negative light: they are described as ambitious, corrupt, demagogic. This suggests a negative connotation, possibly aligning with the schemer sense (sense 3). However, sense 2 is about being active in party politics, a political leader, which is the more common meaning. Sense 1 is about a leader in civil administration, which might also fit. But the context emphasizes corruption and demagoguery, which implies underhanded behavior. Yet, the phrase "local politicians" typically refers to elected officials or party operatives. The negative attributes (corrupt, demagogic) don't necessarily change the core meaning to "schemer"; they are just characteristics. The "schemer" sense is more about a person who manipulates within an organization, not necessarily a political context. Here, the context is clearly about political figures on school boards. So, it's likely sense 2: a person active in party politics. Sense 1 is more neutral "leader in civil administration." Sense 3 is metaphorical: a schemer. The context says "ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians" – these are typical descriptors of political figures, not necessarily schemers in a generic organization. So I'd choose sense 2.

But let's double-check: The phrase "or would-be politicians" suggests aspiring political figures. The whole passage is about political involvement in education. So "politicians" here refers to people engaging in electoral politics. Sense 2 fits perfectly. Sense 3 would be an unusual choice given the clear political context.

Thus, sense index 2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: process
Target surface form: process
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the <t>process</t> of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=process%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular course of action intended to achieve a result | synonyms=procedure | examples=the procedure of obtaining a driver's license; it was a process of trial and error
2. sense_key=process%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents | synonyms=cognitive process, mental process, operation, cognitive operation | examples=the process of thinking; the cognitive operation of remembering
3. sense_key=process%1:10:00:: | definition=a writ issued by authority of law; usually compels the defendant's attendance in a civil suit; failure to appear results in a default judgment against the defendant | synonyms=summons
4. sense_key=process%1:09:01:: | definition=a mental process that you are not directly aware of | synonyms=unconscious process | examples=the process of denial
5. sense_key=process%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant | synonyms=outgrowth, appendage | examples=a bony process
6. sense_key=process%1:03:00:: | definition=a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states | synonyms=physical process | examples=events now in process; the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "process" in the given context. The target word is "process" and the context is: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment..." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses provided.

Let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_index 1: process as a procedure, a particular course of action intended to achieve a result. Example: "the procedure of obtaining a driver's license; it was a process of trial and error". This fits well: "in the process of trying to disengage" suggests an ongoing course of action.

2. sense_index 2: cognitive process, mental operation. Example: "the process of thinking". Not applicable here, as New York is not engaged in a mental cognitive process.

3. sense_index 3: a legal writ, summons. Not relevant.

4. sense_index 4: unconscious mental process. Not relevant.

5. sense_index 5: a natural prolongation or projection, like a bony process. Not relevant.

6. sense_index 6: a sustained phenomenon or gradual changes through states. Example: "events now in process; the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls". This could also fit: New York is in the process of disengaging, meaning it is undergoing a gradual change or sustained phenomenon. The phrase "in the process of" is a common idiom indicating something is ongoing. This sense is broader.

We need to decide between sense 1 and sense 6. Sense 1 emphasizes a course of action intended to achieve a result (procedure). Sense 6 emphasizes a sustained phenomenon or gradual change. In the context, "in the process of trying to disengage" suggests an ongoing action or procedure aimed at a result (disengagement). It is both a sustained phenomenon and a procedure. However, sense 1 explicitly includes the idea of an action intended to achieve a result, which matches "trying to disengage". The example for sense 6 is "events now in process", which is very general, but sense 1's example "it was a process of trial and error" also uses "process of". The key phrase "in the process of" is often used with actions. I think sense 1 is more precise because it involves a deliberate course of action. Sense 6 is more about natural processes like calcification. Disengagement is a policy action. So I'd select sense_index 1.

Double-check: The context says "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system..." This is clearly an intentional action, a procedure. So sense 1 is best.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: try
Target surface form: trying
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of <t>trying</t> to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=try%2:41:00:: | definition=make an effort or attempt | synonyms=seek, attempt, essay, assay | examples=He tried to shake off his fears; The infant had essayed a few wobbly steps
2. sense_key=try%2:41:01:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, prove, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
3. sense_key=try%2:41:06:: | definition=put on trial or hear a case and sit as the judge at the trial of | synonyms=judge, adjudicate | examples=The football star was tried for the murder of his wife; The judge tried both father and son in separate trials
4. sense_key=try%2:34:00:: | definition=take a sample of | synonyms=sample, try out, taste | examples=Try these new crackers; Sample the regional dishes
5. sense_key=try%2:41:05:: | definition=examine or hear (evidence or a case) by judicial process | synonyms=hear | examples=The jury had heard all the evidence; The case will be tried in California
6. sense_key=try%2:37:01:: | definition=give pain or trouble to | examples=I've been sorely tried by these students
7. sense_key=try%2:37:00:: | definition=test the limits of | synonyms=strain, stress | examples=You are trying my patience!
8. sense_key=try%2:30:00:: | definition=melt (fat or lard) in order to separate out impurities | synonyms=render | examples=try the yak butter; render fat in a casserole
9. sense_key=try%2:29:00:: | definition=put on a garment in order to see whether it fits and looks nice | synonyms=try on | examples=Try on this sweater to see how it looks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "trying" in context: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment..." The word "trying" is used as a verb in the infinitive form "to disengage". The context says "trying to disengage", which means making an effort to disengage. This matches sense 1: "make an effort or attempt". The synonyms are seek, attempt, essay, assay. The example "He tried to shake off his fears" is similar in structure: try + to-infinitive. Therefore, the best sense is sense_index 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: system
Target surface form: system
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this <t>system</t> of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=system%1:06:00:: | definition=instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity | examples=he bought a new stereo system; the system consists of a motor and a small computer
2. sense_key=system%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole | synonyms=scheme | examples=a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going
3. sense_key=system%1:27:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium | examples=in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface; a system generating hydrogen peroxide
4. sense_key=system%1:09:00:: | definition=a complex of methods or rules governing behavior | synonyms=system of rules | examples=they have to operate under a system they oppose; that language has a complex system for indicating gender
5. sense_key=system%1:09:02:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, organisation | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
6. sense_key=system%1:08:00:: | definition=a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts | examples=the body has a system of organs for digestion
7. sense_key=system%1:09:01:: | definition=a procedure or process for obtaining an objective | examples=they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation
8. sense_key=system%1:08:01:: | definition=the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole | examples=exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system
9. sense_key=system%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, organisation | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "system" with nine candidate senses. The context is:

"They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this <t>system</t> of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

The target is "system" in the phrase "this system of school governance". So we need to identify which WordNet sense best matches "system" referring to a "system of school governance".

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=system%1:06:00:: (instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity). This refers to physical or mechanical systems like a stereo system. Not appropriate for a governance structure.

2. sense_key=system%1:14:00:: (a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; synonyms=scheme). Examples: "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption". This sense is more abstract, referring to a scheme or interconnected whole. A system of school governance could be considered a scheme. But note the synonym "scheme" might have a negative connotation? But the definition is neutral: a group of interrelated elements. This could be plausible.

3. sense_key=system%1:27:00:: (physical chemistry) Not relevant.

4. sense_key=system%1:09:00:: (a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; synonyms=system of rules). Examples: "they have to operate under a system they oppose; that language has a complex system for indicating gender". This sense directly mentions "rules governing behavior". A system of school governance is exactly that: a set of methods or rules for governing schools. The phrase "system of school governance" aligns with "system of rules". The example "operate under a system" is similar to operating under a governance system. This seems very fitting.

5. sense_key=system%1:09:02:: (an organized structure for arranging or classifying; synonyms=arrangement, organization). Example: "he changed the arrangement of the topics". This is about classification or arrangement, not governance.

6. sense_key=system%1:08:00:: (physiological system) Not relevant.

7. sense_key=system%1:09:01:: (a procedure or process for obtaining an objective). Example: "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation". This could be a method, but it's more about a procedure to achieve something. School governance is not just a procedure for an objective; it's an ongoing set of rules.

8. sense_key=system%1:08:01:: (the living body) Not relevant.

9. sense_key=system%1:07:00:: (an ordered manner; orderliness). Not relevant.

So the most appropriate senses are 2 and 4. Let's compare them carefully.

Sense 2: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole" (synonym: scheme). This is broad, encompassing any system, like a distribution system. A system of school governance fits: it's a set of interconnected elements (rules, roles, institutions) forming a whole. But Sense 4 is specifically: "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior" (synonym: system of rules). That phrase "system of rules" is very similar to "system of school governance". Governance inherently involves rules and methods. Moreover, the context mentions "school governance", so it's about governing behavior. The example for sense 4: "they have to operate under a system they oppose" parallels the idea that New York is trying to disengage from this system. That fits perfectly. Sense 2's example is about production and distribution, more about economic systems. Sense 4 is specifically about behavioral rules.

Which is the "best indexed sense"? We must consider that WordNet glosses are schematic, and we use context, synonyms, and examples. The phrase "system of school governance" directly calls to mind a "system of rules" or a complex of methods governing behavior. In WordNet, the hypernyms: sense 4 is under "method" -> "know-how", while sense 2 is a more abstract whole. The context also talks about "locally elected school boards" being prey to corrupt politicians, indicating a flawed method of governance. So the system is the method of governance. That matches sense 4.

Thus, I'll choose sense 4. The index is 4.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: school
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of <t>school</t> governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "school" in the given context. The target is in the phrase: "this system of school governance". We need to choose the best sense among the provided candidate senses.

Let's examine the context: The text discusses education, parents' involvement, report cards, switching schools, and then mentions "community involvement" and "locally elected school boards". The specific sentence: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it."

The phrase "system of school governance" refers to how schools are governed, i.e., the system by which schools are administered or controlled. "School" here likely refers to the institution itself, not a building, not a process, not a group of fish, etc. The sense is about the educational institution as an entity that can be governed. So sense 1: "an educational institution" fits well: "the school was founded in 1900" is an example. Sense 2 is "a building where young people receive education" (schoolhouse) – but "school governance" isn't about the building; it's about the institution and its management. Sense 3: "the process of being formally educated at a school" – that doesn't fit "school governance" (the process of education governance? Unlikely). Sense 4: artistic/similar style group – not relevant. Sense 5: "the period of instruction" – "school governance" wouldn't refer to a time period. Sense 6: "an educational institution's faculty and students" – "the school keeps parents informed" or "the whole school turned out" – this is a metonymic sense where "school" refers to the people within the institution. Could "school governance" refer to governance by the faculty and students? Locally elected school boards are typically part of the governance structure, but the phrase "school governance" generally means governance of the school system/institution, not governance by the faculty and students specifically. The phrase "system of school governance" likely refers to the system by which the educational institution is run. Sense 1 is more abstract: the institution as an organization. Sense 6 is the collective body of people. In "school governance", it's about how the school (as an organization) is governed. Often, "school governance" refers to the governance of schools, so sense 1 is the institution. Sense 6 might be used in "the school voted to..." but here it's "system of school governance", not "the school's governance". I'd lean towards sense 1.

Let's double-check: The context mentions "locally elected school boards" – these boards govern the schools (the institutions). So "school governance" is about the governance of the educational institution. Thus sense 1 is the best match.

The instructions: choose best indexed sense; return only JSON like {"sense_index": 1}. The candidate senses are listed with numbers 1-7, but they are not labeled as indices; they are just numbered. I need to output the number corresponding to the chosen sense. I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: governance
Target surface form: governance
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school <t>governance</t>, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=governance%1:14:00:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governing body, establishment, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. sense_key=governance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=government, governing, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "governance" and surface form "governance" in the context. The context discusses a system of school governance that New York is trying to disengage from, while Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. The system involves locally elected school boards, which are described as becoming prey to corrupt politicians. The target word appears in the phrase "this system of school governance". We need to choose between two senses:

Sense 1: the persons (or committees etc.) who make up a body for administering something. Synonyms: administration, governing body, establishment, etc. Example: "he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members." This sense refers to the actual group of people in charge.

Sense 2: the act of governing; exercising authority. Synonyms: government, governing, government activity, administration. Example: "regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government." This sense refers to the activity or process.

In the context, "this system of school governance" refers to the system where locally elected school boards govern schools. The phrase "system of school governance" could be interpreted either as the system by which schools are governed (the process/act) or the system of governing bodies (the persons). The context mentions "locally elected school boards" becoming corrupt, which points to the actual bodies/persons. However, "system of governance" typically means the structure or method of governing. But the candidate examples: Sense 1 has the example "the governance of an association is responsible to its members" which uses "governance" to mean the governing body. In the context, "this system of school governance" is being disengaged from; they are moving away from the system where local boards are elected. That system is the structure of how schools are governed, including the bodies. But the emphasis on "locally elected school boards" as bodies suggests the system comprises these governing bodies. However, Sense 2 is more about the activity. The phrase "system of governance" is often used to refer to the framework of how authority is exercised, which aligns with Sense 2. But if we look at the example for Sense 1: "the governance of an association is responsible to its members" – here governance refers to the governing body. In the context, they are talking about the system of locally elected school boards – these boards are the governance (governing bodies). The sentence: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance" – the commitment is to a system where there are locally elected school boards. The system itself is the method of governance, but the problem described is that the boards become prey to corrupt politicians. So it's the boards themselves that are problematic. The phrase "system of school governance" could be seen as synonymous with "system of school administration" and could go either way. But note that the context mentions "locally elected school boards" as part of that system. In fact, the system is the governance (the governing body setup). Also, the example for sense 1: "he claims that the present administration is corrupt" mirrors the context's mention of corrupt local politicians. So it's more about the people. I think sense 1 is more appropriate because the context is about the governing bodies (school boards) being corrupt, and the system is about having those bodies. The phrase "system of governance" often refers to the institutional arrangement, which includes the governing bodies. Sense 2 is more about the act of governing in the abstract, not the structure. Given the context, "this system of school governance" likely refers to the system of having locally elected school boards (the governing bodies). So I'll choose sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and <t>other</t> cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "other" in the phrase "even as Chicago and <t>other</t> cities are moving to institute it". Let's examine context: The text discusses local school boards and mentions New York's experience. It says: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and <t>other</t> cities are moving to institute it." So, "other" modifies "cities", meaning additional cities besides Chicago. The meaning is "not the same one already mentioned" or "additional", synonymous with sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". The examples given: "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works" fit this usage perfectly. The other senses (recently past, distant past, strange) don't apply here. So the best sense is sense 1. Return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: city
Target surface form: cities
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other <t>cities</t> are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=city%1:15:00:: | definition=a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts | synonyms=metropolis, urban center | examples=Ancient Troy was a great city
2. sense_key=city%1:15:01:: | definition=an incorporated administrative district established by state charter | examples=the city raised the tax rate
3. sense_key=city%1:14:00:: | definition=people living in a large densely populated municipality | synonyms=metropolis | examples=the city voted for Republicans in 1994

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "city" with surface form "cities" in the context. We need to choose the best sense from three candidates.

Context excerpt: "...Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it."

The target is "cities" in "Chicago and other cities". The context is about school boards and school governance in large urban areas. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=city%1:15:00:: | definition=a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts | synonyms=metropolis, urban center | examples=Ancient Troy was a great city
2. sense_key=city%1:15:01:: | definition=an incorporated administrative district established by state charter | examples=the city raised the tax rate
3. sense_key=city%1:14:00:: | definition=people living in a large densely populated municipality | synonyms=metropolis | examples=the city voted for Republicans in 1994

We need to choose the best sense. The context mentions "larger cities" and then "Chicago and other cities". Chicago is a large urban area, a metropolis. The text is talking about locally elected school boards in larger cities, so it's referring to the urban area, not specifically the administrative district (sense 2) or the people (sense 3). Sense 1 is the general sense of a large and densely populated urban area, which fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about an incorporated administrative district, which might also be applicable, but the focus is on the urban area, not the legal entity. Sense 3 is about the inhabitants, but here it's "cities" as locations where school boards exist. So sense 1 is the best.

Therefore, return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: institute
Target surface form: institute
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to <t>institute</t> it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=institute%2:36:01:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, constitute | examples=establish a new department
2. sense_key=institute%2:36:00:: | definition=advance or set forth in court; , | synonyms=bring | examples=bring charges; institute proceedings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "institute" in the given context. The context is about school governance and community involvement. The quote: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it." Here, "institute it" refers to "this system of school governance." So, Chicago and other cities are moving to establish or set up this system. That aligns with sense 1: "set up or lay the groundwork for" with synonyms "establish, found, plant, constitute" and example "establish a new department." Sense 2 is about legal proceedings ("bring charges; institute proceedings"), which doesn't fit here. So the correct sense index is 1.

The output should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In <t>most</t> states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%3:00:02:: | definition=(superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number | examples=who has the most apples?; most people like eggs
2. sense_key=most%3:00:01:: | definition=the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree | examples=made the most money he could; what attracts the most attention?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

native_finish_reason: error

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In <t>most</t> states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%3:00:02:: | definition=(superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number | examples=who has the most apples?; most people like eggs
2. sense_key=most%3:00:01:: | definition=the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree | examples=made the most money he could; what attracts the most attention?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better." The target lemma is "most", surface form "most". The candidates: 1: superlative of 'many' used with count nouns, quantifier meaning greatest in number; 2: superlative of 'much' used with mass nouns, quantifier meaning greatest in amount/extent/degree.

In the context, "most states" – "states" is a count noun (plural). So "most" here modifies a count noun, meaning the greatest number of states. That matches sense 1: (superlative of 'many' used with count nouns). Sense 2 is for mass nouns. So sense_index 1 is correct.

Thus: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing <t>expenditures</t> on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "expenditure" and the surface form "expenditures" in context. The context is: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

We need to choose the best sense among three candidates:

1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

We need to interpret the context: "increasing expenditures on education" means increasing the amount of money spent on education. It refers to the money itself, not the act of spending. The phrase "increasing expenditures" can be ambiguous: it could refer to increasing the amounts of spending (the money paid out) or increasing the act of spending. But typically, "expenditures" plural often means the amounts spent. Looking at the synonyms: sense 1 has "money paid out; an amount spent" with synonyms outgo, spending, outlay. Sense 2 is "the act of spending money". In the context, "increasing expenditures on education" suggests a larger budget, more funds allocated, i.e., the money. The reason given is that money's influence is minimal in the classroom, so it's about the amount of money. Therefore sense 1 seems more appropriate. Sense 3 is about consumption of something, not money specifically, which doesn't fit.

Thus, choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on <t>education</t>, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "education" with context. The context is about school governance, funding, and how money's influence is minimal in the classroom. The sentence: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

We need to choose the best sense among the 6 provided.

Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Context: The sentence mentions "increasing expenditures on education" and then "Education takes place in the classroom". The first occurrence is about spending on the system or process of educating. The second occurrence directly says "Education takes place in the classroom", referring to the actual teaching and learning activities. The sense that best fits is the activity of educating or instructing. Sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". The examples include "he received no formal education" and "our instruction was carefully programmed". This matches the concept of education as the process or system of teaching and learning, especially in schools. Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge", but that is more individual and lifelong; the context is about institutional education and spending. Sense 2 is knowledge acquired, not the activity. Sense 4 is the profession of teaching, which isn't directly about the activity in the classroom but rather the job. Sense 5 is about upbringing, not relevant. Sense 6 is a specific government department, clearly not.

Given the context, "education" refers to the system or process of schooling. Sense 1 is most appropriate.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.