[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the sentence: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." So the word "measure" is used in the phrase "a large measure of authority". That means a large amount or extent of authority.

Let's check the senses:

1. measure%1:04:01:: | definition: any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | example: "the situation called for strong measures" – this is like steps or actions taken. Not applicable here, as it's not about taking steps but having authority.

2. measure%1:03:00:: | definition: how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms: quantity, amount. Example? The gloss says "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify". The example in the prompt? Not given, but the context fits: "a large measure of authority" means a large quantity or amount of authority. So this is a good candidate.

3. measure%1:10:02:: | definition: a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms: bill. Not applicable.

4. measure%1:04:00:: | definition: the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms: measurement, measuring, mensuration. No.

5. measure%1:10:03:: | definition: a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms: standard, criterion, touchstone. Example: "the schools comply with federal standards" – not about having authority.

6. musical meter – no.

7. musical bar – no.

8. measuring instrument – no.

9. container of standard capacity – no.

Hence, the correct sense is #2, quantity/amount. Note: #2 is sense_key=measure%1:03:00::.

So we give {"sense_index": 2}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of <t>authority</t> over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a context where the target word "authority" appears: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." This usage is about the power or right to give orders or make decisions. Let's check the senses:

Sense 1: "the power or right to give orders or make decisions" with synonyms like authorization, domination, say-so. Example: "he has the authority to issue warrants". This matches perfectly: principals having authority over faculty, curriculum, discipline means they have the power to make decisions and give orders.

Sense 2: persons who exercise control (usually plural). Not applicable here: it's not about a group of people, but the abstract power of a principal.

Sense 3: an expert. Not applicable.

Sense 4: freedom from doubt, self-confidence. Not applicable.

Sense 5: an administrative unit of government. Not applicable.

Sense 6: official permission or approval. While related, the context emphasizes "a large measure of authority over" many things, not just permission but the power to control. Also the example for sense 6 is about approval for a program, not the broad governance described.

Sense 7: an authoritative written work. Not applicable.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: faculty
Target surface form: faculty
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the target word "faculty". The context: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." The word "faculty" here clearly refers to the teaching staff of a school, not mental faculties. The two candidate senses are: sense 1 is mental faculty, sense 2 is the body of teachers. So the answer is sense 2.

Instruction says: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So for sense 2, we return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: matter
Target surface form: matters
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "matters" in: "all <t>matters</t> of student discipline". The context is about school principals having authority over various things, including student discipline. "Matters" here refers to things, affairs, issues. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane

"Matters of student discipline" means things related to student discipline, so "matters" is a general term for concerns or affairs. Sense 1: "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms affair, thing. Examples: "several matters to attend to" fits "matters of student discipline" as specific instances of concerns. Sense 2 is more about a topic or subject of thought, but "matters of student discipline" are not just topics but concrete issues to deal with. Sense 4: "a problem" could fit, but it's more negative; "matters of student discipline" are not necessarily problems but the realm of discipline. Sense 5 is about consequence with negation, not applicable. Sense 6 is written works, no. Sense 3 is physical substance, no. So the best is sense 1: a vaguely specified concern. "Matters of student discipline" means the various concerns or affairs relating to student discipline. So index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of <t>student</t> discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "student" in the given context. The choices are sense 1: a learner enrolled in an educational institution, and sense 2: a learned person, a scholar. The context discusses American students' poor performance in math tests compared to students in other countries, and mentions "students who can't add or subtract". It also discusses school discipline and principals' authority over "student discipline". Clearly, the target is "student" in the phrase "all matters of student discipline". In this context, "student" refers to pupils in a school, not scholars. So sense 1 is correct. The response should be a JSON object with the sense_index. Thus: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: Study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. <t>Study</t> after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "study" and target surface form "Study" (capitalized). The context is a text discussing education, specifically criticizing "New Math" and emphasizing the importance of school principals with authority. The sentence: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." Here, "Study" refers to research studies or reports that provide findings. The phrase "Study after study" means many studies. The mention of "the most recent from the Brookings Institution" indicates a specific study report. So the sense is a research investigation or report. Looking at the candidate senses:
1. study%1:04:00:: a detailed critical inspection (survey) - could fit, but more like an examination.
2. study%1:09:03:: applying the mind to learning (work) - refers to the activity of studying, not a report.
3. study%1:10:00:: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (report, written report) - examples: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - this matches perfectly: a study as a published report of research findings.
4. study%1:09:04:: a state of deep mental absorption - not.
5. study%1:06:00:: a room - no.
6. study%1:09:02:: a branch of knowledge - not.
7. study%1:06:01:: preliminary drawing - no.
8. study%1:09:01:: attentive consideration - no.
9. study%1:18:00:: someone who memorizes quickly - no.
10. study%1:10:01:: a composition - no.

Sense 3 is the best fit: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "report, written report". The example even uses "recent study by Hill and Dale", similar to "the most recent from the Brookings Institution". Sense 1 might be close, but it's "detailed critical inspection" which is more the process, while 3 is the resulting document. The sentence treats it as a thing that "tells us" something, so it's a report. Thus, I choose sense index 3.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "study" in the given context. The target surface form is "study" and appears in the phrase "Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The context is about education, schools, principals, authority, and accountability. The phrase "Study after study" indicates repeated instances of some kind of research or investigation. Then it mentions "the most recent from the Brookings Institution", which is a think tank that produces reports and research. So "study" here refers to a research report or investigation.

Now let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey. This could fit, as a survey or inspection. But the synonym "survey" might be about examining something. However, "survey" can also mean a research study. The definition "detailed critical inspection" might be more like an examination or scrutiny.

2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples: mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design. This is the act of studying, not a particular study or report. Doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples: this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale. This seems perfect: a written report of findings. The context says "Study after study ... the most recent from the Brookings Institution" which is a report.

4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples: she is in a deep study. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject... Not applicable.

7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation. Not applicable.

9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily. Not applicable.

10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique. Not applicable.

Clearly, sense 3 is the best match: a written report. Sense 1 might be considered, but "survey" as a synonym could be ambiguous; however, sense 3 explicitly mentions "written document" and "report", and the example "recent study by Hill and Dale" mirrors the context's "recent from the Brookings Institution". Thus, sense 3 is correct.

Output as JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

native_finish_reason: error

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "...Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The target word is "most" in "the most recent". We need to choose among three senses:

1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

In the sentence, "the most recent" means "the most recent" as in the superlative form of "recent": the study that is the most recent one. That is sense 1: used to form the superlative. Sense 2 is "very" (e.g., "a most welcome relief" meaning "a very welcome relief"), but here it's not that usage; it's not "a most recent" as in "a very recent", but it's "the most recent" which is a superlative. Sense 3 is about almost, nearly, etc., not applicable.

Thus, the correct sense is 1.

We must output JSON like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tells
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- <t>tells</t> us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "tell", surface form "tells", in the context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- <t>tells</t> us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." So, the study tells us something. That means the study informs us or communicates information. We need to choose the best sense from the list.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Now, in context, "tells us that the best schools are those..." It is a study (or studies) that "tells" us something. So it's providing information, communicating findings. It's not ordering, not narrating a story, not distinguishing, not discerning/comprehending (that would be the subject discerning, but here the study is the subject, it is telling us something). It's not expressing in words in the sense of a person speaking; it's a study conveying information. Sense 2: "let something be known" seems appropriate: the study lets something be known to us. Sense 1: "express in words" could also work, but it's more about verbal expression by a person. Sense 2 is more general: "let something be known". Sense 6: inform positively and with certainty — that could also fit, as a study might inform with confidence. But the context doesn't emphasize confidence; it's just a statement. Sense 7: give evidence — the study might be giving evidence, but "tells us" is more like informing, not specifically giving evidence (though studies do provide evidence). But the phrase "study after study tells us" is a common idiom meaning "informs us" or "indicates", not necessarily "gives evidence" in a legal sense.

I think sense 2 is the best: "let something be known". The synonym for 2 is not given explicitly, but the example is "Tell them that you will be late." That matches the pattern: the study tells us something. In WordNet, sense 2 is likely a more general communication sense. Sense 1 is specifically "express in words", which implies a verbal utterance. A study doesn't literally speak words; it conveys information. So sense 2 is more appropriate for an inanimate source. Also, in the context, it's not about distinguishing (sense 8) or comprehending (sense 5). Sense 5 is intransitive: "He could tell that she was unhappy" meaning perceive. Here it's transitive with indirect object "us" and a that-clause.

Therefore, I select sense 2.

But let's check the index: the senses are numbered 1 through 8 as given. So the best is sense 2. {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "best" in the given context. The target lemma is "best" and surface form is "best". The context: "... tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list. The candidate senses are numbered 1 to 23. Sense 1 is specifically for "best" as superlative of 'good' having the most positive qualities. Sense 2 is "better" or "best" as wiser or more advantageous. Others are mostly senses for "good" with various specific meanings.

The context: "best schools" – here "best" modifies "schools", meaning the schools that have the most positive qualities, the most excellent. This matches sense 1: (superlative of 'good') having the most positive qualities. Example: "the best film of the year; the best solution". It fits perfectly.

Sense 2 is about advisable: "the White House thought it best not to respond" – that's a different usage, often with "it" and an infinitive. Not our case.

Other senses are for "good" but they are more specific, e.g., morally admirable, beneficial, etc. The context is talking about schools being free from interference and governed by a powerful head, so they are "the best" in a general positive sense, not specifically moral or advantageous in a narrow sense. The superlative sense is most direct.

Thus, I'll select sense_index: 1.

Now, return a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best <t>schools</t> are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "schools" in the context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study ... tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

The target is "schools" (plural). The context is discussing educational institutions. It mentions principals, faculty, curriculum, student discipline. So it's clearly an educational institution. Now we check the senses:

1. educational institution (general) - fits well. Example: "the school was founded in 1900"
2. a building where young people receive education - focuses on the building. The context is about governance, authority, faculty, curriculum, not about the physical building. So sense 2 is less likely.
3. the process of being formally educated - "what will you do when you finish school?" Not about an institution, but about schooling process. Not fitting.
4. a body of artists/writers/thinkers - not relevant.
5. period of instruction - not relevant.
6. educational institution's faculty and students - "the whole school turned out for the game" - but here we're talking about the institution that has principals, authority over faculty, curriculum, student discipline. It could be the collective body, but sense 1 is the institution itself. In sense 6, it's more like the people (faculty and students). The context says "schools should have principals" - that suggests the institution, not the people. A principal is part of the faculty, but the phrase "schools should have principals" means each school should have a principal. It's the institutional level. Similarly, "schools are those that are free of outside interference" refers to the institution as an organization, not just the people. Sense 1 is the most general and appropriate. Sense 6 is more specific to the group of people, but the context is about the organizational structure. Usually, "school" meaning the institution is the most common. The example for sense 6: "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game" - that's collective. Here, "the best schools" likely refers to the educational institutions as a whole, not just the collective body. So I think sense 1 is the best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outside
Target surface form: outside
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of <t>outside</t> interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outside%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit | examples=an outside margin
2. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 | definition=coming from the outside | synonyms=external, extraneous | examples=extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income
3. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:external:00 | definition=originating or belonging beyond some bounds: | examples=the outside world; outside interests
4. sense_key=outside%3:00:04:: | definition=located, suited for, or taking place in the open air | synonyms=outdoor, out-of-door | examples=outdoor clothes; badminton and other outdoor games
5. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extramural:00 | definition=functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit | examples=extramural hospital care and treatment; extramural studies
6. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:exterior:00 | definition=leading to or from the outside | examples=an outside door
7. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:foreign:02 | definition=from or between other countries | synonyms=external, international | examples=external commerce; international trade
8. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=very unlikely | synonyms=remote | examples=an outside chance; a remote possibility
9. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:outer:00 | definition=on or toward an outer edge | examples=an outer lane; the outside lane
10. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:inaccurate:00 | definition=(of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter | synonyms=away | examples=the pitch was away (or wide); an outside pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "outside" in the given context. The sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." Here, "outside interference" means interference coming from external sources, not from within the school itself. The sense is about something originating from the outside, coming from an external source. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: relating to being on or near the outer side or limit (an outside margin) – this is spatial, not about interference.
2. sense 2: coming from the outside (synonyms: external, extraneous) – examples: extraneous light, extraneous income. This fits "outside interference" meaning interference that comes from outside.
3. sense 3: originating or belonging beyond some bounds (the outside world; outside interests). This also could fit, but it's more about originating beyond bounds, while sense 2 explicitly says "coming from the outside" with synonyms external, extraneous.
4. sense 4: outdoor, open air – not relevant.
5. sense 5: extramural – functioning outside boundaries of an organized unit. This is similar but more specific to organized units like hospitals or studies. Not as direct.
6. sense 6: leading to or from the outside (an outside door) – not relevant.
7. sense 7: foreign, international – not relevant.
8. sense 8: very unlikely (remote) – not relevant.
9. sense 9: on or toward an outer edge (outside lane) – not relevant.
10. sense 10: baseball pitch – not relevant.

Between sense 2 and 3, sense 2 includes the synonyms "external, extraneous" and the phrase "coming from the outside" directly matches "interference" that comes from outside. Sense 3 says "originating or belonging beyond some bounds" with examples "the outside world" or "outside interests". However, "outside interference" is a common phrase where "outside" means external, extraneous. The context is about schools being free of interference from external parties (like government, parents, etc.), so it's interference coming from the outside. Sense 2 is specifically "coming from the outside" and labeled as an adjective with the "extrinsic" connotation. It is a sense that is used in phrases like "outside influence/interference". Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interference
Target surface form: interference
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: interference", "Target surface form: interference", "Context: ... schools should have principals with a large measure of authority ... the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head."

Note: The context has "<t>interference</t>" which seems like a typo or placeholder, but target surface form is "interference" so we treat it as "interference" (sense of interference). Actually, the text says "outside <t>interference</t>", likely meaning "outside interference". So the target word is "interference" (misspelled, but meaning interference). So we need to disambiguate "interference" meaning interference.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance

Context: The text is about schools, principals, authority. It says: "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." So "interference" here means unwanted intervention or meddling, likely from outside entities (like school boards, government, etc.) that hinders the principal's authority. It is not about countries (sense 1), not about electrical noise (sense 3), not about football (sense 4). Between sense 2, 5: Sense 2 is "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding" (general act). Sense 5 is "any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome" (concrete obstruction). In context, "outside interference" refers to the act of interfering, i.e., the act of meddling or obstructing. It is more of an action than a concrete object. Sense 2 seems appropriate: the act of hindering or obstructing. Sense 5 is more like a physical obstruction (hitch, encumbrance) or a preventive measure. Here it's abstract: outside entities interfering. So I'll pick sense 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: govern
Target surface form: governed
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are <t>governed</t> by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=govern%2:41:02:: | definition=bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations | synonyms=regulate, regularize, regularise, order | examples=We cannot regulate the way people dress; This town likes to regulate
2. sense_key=govern%2:41:01:: | definition=direct or strongly influence the behavior of | examples=His belief in God governs his conduct
3. sense_key=govern%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authority over; as of nations | synonyms=rule | examples=Who is governing the country now?
4. sense_key=govern%2:42:00:: | definition=require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood | examples=most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "governed" in the given context. Let's analyze the context: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. ... the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." Here, "governed" means that the school is under the authority/control/rule of a powerful head (principal). The focus is on exercising authority over the institution, similar to ruling or managing. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations" – This is more about regulating specific behaviors or things, not overall authority.
2. "direct or strongly influence the behavior of" – This is about influencing behavior, not directly exercising authority over an organization.
3. "exercise authority over; as of nations" – This is about ruling or governing a country, but the concept extends to any entity (like a school) that is ruled or controlled. The example: "Who is governing the country now?" fits the pattern of a powerful head governing a school.
4. "require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood" – irrelevant.

Sense 3 fits best: exercising authority over the school, analogous to ruling. The context emphasizes "powerful head" and "authority." So I choose sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: powerful
Target surface form: powerful
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a <t>powerful</t> head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=powerful%3:00:00:: | definition=having great power or force or potency or effect | examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms
2. sense_key=powerful%5:00:02:strong:00 | definition=strong enough to knock down or overwhelm | synonyms=knock-down | examples=a knock-down blow
3. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having great influence | synonyms=potent
4. sense_key=powerful%5:00:01:strong:00 | definition=(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful | synonyms=brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy | examples=a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer
5. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:superhuman:00 | definition=displaying superhuman strength or power | synonyms=herculean | examples=herculean exertions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "powerful" in the given context. The target surface form is "powerful", and it appears in the phrase "a powerful head" referring to a school principal. Let's analyze the context: the passage discusses the importance of school principals having authority, being free from outside interference, and being governed by a "powerful head". This suggests a person with great authority, influence, and perhaps strong leadership. The context emphasizes the principal's authority over faculty, curriculum, and discipline, and accountability. So the sense is about having great power, influence, or authority, not physical strength or superhuman power.

Now let's evaluate each candidate sense:

1. definition: having great power or force or potency or effect. Example: the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms. This sense could apply to a person in a position of authority (like a government or a head). It includes "potency or effect", so it fits the idea of a principal having great power.

2. definition: strong enough to knock down or overwhelm. Synonyms: knock-down. Example: a knock-down blow. This is clearly about physical force, not applicable to a school principal.

3. definition: having great influence. Synonyms: potent. This directly matches the context: a powerful head means a head with great influence. The context mentions authority, governance, and accountability, which align with influence.

4. definition: (of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful. Synonyms: brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy. Example: a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer. This is physical strength, not suitable.

5. definition: displaying superhuman strength or power. Synonyms: herculean. Example: herculean exertions. Again, physical and exaggerated, not suitable.

Between sense 1 and sense 3, both could work. Sense 1 is broader: having great power or force or potency or effect. Sense 3 is more specific: having great influence. In context, "powerful head" likely means a head with great authority and influence, rather than just any kind of power (like physical). WordNet often separates sense 1 (general power) and sense 3 (specifically influence). Since the context is about school governance and authority, "influence" fits well. However, sense 1 also includes "effect" and "potency", which could be metaphorical. But sense 3 explicitly says "having great influence" and is tagged as similar to influential. In fact, the sense key for 3 is "powerful%5:00:00:influential:00", meaning it's a satellite adjective of influential. That seems precise. The examples for sense 1 include "the most powerful government" which is similar to a powerful head of school. But sense 3 is specifically about influence without the physical connotations. I think sense 3 is closer because the head's power is about influence and authority rather than force. Let's check: The head is "powerful" meaning having great influence over the faculty, etc. So sense 3 is the best match.

Thus, I select sense_index 3.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: head
Target surface form: head
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=head%1:08:00:: | definition=the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains | synonyms=caput | examples=he stuck his head out the window
2. sense_key=head%1:05:00:: | definition=a single domestic animal | examples=200 head of cattle
3. sense_key=head%1:09:00:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, brain, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=head%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who is in charge | synonyms=chief, top dog | examples=the head of the whole operation
5. sense_key=head%1:14:00:: | definition=the front of a military formation or procession | examples=the head of the column advanced boldly; they were at the head of the attack
6. sense_key=head%1:19:00:: | definition=the pressure exerted by a fluid | examples=a head of steam
7. sense_key=head%1:15:00:: | definition=the top of something | examples=the head of the stairs; the head of the page
8. sense_key=head%1:15:01:: | definition=the source of water from which a stream arises | synonyms=fountainhead, headspring | examples=they tracked him back toward the head of the stream
9. sense_key=head%1:10:03:: | definition=(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent | synonyms=head word
10. sense_key=head%1:26:00:: | definition=the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
11. sense_key=head%1:23:00:: | definition=the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head | examples=he is two heads taller than his little sister; his horse won by a head
12. sense_key=head%1:20:00:: | definition=a dense cluster of flowers or foliage | synonyms=capitulum | examples=a head of cauliflower; a head of lettuce
13. sense_key=head%1:18:01:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=principal, school principal, head teacher | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
14. sense_key=head%1:18:03:: | definition=an individual person | examples=tickets are $5 per head
15. sense_key=head%1:18:02:: | definition=a user of (usually soft) drugs | examples=the office was full of secret heads
16. sense_key=head%1:17:02:: | definition=a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea) | synonyms=promontory, headland, foreland
17. sense_key=head%1:17:01:: | definition=a rounded compact mass | examples=the head of a comet
18. sense_key=head%1:17:00:: | definition=the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container | examples=the beer had a large head of foam
19. sense_key=head%1:15:02:: | definition=the part in the front or nearest the viewer | synonyms=forefront | examples=he was in the forefront; he was at the head of the column
20. sense_key=head%1:11:01:: | definition=a difficult juncture | synonyms=pass, straits | examples=a pretty pass; matters came to a head yesterday
21. sense_key=head%1:11:00:: | definition=forward movement | synonyms=headway | examples=the ship made little headway against the gale
22. sense_key=head%1:10:01:: | definition=a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer | synonyms=point | examples=the point of the arrow was due north
23. sense_key=head%1:10:02:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=question | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
24. sense_key=head%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about | synonyms=heading, header | examples=the heading seemed to have little to do with the text
25. sense_key=head%1:08:01:: | definition=the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint | examples=the head of the humerus
26. sense_key=head%1:08:02:: | definition=that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
27. sense_key=head%1:06:05:: | definition=(computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk | synonyms=read/write head
28. sense_key=head%1:06:04:: | definition=(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head | examples=call heads or tails!
29. sense_key=head%1:06:03:: | definition=the striking part of a tool | examples=the head of the hammer
30. sense_key=head%1:06:02:: | definition=(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
31. sense_key=head%1:06:00:: | definition=a projection out from one end; , | examples=the head of the nail; a pinhead is the head of a pin
32. sense_key=head%1:06:01:: | definition=a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum | synonyms=drumhead
33. sense_key=head%1:04:00:: | definition=oral stimulation of the genitals | synonyms=oral sex | examples=they say he gives good head

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "head" in the given context. Let's analyze the context.

Context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

The target word "head" is used as: "governed by a powerful head". In the context, it is referring to a person who is in charge of a school. The previous sentence mentions "principals with a large measure of authority". So the "head" here is synonymous with the principal, the person who leads the school. So it's a person in charge.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses. We need the sense that matches "a person who is in charge", specifically in an educational context. Sense 4: "a person who is in charge" (synonyms: chief, top dog) with example "the head of the whole operation". That is a general sense. Sense 13: "the educator who has executive authority for a school" (synonyms: principal, school principal, head teacher) with example "she sent unruly pupils to see the principal". That is more specific to schools.

Which one fits better? The context explicitly talks about schools and principals. The phrase "governed by a powerful head" directly follows the statement that schools should have principals with authority. So the "head" is clearly the head of the school, i.e., the principal. Therefore, sense 13 is the most precise.

But we need to ensure that it's the best indexed sense. Sense 4 is broader, while sense 13 is the specific one. Given the context, the target word "head" is used to refer to the person who runs the school. The sentence: "schools should have principals ... are governed by a powerful head." That is exactly the definition of sense 13: the educator who has executive authority for a school. Sense 4 would also be correct, but sense 13 is more specific and directly matches. In fine-grained WSD, we choose the most specific sense that fits.

Also, the context mentions "principals" earlier, so it's clear.

Thus, the answer should be sense 13.

Now, return JSON: {"sense_index": 13}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "authority" in the context: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." The target surface form is "authority", and we must choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list.

Let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests. This refers to the abstract power or right vested in a person to command or decide.

2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew. This refers to people in positions of power, often officials or governing bodies. Usually plural "authorities".

3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law. This refers to a person who is an expert.

4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence. This is about self-confidence, not relevant.

5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau. This is a governmental organization.

6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times. This is about explicit permission.

7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton. This is a book or document that is authoritative.

In the context: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." Here, "authority" refers to the power that principals have to make decisions and give orders regarding faculty, curriculum, and discipline. It's clearly the abstract power or right to command, which matches sense 1. The phrase "a large measure of authority" indicates the extent of this power. The context contrasts with outside interference, emphasizing the principal's decision-making power. Sense 1 is the best.

Check other senses: Sense 2 is plural and refers to people (the authorities), but here it's a singular abstract noun possessed by the principal. Sense 3 is an expert, not applicable. Sense 4 is self-confidence, no. Sense 5 is an agency, not applicable. Sense 6 is official permission, but here it's more about the ongoing power to decide, not a one-time permission. Sense 7 is a written work. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_with
Target surface form: goes
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue
2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability." Target lemma is "go_with", surface form "goes". We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: go_with%2:42:01:: - definition: be present or associated with an event or entity. Synonyms: attach to, accompany, come with. Examples: French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by destruction of heart tissue.

Sense 2: go_with%2:42:00:: - definition: go or occur together. Synonyms: collocate with, construe with, cooccur with. Examples: The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'.

In the context: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability." This means that accountability is associated with or comes along with the authority. It's like saying "authority brings with it accountability" or "accountability goes hand in hand with authority". The phrase "goes with" means "is associated with" or "accompanies". So sense 1 fits perfectly: "be present or associated with an event or entity". Sense 2 is about words cooccurring, which is a specific linguistic usage. The context is not about words, but about abstract concepts. Therefore, sense 1.

So, return {"sense_index": 1} (or 0-based? The problem says "Choose the single best indexed sense." The senses are listed as 1 and 2, so index 1). Output JSON with key "sense_index" and value 1.