[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: specialist
Target surface form: specialists
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: | definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "specialists" in the given context. The sentence: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration ... there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows..." The context is about economists and knowledge of immigration, and "specialists" refers to people with expertise in this area. The two candidate senses:
1. an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning (general expert)
2. practices one branch of medicine (medical specialist)

Clearly, the context has nothing to do with medicine. It's about economists and specialists in immigration/economics. So sense 1 is correct. Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "impact" in the context. Target lemma: impact, surface form: impact. The sentence: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants." The context is about the positive effects of immigration on the economy. So "impact" here means the effect or influence that migration flows have on economic growth, wages, and employment.

Looking at candidate senses:
1. sense 1: striking one body against another - literal physical collision. Not applicable here.
2. sense 2: a forceful consequence; a strong effect; synonyms: wallop; examples: the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop. This fits: "positive impact" means a strong positive effect. The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" matches the figurative use of impact as an effect.
3. sense 3: influencing strongly; synonyms: impingement, encroachment; examples: they resented the impingement of American values on European culture. This sense seems more about a negative or encroaching influence? The definition is "influencing strongly" but the examples suggest an invasive influence. The context is positive, not about encroachment. So sense 2 is better.
4. sense 4: violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat; shock. Clearly not fitting.

Thus, the best indexed sense is sense 2. Return JSON with sense_index 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "migration" in the given context. The context discusses immigration, its economic impact, and "migration flows". The target is "<t>migration</t>" within the phrase "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth...". The sentence equates migration flows with immigration. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another" – clearly about human migration, which fits the context of immigration and migration flows.
2. "a group of people migrating together..." – this would refer to a specific group, not the general phenomenon of flows.
3. chemistry sense – irrelevant.
4. animals – irrelevant.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match. The context is about the economic impact of human migration (immigration). So I'll choose index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "flow" with surface form "flows" in context. We need to choose the best sense among the 7 candidates. The context is: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants." Here, "migration flows" refers to the movement of people, specifically immigrants. We need to match this to one of the WordNet senses.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. flow%1:11:00:: definition: the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases). This is about physical fluids, not people. Synonyms: flowing. Not a match.

2. flow%1:28:00:: definition: the amount of fluid that flows in a given time. Synonyms: flow rate, rate of flow. This is about measuring fluid, not people. Not a match.

3. flow%1:04:00:: definition: the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression. Synonyms: stream. This could be more abstract, and might apply to people. But it's a very general sense.

4. flow%1:22:00:: definition: any uninterrupted stream or discharge. Similar to 3, general. Could apply to a stream of migrants.

5. flow%1:26:00:: definition: something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously. Synonyms: stream. Examples: "a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors." This sense explicitly includes people moving continuously. The example "flow of visitors" is very similar to "migration flows" of people. This seems highly appropriate.

6. flow%1:14:00:: definition: dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas. Synonyms: stream, current. Examples: "two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness." This is about abstract events or ideas, not physical movement of people.

7. flow%1:22:01:: definition: the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus... synonyms: menstruation, etc. Clearly not.

Between 3, 4, and 5, we need to pick the best. Sense 5 specifically mentions "something that resembles a flowing stream" and gives examples of a stream of people and flow of visitors. "Migration flows" refers to the movement of people as a continuous stream. Sense 3 is "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression" which is more general and doesn't have people-specific examples. Sense 4 is "any uninterrupted stream or discharge" which is also very broad. Given the example for sense 5 explicitly includes "flow of visitors", it fits perfectly. Therefore, sense 5 is the best choice.

Note: The instructions say not to answer with a sense key, just the index. So the index for sense 5 is 5. The JSON object should be {"sense_index": 5}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "employment" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense among the four candidates provided. The target lemma and surface form are both "employment".

Let's analyze the context:

The passage discusses immigration and its economic impact. It mentions that economists argue that migration flows have a positive impact on economic growth, wages, and employment in countries that admit immigrants. Restraining immigration harms employment. So, "employment" here refers to the general concept of jobs or the state of being employed, likely in an economic context.

Now let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

We need to determine which sense fits the context. The sentence says: "impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment". Here, employment is an economic variable, referring to the level of jobs or the state of being employed in the economy. It is not about the act of giving someone a job (sense 3) nor the act of using (sense 4).

Sense 1 and sense 2 are both plausible. Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" and Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid". Looking at the examples: Sense 1 includes "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city". Sense 2 has "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work". Both can refer to having a job or the general concept of employment. However, in economic contexts, "employment" often refers to the state of being employed as an aggregate measure (like the employment rate). Sense 1 explicitly says "the state of being employed" which is abstract and fits "impact on employment" meaning how many people have jobs. Sense 2 is more about the specific occupation one has, but in the context "wages and employment", it's more about the overall state of being employed versus being unemployed.

Often in WordNet, the sense for the abstract state is sense 1 (26:00 is a state noun, 04:00 is an act or process). Sense 1 is the state of being employed; sense 2 is the specific occupation. In macroeconomics, "employment" refers to the state of people being employed, not the specific jobs they do. So sense 1 is likely better.

But we must check the definitions: Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" – this is exactly what economists mean when they talk about the impact on employment. Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" – that is more like a job title or position, e.g., "What is your employment? I am a teacher." That doesn't fit as well with "impact on employment" in the aggregate sense.

Sense 3 is "the act of giving someone a job" (engagement), and sense 4 is "the act of using." Clearly, those don't fit.

Therefore, the best sense is 1.

However, I'm going to double-check the WordNet lexicographer file numbers: %1:26:00 is for nouns denoting stable states of affairs (state), while %1:04:00 is for acts or actions. "Employment" as an economic concept is a state, so 1:26:00 is correct.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index: 1.

Return JSON.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do Word Sense Disambiguation for "countries" in the given context. The target lemma is "country", surface form "countries". We have 5 candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to pick the best indexed sense based on context.

Context: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book ... there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants." So the sense is about nations that admit immigrants. It's about political/geographical entities that have immigration policies.

Looking at senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

In the context, "countries, which admit immigrants" clearly refers to nations as political entities that have immigration laws. Sense 1 is about a politically organized body of people under a single government. Sense 2 is about the territory occupied by a nation. Both could apply, but the phrase "admit immigrants" implies a governmental act: countries admit immigrants through policies. Also, the broader discussion is about migration flows and economic impact on the host countries. Sense 1 focuses on the political entity, which aligns with making decisions about immigration. Sense 2 is more territorial: "visited several European countries" fits sense 2. Here, it's not about visiting but about admittance. So sense 1 is the better fit. Sense 3 is about the people, not apt. Sense 4 is about rural areas, not relevant. Sense 5 is a geographical region, too vague. Thus, best indexed sense is 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense between sense 1 and sense 2 for "immigration" in the given context. Let's analyze the context: The paragraph discusses immigration as a concept: the problem of immigration, the impact of immigration on the economy, restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth, etc. It refers to the act or process of migration into a country, not to a specific body of immigrants arriving at a particular time. Sense 1: migration into a place (especially to a country to settle). Sense 2: the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval. The context never refers to a specific group of immigrants arriving at a time; it's about the general phenomenon of immigration. The phrase "our immigration problem" and "restraining immigration" clearly refer to the process of people moving into the country. So sense 1 is correct. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment." The target word is "growth". The context talks about economic impact, specifically mentioning "economic growth" earlier. The phrase "anaemic growth" here is in an economic context, referring to growth in terms of the economy, which is about becoming larger or more important, not biological growth, progression of culture, or vegetation. The sense that fits is sense_key=growth%1:22:02::, which means "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important", with synonyms "increase, increment", and examples "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population". This is the economic sense of growth, as in GDP growth or economic growth. The other senses don't fit: biological growth (1), progression from simpler to complex (2), vegetation (4), emergence (5), pathological (6), something grown (7). So the best indexed sense is 3.

Thus, {"sense_index": 3}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "employment" in the provided context. Let's examine the context:

"Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. ... there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>."

The target word is "employment" in the phrase "harms employment". The context discusses economic growth, wages, and employment. It's about the general state of being employed or the number of jobs available, not about an individual's occupation or the act of hiring someone or using something. The phrase "positive impact ... on economic growth, wages and employment" suggests employment refers to the overall employment level or the state of having jobs in the economy. Later, "harms employment" means it negatively affects the employment situation.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. the state of being employed or having a job; synonyms: employ. Examples: "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city". This sense is about the condition of being employed, which fits the macro-economic context.

2. the occupation for which you are paid; synonyms: work. Examples: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work". This sense refers to a specific job or occupation held by an individual. In the context, we're not talking about individual occupations but about employment as a general economic factor.

3. the act of giving someone a job; synonyms: engagement. This is about hiring, not about the state of being employed. The context isn't about hiring.

4. the act of using; synonyms: use, usage, etc. This is a different meaning, not relevant here.

Thus, sense 1 is the most appropriate: the state of being employed, as in the overall employment level in the economy.

The instruction says: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we need to output the index number. The indexes are 1,2,3,4. We choose 1.

So the JSON should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fear
Target surface form: Fears
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "fear" with surface form "Fears" in context. We need to choose among three candidate senses. The context is about immigration, discussing fears about the impact of immigrants on native workers. The sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages." This is about concerns or anxieties about economic impact, not about a specific pain or danger that triggers fight/flight, and not about profound respect. Sense 2: "an anxious feeling" with synonyms concern, care, and example "they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction" fits best. Sense 1 is more about immediate danger emotion. Sense 3 is reverence. So answer: sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "impact" in the given context. The context is about the impact of immigrants on the economy, wages, employment, etc. The specific sentence with the target word: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."

The candidate senses:
1. impact%1:11:00:: physical striking
2. impact%1:19:00:: forceful consequence; strong effect
3. impact%1:04:00:: influencing strongly
4. impact%1:04:01:: violent interaction, combat

The context clearly refers to the effect or influence of immigrants on the labor market. It is not a physical striking, nor a violent combat interaction. It is about the effect. Between sense 2 and sense 3, both refer to effect/influence. Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" with example "the book had an important impact on my thinking". Sense 3: "influencing strongly" with synonyms impingement, encroachment, example: "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture". Both are plausible, but we need to choose the single best. The context says "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" and "fears about the impact of immigrants" – it's about the effect they have. Sense 2 is explicitly "strong effect" and matches "impact on my thinking" analogous to "impact on economic growth". Sense 3 has a connotation of encroachment or impingement, which is a bit more negative and intrusive. But the context uses impact neutrally/positively as well as negatively (fears about impact). The phrase "impact of immigrants" simply means the effect they have. Sense 2 is the most direct and common meaning: a strong effect. Sense 3 is more about the act of influencing strongly, often with a connotation of intrusion. WordNet organizes these: sense 2 is in the noun.phenomenon category (19:00), sense 3 is in noun.act (04:00). The phrase "impact of immigrants" clearly refers to a consequence/effect, not an act of impinging. The synonyms for sense 3: impingement, encroachment, don't fit here. So sense 2 is the best.

Thus, we return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "notion" in the given context. The context: "... Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages." The word "notion" here refers to a belief or idea that immigrants might replace native workers. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Sense 4 is clearly not applicable. Sense 3 refers to a capricious or fanciful idea, a whim. The context discusses fears based on a notion that is not necessarily fanciful in the sense of being odd or capricious; it's a belief that might be mistaken but is presented as a serious concern. Sense 2 is "a general inclusive concept," which is too broad and not specific to a belief or idea with confidence. Sense 1 is "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed," with synonyms impression, feeling, belief, opinion. In the context, "notion" introduces a belief that immigrants replace native workers. That is indeed a belief, an opinion, an idea in which some confidence is placed. It might be vague, but it's a notion that some people hold. Sense 1 fits well. The example "what are your feelings about the crisis?" parallels "fears ... based on the notion that..." where notion is akin to a belief or impression. Thus, sense 1 is the best.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "workers" in the context. The context discusses immigration and its economic impact. Specifically, "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages." So "workers" here refers to people who are employed, particularly in jobs. The sense should be about people who work in occupations. Sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation" fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about working class membership, not necessarily employed, but here they are talking about replacement in the labor market, so it's clearly about employed workers. Sense 3 is about insects, not relevant. Sense 4 is about a person who acts and gets things done, but that's more abstract. So sense 1 is the best.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "ones" in the given context. The target lemma is "one", surface form "ones". The context discusses immigrants replacing native workers, especially unskilled ones. "ones" here refers to native workers, specifically unskilled native workers. It is a pronoun standing for "people" or "workers". Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number". This is about the number 1. Clearly not applicable here.

Sense 2: "a single person or thing". Example: "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered." Here, "ones" is plural, referring to multiple persons. The sense "a single person or thing" could be extended to plural "ones" meaning "persons or things". WordNet often lists senses for the lemma "one", and the plural "ones" just works as the plural of that sense. So sense 2 fits: "a single person or thing" can refer to people or things, and in context, "unskilled ones" means unskilled native workers, i.e., persons. So I'll select sense 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "pressure" in the context: "exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages." The target lemma is "pressure", surface form "pressure". We need to pick the best sense from the given candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: The text discusses immigration and its economic impact. There's a fear that immigrants might replace native workers, especially unskilled ones, thus "exerting downward pressure on wages." This is an economic metaphor: "pressure" here refers to a force that compels or influences wages to decrease. It's not physical pressure, nor the act of pressing, nor atmospheric pressure, nor a somatic sensation, nor a state of demanding attention, nor an oppressive condition of distress (though related, but sense 6 is "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress" – that is a state of distress, not the force itself). Sense 2: "a force that compels" with example "the public brought pressure to bear on the government" fits perfectly. In economics, "downward pressure on wages" means a compelling force that tends to lower wages. So, sense_index 2.

Let's verify other senses:
Sense 1: physical force per unit area – no, this is metaphorical.
Sense 3: act of pressing – no, not a physical act.
Sense 4: state of demanding notice – not quite; it's about exerting influence, not demanding attention.
Sense 5: somatic sensation – no.
Sense 6: oppressive condition of distress – this could be close, but it says "an oppressive condition... of economic distress." But "pressure" here is the force causing that distress, not the condition itself. The phrase "exerting downward pressure" indicates an active force, not a state. Sense 2 is more active: "a force that compels."
Sense 7: atmospheric pressure – no.

Thus, the best choice is sense_index=2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "experience" in the given context. The context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..." Here, "experience" refers to accumulated knowledge from past events or observations, serving as evidence. It's not about a specific event or a personal experience, but about what collective experience or practical wisdom indicates. Sense 1: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities" fits, as "experience shows" means accumulated knowledge from past events demonstrates something. Sense 2: "the content of direct observation or participation in an event" - that's more about a specific instance, like "a religious experience." Sense 3: "an event as apprehended" - again specific events. The phrase "experience shows" uses "experience" in a general, collective sense of practical knowledge gained over time. So sense 1 is correct.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replacement
Target surface form: replacements
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replacement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. sense_key=replacement%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. sense_key=replacement%1:11:00:: | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. sense_key=replacement%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. sense_key=replacement%1:22:00:: | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. sense_key=replacement%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "replacements" in context. The target surface form is "replacements", but the lemma is "replacement". The context: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor...". So we need to choose the sense that fits "replacements" here, meaning they are not replacements of local labor.

The sentence says immigrants are complementary, not replacements. So "replacements" here means something like people who take the place of others. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. replacement%1:04:00:: : act of furnishing an equivalent. This is a noun referring to the act. But in context, "replacements of local labor" – "replacements" is plural and seems to refer to entities that replace. It's not the act, but the people themselves. Example: "replacing the star will not be easy" – that's an action.

2. replacement%1:18:02:: : someone who takes the place of another person. Synonyms: surrogate, alternate. This is a person. It fits "replacements of local labor" meaning immigrants are not people who take the place of local labor. But note: local labor refers to workers, so "replacements" could be persons.

3. replacement%1:11:00:: : an event in which one thing is substituted for another. This is an event, not a person. "replacements of local labor" would then mean substitution events. Possibly less fitting because the sentence compares immigrants to replacements, implying they serve as replacements.

4. replacement%1:09:00:: : a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another. Synonyms: substitute. This is exactly what's needed. Immigrants are not substitutes for local labor. This sense includes both persons and things. "replacements of local labor" – the immigrants would be replacements (substitutes). This seems perfect.

5. replacement%1:22:00:: : filling again by supplying what has been used up. Not relevant.

6. replacement%1:18:01:: : a person who follows next in order, successor. This is more about order, like a successor in a job or title. Not exactly fitting as a replacement in economic sense; immigrants are not successors.

Sense 4 is very broad: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another". That's exactly the "substitute" meaning. The context: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor" – they are not substitutes. So sense 4 fits best.

Sense 2 is also a person who takes the place, but note sense 4 explicitly includes "or thing", and the definition is directly synonymous with "substitute". It's the most general and apt. So index 4.

Thus, {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "labor" in the given context. The target is "local labor" in "replacements of, local labor" and "shortage of local labor". The context is about immigration and labor market. It discusses immigrants complementing local workers, doing jobs where there is a shortage of local labor. So "labor" here refers to workers, the workforce, people who do work for wages. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field. This example perfectly fits: "shortage of skilled labor" parallels "shortage of local labor". The definition refers to a social class, but the example shows it can mean the group of workers. In context, "local labor" means local workers, local workforce.

2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill. This is about the activity, not the people. "Shortage of local labor" could be shortage of work? No, it's shortage of workers.

3. maternal labor, not relevant.

4. labor movement, not relevant.

5. political party, not relevant.

6. department, not relevant.

7. undertaking, project, not relevant.

Sense 1 is the best: the working class, people who do manual labor or work for wages. The example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" directly matches "shortage of local labor". In the sentence, "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor" means immigrants complement local workers, not replace them. So "local labor" refers to local workforce.

Thus, sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trade
Target surface form: trades
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trade%1:04:05:: | definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:01:: | definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. sense_key=trade%1:19:00:: | definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. sense_key=trade%1:04:03:: | definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "trade", surface form "trades" in the context: "...exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor." The sentence is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor." So immigrants are exercising trades where local labor is scarce. "Exercising trades" means they are working in certain occupations. So it refers to the skilled practice of a practical occupation. That matches sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation" with synonyms "craft". Examples: "he learned his trade as an apprentice". Here "trades" clearly means occupations or skilled work. Sense 5 is also about people who perform skilled work, but that's a collective noun (e.g., "the trade" meaning the people in that craft). Here, "exercising trades" is plural, and it's about the actual practice, not the group of people. So sense 2 is most appropriate. The context mentions "unskilled immigrants work in sectors" but also "exercising trades", which implies the occupations themselves. So I'll pick sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given target lemma "shortage" and context. Candidate senses:

1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit

2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Context: "there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor"

We need to choose the single best indexed sense. Both seem plausible, but sense 1 is about "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" with synonyms deficit, shortfall. Sense 2 is "an acute insufficiency" with synonyms dearth, famine. The context says "trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." It's talking about a lack of local labor in certain sectors. It doesn't necessarily imply an "acute insufficiency" like famine; it's more of a deficit or shortfall of workers. In economic contexts, "shortage" often means a deficiency in supply relative to demand. I'd lean toward sense 1 because it's about an amount being less than required, not necessarily acute. Sense 2 uses "dearth" and "famine" which suggest a more severe scarcity. The text says "unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor" — that's a shortage, but not necessarily an acute crisis like famine. So sense 1 fits better.

But let's double-check: The examples for sense 1: "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit." That's a medical example. The definition is "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required." "Shortfall" is synonym. In economics, a shortage is a shortfall. Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency" — acute means severe. The context doesn't emphasize severity, just a lack. So I'll pick sense 1.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "labor" in context. The sentence is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>." The target word is the second occurrence of "labor" in the context, but the first one is "local labor", and then "shortage of local labor". So the sense should be about workers, manual laborers, or the workforce. Looking at the candidate senses:
1. labor%1:14:00:: (social class of manual workers) — definition mentions "shortage of skilled labor", which matches "shortage of local labor". Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" is very similar to our context.
2. labor%1:04:00:: is productive work, but the context says "shortage of local labor" meaning local workers, not work. So 1 is better.
3. pregnancy sense not relevant.
4. labor movement/organized attempt by workers — not relevant to "shortage".
5. British Labour Party — no.
6. US Department of Labor — no.
7. undertaking/project — no.

Thus sense 1 is the clearmatch.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "sectors" in the given context. The context discusses immigration and its impact on the economy. It mentions "unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor" and "the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." So, clearly, the word "sectors" here refers to parts of the economy, such as job sectors or economic sectors.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. A geometric figure (part of a circle) - irrelevant.
2. A social group that forms part of the society or the economy; example: the public sector. This fits perfectly. "Sectors" here mean segments of the economy, like job sectors.
3. A particular aspect of life or activity; synonym: sphere; example: an important sector of his life. While this could be related, the economic context strongly points to the economic/social group sense. The example "the public sector" aligns with economic sectors.
4. Computer memory track - irrelevant.
5. Military position - irrelevant.
6. Measuring instrument - irrelevant.

Thus, sense 2 is the best choice. The instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" so index 2.

Answer: {"sense_index": 2}