[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involves
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff <t>involves</t> local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "involve" with surface form "involves" in the context: "... the primary duty of personal staff <t>involves</t> local benefit - seeking ...". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 7 candidate senses.

Let's analyze each candidate sense in relation to the context.

Context: "the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking". Here, "involves" is used to describe what the primary duty consists of or entails. It's saying that the duty includes or has as a feature local benefit-seeking.

Sense 1: "connect closely and often incriminatingly" (syn: affect, regard). Example: "This new ruling affects your business" – This sense is about affecting or relating to something, often with a connotation of incrimination. Not a good fit because the duty does not "affect" or "incriminate" local benefit-seeking; it simply is that activity.

Sense 2: "engage as a participant". Example: "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" – This sense means to include someone as a participant. Here the subject is "duty", not a person. It doesn't engage as a participant. So not appropriate.

Sense 3: "have as a necessary feature" (syn: imply). Example: "This decision involves many changes" – This sense means that something includes or entails something as a feature. For example, a decision involves changes i.e., the decision implies or includes changes. This fits well: the primary duty involves local benefit-seeking i.e., the duty has local benefit-seeking as a necessary feature/component.

Sense 4: "require as useful, just, or proper" (syn: necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take). Example: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work" – This sense means to require something. The duty does not "require" local benefit-seeking; rather, the duty itself is local benefit-seeking, or includes it. The duty might require effort, but "involves" here is not saying "requires." It's describing what the duty consists of.

Sense 5: "contain as a part". Example: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" – This sense means to include as a component. Very similar to Sense 3: "have as a necessary feature." The difference might be subtle: Sense 5 is about containing as a part, like a meal contains courses. Sense 3 is about having a necessary feature, which may be more abstract. In many contexts, they overlap. However, WordNet often distinguishes them: Sense 3 (imply) is about logical or inherent features, Sense 5 is about physical or set-inclusion. In this context, the duty "involves" local benefit-seeking, meaning local benefit-seeking is a part or component of the duty. Both 3 and 5 could fit. We need to see the exact glosses.

Sense 3: "have as a necessary feature" | synonyms=imply | example: "This decision involves many changes" -> changes are a necessary feature of the decision.
Sense 5: "contain as a part" | example: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" -> courses are parts of the dinner.

The phrase "the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit-seeking" suggests that local benefit-seeking is the content or essence of the duty. It's not just a part; it might be the whole duty, but the verb "involves" often means "consists of" or "includes as a central feature." I think both 3 and 5 are plausible. However, "involves" in such contexts often is used in the sense of "has as a necessary feature/entails". For instance, "the job involves travel" means travel is a necessary component. So both "have as a necessary feature" and "contain as a part" are similar. But we need to pick one.

Let's check the example for Sense 5: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" – that's about containing parts. Sense 3 example: "This decision involves many changes" – that's about entailing. Is there a difference? Often, "involve" meaning "entail" is used for abstract things, while "contain" is for concrete sets. But both can apply to duties and activities.

We should also consider the other senses. Sense 6: "occupy or engage the interest of" – not applicable. Sense 7: "make complex" – not applicable. Sense 1: "affect" – not applicable. Sense 2: "engage as participant" – not applicable because the subject is "duty". Sense 4: "require" – not quite; the duty doesn't require local benefit-seeking, it consists of it.

Thus, the choice is between Sense 3 and Sense 5. To decide, note the WordNet hierarchy: Sense 3 has synset "involve%2:42:00::", Sense 5 has "involve%2:42:02::". The numbers 00 and 02 indicate different sub-senses. Sense 3 is about implication/necessity as feature. Sense 5 is about containment. In many disambiguation tasks, the "have as a necessary feature" sense (often labeled as "imply") is used when one thing logically or essentially includes another. The "contain as a part" sense is used when something includes a part, often in a set or collection.

In our sentence: "the primary duty ... involves local benefit-seeking" – it's defining what the duty is: local benefit-seeking. That is, the duty is essentially local benefit-seeking. So it's more like "has as a necessary feature" (or even "consists of"). Consider the paraphrase: "the primary duty is local benefit-seeking." The verb "involves" here is almost equative. But it's not "contains as a part"; it's not that the duty has several parts and local benefit-seeking is one part; it's that the duty is that activity. It's a definition.

However, in the broader context: "the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking" — they are describing the duty. If the duty is exactly local benefit-seeking, then it "consists of" that. The word "involves" can sometimes mean "is composed of", but that's akin to "contain as a part"? If the duty is only that, then it contains it as the whole. But I think the more common WordNet sense for such usage is sense 3: "have as a necessary feature". For instance, "His job involves a lot of travel" is often annotated as sense 3. Let me check typical WSD for "involve": In the Senseval/SemCor, "involve" sense 3 is for "imply, have as necessary feature", and sense 5 is for "contain". In many examples, "the job involves computer skills" is sense 3 because it implies those skills are necessary.

Thus, I'll lean toward sense 3.

Now, we need to output a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. I'll choose sense_index 3.

provider: Wafer


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves <t>local</t> benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "local" in the context: "To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves <t>local</t> benefit - seeking, ..." The context discusses local benefit-seeking by legislators, contrasting local (narrow constituent concerns) with national policy making. The word "local" here modifies "benefit-seeking", meaning seeking benefits for a specific locality or district (the legislator's constituency).

Looking at the senses:
1. Relating to administration of a city/town/district rather than larger area. Examples: local taxes, local authorities. This sense is about governance/administration at a local level.
2. Of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood. Examples: local customs, local schools. This sense describes something pertaining to a specific place.
3. Affecting only a restricted part of the body. Not applicable.

In the context, "local benefit - seeking" means seeking benefits for the local area (the district the legislator represents). It is about the locality, not necessarily about the administration of the locality. Sense 2 fits better: characteristic of a particular locality. Sense 1 is about administration, but "local benefit-seeking" doesn't refer to taxes or authorities; it refers to seeking benefits for the local area. However, in political contexts, "local" often contrasts with "national", and can imply both the locality itself and its governance. But the gloss for sense 1 specifically says "administration of a city...", while sense 2 is broader: "characteristic of a particular locality". I think sense 2 is the best: local benefit-seeking is seeking benefits that are characteristic of or belonging to that locality. Also, the examples for sense 2 ("local customs, local schools") align with things that are specific to a neighborhood. Sense 1 examples are about governance (taxes, authorities). Since the text mentions "narrow constituent concerns", it's about the interests of the local area, not necessarily the administration. So I'd pick sense 2.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: indicate
Target surface form: indicates
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this <t>indicates</t> that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis
2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work
5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "indicates" in context. The sentence: "To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns."

We need to pick the best sense from the five options.

Let's analyze the context: The word "this" refers to the finding that GOP senators turn back more of their staff budgets. The sentence says that this finding "indicates" that political philosophy leads Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. So "indicates" here means to show or suggest as evidence. It's not about directly signaling a symptom, nor about pointing spatially, nor stating briefly, nor a medical suggestion. Sense 1: "be a signal for or a symptom of" with examples like "These symptoms indicate a serious illness". That seems more about direct signs/symptoms. Sense 4: "give evidence of" with synonyms "argue" and examples "The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work." That fits perfectly: the finding is evidence that leads to a conclusion. So sense 4 is the best match.

Sense 3 is about stating briefly, which is not the case. Sense 2 is about pointing spatially/figuratively, but here it's indicating a conclusion from evidence, not pointing to a thing. Sense 5 is medical. So I'll choose sense 4.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: political
Target surface form: political
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that <t>political</t> philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=political%3:00:00:: | definition=involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians; - Daniel Goleman | examples=calling a meeting is a political act in itself; political pressure
2. sense_key=political%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to your views about social relationships involving authority or power | examples=political opinions
3. sense_key=political%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to the profession of governing | examples=political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "political" in context. The sentence is: "...this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns." The word "political" modifies "philosophy". The three candidate senses:

1. involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians; examples: "calling a meeting is a political act in itself; political pressure"
2. of or relating to your views about social relationships involving authority or power; examples: "political opinions"
3. of or relating to the profession of governing; examples: "political career"

We need to choose the best sense based on context. The phrase is "political philosophy". It refers to a philosophy about politics or governing. Sense 1 is broad: "involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians". Sense 2 is about personal views on social relationships involving power. Sense 3 is specifically about the profession of governing. In this context, "political philosophy" likely means a set of beliefs or principles regarding politics, government, or public policy. The word "philosophy" here is like an ideology. It's not necessarily about the profession of governing (sense 3), but rather about a way of thinking about politics in general. Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians." The examples include "political pressure", "political act", so "political philosophy" would fall under the characteristic of politics. Sense 2 is about "your views", but "political philosophy" is not just personal views; it's a broader concept. Sense 3 is too narrow: "of or relating to the profession of governing" - philosophy is not a profession. So best is sense 1.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: philosophy
Target surface form: philosophy
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political <t>philosophy</t> leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "philosophy" in the context. The target word appears in: "this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school. Synonyms: doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism.
2. Sense 2: the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics.
3. Sense 3: any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation. Examples: self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it.

The context says "political philosophy" referring to Republicans' approach. It's about a set of beliefs guiding their behavior regarding local benefit-seeking. Not an academic discipline (sense 2), nor a personal life philosophy (sense 3). It's a doctrine or system of beliefs held by a group (Republican party). So sense 1 fits best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lead
Target surface form: leads
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy <t>leads</t> congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lead%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=take, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
2. sense_key=lead%2:42:04:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, result | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=lead%2:42:12:: | definition=tend to or result in | examples=This remark lead to further arguments among the guests
4. sense_key=lead%2:38:00:: | definition=travel in front of; go in advance of others | synonyms=head | examples=The procession was headed by John
5. sense_key=lead%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to undertake a certain action | examples=Her greed led her to forge the checks
6. sense_key=lead%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=lead%2:41:00:: | definition=be in charge of | synonyms=head | examples=Who is heading this project?
8. sense_key=lead%2:42:01:: | definition=be ahead of others; be the first | synonyms=top | examples=she topped her class every year
9. sense_key=lead%2:41:12:: | definition=be conducive to | synonyms=contribute, conduce | examples=The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing
10. sense_key=lead%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=conduct, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
11. sense_key=lead%2:42:03:: | definition=lead, extend, or afford access | synonyms=go | examples=This door goes to the basement; The road runs South
12. sense_key=lead%2:38:02:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=precede
13. sense_key=lead%2:42:02:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=run | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
14. sense_key=lead%2:32:01:: | definition=preside over | synonyms=moderate, chair | examples=John moderated the discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "lead" and surface form "leads" in a context. The context: "First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy <t>leads</t> congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns."

So, the sentence is: "this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns." The structure is "X leads Y to do Z", meaning X causes Y to do Z.

Now, we have candidate senses. The relevant frames: "lead" in the sense of causing someone to do something, or leading to a result. Let's examine each sense:

1. take somebody somewhere (physical guiding) - not this.
2. have as a result or residue (leave a mark) - "lead" here is a linking verb? The synonyms are "leave, result" and examples: "The water left a mark...". Not exactly causation of action.
3. tend to or result in - definition: "tend to or result in" example: "This remark lead to further arguments among the guests." That's similar: remark leads to arguments, i.e., causes. But here the structure is "lead to something". In the context, it's "leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention..." It's "lead someone to do something", which is a slightly different construction.
4. travel in front of; go in advance of others - physical leading.
5. cause to undertake a certain action - definition: "cause to undertake a certain action". Example: "Her greed led her to forge the checks." Structure: X leads Y to do Z. Perfect match: "political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention..." So sense 5 is exactly "cause to undertake a certain action".
6. stretch out over a distance - not.
7. be in charge of - not.
8. be ahead of others, be the first - not.
9. be conducive to - "contribute, conduce" example: "The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing". Again, "lead to something", not "lead someone to do something".
10. lead a composition (conduct) - not.
11. lead, extend, or afford access - not.
12. move ahead in time or space - not.
13. cause something to pass or lead somewhere - physical, "run the wire" - not.
14. preside over (moderate, chair) - not.

So sense 5 is the best match: "cause to undertake a certain action". The example "Her greed led her to forge the checks" is structurally identical to "political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention".

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 5.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional <t>Republicans</t> to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a context with "Republicans" and candidate senses. Sense 1 is a member of the Republican Party. Sense 2 is an advocate of a republic. Sense 3 is a river. The context is about US politics, comparing Republicans and Democrats in Senate and House races. Clearly, "Republicans" refers to members of the Republican Party. So sense 1 is correct.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: narrow
Target surface form: narrow
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to <t>narrow</t> constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=narrow%3:00:00:: | definition=not wide | examples=a narrow bridge; a narrow line across the page
2. sense_key=narrow%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | examples=the narrow sense of a word
3. sense_key=narrow%3:00:06:: | definition=lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view | synonyms=narrow-minded | examples=a brilliant but narrow-minded judge; narrow opinions
4. sense_key=narrow%3:00:02:: | definition=very limited in degree | examples=won by a narrow margin; a narrow escape
5. sense_key=narrow%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=characterized by painstaking care and detailed examination | synonyms=minute | examples=a minute inspection of the grounds; a narrow scrutiny

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "narrow" in the given sentence. The sentence is: "this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns." We need to choose the best sense from the provided candidates.

Let's examine the context: The text is discussing political philosophy and how Republicans pay less attention to "narrow constituent concerns." The phrase "constituent concerns" refers to the concerns of the constituents (the people they represent). "Narrow" here seems to modify "concerns." It likely means limited in scope or focus, perhaps specific, parochial, or not broad. The idea is that Republicans are less interested in local benefit-seeking, so they pay less attention to narrow (i.e., local, specific) concerns as opposed to broader national policy issues.

Now, look at the candidate senses:

1. "not wide" - physical width; doesn't fit concerns.
2. "limited in size or scope" - example: "the narrow sense of a word." This could fit: narrow concerns meaning limited, specific concerns.
3. "lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view" - synonyms: narrow-minded. This is about a person's mindset, not about concerns being narrow. It could describe a person as narrow-minded, but here "narrow" modifies "concerns," so it's not about intolerance.
4. "very limited in degree" - examples: "won by a narrow margin". This is about degree, like a small margin. Not appropriate for "concerns" unless it's about a narrow escape, but here it's "concerns."
5. "characterized by painstaking care and detailed examination" - synonyms: minute. Example: "a minute inspection". This is about careful scrutiny. The phrase "narrow constituent concerns" doesn't imply careful examination; it implies limited scope.

Between senses 2 and 4, sense 2 is "limited in size or scope" which fits well. Sense 4 is "very limited in degree" which is often used for margins or escapes. Concerns could be "narrow" in scope, meaning they are focused on local, specific issues rather than broad national issues. The context says: "local benefit-seeking matters more" and "national policy making matters less", so "narrow" here means parochial, limited in scope. That matches sense 2.

Sense 2 example: "the narrow sense of a word" - that means a specific, limited meaning. So sense 2 is the best fit.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index 2.

Now, return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constituent
Target surface form: constituent
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow <t>constituent</t> concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constituent%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system | synonyms=component, element | examples=spare components for cars; a component or constituent element of a system
2. sense_key=constituent%1:18:00:: | definition=a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes | examples=needs continued support by constituents to be re-elected
3. sense_key=constituent%1:24:00:: | definition=something determined in relation to something that includes it | synonyms=part, portion, component part, component | examples=he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself; I read a portion of the manuscript
4. sense_key=constituent%1:10:00:: | definition=(grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction | synonyms=grammatical constituent
5. sense_key=constituent%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, element, factor, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "constituent" in the given context. The target lemma is "constituent", surface form "constituent". The context: "... this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow <t>constituent</t> concerns." Here, "constituent" is used as an adjective? Actually, "constituent concerns" – concerns of constituents? Or concerns that are constituent parts? The phrase "narrow constituent concerns" likely refers to the concerns of the people they represent, i.e., the voters in their district. The context is about legislators and local benefit-seeking, focusing on the relationship between representatives and their voters. The sentence says: "congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns." That means concerns that belong to their constituents (the people who elected them). So "constituent" here means a member of a constituency. That matches sense 2: "a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes". The other senses: sense 1 (artifact component), sense 3 (a part/portion of something), sense 4 (grammatical constituent), sense 5 (abstract part). None of those fit. Sense 2 is clearly about voters. So the answer is sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concern
Target surface form: concerns
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent <t>concerns</t>. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concern%1:09:00:: | definition=something that interests you because it is important or affects you | examples=the safety of the ship is the captain's concern
2. sense_key=concern%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=care, fear | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=concern%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of sympathy for someone or something | examples=She felt strong concern for those less fortunate
4. sense_key=concern%1:09:01:: | definition=something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness | synonyms=worry, headache, vexation | examples=New York traffic is a constant concern; it's a major worry
5. sense_key=concern%1:14:00:: | definition=a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it | synonyms=business, business concern, business organization, business organisation | examples=he bought his brother's business; a small mom-and-pop business

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target word "concerns" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the five provided options. The return format should be a JSON object with the sense_index (an integer). Let's analyze the context.

Context: The sentence containing the target word is: "To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent <t>concerns</t>." The phrase is "narrow constituent concerns." "Constituent" here refers to the people represented by the legislators. So "constituent concerns" means the worries, interests, or issues that the constituents have.

Now let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=concern%1:09:00:: | definition=something that interests you because it is important or affects you | examples=the safety of the ship is the captain's concern. This sense is about something that is of interest/importance. It fits "constituent concerns": the issues that are important to the constituents.

2. sense_key=concern%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=care, fear | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction. This sense is about the emotion of anxiety. "Narrow constituent concerns" could be interpreted as the narrow worries or anxieties of constituents. However, the context is about local benefit-seeking, so it's more about issues or interests that constituents care about, not necessarily the feeling of anxiety itself.

3. sense_key=concern%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of sympathy for someone or something | examples=She felt strong concern for those less fortunate. This is about sympathy/compassion. Not fitting.

4. sense_key=concern%1:09:01:: | definition=something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness | synonyms=worry, headache, vexation | examples=New York traffic is a constant concern; it's a major worry. This sense is about a source of worry. Again, "constituent concerns" could be the things that cause constituents anxiety. But the overall context is about "local benefit-seeking," which involves addressing the needs and interests of constituents. The distinction: sense 1 is about something that interests you because it's important; sense 4 is a source of anxiety. The context: "pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns." It seems like the concerns are the issues that constituents care about, which could be either important interests (sense 1) or worries (sense 4). However, sense 1 is broader: "something that interests you because it is important or affects you." It encompasses both positive and negative aspects. Sense 4 specifically is a source of unhappiness. The context does not specify that these concerns are necessarily sources of anxiety; they are just narrow interests/issues. In political contexts, "constituent concerns" typically means the matters that constituents are interested in or worried about, but sense 1 is the most general and neutral. The examples for sense 1: "the safety of the ship is the captain's concern" — the captain is interested in it because it's important. Here, constituents have concerns (things of interest/importance). I'd go with sense 1.

5. sense_key=concern%1:14:00:: | definition=a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it | synonyms=business, business concern, ... | Not fitting at all.

Thus, the best choice is sense 1.

The return format: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: assumption
Target surface form: assumption
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key <t>assumption</t> is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=assumption%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn | synonyms=premise, premiss | examples=on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play
2. sense_key=assumption%1:09:00:: | definition=a hypothesis that is taken for granted | synonyms=supposition, supposal | examples=any society is built upon certain assumptions
3. sense_key=assumption%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of taking possession of or power over something | synonyms=laying claim | examples=his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba; the Nazi assumption of power in 1934
4. sense_key=assumption%1:28:00:: | definition=celebration in the Roman Catholic Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly life ended; corresponds to the Dormition in the Eastern Orthodox Church | synonyms=Assumption of Mary, August 15
5. sense_key=assumption%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christianity) the taking up of the body and soul of the Virgin Mary when her earthly life had ended
6. sense_key=assumption%1:07:00:: | definition=audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to | synonyms=presumption, presumptuousness, effrontery | examples=he despised them for their presumptuousness
7. sense_key=assumption%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of assuming or taking for granted | examples=your assumption that I would agree was unwarranted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "assumption" in context. The context is about a "key assumption" in a political science theory. The assumption is that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than Republicans. This is a statement or hypothesis that is taken as a starting point for reasoning or for empirical testing. The sentence says "Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing..." So it's clearly a proposition that is assumed to be true for the sake of argument or investigation.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. A statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn. Synonyms: premise, premiss. Example: "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play." This fits well: the key assumption is a premise for the theory.

2. A hypothesis that is taken for granted. Synonyms: supposition, supposal. Example: "any society is built upon certain assumptions." Also fits well, overlapping with sense 1.

3. The act of taking possession of or power over something. Not relevant.

4. Celebration in the Roman Catholic Church... Not relevant.

5. (Christianity) the taking up of the body and soul... Not relevant.

6. Audacious (even arrogant) behavior... Not relevant.

7. The act of assuming or taking for granted. Example: "your assumption that I would agree was unwarranted." This is the act, not the statement itself. The context says "the key assumption that..." It's the content, not the act. So sense 7 is about the act of assuming, but we need the proposition assumed.

Between senses 1 and 2: sense 1 emphasizes a premise from which a conclusion can be drawn; sense 2 emphasizes a hypothesis taken for granted. In the context, it's a hypothesis that the theory rests upon, and they are testing it with evidence. "Key assumption" is common in social science to mean a foundational supposition. Both are plausible, but sense 1 is more formal as a premise for reasoning. Sense 2 says "a hypothesis that is taken for granted." In scientific contexts, "assumption" often refers to a working hypothesis. The examples given: "any society is built upon certain assumptions" matches our political context. The example for sense 1: "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer..." That's more like a conditional premise. Here, the assumption is about legislator behavior, and they are corroborating it—that is, they treat it as a supposition that they find evidence for. It's not necessarily a premise for deductive inference, but rather a core claim. I'd lean toward sense 2 as it explicitly mentions "hypothesis that is taken for granted," which aligns with "key assumption" in a theory. Sense 1 could also work, but the nuance of "hypothesis" fits better with empirical testing. Additionally, note that WordNet sometimes has fine distinctions; but sense indices are given. Let's check the numbers: sense 1 index 1, sense 2 index 2. I'll go with sense 2.

But we must be careful: the instruction says "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." Both senses are plausible. Let's see if there's any hint: the target form is "assumption" and it's a noun. The context says "the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing..." That is a proposition, a statement. Sense 1 is "a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn." Sense 2 is "a hypothesis that is taken for granted." The difference might be that sense 1 is more about logical premises in arguments, while sense 2 is more about foundational beliefs. However, in political science, "assumption" often refers to a supposition about behavior. The example for sense 2: "any society is built upon certain assumptions" is very broad. The example for sense 1: "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer..." is a specific conditional premise. The context here is a general empirical assumption about party differences. They present evidence corroborating it. It's not a premise for a deductive conclusion, but rather a hypothesis they are testing. So sense 2 seems slightly better.

I'll choose sense 2.

Thus, the output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: valid
Target surface form: valid
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is <t>valid</t>, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=valid%3:00:00:: | definition=well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force | examples=a valid inference; a valid argument
2. sense_key=valid%5:00:00:unexpired:00 | definition=still legally acceptable | examples=the license is still valid

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "valid" and surface form "valid" in the context. The context is: "Second, if the key assumption is <t>valid</t>, Democrats should have lower attendance rates..." Here, "valid" is used in the sense of an assumption being correct, well-founded, or true. The first candidate sense is "well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force" with examples like "a valid inference; a valid argument." This matches the use: an assumption being logically sound or true. The second sense is "still legally acceptable" like "the license is still valid." That doesn't fit because it's about an assumption, not a document or license. So sense 1 is correct. The output should be a JSON object with "sense_index": 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, <t>Democrats</t> should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "Democrats" in the given context. The target lemma is "democrat", and the surface form is "Democrats". The context discusses differences between Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. Congress, focusing on local benefit-seeking behavior. The target word appears in the sentence: "... if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do ..." This clearly refers to members of the Democratic Party, as it contrasts with Republicans. Sense 1: democrat%1:18:01:: is "a member of the Democratic Party". Sense 2: democrat%1:18:00:: is "an advocate of democratic principles" (populist). In this political context, it's specifically about party members, not general advocates of democracy. So sense 1 is correct. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: have
Target surface form: have
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should <t>have</t> lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France
3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?
5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant
8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left
10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess
11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up
12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis
13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift
16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Democrats should <t>have</t> lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do". The target is "have". In context: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do". So it's about possessing or exhibiting a certain attribute: "have lower attendance rates". "Attendance rates" is an abstract attribute, so we need a sense that means "have or possess, either in a concrete or abstract sense". Sense 1 is: "have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters". That fits abstract possession (having a rate). Sense 4 is ownership, which is more concrete possession. Sense 1 explicitly includes abstract senses. The example in sense 1 has abstract ("$1,000") and concrete, so it's broad. So sense 1 is best.

Check other senses: 2 "have as a feature" could also work, but sense 1 is more direct. The WordNet sense 1 is the default possession sense. I'll go with sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower <t>attendance</t> rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "attendance", context about attendance rates on roll-call votes. The sentence: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."

Candidate senses:
1. attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

We need the best sense for "attendance" in context. The phrase is "attendance rates on roll-call votes". Here, "attendance" refers to the act of being present for roll-call votes. Sense 1 is "the act of being present", which fits: the act of showing up to vote. Sense 2 is about frequency (like a student's attendance record), but the phrase "attendance rates" combines both the act and frequency. However, the focus is on whether they are present or not for votes. Actually, "attendance rates" is a common phrase meaning the frequency of being present. In the context, they talk about "lower attendance rates", meaning Democrats show up less often for roll-call votes. The example for sense 2: "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade" uses attendance to mean the record of being present. So sense 2 is specifically about frequency. Sense 1 is just the act. Then sense 3 is about the number of people present. "Attendance rates" could be interpreted as the proportion of members present, but it still boils down to the frequency of individuals being present. Since the context is about individual legislators' presence, it's about the act/frequency. But sense 2 explicitly defines it as "the frequency with which a person is present", which matches "attendance rates" as a measure of how often they attend. Sense 1 is just the act, but here it's a rate, so a measurable frequency. Thus sense 2 is the most precise. Sense 3 is about total count, not appropriate for individual attendance rates. So the best is sense 2.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rates
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance <t>rates</t> on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "rates" in the phrase "lower attendance rates on roll-call votes". Let's look at the context:

"...Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do..."

Here, "attendance rates" refers to how often legislators are present for roll-call votes, essentially a proportion or frequency of attendance. The word "rate" here is used to measure the proportion of attendance events relative to total opportunities. It's not about speed (sense 3), not about a charge per unit (sense 2), not about magnitude per time unit (sense 1: speed over time). Sense 4 is "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure" with examples "the literacy rate; the retention rate". That fits perfectly: attendance rate is the proportion of times attended out of total possible votes.

Sense 1 is about frequency relative to time unit (like speed). Attendance rates aren't measured per time unit but as a proportion. Sense 3 is relative speed of progress. Not applicable. Sense 2 is about charge or payment. Not applicable.

So sense 4 is the best match.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call <t>votes</t> than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the target word "vote" with surface form "votes" in the given context. The context discusses roll-call votes, where "roll-call votes" refers to a formal voting procedure in Congress where each member's vote is recorded. The sentence: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking." Here, "votes" clearly refers to instances of voting or the act of voting on a roll-call. We need to match this to the candidate senses.

Let's review each sense:

1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person. This sense refers to a single choice or the process of voting, often used in the plural "votes" to mean the expressions of choice. It fits: roll-call votes are choices made by counting.

2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote. This is more about the collective decision, not the individual acts. "Roll-call votes" are the recorded individual votes, not just the outcome. So this might not fit as well.

3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment... | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage. This is about the right to vote, not the act. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote. This refers to a voting bloc. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout. This is the turnout, not the individual votes. "Roll-call votes" doesn't refer to turnout.

The context uses "votes" as plural of "vote" meaning an instance of voting or a choice expressed in a roll-call. Sense 1 matches: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative". The examples: "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion" uses "votes" to mean the individual expressions of support, which is similar to "roll-call votes". Sense 2 is about the collective opinion, like "the vote of the committee", but in the sentence, it's "attendance rates on roll-call votes" which implies the events or the recorded choices. I think sense 1 is more precise: each roll-call vote is an instance of a choice being made. Sense 1 has synonyms ballot, voting, balloting. "Roll-call votes" are individual voting events where choices are counted. I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than <t>Republicans</t> do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to find the best sense for "Republicans" in the context. The target lemma is "republican", surface form is "Republicans". The context discusses U.S. politics, mentioning Congress, Democrats, GOP senators, roll-call votes, etc. So clearly it refers to members of the Republican Party. Sense 1: a member of the Republican Party. That fits. Sense 2 is a generic advocate of a republic, not relevant. Sense 3 is the Republican River, obviously not relevant. So answer is sense_index 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extent
Target surface form: extent
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the <t>extent</t> that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law
2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "extent" and the context: "to the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking" and "to the <t>extent</t> that such votes reflect national policy making". The phrase "to the extent that" is an idiomatic expression meaning "insofar as" or "to the degree that". It indicates a degree or point to which something is true. The first sense: "the point or degree to which something extends" fits perfectly with "to the extent that". The second sense is about physical distance/area/volume, which is not relevant here. Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

Now, the instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we need to return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such <t>votes</t> reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the token "votes" in the given context. The context is from a discussion about legislators' behavior: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking." Here, "votes" refers to instances of voting on roll-call votes—that is, specific occasions where legislators cast their votes. The context uses "roll-call votes" and then refers to "such votes," clearly meaning the act of voting or individual voting events.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: definition: a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative. Synonyms: ballot, voting, balloting. Examples: "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person." This sense seems to refer to the act of voting or the individual votes cast.

2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: definition: the opinion of a group as determined by voting. Example: "they put the question to a vote." This refers to the collective decision or the process of deciding by voting.

3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: definition: a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment. Synonyms: right to vote, suffrage. This is about the right to vote.

4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: definition: a body of voters who have the same interests. Example: "he failed to get the Black vote." This is a group of voters.

5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: definition: the total number of voters who participated. Synonyms: voter turnout. Example: "they are expecting a large vote." This refers to the turnout.

In the context, "roll-call votes" are specific events where legislators vote. The phrase "such votes" clearly refers back to these events. The discussion is about attendance rates on these votes, and participating in such votes. So, "votes" here means individual voting events or acts of voting. Sense 1 fits best: a choice made by counting, specifically in the context of a roll-call vote. Sense 2 is about the collective opinion, but here "votes" is plural and refers to multiple voting events, not a single collective decision. Sense 3 is about the right to vote, not applicable. Sense 4 is a group of voters. Sense 5 is turnout numbers. So, sense 1 is the most appropriate.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow