[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "cells" in the context. The sentence is: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

The context is about cancer research, chromosomes, genetic damage, etc. The word "cells" appears in the phrase "malignant cells". Malignant is an adjective typically used to describe cancerous cells or tumors. So here, "cells" refers to biological cells, the basic unit of life. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. small compartment (e.g., honeycomb) – not biological cells. No.
2. (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms... – yes, specifically biological cells, which includes malignant cells (cancerous cells). The example in the definition isn't given, but the description matches perfectly: "they may exist as independent units of life... or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals." Malignant cells are cancerous cells in a tissue.
3. a device that delivers an electric current... – not relevant.
4. a small unit serving as part of a political movement – not relevant.
5. a mobile phone – not relevant.
6. room for a monk or nun – not relevant.
7. room where a prisoner is kept – not relevant.

Clearly, sense 2 is correct. So sense_index: 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both <t>polyps</t> and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "polyp" in the given context. The target surface form is "polyps". The context is about colon cancer, where polyps develop in the bowel and can become malignant. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Clearly, in the medical context of colon cancer, "polyps" refers to abnormal growths in the bowel, which matches sense 1. Sense 2 is about a biological form in coelenterates (like coral), irrelevant here. So the best indexed sense is 1.

The answer should be a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant <t>cells</t>. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "cells" in context: "malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells". The context is about cancer research, specifically colon cancer and genetic damage in polyps and malignant cells. "Malignant cells" refers to cancerous cells, which are biological cells. The other senses: compartment, electric cell, political movement, mobile phone, monk/nun room, prison cell. Clearly, the biological sense (sense 2) fits: "the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms". So index 2.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: coherent
Target surface form: coherent
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a <t>coherent</t> picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=coherent%3:00:00:: | definition=marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts | synonyms=consistent, logical, ordered | examples=a coherent argument
2. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:rational:00 | definition=capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner | synonyms=logical, lucid | examples=a lucid thinker; she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident
3. sense_key=coherent%3:00:01:: | definition=(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation
4. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:adhesive:00 | definition=sticking together | synonyms=tenacious | examples=two coherent sheets; tenacious burrs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "coherent" in the given context. The context is about Dr. Vogelstein and his research on colon cancer. They uncovered a confusing variety of genetic deletions, and gradually a "coherent picture of cancer development emerged." So, the meaning is that an orderly, logical, consistent picture emerged. The target word "coherent" modifies "picture" meaning a clear, logical, consistent understanding.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=coherent%3:00:00:: | definition=marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts | synonyms=consistent, logical, ordered | examples=a coherent argument
2. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:rational:00 | definition=capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner | synonyms=logical, lucid | examples=a lucid thinker; she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident
3. sense_key=coherent%3:00:01:: | definition=(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation
4. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:adhesive:00 | definition=sticking together | synonyms=tenacious | examples=two coherent sheets; tenacious burrs

Sense 1 fits perfectly: a coherent picture means a picture that is orderly, logical, and consistent. The example "a coherent argument" parallels "a coherent picture." Sense 2 is about a person being coherent in thinking and expressing, not a picture. Sense 3 is physics-specific, about waves. Sense 4 is about sticking together physically, which does not fit the abstract sense of a picture emerging from data.

Thus, the best sense is Sense 1.

The instruction says: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. But careful: The example shows "sense_index": 3, but we need to output the index of the chosen sense. The senses are listed with numbers 1,2,3,4. So we output the index of the chosen sense. So for sense 1, we output {"sense_index": 1}.

Do not answer with the sense key. Only JSON.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: picture
Target surface form: picture
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent <t>picture</t> of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=picture%1:06:00:: | definition=a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface | synonyms=image, icon, ikon | examples=they showed us the pictures of their wedding; a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them
2. sense_key=picture%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface | synonyms=painting | examples=a small painting by Picasso; he bought the painting as an investment
3. sense_key=picture%1:09:00:: | definition=a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world
4. sense_key=picture%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
5. sense_key=picture%1:10:00:: | definition=illustrations used to decorate or explain a text | synonyms=pictorial matter | examples=the dictionary had many pictures
6. sense_key=picture%1:10:02:: | definition=a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement | synonyms=movie, film, moving picture, moving-picture show, motion picture, motion-picture show | examples=they went to a movie every Saturday night; the film was shot on location
7. sense_key=picture%1:10:01:: | definition=the visible part of a television transmission | synonyms=video | examples=they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone
8. sense_key=picture%1:10:03:: | definition=a graphic or vivid verbal description | synonyms=word picture, word-painting, delineation, depiction, characterization, characterisation | examples=too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures; the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland
9. sense_key=picture%1:09:01:: | definition=a typical example of some state or quality | examples=the very picture of a modern general; she was the picture of despair
10. sense_key=picture%1:06:02:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, exposure, pic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "picture" and target surface form "picture". The context is: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged." We need to choose the best sense from the 10 options.

Let's analyze the context: "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged." This means a clear understanding or overview of how cancer develops. It's not a literal visual image, painting, photograph, movie, TV video, or illustration. It's a mental concept or a description that forms a coherent understanding.

Looking at the candidates:
1. visual representation: literal picture/image.
2. painting: artistic painting.
3. clear and telling mental image: mental picture, impression. Example: "he had no clear picture of himself or his world" – this fits well.
4. situation treated as an observable object: "the political picture is favorable" – this is about a situation, but here it's a coherent picture of cancer development, which is more of a mental model than a general situation. But could be considered? However, sense 3 seems more precise.
5. illustrations in text: not applicable.
6. movie: not applicable.
7. TV video: not applicable.
8. graphic or vivid verbal description: "word picture" – This could fit, as the context describes a coherent picture emerging from research. But it's described as a "coherent picture" which is more like an understanding, not necessarily a verbal description. The context doesn't mention words describing it; it says a picture emerged from genetic discoveries. It's more of a conceptual model.
9. typical example: "the very picture of a modern general" – not applicable.
10. photograph: not applicable.

Sense 3 is "a clear and telling mental image". Sense 4 is "a situation treated as an observable object". Sense 8 is "a graphic or vivid verbal description". Which fits best? The phrase "coherent picture" suggests something that makes sense as a whole, a comprehensive understanding. It's not a situation per se; it's a model or conception of the process. Sense 3 (mental image) seems closest. Sense 8 (verbal description) might also work if the picture is described in words, but the context says from genetic probing, they uncovered deletions and gradually a picture emerged – this is a mental construct from data, not a verbal description per se. The examples for sense 3: "he had no clear picture of himself" matches "coherent picture". So I'll go with sense 3.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "cancer" in the context. The target lemma is "cancer", and the surface form is "cancer". The context is about Dr. Vogelstein studying colon cancer, cancer suppressor genes, and cancer development. The target appears in the phrase "a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged." The context is clearly about the disease cancer, specifically colon cancer.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
   -> This is the disease sense.
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
   -> Astrology sense.
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
   -> Constellation.
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
   -> Zodiac sign.
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
   -> Biological genus.

The context is entirely about the disease. The word "cancer" refers to the disease. So sense 1 is the correct one.

We return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Dr. Vogelstein... colon cancer... development of polyps... gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged." The target is "development" in "cancer development". Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. development%1:04:01:: act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining. Example: "he congratulated them on their development of a plan". Not about a biological process like cancer.

2. development%1:22:02:: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); synonyms=evolution. Example: "the development of his ideas took many years". This could fit: cancer development as a process moving through stages. But note the context: "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged" – they discovered genetic changes that lead from benign polyps to malignant cells, a stepwise progression. This sense is about a general process of gradual change.

3. development%1:22:01:: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events... synonyms=growth, growing, etc. Example: "osseous development in children". This is specifically about the growth of an organism. Cancer development is not about organismal growth, but about disease progression. However, cancer is a biological process involving cells. But this sense emphasizes "individual organism growing organically" – that's about development from embryo to adult, not disease. So it's not a perfect fit.

4. development%1:11:01:: a recent event that has some relevance. Example: "recent developments in Iraq". Not applicable.

5. development%1:04:02:: act of making land/water more profitable. Example: "development of Alaskan resources". No.

6. development%1:15:00:: a district developed for some purpose. No.

7. development%1:26:00:: a state in which things are improving; result of developing. Example: "after he saw the latest development...". No.

8. development%1:22:00:: processing photosensitive material. No.

9. development%1:10:00:: (music) section of a composition. No.

The best candidate is sense 2: a process of passing by degrees to a different stage. Cancer development is described here as a multistep process with genetic hits leading from benign polyps to malignancy. That matches "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". Sense 3 is too specific to organismal development, while sense 2 is more general and fits the context of disease progression. The example for sense 2 mentions "the evolution of Greek civilization", which is a gradual process. Cancer development is similarly a gradual, multistep process.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense." The target is "emerged" in the context. Let's examine the context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged." The sense is that a picture or understanding became known or apparent over time. The candidate senses:

1. come out into view, as from concealment - literal physical emergence.
2. come out of - literal coming out, like water issuing.
3. become known or apparent - figurative, as in results or understanding emerging.
4. come up to the surface or rise - like emotions emerging.
5. happen or occur as a result of something - come forth as a result.

In the sentence, "a coherent picture ... emerged" means it became clear or apparent. That matches sense 3: become known or apparent. The example given for sense 3 is "Some nice results emerged from the study," which is very similar: a result or picture emerged from research. So sense_index is 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both <t>copies</t> of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: copy" and "Target surface form: copies". Context: "... If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy." So "copies" refers to two instances of a gene. In genetics, we talk about "copies" of a gene, meaning the two alleles or versions. The sense here is: a replication or duplicate of a gene.

Now looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
   This is about a written record, not applicable to genes.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   This seems fitting: a copy of a gene is an identical or similar thing (the other allele). The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" also relates to biology. This is a broad sense for any duplicate.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   This is about printed matter, not genes.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
   This is journalistic copy, not relevant.

Thus, sense 2 is clearly the best fit: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing, especially in a biological context of gene copies.

Now the instruction: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." So we just return a JSON with the sense_index. So output: {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "certain" in the context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop." The target word is "certain" modifying "gene". The context is scientific, discussing genetic research. The meaning is that a specific but not yet identified gene is being referred to. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "definite but not specified or identified" with example "a certain sum each week; to a certain degree". This fits perfectly: a certain gene means a particular gene that is not being named but is definite. Sense 1 is an adjective meaning unknown or unspecified, but specific in context.

2. "having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured" – does not fit, as it's not about feeling sure.

3. "established beyond doubt or question; definitely known" – not fitting, as the gene is not established beyond doubt, it's unspecified.

4. "certain to occur; destined or inevitable" – not about a gene.

5. "established irrevocably" – no.

6. "reliable in operation or effect" – no, not describing a gene as reliable.

7. "exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance" – no.

Thus, the correct sense is 1. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: knock_out
Target surface form: knocked out
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were <t>knocked out</t>, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=knock out a target
2. sense_key=knock_out%2:35:00:: | definition=knock unconscious or senseless | synonyms=knock cold, kayo | examples=the boxing champion knocked out his opponent in a few seconds
3. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:00:: | definition=destroy or break forcefully | examples=The windows were knocked out
4. sense_key=knock_out%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with admiration | examples=All the guys were knocked out by her charm
5. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:02:: | definition=empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out | examples=knocked out a pipe

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "knock_out" with surface form "knocked out" in a specific context. The context discusses cancer genetics, specifically how colon cancer may develop from multiple hits on tumor suppressor genes. The text describes how both copies of a certain gene being "knocked out" leads to benign polyps, and if a second gene is deleted, malignancy progresses. So "knocked out" here refers to the elimination or inactivation of gene copies. This is a biological/genetic term: gene knockout means the gene is inactivated or eliminated.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=knock out a target
2. sense_key=knock_out%2:35:00:: | definition=knock unconscious or senseless | synonyms=knock cold, kayo | examples=the boxing champion knocked out his opponent in a few seconds
3. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:00:: | definition=destroy or break forcefully | examples=The windows were knocked out
4. sense_key=knock_out%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with admiration | examples=All the guys were knocked out by her charm
5. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:02:: | definition=empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out | examples=knocked out a pipe

The context clearly uses "knocked out" in the sense of eliminating or inactivating genes. That matches sense 1: eliminate. The example "knock out a target" aligns with targeting a gene. In biology, "knock out" means to disable a gene. So sense 1 is the best fit.

We need to output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign <t>polyps</t> would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "polyp" with target surface form "polyps". The context is a passage about colon cancer, polyps in the bowel, genetic damage, etc. The two candidate senses are:
1. a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane (polypus)
2. one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body...

Clearly, the context is medical: polyps in the bowel that can become malignant. This matches sense 1. Sense 2 is about sea creatures like coral. So the answer is sense 1. We need to output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would <t>develop</t>. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "develop" with surface form "develop" in a specific context. The context is about colon cancer and polyps developing. The sentence: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop." The broader context is about cancer development, genetic deletions, etc. So "develop" here means to come into existence or to form. The polyps are forming or originating as a result of genetic changes. Let's examine the candidate senses.

Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow. Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship." This seems to fit perfectly: benign polyps would come into existence.

Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment." Examples: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower." This also could work, but it emphasizes a process of growth or evolution. However, the context is about the initial formation: polyps develop (form) when genes are knocked out. The sentence is in a conditional: if both copies are knocked out, benign polyps would develop. It's about the onset, not necessarily the progression. Sense 5 is more about coming into existence. Sense 10 is more about growing or evolving. Which one is better? In medical contexts, "develop" often means to come into existence or to form. Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with examples "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains." That is about acquiring a feature or symptom. But polyps are not a feature of a person; they are growths that develop. Sense 4 usually takes a personal subject: someone develops something. Here the subject is "benign polyps" which would develop. So it's intransitive: polyps develop. Sense 4 is transitive: someone develops something. So not that.

Sense 9: "be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest." Example: "The plot developed slowly." This is intransitive, but refers to something becoming clear or unfolding, not typically for physical growths.

Sense 20: "happen" with examples "Report the news as it develops." This is similar, but sense 5 is more specific to coming into existence.

Sense 5's specific definition: "come into existence; take on form or shape" is exactly about something new forming. The example with "A new religious movement originated" parallels: a benign polyp originates. So I think sense 5 is the best.

Let's check if any other sense fits. Sense 1: make something new. This is transitive: someone develops something. Not applicable. Sense 2: work out, evolve, germinate (like theories). Not for physical growths. Sense 3: gain through experience (acquire). Not applicable. Sense 6: change the use of land. No. Sense 7: elaborate theories. No. Sense 8: train people. No. Sense 10, as discussed, might compete. Sense 10 definition: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment." That is broader. But the context emphasizes the stage: if genes knocked out, polyps develop. It's the initial formation, not the growth over time. The text says: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages." So the development of polyps is the initial step. So "develop" here likely means "form" or "come into being". Sense 5 is the most direct.

Thus, I'll choose sense index 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "copy", surface form "copies", and a context about genetic deletions in cancer research. The context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out... If both copies of a second gene were then deleted..." Here, "copies" refers to the two versions of a gene that a person typically has (one from each parent). This is a biological sense: each gene can have multiple copies, meaning instances of that gene. The candidate senses are:

1. copy%1:10:00:: - a reproduction of a written record (e.g. transcript). Not relevant; it's about documents, not genes.
2. copy%1:06:00:: - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. Example: clone. This is close: a gene copy is a duplicate, an identical instance. In biology, we talk about "gene copies" as identical or nearly identical sequences. This sense seems generic for a replica. Might fit, but let's check others.
3. copy%1:10:01:: - matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials. Not relevant.
4. copy%1:10:02:: - material suitable for a journalistic account. Not relevant.

So the only plausible one is sense 2. It's about a thing made to be similar or identical. The example includes "clone", which fits genetic context. Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given:

Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

The context clearly uses "second" as an ordinal number: "a second gene" meaning another gene, following the first one mentioned. It does not refer to a musical part. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation on the target lemma "then" in the given context. The target surface form is "then". We have three candidate senses from WordNet. We need to choose the best sense based on the context.

Context: "If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

We need to determine which sense of "then" is used here.

Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" with synonyms "so, and so, and then" and examples "then he left; go left first, then right". This sense indicates a temporal sequence.

Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence" with examples "if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to". This sense is used in conditional contexts, often paired with "if", to introduce a logical consequence.

Sense 3: "at that time" with examples "I was young then; prices were lower back then". This sense refers to a specific time.

In the sentence: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy." The "then" appears inside an "if" clause. It says "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted..." The conditional structure is "If ... were then deleted, ... would progress". This seems to be a conditional statement about a hypothetical situation. The "then" here could be interpreted as either temporal (subsequently) or logical (in that case). Let's parse: The context describes a sequence of genetic damage: first, both copies of a certain gene are knocked out → benign polyps. Then, if both copies of a second gene are then deleted, malignancy. The "then" could mean "after that" (temporal sequence) or "in that case" (logical consequence). But note that the conditional "if" already sets up a logical condition. The word "then" might be redundant for the logical sense. Often, in conditional sentences, "then" is used as in "if... then..." construction, and that corresponds to sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence". The example given: "if he didn't take it, then who did?" shows exactly that "if... then..." usage. However, in this example, the "then" is in the main clause ("then who did?"), not inside the if-clause. In our sentence, "then" is inside the if-clause: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted". So it's not the typical "if... then..." where "then" introduces the consequent. Instead, it's "If ... were then deleted ...". That suggests a temporal reading: If, after the first gene was knocked out, the second gene is subsequently deleted. In the broader context, there is a clear temporal progression: first, one gene knockout leads to benign polyps; then, a second gene deletion leads to malignancy. So the word "then" likely means "subsequently" or "after that". The phrase "were then deleted" implies a sequence of events.

Let's check the sentence again: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy." This is part of a description of a process: first, one gene knockout -> benign polyps; then, if second gene deleted -> malignancy. So "then" indicates the next step in the sequence. This aligns with sense 1: subsequently.

But we should also consider if sense 2 could fit: "in that case" could be paraphrased as "if that happens, then..." But in this case, "then" is not introducing the consequence; the consequence is "would progress". The "then" is inside the condition. So it's not the typical conditional "then". It's more like "If, afterwards, both copies are deleted". So temporal.

Thus, sense 1 is the best.

So the answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: delete
Target surface form: deleted
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then <t>deleted</t>, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=delete%2:35:00:: | definition=remove or make invisible | synonyms=cancel | examples=Please delete my name from your list
2. sense_key=delete%2:32:00:: | definition=wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information | synonyms=erase | examples=Who erased the files form my hard disk?
3. sense_key=delete%2:30:00:: | definition=cut or eliminate | synonyms=edit, blue-pencil | examples=she edited the juiciest scenes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "deleted" in context. The context involves genetics: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy." Here, "deleted" means that a gene is removed or knocked out, leading to loss of function. It's about genetic material being eliminated. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. delete%2:35:00:: definition: remove or make invisible. Synonyms: cancel. Examples: Please delete my name from your list. This is a general removal, often from a list or written record. Not specifically digital or genetic, but could apply to any removal.

2. delete%2:32:00:: definition: wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information. Synonyms: erase. Examples: Who erased the files from my hard disk? This is specifically about digital data. In genetics, "delete" might be used metaphorically, but it's not digital information.

3. delete%2:30:00:: definition: cut or eliminate. Synonyms: edit, blue-pencil. Examples: she edited the juiciest scenes. This sense is about editing, like cutting out parts of a text or film. It could apply to genetic editing, where a gene is cut out.

In genetics, "gene deletion" is a standard term meaning a segment of DNA is lost or removed. It's not about digital data, nor is it simply about canceling a name from a list. It's a biological process where genetic material is eliminated. The context says "both copies of a second gene were then deleted" — that means the gene is removed or knocked out. It aligns best with sense 1 or 3? Sense 1 is general "remove or make invisible", sense 3 is "cut or eliminate", specifically with editing connotations. In molecular biology, when a gene is deleted, it's often through cutting or editing mechanisms (like CRISPR). However, the term "delete" is commonly used as a synonym for remove. The WordNet sense keys: 35:00 is "remove or make invisible", 32:00 is digital erasure, 30:00 is cut or eliminate (like editing). Given the context, it's about genetic damage; a gene is knocked out. "Delete" here is not about digital files, nor is it about editing text. It's about genetic material being removed. I think sense 1 is the most straightforward: remove. Sense 3 involves editing, but it's more metaphorical. In biological terms, "gene deletion" is a standard phrase, and it means the gene is removed. I'll go with sense 1.

But let's check: In the examples for sense 1: "Please delete my name from your list" — that's removing an item. In genetics, a gene deletion removes the gene from the genome. That seems fitting. Sense 3 is about cutting out parts of a written work; it's similar but might imply intentional editing. Here, the deletion is a genetic event, not an editorial act. So I think sense 1 is better.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the <t>polyps</t> would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "polyp" (surface form "polyps") in a given context. The context is about polyps in the bowel, which can become malignant, leading to colon cancer. There are two candidate senses: sense 1 is "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" (synonym: polypus), and sense 2 is about coelenterates (like hydra or coral) with a hollow cylindrical body and tentacles. Clearly, the context refers to medical polyps, abnormal growths in the colon. Sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 is completely unrelated. So the answer is sense_index: 1.

Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "malignancy" and its context. The context discusses cancer development: polyps progressing from benign to malignant, genetic damage, etc. The word "malignancy" appears in: "the polyps would progress to malignancy". Clearly, this is a medical context about cancer. The first sense is medical: "(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death". The second sense is about evil disposition. So the correct sense index is 1.

Now, instructions: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clear
Target surface form: clear
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory
4. sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water; clear plastic bags
5. sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection | examples=we were clear of the danger; the ship was clear of the reef
6. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt) | examples=a clear conscience; regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes
7. sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims | synonyms=clean, light, unclouded | examples=efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings; clear laughter like a waterfall
8. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law | synonyms=unmortgaged | examples=I have clear title to this property
9. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | definition=clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | synonyms=clean-cut, clear-cut | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints in the snow
10. sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined | examples=a set of well-defined values
11. sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | examples=on a clear day
12. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | definition=free of restrictions or qualifications | synonyms=clean | examples=a clean bill of health; a clear winner
13. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | definition=free from flaw or blemish or impurity | examples=a clear perfect diamond; the clear complexion of a healthy young woman
14. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | definition=clear of charges or deductions | examples=a clear profit
15. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | definition=easily deciphered | synonyms=decipherable, readable
16. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | definition=freed from any question of guilt | synonyms=absolved, cleared, exculpated, exonerated, vindicated | examples=is absolved from all blame; was now clear of the charge of cowardice
17. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | definition=characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | synonyms=percipient | examples=clear mind; a percipient author

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the word "clear" in context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." The context is about scientific research, where after experiments, a conclusion is reached. The meaning is that it became obvious or apparent that multiple genes were involved. So "clear" here means readily apparent to the mind, easy to understand.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
   This fits perfectly: "It was clear that..." means it was obvious.
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us
   This refers to a state of mind, being clear-headed. Not what is meant here; it's not about a person being unconfused, but about the fact being apparent.
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory
   Not about a view or path.
4. sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water
   Not applicable.
5. sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection
   Not about being clear of something physically.
6. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt)
   Not relevant.
7. sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims
   Not about sound/color.
8. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance
   Not about property titles.
9. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints
   This is about sensory clarity, not mental. Might be close, but "easily perceptible" could be literal perception, not intellectual.
10. sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined
    Not exactly; the fact wasn't stated, it became clear from evidence.
11. sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | on a clear day
    Not relevant.
12. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | free of restrictions or qualifications | a clear winner
    Could be "a clear winner" meaning obvious, but here it's "clear that...", more about being apparent.
13. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | free from flaw or blemish | a clear diamond
    Not relevant.
14. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | clear of charges or deductions | a clear profit
    Not relevant.
15. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | easily deciphered | readable
    Not about legibility.
16. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | freed from any question of guilt | absolved
    Not relevant.
17. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | clear mind; percipient
    This is about a person's mind being sharp, not about something being apparent.

Sense 1 is the best fit: "readily apparent to the mind". The example "a clear explanation" aligns with the idea of clarity making something understandable. So sense_index: 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "damage" in context. The target surface form is "damaged" and the context is about genetic damage, genes being knocked out, deletions, and the statement: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."

The candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

We need to pick one. The sentence "more than one gene had to be damaged" uses "damaged" as a past participle. It implies that the genes themselves are damaged, not that they are inflicting damage. The sense "suffer or be susceptible to damage" fits better because the genes are undergoing damage. In the context, they are looking at genetic damage, deletions, genes being knocked out. So the genes are being damaged (they are the objects that suffer damage). In sense 1, the subject causes damage; in sense 2, the subject experiences damage. Here, genes are the ones that are damaged, so they suffer damage. Thus sense 2 is more appropriate.

Ensure: Return JSON object with sense_index: 1 or 2. So {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target lemma "develop" in the given context. The target surface form is "develop". We must choose the best indexed sense among 21 candidate senses. We must output only a JSON object with the sense index.

Let's parse the context. It's about cancer development: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." So, the sense of "develop" here is: for colon cancer to come into existence, to form, to arise. The cancer is not being made by someone, not worked out as a theory, not acquired as a physical feature, etc. It's about a disease emerging.

Looking at the candidate senses, the most relevant one seems to be sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape", synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow. Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship". That fits perfectly: colon cancer developing means it originates, comes into existence.

Other senses:
- Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" – that is about a patient developing symptoms, like "The patient developed abdominal pains." Here, the subject is the patient, not the disease. In this context, the disease is the subject, so it's the disease coming into existence, not someone acquiring it.
- Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" – that's also about something developing over time, like a flower developing, or a country developing. But sense 5 is more directly about coming into existence. Sense 10 might imply growth from an existing state, but here cancer is emerging from genetic damage, it's originating. Sense 5 is exactly "come into existence". So I'll choose that.

Thus, sense index is 5 (since it's the 5th in the list, with that definition).

Output: {"sense_index": 5}