[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the <t>bells</t> need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "bell" with surface form "bells" in the given context. The context is about church bell ringing, specifically the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers. The target appears in: "the <t>bells</t> need to be rung" – referring to the physical bells in church towers that are rung. Let's examine candidate senses:

Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" – this is a general sense of a bell as a device. It fits the context: church bells are hollow metal devices that ring when struck.

Sense 2: doorbell/buzzer – not relevant.

Sense 3: "the sound of a bell being struck" – this is the sound, not the physical object. In the sentence "the bells need to be rung", it refers to the physical objects being rung, not the sound. So sense 3 is likely incorrect.

Sense 4: nautical time – not relevant.

Sense 5: bell shape – not relevant.

Sense 6,7,8: people names – not relevant.

Sense 9: percussion instrument consisting of tuned bells – this could be a chime or carillon. But in the context, they are talking about church bells rung by ringers, likely in change ringing, which involves swinging bells. Sense 1 fits better for a single church bell. Sense 9 is a set of tuned bells, like an orchestral instrument. Church bells used in change ringing are typically a ring of bells, each a separate bell, but they are still individual hollow devices. However, note the example: "chime, gong". A chime is a set of bells. In change ringing, the bells are usually a set of bells in a tower, but they are still individual bells that are swung. Sense 1 is more generic and fits. Sense 9 might also fit, but let's check WordNet: sense 9 is "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument". In church bell ringing, the bells are not typically struck with a hammer; they are swung and rung by ropes. So sense 1 is more appropriate: a hollow metal device that makes a ringing sound when struck – that covers church bells. So I'll go with sense 1.

Sense 10: flared opening of a tubular device – not relevant.

Thus, best indexed sense is 1. Return as JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: need
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells <t>need</t> to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "need" and a target surface form "need" in the context: "... the bells need to be rung ...". We have three candidate senses.

Let's analyze each sense:

Sense 1: need%2:42:00:: definition: require as useful, just, or proper; synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve; examples: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work". This sense is about necessity or requirement, often with an infinitive: "It takes nerve to do..." The example shows a similar structure: "It takes nerve to do" implies requirement. In the context: "the bells need to be rung" – this means the bells require ringing, it is necessary to ring them. This fits the definition "require as useful, just, or proper".

Sense 2: need%2:34:00:: definition: have need of; synonyms: want, require; examples: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner". This sense implies a lack, a condition of needing something. It often takes a direct object: "This piano wants attention". In the context, "the bells need to be rung" – this is not "the bells need something" but rather "the bells need to be rung" which is a passive infinitive construction. So it's not "have need of" an object, but a necessity for an action to be done to them.

Sense 3: need%2:34:01:: definition: have or feel a need for; examples: "always needing friends and money". This is similar to sense 2 but more about an ongoing feeling of need. Again, it typically takes a direct object (nouns like friends, money). The context uses "need to be rung", which is a different syntactic pattern.

The key is the construction "need to be rung". This is a modal-like use, where "need" is followed by an infinitive with "to", expressing necessity. Sense 1 is explicitly about requiring something as useful or proper, and its examples often use the pattern "It takes ... to do" or "requires hard work". The synonym "require" fits perfectly: "the bells require to be rung" (though "require" can also take gerund: require ringing). "Need to be rung" is a common pattern for necessity. Sense 2 and 3 are more about needing a thing, not an action.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit.

Now, we need to output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: GMICloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: rung
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be <t>rung</t> -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "rung" (the surface form of "ring") in context. The context: "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches." So "bells need to be rung" refers to the action of ringing church bells. The candidates:

1. sound loudly and sonorously (peal), example: the bells rang.
2. ring or echo with sound (resound, echo), example: the hall resounded with laughter.
3. make (bells) ring, often for musical edification (knell), examples: Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church.
4. telephone call.
5. surround, encircle.
6. attach a ring to a bird's foot.

The context clearly involves church bell ringing. Sense 3 is specifically about making bells ring, often for musical purposes, and the example "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church" matches the church bell context. Sense 1 is also about bells ringing, but sense 3 is more precise: it's the transitive action of causing bells to ring (even though here it's passive: "bells need to be rung"). The gloss "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification" fits perfectly. Sense 1 is intransitive? The gloss "sound loudly and sonorously" could be intransitive, but the example "the bells rang" shows bells as subject. In our sentence, it's "bells need to be rung", which is a passive construction implying someone rings them. That aligns with sense 3: "make (bells) ring". Also, the overall context is about bell ringers, so sense 3 is the most specific. Sense 1 might be a more general "sound loudly", but sense 3 explicitly includes musical edification and church context. So I'll go with sense 3.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: small
Target surface form: small
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in <t>small</t>, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=small%3:00:00:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=little | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=small%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | synonyms=minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized | examples=a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation
3. sense_key=small%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=little | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=small%5:00:00:little:03 | definition=slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope | examples=a series of death struggles with small time in between
5. sense_key=small%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, low, lowly, modest | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
6. sense_key=small%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=little, minuscule | examples=little a; small a
7. sense_key=small%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=little | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
8. sense_key=small%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=have fine or very small constituent particles | examples=a small misty rain
9. sense_key=small%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=not large but sufficient in size or amount | synonyms=modest | examples=a modest salary; modest inflation
10. sense_key=small%5:00:00:decreased:00 | definition=made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth) | synonyms=belittled, diminished | examples=her comments made me feel small

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "...like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches." The target word "small" modifies "rural parishes". We need to pick the best sense.

Looking at the candidates:
1. sense 1: limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent. Example: a little house. Synonyms: little. This could describe size of parishes.
2. sense 2: limited in size or scope. Example: a small business; modest circulation. Synonyms: minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size. This could also fit.
3. sense 3: young, immature (children/animals). Not applicable.
4. sense 4: slight or limited in degree/intensity/scope. Example: small time in between. Not really fitting for parishes.
5. sense 5: low or inferior in station or quality. Example: humble cottage; lowly parish priest. Synonyms: humble, low, lowly, modest. This might be about the humble nature of rural parishes? "small, rural parishes" could suggest humble or modest. But "small" here seems more about size.
6. sense 6: lowercase. No.
7. sense 7: faint voice. No.
8. sense 8: fine particles. No.
9. sense 9: not large but sufficient. Example: modest salary. Could fit a parish? "small, rural parishes" might mean they are modest in size, but not necessarily just sufficient. "Modest" synonym.
10. sense 10: made to seem smaller (especially in worth). Example: her comments made me feel small. Not applicable.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 5: sense 5 is specifically about station or quality, using "lowly parish priest" as an example. The phrase "small, rural parishes" might emphasize that they are humble or low in station? But the context is about lack of ringers: "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches." This is about geographic areas that are small in size or population. Sense 1 is about magnitude or extent: "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" with example "a little house". A small parish likely means small in size or population. Sense 5 is about quality: "low or inferior in station" – but a rural parish can be lowly in status, but "small" here is paired with "rural", describing its size. Sense 2 is also about limited size or scope, with example "a small business" which is about scale. The phrase "small, rural parishes" is likely referring to parishes that are small in size (geographically or population-wise). Sense 1 and 2 are very close. Sense 1 says "limited ... in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" and sense 2 says "limited in size or scope". But sense 2 has synonyms: minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size. Sense 1 is more general. However, the phrase "small, rural parishes" – "small" here is attributive. Which sense is more precise? Often, for a parish, we talk about its size. Sense 1's example "a little house" is about physical size. Sense 2's example "a small business" is about scope or scale. A parish is an area, so "small" here likely means small in area or population. That would be "magnitude or extent" from sense 1. Sense 5 mentions "a lowly parish priest" – that is about a person's station, but "parish" itself can be lowly? The phrase "small, rural parishes" doesn't necessarily imply they are low in quality, just small in size. So sense 1 seems best. Let's check all: sense 1 definition includes "magnitude or extent", synonyms "little". "Little" works: "little rural parishes". So I'd pick sense 1. But sense 5 is also specifically about inferior station, with example "a lowly parish priest" – that's very close to "parish" context. Yet "small" is not the same as "lowly". The sentence says "small, rural parishes" – rural already conveys remoteness, small conveys size. The example "lowly parish priest" uses "lowly" not "small". So sense 5 likely uses "small" as in "humble, low, lowly, modest". That would mean "a small parish" could mean a humble parish. But in the context, they are talking about difficulty in getting ringers because these areas are small in population. For instance, a small business is about limited scale, a small parish would be limited in members perhaps. Sense 2's synonyms include "small-scale", which fits. Sense 1 says "limited or below average in number or quantity" – a parish could be small in number of parishioners. That is "number or quantity". So both 1 and 2 could apply. But why is sense 2 different? Sense 2 specifies "limited in size or scope", and its synonyms are "minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size". The example "a small business" is about a business that is not large in operations. Sense 1 is broader. Looking carefully, the "small" in sense 2 is likely an adjectival sense that often describes something like business, operation, etc. Sense 1 is the core sense. Given the context "small, rural parishes and inner-city churches", I think sense 1 is the most straightforward: the parishes are small in magnitude/extent (maybe area or population). So I'll go with sense 1.

But let's check if there's any nuance: sense 5 might be used for a parish priest, but it's "small, rural parishes" – note the comma separating adjectives: small and rural. They are coordinate adjectives describing the parishes. So small is a descriptor like rural, not a value judgment. So sense 1.

Hence, sense_index: 1.

Return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: council
Target surface form: council
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the <t>council</t>'s program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=council%1:14:01:: | definition=a body serving in an administrative capacity | examples=student council
2. sense_key=council%1:14:02:: | definition=(Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine
3. sense_key=council%1:14:00:: | definition=a meeting of people for consultation | examples=emergency council

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "council" in the given context. We have three candidate senses. Let's analyze the context. The text is about bell ringing in churches, mentioning a council that has a program to attract and train ringers. The context says: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin." This suggests that "council" refers to some organized body that is involved in bell ringing activities, likely a specific organization. In the broader paragraph, it mentions Mr. Baldwin and his efforts, including speaking to students and publishing a booklet. The council likely refers to a bell ringing association or a church-related administrative body. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "a body serving in an administrative capacity" with example "student council". This fits as a general administrative body.

Sense 2: "(Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine". This is a specific Christian council for doctrinal matters, not fitting here because the context is about bell ringing, not regulating doctrine.

Sense 3: "a meeting of people for consultation" with example "emergency council". This is about a meeting, not an ongoing body. The context says "the council's program", which implies an ongoing organization, not a single meeting. So sense 1 is most appropriate: a body serving in an administrative capacity (like a bell ringing association or council). Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's <t>program</t> to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the word "program" in the given context. The target is "program" with surface form "program". We need to choose the best sense from the 8 candidates.

Let's analyze the context: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin." The context is about a council (likely a church bell ringing council) having a program to attract and train bell ringers. This program aims to address the lack of ringers. So it's an organized effort with specific goals: attract and train people.

Now let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. ... (broadcast) not relevant
4. ... (political platform) not relevant
5. ... (theatrical/sporting event program) not relevant
6. ... (academic course) not relevant
7. ... (computer program) not relevant
8. ... (performance) not relevant

Only senses 1 and 2 seem plausible. The context is "program to attract and train ringers". Is it a "plan" (sense 1) or a "system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" (sense 2)? The council's program is an organized effort to address the shortage of ringers. But note that sense 2 specifies "intended to meet a public need", and the examples are "program of public works" and "day care program". Attracting and training bell ringers could be seen as a public need (church bell ringing is a community activity). Sense 1 is more generic: a series of steps or goals. The phrase "program to attract and train ringers" sounds like a plan with steps. But the council is running a program, which likely involves ongoing activities, not just a static plan. However, sense 1's definition "a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished" fits well: they have a plan/program to achieve the goal of attracting and training. Sense 2's definition "a system of projects or services" might be too broad or imply something like a government program. The context is about a council (presumably a bell ringers' council) that is trying to solve the problem. It says "the council's program to attract and train ringers". It could be either.

Let's check examples for sense 1: "they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue" – a plan is more like an abstract scheme. Sense 2: "he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program" – these are ongoing services or projects. The bell ringers' program might involve actual training sessions, recruitment drives, etc., so it's an ongoing initiative, not just a plan. It is a program in the sense of an organized effort. Typically, such uses fall under sense 2: an organized set of services or projects. WordNet groups senses as: program%1:09:00:: is a plan, program%1:09:01:: is a system of projects/services. I think sense 2 is more appropriate for an active program that is "only partly successful", like a day care program. Also, the council's program is probably an established set of activities, not just a plan they drew up but an ongoing program. So I'll go with sense 2.

Thus, the sense index is 2.

Answer in JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attract
Target surface form: attract
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to <t>attract</t> and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attract%2:35:00:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=pull, pull in, draw, draw in | examples=Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers
2. sense_key=attract%2:37:00:: | definition=be attractive to | synonyms=appeal | examples=The idea of a vacation appeals to me; The beautiful garden attracted many people
3. sense_key=attract%2:35:01:: | definition=exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away | examples=the gravitational pull of a planet attracts other bodies

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "attract" in the given context. The context mentions "the council's program to attract and train ringers" and discusses the problem of lack of bellringers. So the program aims to draw in or recruit new ringers. Among the senses:

1. Sense 1: direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes. Examples: Her good looks attract stares; The ad pulled in customers. This fits well with a program designed to draw people in, using some appeal.

2. Sense 2: be attractive to; synonyms: appeal. Examples: The idea of a vacation appeals to me; The beautiful garden attracted many people. This also could work, but it's more about being appealing, while sense 1 is about actively drawing in.

3. Sense 3: exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach. This is physical, like gravitational pull. Not relevant here.

The phrase "program to attract and train ringers" suggests a recruitment effort, actively pulling people in. Sense 1's examples include "The ad pulled in many potential customers," which is very similar. Sense 2 might be less active. However, note that sense 2's definition "be attractive to" and synonyms "appeal" might also fit, but sense 1 explicitly includes the idea of a program or ad doing the attracting. In the context, the program is doing the attracting, so sense 1 seems better. Also, the synonyms "pull, pull in, draw, draw in" align with recruitment.

Thus, choose sense_index: 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: train
Target surface form: train
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and <t>train</t> ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=train%2:31:01:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=develop, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
2. sense_key=train%2:31:00:: | definition=undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession | synonyms=prepare | examples=She is training to be a teacher; He trained as a legal aid
3. sense_key=train%2:41:02:: | definition=develop (children's) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control | synonyms=discipline, check, condition | examples=Parents must discipline their children; Is this dog trained?
4. sense_key=train%2:41:00:: | definition=educate for a future role or function | synonyms=prepare, groom | examples=He is grooming his son to become his successor; The prince was prepared to become King one day
5. sense_key=train%2:41:01:: | definition=teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment | synonyms=educate, school, cultivate, civilize, civilise | examples=Cultivate your musical taste; Train your tastebuds
6. sense_key=train%2:33:00:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, take, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
7. sense_key=train%2:32:00:: | definition=teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports | synonyms=coach | examples=He is training our Olympic team; She is coaching the crew
8. sense_key=train%2:29:00:: | definition=exercise in order to prepare for an event or competition | examples=She is training for the Olympics
9. sense_key=train%2:41:03:: | definition=cause to grow in a certain way by tying and pruning it | examples=train the vine
10. sense_key=train%2:38:00:: | definition=travel by rail or train | synonyms=rail | examples=They railed from Rome to Venice; She trained to Hamburg
11. sense_key=train%2:35:04:: | definition=drag loosely along a surface; allow to sweep the ground | synonyms=trail | examples=The toddler was trailing his pants; She trained her long scarf behind her

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin." The target lemma is "train" and surface form is "train". The context is about bell ringers, a program to attract and train ringers. The senses provided are indexed 1 through 11. We need to pick the single best indexed sense.

Let's analyze the context: The program is to attract and train ringers. Ringers are people who ring bells. So, training ringers means teaching them how to ring bells, likely involving instruction and practice. It's about educating or teaching a skill. The sense should involve teaching a skill or profession. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=train%2:31:01:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=develop, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
This sense is about creating or developing someone through training and teaching. It fits the context of training ringers, as they are being taught to become ringers.

2. sense_key=train%2:31:00:: | definition=undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession | synonyms=prepare | examples=She is training to be a teacher; He trained as a legal aid
This sense is intransitive: someone undergoes training. In the sentence, it's "train ringers", so it's transitive: the council's program trains ringers. So the program is doing the training, not the ringers undergoing training. The object "ringers" is the recipient of training. So this sense is not a good fit because it's about the subject undergoing training, whereas here it's about teaching ringers.

3. sense_key=train%2:41:02:: | definition=develop (children's) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control | synonyms=discipline, check, condition | examples=Parents must discipline their children; Is this dog trained?
This sense is about behavior training, often for self-control, such as disciplining children or training dogs. While training ringers involves instruction, it's not specifically about behavior or self-control; it's about teaching a skill. Not the best fit.

4. sense_key=train%2:41:00:: | definition=educate for a future role or function | synonyms=prepare, groom | examples=He is grooming his son to become his successor; The prince was prepared to become King one day
This sense is about preparing someone for a future role. It could apply: training ringers to become ringers. However, it often implies grooming for a specific high-status role (like successor, king). But ringers are bell ringers, a role. It might fit, but let's see other options.

5. sense_key=train%2:41:01:: | definition=teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment | synonyms=educate, school, cultivate, civilize, civilise | examples=Cultivate your musical taste; Train your tastebuds
This is about teaching discernment, taste, or judgment. Not about teaching a practical skill like bell ringing.

6. sense_key=train%2:33:00:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, take, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
This is about aiming something, not about teaching.

7. sense_key=train%2:32:00:: | definition=teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports | synonyms=coach | examples=He is training our Olympic team; She is coaching the crew
This sense is about coaching in sports. While bell ringing could be considered a skill-based activity, it's not necessarily a sport. However, the definition: "teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports" is specific to sports. But the example shows training a team. Might be close, but sense 1 is more general.

8. sense_key=train%2:29:00:: | definition=exercise in order to prepare for an event or competition | examples=She is training for the Olympics
Intransitive: exercising to prepare for something. Again, "train ringers" is transitive, so this intransitive sense doesn't fit.

9. sense_key=train%2:41:03:: | definition=cause to grow in a certain way by tying and pruning it | examples=train the vine
This is about training plants, not people.

10. sense_key=train%2:38:00:: | definition=travel by rail or train | synonyms=rail | examples=They railed from Rome to Venice; She trained to Hamburg
This is about traveling by train. Not relevant.

11. sense_key=train%2:35:04:: | definition=drag loosely along a surface; allow to sweep the ground | synonyms=trail | examples=The toddler was trailing his pants; She trained her long scarf behind her
This is about dragging something. Not relevant.

Now, we need to choose between senses that involve teaching. The most direct ones are sense 1, sense 4, sense 7. Sense 2 and 8 are intransitive. Sense 3 is about behavior/discipline. Sense 5 is about taste.

Sense 1: "create by training and teaching" with synonyms develop, prepare, educate. Examples: "training world-class violinists", "develop the leaders". This seems to fit well: training ringers means creating skilled ringers through teaching. It's a general sense for teaching a skill to someone.

Sense 4: "educate for a future role or function" with synonyms prepare, groom. It also fits, but it often has a connotation of grooming for a specific position, like a successor. While ringers do have a role, sense 1 is more about skill acquisition.

Sense 7: "teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports" - this is specifically sports coaching. Bell ringing is not typically considered a sport, though it might be competitive. But the context doesn't emphasize sports. So sense 7 is less likely.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 4: sense 1's definition is "create by training and teaching". The example "train world-class violinists" parallels training ringers: you train them to become skilled. Sense 4 emphasizes the future role/function. Often in WordNet, sense 1 for a verb is the most common, general sense. In this context, "train ringers" is simply about teaching them how to ring bells. I think sense 1 is the best fit because it's a general-purpose "educate/prepare by instruction" sense.

Let's check the definitions carefully:
Sense 1: create by training and teaching. The example: "The old master is training world-class violinists" – that is exactly like training ringers: the program is training ringers.
Sense 4: educate for a future role or function. Example: "He is grooming his son to become his successor." That has a stronger connotation of grooming for a specific office, whereas training ringers is more about imparting a skill.

I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train <t>ringers</t> is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "ringer" with surface form "ringers" in the provided context. The context is clearly about bell ringing. The first sentence mentions "bell ringing" and "vicar", and the second mentions "lack of ringers". The whole text is about attracting and training bell ringers. So the correct sense is the one related to bell ringing. That is sense 1: "a person who rings church bells". The candidate senses list that as sense_index 1. So I'll output {"sense_index":1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is <t>only</t> partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "only" in the sentence: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is <t>only</t> partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin." The target word is "only" modifying "partly successful." The phrase is "only partly successful." We need to choose the best sense from the candidate senses.

Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time.
   This sense means "merely, just" – indicating limitation. "only partly successful" could mean "merely partly successful" or "just partly successful, nothing more." That seems plausible.

2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children.
   This sense means "exclusively, solely." In "only partly successful," it would mean "exclusively partly successful," which doesn't make sense; you wouldn't say "solely partly successful."

3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round.
   This sense indicates an unexpected or unfortunate result after an action. It usually involves a clause: "only to find..." Not applicable here.

4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset.
   This sense means "in the final outcome" or "merely (with a negative connotation)." Example: "These news will only make you more upset" meaning the outcome is just that. "only partly successful" might mean "the final outcome is that it is partly successful." But it's more like "it is merely partly successful."

5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better.
   This is a conjunction sense: "except that." Not applicable.

6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse.
   Conditional sense, not applicable.

7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago.
   Temporal sense, not applicable.

So the most likely candidates are senses 1 and possibly 4. Sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just). The phrase "only partly successful" means "merely partly successful," implying that the success is limited, not complete. It restricts the extent. Sense 4: "in the final outcome" – but that sense often implies a result that is negative, and "only" intensifies that the outcome is just that. For example, "This will only make you more upset." But "only partly successful" is not necessarily a final outcome; it's describing the current state of the program's success. The context: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin." He's saying it has had some success but not complete. "Only" is used to mean "merely" or "just" partly successful. It's equivalent to "merely partly successful."

Looking at the examples: "I was merely asking" – "merely" means nothing more than asking. Similarly, "only partly successful" means nothing more than partly successful. Sense 1 fits well.

Sense 4's example: "These news will only make you more upset" could be paraphrased as "These news will in the final outcome make you more upset, nothing else." But here, "only" is often considered synonymous with "just" as in "just make you more upset." Some dictionaries treat this as a separate sense emphasizing the result. However, in many cases, these overlap. Let's see the definitions: sense 4 says "in the final outcome." The example doesn't clearly illustrate that; it's more like "nothing but." In traditional dictionaries, "only" as an adverb often has the sense of "merely, just." WordNet splits senses quite finely. Sense 1 explicitly says "and nothing more." That directly applies: the program's success is nothing more than partial; it's just partial.

We should also consider if the phrase "only partly" might fit sense 3? "only partly successful" could imply that despite efforts, the result is partly successful. But sense 3 requires a clause structure like "only to find..." Not here.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match: "and nothing more" with synonyms merely, simply, just, but. We can paraphrase: "the program is merely partly successful."

Therefore, the answer is sense 1.

But the instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, <t>says</t> Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation on the word "says" in the provided context. The lemma is "say". The target surface form is "says", and it appears three times in the context: "Says Mr. Baldwin," (in the middle) and "But the council's program ... is only partly successful, <t>says</t> Mr. Baldwin." So the target is the verb "say" used with a quoted speech or reported statement. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list.

Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
   This is a general sense of expressing something verbally. It often introduces reported speech or a statement.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
   This implies reporting or asserting something, often with an element of claim. It's also about verbal expression but with a nuance of maintaining a claim.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
   This is hypothetical: "Let's say..." Not applicable here because the context is reporting facts.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
   This is about texts or documents containing words. For example, "The survey says..." could be this sense. In the context: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers..." That "says" is likely sense 4, because the survey is a document or report that contains information. But our target is the one in <t>says</t> specifically: "But the council's program ... is only partly successful, <t>says</t> Mr. Baldwin." That is a direct attribution of speech to Mr. Baldwin. The earlier "Says Mr. Baldwin," is the same. So the target is the verb used with a person as subject, reporting what they said. That is more like sense 1 or 2. Sense 1 is "express in words", and it's very general. Sense 2 is "report or maintain" with synonyms allege, aver. In the sentence: "But the council's program ... is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin." Here, Mr. Baldwin is reporting that the program is only partly successful. He is stating that fact, expressing it in words. Could be either sense 1 or 2. Sense 2 might be used when someone maintains a claim, often with a nuance of asserting something that might be contested. The context: Mr. Baldwin is an official (likely from the council) giving a statement. The quote: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10," he adds. So he is stating a fact. It is straightforward reporting. Sense 1 seems appropriate. Sense 2's examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" has a legalistic or contentious tone. That doesn't perfectly fit. Sense 1 is neutral. Also, note the example: "He said that he wanted to marry her" - that is a statement. So for personal speech, sense 1 is typical.

But consider that there is also sense 4 for "survey says" in the same paragraph. The target is "says" as used for a person. However, we are asked to choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context, specifically the one marked with <t> tags. So it's the one in "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, <t>says</t> Mr. Baldwin." That is clearly someone speaking. It is not a document containing wording; it is a person expressing words. So sense 4 is out. Sense 3 is hypothetical. Sense 5 is giving instructions: "I said to him to go home" - not applicable. Sense 6 is about pronunciation. Sense 7 is nonverbal communication. Sense 8 is uttering aloud specific words like "Hello". That's too specific; this is reporting a statement. Sense 9 is stating an opinion or judgment: "I say let's forget this whole business" - declarative. The given statement is reporting a fact or assessment, not a direct opinion like "I say let's...". Sense 10 is reciting a fixed text. Sense 11 is indicating like "The clock says noon". So the plausible ones are 1 and 2.

Now, to decide between 1 and 2: sense 1 is "express in words" with synonyms state, tell. Sense 2 is "report or maintain" with synonyms allege, aver. In the context, Mr. Baldwin is likely a spokesperson or council member, reporting on the program's success. The phrase "says Mr. Baldwin" is often used in journalism to attribute a statement. That is simply reporting what someone said. The nuance of "allege" or "maintain" often implies that the statement might be contested or is being put forward as a claim. There's no strong sense of allegation here; it's just relaying information. Also, the definition "report or maintain" - "report" could fit: he is reporting the state of the program. But "express in words" is broader and more neutral. WordNet often has fine-grained distinctions. I recall that for journalistic "says", the typical sense is 1. For example, in the sentence "The president said that the economy is improving," it would be sense 1. Sense 2 might be used for "He said he was innocent" where he maintains his innocence. Here, it's just an update.

Looking at the examples for sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" is a personal statement. Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" and "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (maybe a claim). The statement "the council's program ... is only partly successful" is an assessment, but it's not really a strong claim or allegation; it's a statement of fact or opinion. I'd lean toward sense 1.

Also, the first "Says Mr. Baldwin," earlier: "Says Mr. Baldwin, 'We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority...'" That is also just expressing his thoughts. So sense 1 seems appropriate.

Therefore, I choose sense_index 1.

But let's double-check: Could it be sense 2? Sometimes sense 2 is for "say" when introducing a that-clause with a reported fact. The difference is subtle. In the WordNet mapping, sense 1 is the primary, most common sense. In the absence of a strong marker for "allege", sense 1 is default.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: Right
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "<t>Right</t> now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "right" in the context: "<t>Right</t> now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10," he adds.

The target surface form is "Right" with capital R, but that's just because it's at the start of the quote. The phrase is "Right now". So we need to choose the sense that best matches "Right now" in this context.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here! — "Right here" means precisely here. But "Right now" could mean precisely now? Possibly, but often "right now" means immediately.

2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner — "right after" means immediately after. "Right now" commonly means immediately. This seems very fitting.

3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face — This seems to be a specific usage, noting "flop" as a synonym, probably an adverb meaning exactly in the sense of squarely? Unlikely for "right now".

4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively — directional, not relevant.

5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner — not relevant, "right now" isn't about manner.

6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement — not relevant, this is an interjection, not "right now".

7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap — "right at home" means completely at home, "right into" means completely into. Could "right now" mean completely now? Not really; "right now" emphasizes immediacy more than completeness.

8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree — "mighty". Not standard for "right now".

9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards — not relevant.

10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright — "he guessed right" meaning correctly. Not applicable to "right now".

Comparing sense 1 (precisely, exactly) and sense 2 (immediately) for "right now". The phrase "right now" is an idiomatic expression meaning "at this exact moment" or "immediately". In the context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10." This indicates the current situation, meaning "at present" or "currently". There is a subtle difference: sense 1 (exactly) would mean "exactly now", which conveys the same temporal precision. Sense 2 (immediately) might imply "immediately" as in "without delay", but "right now" in this sentence is more about the present time rather than an imperative to act immediately. However, many dictionaries treat "right now" as meaning "at this precise moment" which aligns with sense 1. But WordNet sense 2 has definition "immediately" and example "she called right after dinner". The example "right after dinner" uses "right" to mean "immediately after". "Right now" can mean "immediately" in commands like "Do it right now!" but here it's descriptive: "Right now, we're lucky if..." meaning "At present".

Let's check other clues: sense 1's example is "stand right here!" which uses spatial precision. But "right" can also mean precisely in time: "right now". So sense 1 might be applicable. Sense 2 is specifically "immediately". In this context, it's not an immediate action; it's stating a current situation. So sense 1 (precisely, exactly) seems more suitable because it emphasizes the exact present moment. However, often "right now" is lexicalized as meaning "at this moment" and is considered an adverbial phrase meaning "currently". Which sense covers that?

WordNet's sense 1: precisely, exactly. That can modify time as in "right now", "right then". Sense 2: immediately, as in "right after". But "right now" is not exactly "immediately" unless in a command. In the sentence, Mr. Baldwin is describing the current state: "Right now, we're lucky if..." So it means "At this exact point in time". So I'd lean toward sense 1.

But let's see the examples for sense 2: "she called right after dinner" - that is immediately after dinner. "Right now" could be seen as "immediately" if it's an action, but here it's more a temporal anchor.

Which WordNet sense would be assigned by a typical WSD system? I recall that "right now" is often tagged as a discourse or temporal adverb. In some lexicons, "right" as an adverb with temporal meaning might be mapped to a specific sense. Looking at the senses, sense 1 is "precisely, exactly" and sense 2 is "immediately". I think "right now" meaning "at this moment" is closer to "exactly now" than to "immediately". But "immediately" does have a temporal component. Consider: if I say "I'm busy right now", it means I'm busy at this moment, not that I will be busy immediately. So sense 1 is more accurate.

Sense 7 (completely) doesn't fit. Sense 1 seems the best.

Thus, I'll pick sense_index 1.

But note: the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right <t>now</t>, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "now" and the context includes "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10". The candidate senses are:

1. historical present
2. nowadays/today
3. used to preface a command or reproof or request
4. at the present moment
5. immediately
6. indicates change of subject/activity
7. in the immediate past

The context says "Right now" meaning at this current time, indicating the present moment. It is not historical present, not a general statement about times ("nowadays"), not a command, not immediate action without delay, not a change of subject, and not past. So sense 4 fits best: "at the present moment". The examples: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator" match the usage of "now" to refer to the current time. Also, "Right now" strongly suggests the present moment. So the answer should be sense index 4.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lucky
Target surface form: lucky
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're <t>lucky</t> if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=occurring by chance | examples=a lucky escape; a lucky guess
2. sense_key=lucky%3:00:00:: | definition=having or bringing good fortune | examples=my lucky day; a lucky man
3. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:propitious:00 | definition=presaging or likely to bring good luck | synonyms=golden, favorable, favourable, prosperous | examples=a favorable time to ask for a raise; lucky stars

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "lucky" in the given context. The context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10," he adds. This indicates that the situation is such that they are fortunate if they manage to retain even a small proportion. The sense needed is about being fortunate, having good fortune. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. occurring by chance (e.g., a lucky escape, a lucky guess) – this emphasizes chance, not necessarily good fortune, just random occurrence. The context is about the difficulty of keeping ringers, so being "lucky" means they are fortunate if they retain any, not just that it happens by chance. So not the best fit.

2. having or bringing good fortune (e.g., my lucky day; a lucky man) – this is about being fortunate. "We're lucky" means we are fortunate if we keep one new ringer out of 10. This seems to fit.

3. presaging or likely to bring good luck (e.g., a favorable time, lucky stars) – this sense is about something that brings good luck, like a lucky charm or a propitious omen. The phrase "we're lucky" is not about something that brings luck; it's about their own state of being fortunate. So sense 2 is more appropriate.

Thus, the best sense index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five <t>years</t> we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "year" (surface form "years") in the context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10," he adds. The candidate senses are four WordNet senses. We need to choose the best indexed sense. The context is about a time period of five years. It refers to a duration of time during which they train new ringers and see how many they keep. The sense is simply a measure of time, not a specific school year, not a planetary year, and not a graduating class. Sense 1: a period of time containing 365 days, synonyms twelvemonth, yr, examples: "she is 4 years old; in the year 1920". That fits perfectly: "five years" meaning five periods of 365 days. Sense 2 is about a regular part of a calendar year for an activity (e.g., school year). But here it's just "after five years", a simple duration, not a special activity period. Sense 3 is the astronomical definition (planetary revolution). Sense 4 is a group of students graduating together. So sense 1 is correct. Indexed as 1. So output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one <t>new</t> ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: new, Target surface form: new, Context paragraph. We need to choose the best sense among 11 candidate senses.

Context snippet: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10," he adds.

The phrase "new ringer" refers to a person who is a ringer (bell ringer) and is new. The context talks about training ringers, attracting and training them, keeping them after five years. So "new ringer" likely means a newly recruited or inexperienced ringer. The program is to attract and train ringers, so new ringers are those who are just starting, lacking experience.

Candidate senses:
1. not of long duration; having just come into being or been made or acquired or discovered (examples: a new law; new cars) - This could apply to a new ringer as recently acquired/recruited. But it emphasizes recentness of existence.
2. original and of a kind not seen before (fresh, novel) - Not likely for a person unless meaning novel type of ringer, but not fitting.
3. lacking training or experience (raw) - examples: "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits" - This fits perfectly: a new ringer is a raw recruit, inexperienced.
4. having no previous example or precedent (unexampled) - Not fitting.
5. other than the former one(s); different - (they now have a new leaders) - Could be a replacement ringer, but context doesn't suggest replacing former ones, just recruiting and training new ones. Not the best.
6. unaffected by use or exposure (looks like new) - Not for a person.
7. (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new (newfangled) - Not for a person.
8. in use after medieval times (New Egyptian) - No.
9. used of a living language; being the current stage (Modern) - No.
10. (of crops) harvested at an early stage (new potatoes) - No.
11. unfamiliar (new experiences) - Could be "unfamiliar" as in new to the activity, but sense 3 (lacking training or experience) is more precise for a recruit.

Sense 3 has synonyms: raw, and example: raw recruits. That's exactly the context: ringers being recruited and trained, so "new ringer" means an inexperienced one.

Thus, sense 3 is best.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new <t>ringer</t> out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "ringer" and surface form "ringer". The context is about bell ringing: "lack of ringers", "trained bellringers", "still ring", "attract and train ringers", "new ringer out of 10", "more than a third of the ringers today are women." The entire context is clearly about people who ring church bells. Therefore, the correct sense is the one meaning a person who rings church bells.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Sense 1 is the only one that matches the context. The others are clearly not about bell ringing. So the answer is sense_index 1.

We need to return JSON like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: adds
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he <t>adds</t>. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "add" with the target surface form "adds" in the given context. The context is a quote from Mr. Baldwin: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10," he adds. So "adds" is a reporting verb, meaning he said this as an additional statement. The candidate senses include one specific for stating or saying further: sense 2, "state or say further", synonyms "append, supply", with an example: "`It doesn't matter,' he supplied." This matches the context perfectly. The other senses involve addition in various ways: joining, numerical addition, bestowing qualities, etc. The context clearly uses "adds" in the sense of adding a statement to what was previously said. Therefore, the correct sense index is 2. Return as JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bright
Target surface form: bright
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One <t>bright</t> sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bright%3:00:00:: | definition=emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts | examples=the sun was bright and hot; a bright sunlit room
2. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:colorful:00 | definition=having striking color | synonyms=brilliant, vivid | examples=bright dress; brilliant tapestries
3. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00 | definition=characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart | examples=some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average
4. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:light:06 | definition=having lots of light either natural or artificial | examples=the room was bright and airy; a stage bright with spotlights
5. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:polished:00 | definition=made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow | synonyms=burnished, lustrous, shining, shiny | examples=bright silver candlesticks; a burnished brass knocker
6. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:glorious:00 | definition=splendid | examples=the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history
7. sense_key=bright%3:00:02:: | definition=not made dim or less bright | synonyms=undimmed | examples=undimmed headlights; surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed
8. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00 | definition=clear and sharp and ringing | synonyms=brilliant | examples=the bright sound of the trumpet section; the brilliant sound of the trumpets
9. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:happy:00 | definition=characterized by happiness or gladness | examples=bright faces; all the world seems bright and gay
10. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the word "bright" in the given context. The context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." The target is "bright" modifying "sign". We need to choose the best sense from the list provided. Sense 10 is "full of promise" with synonyms hopeful, promising. Example: "had a bright future in publishing". That seems to fit: a "bright sign" meaning a hopeful or promising sign. Sense 9 is "characterized by happiness or gladness", but a sign isn't happy, it's an indication. Sense 6 is "splendid", example "bright moment in history", but here "bright sign" is more about being positive/encouraging. Sense 10 is the best match. The index is 10.

provider: DeepInfra