[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer." We need to determine the sense of "certain" here.

The options:

- Sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified". Example: "set aside a certain sum each week". This is an adjective meaning a specific but unnamed or unspecified quantity or thing. Here, "certain families" means specific families, not necessarily identified in the context. That fits: breast cancer strikes multiple members of certain (specific, but not specified which) families. This is common usage.

- Sense 2: "having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured". Example: "felt certain of success". That's about being sure, not applicable here.

- Sense 3: "established beyond doubt or question; definitely known". Example: "it is certain that they were on the bus". This is about factual certainty, not applicable.

- Sense 4: "certain to occur; destined or inevitable". Example: "he was certain to fail". Not applicable.

- Sense 5: "established irrevocably". Example: "his fate is sealed". Not applicable.

- Sense 6: "reliable in operation or effect". Example: "a quick and certain remedy". Not applicable.

- Sense 7: "exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance". Example: "be certain to disconnect the iron". This is an imperative or adjective about being careful/assured, not applicable.

The context is clearly using "certain" to mean "some specific but unnamed families." So sense 1 is the correct choice.

Thus, output {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "family" (surface form "families") in the given context. The context is from a scientific/medical article about cancer genetics. The sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

We need to choose among the 8 senses provided. Let's analyze.

The context: "since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families" – here "families" refers to groups of people related by blood, i.e., genetic lineage. It's about inherited gene mutations that run in families. So the sense likely involves kinship or descent.

Look at the options:
1. social unit living together (household) – not about living together, but about genetic relatives across generations.
2. primary social group; parents and children – that's more immediate family, but here it's about "certain families" where multiple members get cancer, implying a broader lineage.
3. collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category) – not fitting.
4. people descended from a common ancestor (family line, kinfolk) – This fits best: "multiple members of certain families" meaning people who share a common ancestor, thus genetic lineage. The example: "his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower" is about lineage.
5. a person having kinship with another or others (kin) – this is about a person being kin, but here it's a group ("families").
6. (biology) taxonomic group – not relevant.
7. gangsters – not.
8. association of people sharing common beliefs – not.

Sense 4 explicitly defines "people descended from a common ancestor" and synonyms include "family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry." This is exactly the meaning in the context: families with inherited cancer genes. Sense 2 is about parents and children, which is more nuclear family, but in the context of hereditary cancer, it often refers to extended families (lineage). Sense 4 is the best.

Thus the answer should be sense index 4.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: NextBit

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "inherited" in the given context. The target lemma is "inherit", surface form "inherited". The context is about a gene (p53) and how it is involved in cancer. The specific sentence containing the target is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer." So we are talking about inheriting a gene, specifically inheriting a damaged form of the p53 gene. This is clearly about genetic transmission, receiving characteristics from parents. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents. This is about inheritance of property upon death. Not applicable here; the gene isn't obtained after someone's death.

2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair. This could be metaphorical, but in the biological context, we are talking about genetic inheritance. However, sense 2 is about receiving something (like responsibilities, situations) from a predecessor in a role. It doesn't specifically mention genetic transmission. But could it apply? The gene is passed down from parents (predecessors in a biological lineage). However, sense 3 is explicitly about genetic transmission.

3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother. This is perfect: inheriting a gene, especially in a damaged form, is exactly genetic transmission.

Thus, sense 3 is the best. So the answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a <t>damaged</t> form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "damaged" in context. The target is in the phrase "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer." The whole text is about the p53 gene, which is a cancer-suppressing gene. The sentence says that when inherited in a damaged form, it may predispose women to cancer. So "damaged" here means that the gene is not functioning correctly; it is harmed, injured, or spoiled. Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled" with examples: "I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings." This fits perfectly: a gene that is inherited in a form that is harmed or injured, i.e., not functioning properly.

2. sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" with synonyms "discredited" and examples: "a discredited politician; her damaged reputation." This refers to damage to reputation, which doesn't fit the gene context. Here, the gene is physically damaged (mutated), not discredited.

Thus, the correct sense is sense 1.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "form" in the given context. The target surface form is "form", appearing in the sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer."

We need to pick the best indexed sense from the list of 16 candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context. The sentence is talking about a gene (p53 suppressor gene). When inherited in a damaged form, it may predispose women to cancer. So "form" here refers to a particular variant or version of the gene. The gene can be normal or damaged. "Damaged form" means a variant that is altered or mutated.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. form%1:10:00:: (word form, signifier, descriptor): about phonological/orthographic appearance of a word. Not relevant.
2. form%1:09:01:: (kind, sort, variety): "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality". Example: "sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?" This seems plausible: a damaged form of p53 means a damaged kind/variant of the gene.
3. form%1:09:00:: (shape, pattern): perceptual structure. Not about genes.
4. form%1:07:01:: (shape, configuration, contour): spatial attributes. No.
5. form%1:08:00:: (human body): no.
6. form%1:03:00:: (shape): spatial arrangement. No.
7. form%1:07:00:: (shape, cast): visual appearance. No.
8. form%1:10:01:: (printed document): no.
9. form%1:14:02:: (variant, strain, var.): (biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups. Example: "a new strain of microorganisms". This specifically is a biological sense, referring to a variant within a species. The gene is not an organism, but it's a biological entity. Could be plausible: "damaged form" could be a variant of the gene. However, the definition says "group of organisms", not genes. Still, sometimes "form" is used for variants of genes, but strictly this sense is about organisms. But in biology, "form" can also refer to a variant of a protein or gene. But WordNet might not have that exact sense. Sense 9 is specifically for a taxonomic rank below species. That doesn't perfectly fit a gene variant.
10. form%1:10:02:: (arrangement of elements in composition): not relevant.
11. form%1:07:03:: (a particular mode in which something is manifested): "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility". This is more about manifestation or expression, not a variant. It could be used like "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form" meaning in a damaged state or mode. But that's less precise.
12. form%1:26:00:: (phase, state of matter): physical chemistry, not relevant.
13. form%1:14:00:: (class, grade, course): body of students, no.
14. form%1:07:02:: (ability to perform well): no.
15. form%1:06:00:: (mannequin): no.
16. form%1:06:01:: (mold for concrete): no.

The most relevant senses appear to be 2 (kind, sort, variety) and possibly 9 (variant, strain) and 11 (manifestation mode).

Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" - a damaged form of p53 means a damaged type/kind of the gene. That fits well. The examples include "what kinds of desserts are there?" So "form" = "kind".

Sense 9: "a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups" - this is about taxonomic groups like strains of bacteria. But here we have a gene, not an organism. However, metaphorically, genes have variants or strains. But WordNet's specific gloss says "group of organisms", so it's not a perfect fit.

Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested" - "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility". That implies an outward expression. "Inherited in a damaged form" could mean in a damaged state or manner. But "form" here is more about the variant of the gene itself, not how it's manifested. The gene itself is the thing that is damaged, so it's the sort or kind of gene.

In biology, one speaks of "mutant form" of a gene, meaning a variant version. This is closely aligned with sense 2 (kind, variety). For example, "a form of a gene" is commonly used to mean an allele or variant. Sense 9, although biological, is for organisms, not genes. So sense 2 seems the most general and fitting.

Let's double-check: The context: "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer." Replace "form" with "kind": "the gene, when inherited in a damaged kind, may predispose..." That works. With "variant": "damaged variant". But "variant" is a synonym of sense 9, but that sense is specifically for organisms. However, "variant" as a word can apply more broadly. But given WordNet's precise definitions, sense 9 is restricted to biology (group of organisms). In contrast, sense 2 is "kind, sort, variety" which is broad and can apply to anything, including genes. So I'd go with sense 2.

Sense 2 index is 2. So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

But let's see if there's any other candidate. Sense 1 is word form; 3-7 shapes; 8 document; 10 composition arrangement; 11 manifestation; 12 phase; 13 class; 14 ability; 15 mannequin; 16 mold. None are better.

Thus, best is sense 2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose <t>women</t> to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "women" in the given context. The sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer." Here, "women" refers broadly to female persons in a general sense, as a group. It's not about a specific adult female person in a relationship (sense 2), nor a domestic worker (sense 3), nor an abstract class like "womanhood" (sense 4). It's simply female individuals in the context of being predisposed to cancer. Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" fits best. The synonyms include "adult female" and the example "the woman kept house while the man hunted" shows it's a general term for female persons. Sense 4 "women as a class" might seem similar, but that sense is more abstract, often used in phrases like "woman is the glory of creation" referring to the entire sex in a collective way. Here, the context is about women as individuals who may be predisposed to cancer; it's not about the class as an abstract entity. So sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the <t>cancer</t>. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma: cancer, surface form: cancer, context: a passage about cancer research, specifically p53 gene and its role in cancer formation. The target is in <t> tags: "the <t>cancer</t>". The sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer." So, cancer here refers to the disease.

Now we have candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
This is clearly the disease sense.

2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer (the Crab)
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | a small zodiacal constellation
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | the fourth sign of the zodiac
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | type genus of the family Cancridae (crabs)

The context is about cancer as a disease, so sense 1 is the only appropriate choice.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: implicate
Target surface form: implicated
Context:
Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been <t>implicated</t> in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=implicate%2:42:01:: | definition=bring into intimate and incriminating connection | examples=He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government
2. sense_key=implicate%2:42:00:: | definition=impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result | synonyms=entail | examples=What does this move entail?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "implicate" as used in the sentence: "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer." The target surface form is "implicated". Context: Scientists found that the p53 gene is involved in cancer, specifically that it is missing or damaged in lung cancer cells. We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "bring into intimate and incriminating connection", example: "He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government". This sense suggests involvement in something bad or criminal, like being accused of being part of a crime.

Sense 2: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result", synonyms: entail, example: "What does this move entail?" This sense is about logical consequence or necessary involvement, like one thing entailing another.

In the context: "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer." It means that evidence suggests the gene is involved in causing or being associated with lung cancer. This is similar to saying the gene is connected to lung cancer in a causal or contributing way. The gene is not being accused of a crime, but rather it is being found to be a factor. The word "implicated" in medical/scientific contexts often means "shown to be involved in". This aligns more with sense 1? Let's think: Sense 1 is about incriminating connection, often with a negative connotation like being involved in a crime. But here, the gene is "implicated" in a disease, which is a negative outcome, so it carries a similar notion of involvement in something bad. However, sense 2 is about logical implication or entailment. Which one fits better? The example for sense 2: "What does this move entail?" That's about necessary consequences. But "implicated in lung cancer" means that the gene is considered to be involved as a potential cause or factor, not that it logically entails lung cancer. The phrase "implicated in" is often used to suggest a link between a factor and a disease, similar to "linked to" or "associated with". This is akin to sense 1, where someone is implicated in a crime—they are connected to it. The gene is not being incriminated morally, but the connection is one of involvement. Sense 2's definition includes "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result", which might also fit if we think of the gene being involved as a necessary accompaniment. But "entail" is more about logical necessity. The example "What does this move entail?" means "What does this move involve?" But sense 2 uses "entail" as a synonym. In many dictionaries, "implicate" can mean "to show to be involved" which matches sense 1. Sense 2 is more about implying or having as a consequence. The context: scientists found that in lung cancer cells, the gene is often missing. So they are saying the gene is implicated, meaning evidence points to its role. That is exactly "bring into intimate and incriminating connection", though not criminal. However, WordNet sense 1 specifically says "incriminating", which might bias it to criminal contexts. But often in extended use, it applies to any involvement in a negative event. Sense 2 might be less common. Let's check the examples: Sense 1 example: "He is implicated in the scheme..." uses passive "is implicated in" exactly like our sentence. Sense 2 example: "What does this move entail?" uses "entail" as the synonym, not "implicate". So the phrasing "has been implicated in" matches the pattern of sense 1. Additionally, sense 2 is defined as "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result", which is more about one thing leading to another, not about a scientific association. The scientific usage of "implicated" is consistently sense 1. Therefore, I choose sense 1.

The instruction: return only a JSON object with sense_index (1 or 2). So I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a <t>report</t> out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "report" and target surface form "report". The context: "In a <t>report</t> out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene." The sentence indicates a report as a published document or study from researchers. The synonyms for sense 1: "study, written report" with example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This fits perfectly: a scientific report/study being published. Sense 3 is about news reports, but the context is a scientific finding, more akin to a study report. Sense 2 is verbal report, not written. So sense 1 is

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out <t>last</t> week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "last" in the context: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

We need to choose from 9 candidate senses. The target is an adjective (or maybe adverb? Actually "last week" is a common phrase where "last" modifies "week" meaning the immediately preceding week). Looking at the senses:

1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
   This sense means "immediately preceding" and examples include "last Thursday". "last week" fits perfectly: it means the week immediately past.

2. coming after all others ... "the last time I saw Paris" etc. That is more about finality, not immediate past.

3. occurring at or forming an end or termination; synonyms concluding, final, terminal. Not appropriate for "last week" which is relative to now, not the final week.

4. most unlikely or unsuitable; irrelevant.

5. occurring at the time of death; irrelevant.

6. conclusive in a process; not for "last week".

7. highest in extent or degree; not for time reference.

8. not to be altered or undone; final. Not for "last week".

9. lowest in rank or importance; not.

Thus, sense 1 is clearly the correct one. The phrase "last week" is idiomatic for "the week immediately past". So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last <t>week</t>, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "week" in context: "In a report out last <t>week</t>, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that ..." The sentence is about a report that came out last week. The candidate senses are:

1. any period of seven consecutive days; synonyms: hebdomad; examples: it rained for a week.
2. hours or days of work in a calendar week; synonyms: workweek; examples: they worked a 40-hour week.
3. a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday; synonyms: calendar week.

The context: "last week" refers to the most recent period of seven days before now. It doesn't specify starting on Sunday, but in common usage, "last week" typically means the previous calendar week (often Sunday to Saturday or Monday to Sunday depending on culture). However, sense 3 explicitly says "starting on Sunday", which might be too specific for a general context. Sense 1 is more general: any period of seven consecutive days. In the phrase "last week", we mean the week that just passed, which is a calendar week, but not necessarily starting on Sunday. Sense 2 is about workweek, which is not applicable here because it's about a report coming out, not about work hours.

So, between sense 1 and sense 3, sense 1 is more general and fits "last week" as any seven-day period, while sense 3 specifies "starting on Sunday". In typical usage, "last week" refers to a calendar week, but which day it starts depends on locale. WordNet sense 3 specifically says "starting on Sunday". However, the context doesn't indicate that the week starts on Sunday; it's just a report last week. The general sense (1) is more appropriate because it doesn't impose a specific start day. Also, the examples for sense 1: "it rained for a week" shows a duration, but "last week" is a specific, identified week, not just any seven days. Actually, in "last week", the week is a specific, named, most recent calendar week. In WordNet, sense 1 is "any period of seven consecutive days", which is more about a duration (e.g., "a week's vacation"), while sense 3 is "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday" which is a specific kind of calendar unit. "Last week" is a deictic reference to the preceding calendar week. Hence, sense 3 might be more accurate because it denotes the calendar week, even though it says "starting on Sunday". But in many contexts, "last week" can mean the last seven days regardless of Sunday start. WordNet often has a sense for "calendar week" (sense 3) and a more general sense (sense 1). I think "last week" in this news report context most likely refers to the previous calendar week, which is a specific, named week. So sense 3 is the best fit. The phrase "last week" is typically used to refer to the week that ended recently, and in standard English, a week is considered to start on Sunday or Monday. But WordNet defines sense 3 as starting on Sunday, which is a bit rigid. However, it's the only sense that explicitly says "calendar week". So I'll go with sense 3.

But let's double-check: The examples for sense 3: none given? Actually, the candidate list only provides examples for sense 1 and 2. Sense 3 has no example. But the gloss is "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday". That matches the idea of a calendar week. Sense 1 is more about duration. "Last week" is a specific point in time, not just any seven days. So sense 3 is more appropriate.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "say" in the given context. The context: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene." The target is "say" in the phrase "John Minna and colleagues ... say that ...". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list.

Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

In context, scientists are reporting findings from a study. "say that about half the cells ... are missing this gene." This is a statement of fact based on their research. It's a report or assertion of findings. That aligns with sense 2: "report or maintain", synonyms: allege, aver. The example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" – here "said" is used to report or assert something. This is a scientific report, so "say" means they are reporting their results.

Sense 1 is more general "express in words", but sense 2 is more specific to reporting or maintaining a claim. Sense 3 is supposition, not the case here. Sense 9 is opinion/judgment, but it's more like declaring a personal stance. The context is a factual report, not a personal opinion. So sense 2 is the best match.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that <t>about</t> half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "about" in the sentence: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that <t>about</t> half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. about%4:02:00:: (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct. Synonyms: approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less. Example: lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute.

2. about%4:02:06:: all around or on all sides. Synonyms: around. Example: dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help.

3. about%4:02:01:: in the area or vicinity. Synonyms: around. Example: a few spectators standing about; hanging around.

4. about%4:02:04:: used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction. Synonyms: around. Example: wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about.

5. about%4:02:02:: in or to a reversed position or direction. Synonyms: around. Example: about face; suddenly she turned around.

6. about%4:02:03:: in rotation or succession. Example: turn about is fair play.

7. about%4:02:05:: (of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but. Synonyms: almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually. Example: the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded.

In context: "about half the cells" means approximately half, an imprecise quantity. So sense 1 fits perfectly: (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct, with synonyms approximately, roughly, etc.

The other senses don't fit: sense 2 (all around), 3 (in the vicinity), 4 (movement in no particular direction), 5 (reversed position), 6 (rotation), 7 (slightly short of) - note that sense 7 is for actions or states "all but" accomplished, like "the job is about done" meaning nearly done. But "about half" is not "nearly half"; it's roughly half, which is sense 1. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the <t>cells</t> taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "cell" and surface form "cells" in a context about cancer research. The text discusses a gene (p53) involved in cancer, and in the highlighted sentence: "about half the <t>cells</t> taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene." So, "cells" refers to biological cells, i.e., the basic structural and functional units of organisms. Looking at the candidate senses, sense 2 is: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals." This fits perfectly. Other senses like compartments, electric cells, political cells, mobile phones, monk's room, or prison cell are irrelevant. So the best indexed sense is 2. Returning JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to pick the single best indexed sense for "taken" in: "about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Context: cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested. So "taken" means removed, extracted, obtained, collected from the tissue for testing. It's the sense of removing or obtaining a sample. Look at candidate senses: sense 1 "carry out" (take action) no. sense 2 "require time" no. sense 3 "take somebody somewhere" no. sense 4 "get into one's hands, take physically" - synonyms "get hold of", examples "Take a cookie! Can you take this bag, please" – that's about physically taking an object. Could be applied to "cells taken" meaning physically obtained, but it's more specific: cells were extracted from tissue. sense 5 "assume a form" no. sense 6 "interpret" no. sense 7 "take something with oneself" no. sense 8 "take into one's possession" - examples "I'll take three salmon steaks" – that's about acquiring, but no physical extraction. sense 9 travel. sense 10 pick out/select – cells weren't selected; they were taken as a sample. sense 11 receive willingly. sense 12 assume roles. sense 13 consider as example. sense 14 require. sense 15 experience/submit (take a test) no. sense 16 film. sense 17 "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract" – synonyms remove, take away, withdraw. Examples: remove a threat, remove a wrapper. That fits "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" – they removed cells from the tissue. So sense 17 is "take%2:30:00::" = remove. That seems the best. The definition: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract". In biological context, "cells taken from tissue" means they were extracted, removed. So sense index 17 is correct. Confirm no other sense fits: sense 4: take physically could be close, but sense 17 specifically remove. The examples: "remove a wrapper" analogous to removing cells from tissue. Also "take off" something. So 17 is perfect. sense 24: ascertain by measuring, "take a reading" – no. sense 25 study. sense 26 claim. sense 27 head. sense 28 aim. etc. So index 17. We'll output JSON: {"sense_index": 17}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer <t>tissue</t> they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target word "tissue" with two candidate senses. Sense 1: biological tissue (part of an organism). Sense 2: paper tissue. The context is about cancer research, specifically discussing lung cancer tissue, kidney, brain, and skin cancers. The sentence: "half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene." Clearly, this refers to biological tissue, not paper. So, sense 1 is correct.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tested
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they <t>tested</t> are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%2:41:00:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=prove, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
2. sense_key=test%2:41:01:: | definition=test or examine for the presence of disease or infection | synonyms=screen | examples=screen the blood for the HIV virus
3. sense_key=test%2:32:00:: | definition=examine someone's knowledge of something | synonyms=quiz | examples=The teacher tests us every week; We got quizzed on French irregular verbs
4. sense_key=test%2:42:00:: | definition=show a certain characteristic when tested | examples=He tested positive for HIV
5. sense_key=test%2:33:00:: | definition=achieve a certain score or rating on a test | examples=She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools
6. sense_key=test%2:32:08:: | definition=determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
7. sense_key=test%2:31:06:: | definition=undergo a test | examples=She doesn't test well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "tested" in the given context. Let's analyze the context: "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The target word is "tested" (past tense of test). They took cells from lung cancer tissue and tested them. What did they test? They tested the cells to see if they are missing the p53 gene. This involves examining the cells for the presence of a genetic characteristic. The context is about cancer research, specifically checking if the gene is missing in cancer cells.

Now look at the candidate senses:

1. test%2:41:00:: put to the test, for quality or experimental use. Examples: "This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe." This sense is about testing something to see its quality or effectiveness. Not exactly about testing for a specific gene presence.

2. test%2:41:01:: test or examine for the presence of disease or infection. Synonyms: screen. Examples: "screen the blood for the HIV virus". This is very close: they tested cells to see if they are missing a gene (which is related to cancer, a disease). But the definition says "presence of disease or infection", while here they are testing for the presence/absence of a gene, not directly the disease. But it's in the context of cancer research, so screening cells for a gene alteration is akin to screening for a disease marker. This sense uses "screen" and example of screening blood for HIV, which is similar.

3. test%2:32:00:: examine someone's knowledge. Example: teacher tests students. Clearly not.

4. test%2:42:00:: show a certain characteristic when tested. Example: "He tested positive for HIV." Here, "tested" is intransitive? Actually, the example "He tested positive" means he underwent a test and showed a result. In our context, it's transitive: "cells they tested" – they tested the cells, not "the cells tested positive". The target is "tested" in an active voice with an object (cells). Sense 4 is more about the subject showing a characteristic, like "he tested positive". So not matching.

5. test%2:33:00:: achieve a certain score. Example: "She tested high on the LSAT." Not relevant.

6. test%2:32:08:: determine the presence or properties of (a substance). This sense seems to directly apply: determine the presence or properties of a substance. They tested cells (a substance) to determine the presence of the p53 gene (or absence). No synonyms or examples given, but definition fits well.

7. test%2:31:06:: undergo a test. Example: "She doesn't test well." Intransitive again.

Between sense 2 and sense 6, sense 2 specifies disease or infection, while sense 6 is more general: determine presence or properties. In this context, they are determining whether the gene is missing, which is a property of the cells. It's not directly screening for disease; they are looking for a genetic alteration. So sense 6 seems more precise. Sense 2 has the screening example, but it emphasizes disease/infection presence. They are testing cells to see if a gene is missing, which is a molecular property. So I'd lean toward sense 6.

But let's see if there's any other nuance. The phrase "cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested" – they are doing an assay to check for the gene. That's determining the presence or properties of a substance (the cells or the DNA). Sense 6 directly matches.

Thus, I choose sense_index 6.

Now output exactly: {"sense_index": 6}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: miss
Target surface form: missing
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are <t>missing</t> this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=miss%2:39:00:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=lose | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
2. sense_key=miss%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or suffer from the lack of | examples=He misses his mother
3. sense_key=miss%2:42:01:: | definition=fail to attend an event or activity | examples=I missed the concert; He missed school for a week
4. sense_key=miss%2:31:00:: | definition=leave undone or leave out | synonyms=neglect, pretermit, omit, drop, leave out, overlook | examples=How could I miss that typo?; The workers on the conveyor belt miss one out of ten
5. sense_key=miss%2:38:00:: | definition=fail to reach or get to | examples=She missed her train
6. sense_key=miss%2:42:00:: | definition=be without | synonyms=lack | examples=This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!
7. sense_key=miss%2:35:00:: | definition=fail to reach | examples=The arrow missed the target
8. sense_key=miss%2:42:02:: | definition=be absent | examples=The child had been missing for a week
9. sense_key=miss%2:32:00:: | definition=fail to experience | synonyms=escape | examples=Fortunately, I missed the hurricane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "missing" in the sentence: "about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are <t>missing</t> this gene." The target lemma is "miss", surface form "missing". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the given list.

Let's examine the context: The sentence says that in lung cancer tissue, half the cells are missing this gene, referring to the p53 gene. The idea is that the gene is absent, not present. The surrounding text also talks about "missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers." So "missing" here means the gene is not there, it is absent, it lacks the gene.

Now look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=miss%2:39:00:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=lose | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point → This is about not perceiving something.

2. sense_key=miss%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or suffer from the lack of | examples=He misses his mother → This is about emotional longing for someone absent.

3. sense_key=miss%2:42:01:: | definition=fail to attend an event or activity | examples=I missed the concert; He missed school for a week → This is about not attending.

4. sense_key=miss%2:31:00:: | definition=leave undone or leave out | synonyms=neglect, pretermit, omit, drop, leave out, overlook | examples=How could I miss that typo?; The workers on the conveyor belt miss one out of ten → This is about omitting or overlooking something, often in a task.

5. sense_key=miss%2:38:00:: | definition=fail to reach or get to | examples=She missed her train → This is about not catching a vehicle or arriving on time.

6. sense_key=miss%2:42:00:: | definition=be without | synonyms=lack | examples=This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box! → This is about being without something, lacking. The example "There is something missing in my jewelry box!" means something is absent, not there. So this sense is for the state of lacking something.

7. sense_key=miss%2:35:00:: | definition=fail to reach | examples=The arrow missed the target → This is about not hitting.

8. sense_key=miss%2:42:02:: | definition=be absent | examples=The child had been missing for a week → This is about a person or thing not being present, especially disappeared or not in the expected place. The example: "The child had been missing for a week" means the child is absent, not there.

9. sense_key=miss%2:32:00:: | definition=fail to experience | synonyms=escape | examples=Fortunately, I missed the hurricane → This is about not experiencing something, often negative.

In the context: "cells ... are missing this gene." It means the gene is not present in those cells; the cells lack this gene. This is a state of being without something. Sense 6 (be without, lack) and sense 8 (be absent) are similar. Let's differentiate.

Sense 6: "be without" | synonyms: lack | examples: "This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!" The second example uses "missing" as an adjective: "There is something missing..." meaning something is not present, something is lacking. So sense 6 seems to cover the idea of something being missing/lacking from a set or container. Here, the cells are missing the gene, i.e., they lack it. That fits.

Sense 8: "be absent" | example: "The child had been missing for a week." This is more about a person being absent, not present, often with a connotation of being lost or not where expected. It can also apply to things, but the definition "be absent" is similar. In WordNet, sense 8 likely refers to the state of being missing as in "not present" (often for people). The example is about a child missing. For genes, we typically say they are missing from cells, meaning they are not there, they are absent. But the phrase "are missing this gene" is a bit different: it's using "missing" as a verb in present continuous? Actually, "are missing" is a present continuous form of "miss" meaning they are in the state of lacking. It could also be a participial adjective. The target is "missing", which is the surface form. In the sentence, "are missing this gene" is a verb phrase: "be missing" something. That is often used to mean "lack". The sense "be without" (sense 6) is exactly "lack". Sense 8 is "be absent", which is intransitive usually (e.g., "the child is missing" without an object). Here, "missing" takes an object: "missing this gene". So it's transitive: they are missing (i.e., lacking) this gene. Sense 6 shows examples like "There is something missing..." where "missing" is an adjective, but the definition is "be without", and the synonym is "lack". The verb "lack" is transitive: "This soup lacks salt." So sense 6 fits the transitive use "missing something" = lacking something. Sense 8, "be absent," is typically intransitive. So sense 6 is better.

Also consider sense 4: "leave undone or leave out" — could "miss" be used as in "omit"? But in the context, it's not that they intentionally omitted the gene; it's that the gene is not there due to mutation or deletion. So it's about lacking, not about failing to include.

Sense 2: "feel or suffer from the lack of" — emotional longing, doesn't fit.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 6.

I'll output {"sense_index": 6}.