[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: cause
Context:
Cerenia contains the active substance maropitant and is available as tablet or as solution for injection. The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to <t>cause</t> vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "cause" in the context: "some of which are known to cause vomiting." The target is "cause" as a verb. We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

We need to choose the best sense based on context.

In the sentence: "some of which are known to cause vomiting." The subject is medicines (chemotherapy drugs), and they cause vomiting. Vomiting is an action (verb) but here it's used as a noun ("vomiting" as a gerund). The sense is that the medicines give rise to vomiting, i.e., make it happen. That aligns with sense 1: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur." Sense 1 examples: "cause a commotion" (commotion is a noun). Sense 2 is about causing someone to do something: cause to do; cause to act. Its examples involve causing a person to act: "induced me to buy", "got me to buy". Here, the object is "vomiting", not a person being induced to act. Vomiting is not an agent that acts; it's an event. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

Thus, the correct sense index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measures
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive <t>measures</t> such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "measure" and the surface form "measures" in the context: "In combination with supportive <t>measures</t> such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting...". We need to choose the best indexed sense (1 through 9) from the provided list.

Let's analyze the context. The phrase "supportive measures" refers to actions or steps taken to support the treatment, such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet. It means actions taken to achieve a goal (treating vomiting). The synonyms for sense 1: "step", and examples: "the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime". So sense 1 fits perfectly: "any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal". The other senses are about quantity, bill, measurement process, standard, musical terms, measuring instruments, etc. None fit the context of "supportive measures" meaning supportive actions or steps.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.

JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as <t>other</t> veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: other, Target surface form: other. Context: a sentence: "In combination with supportive measures such as <t>other</t> veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used..." We have four candidate senses. We need to choose the best indexed sense.

Looking at the context: "other veterinary treatment" – here "other" means additional or different from the one already mentioned? The sentence is about Cerenia being used in combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet. The word "such as" introduces examples, so "other veterinary treatment" is one example of supportive measures. "Other" here likely means "additional" or "not the same as the ones already mentioned"? But note: the text doesn't explicitly mention a specific veterinary treatment already; it just says "supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment". This might imply "other" in the sense of "different from the ones already mentioned or implied" – i.e., not the same as the primary treatment (Cerenia itself). They are talking about using Cerenia along with other treatments. So sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" fits. Example: "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works". In the example, "other public works" means additional works not already named. So this matches.

Sense 2: recently past – not applicable.
Sense 3: belonging to the distant past – not applicable.
Sense 4: very unusual; different in character or quality – not applicable; "other veterinary treatment" does not mean strange or unusual treatment.

Thus, sense index 1 is correct.

So JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary <t>treatment</t> or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to pick the best sense for "treatment" in the given context. The context is about a veterinary medication (Cerenia) used to stop vomiting in dogs. The sentence: "In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting..." Here, "treatment" clearly refers to medical care or management of a condition. Let's evaluate each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: : care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) - synonyms: intervention. This fits perfectly: veterinary treatment, treatment of vomiting. Medical context.
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: : the management of someone or something - synonyms: handling. Examples: handling of prisoners, treatment of water sewage. This is more general management, not specifically medical. While medical treatment is a form of management, the first sense is more specific to medical care.
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: : a manner of dealing with something artistically. Not applicable here.
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: : an extended communication dealing with some particular topic (discussion, discourse). Not applicable.

The first sense is the most precise, as it explicitly mentions medical procedures. The second sense could also be stretched to fit, but the first is specifically medical and matches the context perfectly. So we choose sense 1.

Instruction says: return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So for sense index 1: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: special
Target surface form: special
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a <t>special</t> diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=special%5:00:01:specific:00 | definition=unique or specific to a person or thing or category | synonyms=particular, peculiar | examples=the particular demands of the job; has a particular preference for Chinese art
2. sense_key=special%5:00:00:extraordinary:00 | definition=for a special service or occasion | examples=a special correspondent; a special adviser to the committee
3. sense_key=special%5:00:00:uncommon:00 | definition=surpassing what is common or usual or expected | synonyms=especial, exceptional, particular | examples=he paid especial attention to her; exceptional kindness
4. sense_key=special%5:00:00:specialized:00 | definition=adapted to or reserved for a particular purpose | examples=a special kind of paint; a special medication for arthritis
5. sense_key=special%5:00:00:specific:00 | definition=having a specific function or scope | synonyms=limited | examples=a special (or specific) role in the mission
6. sense_key=special%5:00:00:primary:00 | definition=first and most important | synonyms=particular | examples=his special interest is music; she gets special (or particular) satisfaction from her volunteer work
7. sense_key=special%5:00:00:unscheduled:00 | definition=added to a regular schedule | synonyms=extra | examples=a special holiday flight; put on special buses for the big game

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "special" in the given context. Let's analyze the context:

Context: "In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting..."

Here "special diet" is a phrase common in medical/veterinary contexts. It likely means a diet that is specifically designed for a particular purpose, i.e., adapted to a particular need. This matches sense 4: "adapted to or reserved for a particular purpose", with examples like "a special kind of paint; a special medication for arthritis". The synonyms: specialized.

Other senses: Sense 1: specific to a person/thing, but "special diet" isn't unique to a specific person, it's a type of diet. Sense 2: for a special service or occasion, like a correspondent, not dietary. Sense 3: surpassing uncommon, exceptional, not quite. Sense 5: having a specific function or scope, "special role", could work, but diet is more about being adapted. Sense 6: first and most important, "special interest", not for diet. Sense 7: added to a regular schedule, extra, not diet.

Sense 4 with "specialized" and "a special medication" parallels "a special diet" well. So sense 4.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diet
Target surface form: diet
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special <t>diet</t>, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diet%1:13:00:: | definition=a prescribed selection of foods
2. sense_key=diet%1:14:00:: | definition=a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Japan)
3. sense_key=diet%1:13:01:: | definition=the usual food and drink consumed by an organism (person or animal)
4. sense_key=diet%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods) | synonyms=dieting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "diet" in the context. The context is about Cerenia, an anti-emetic used in dogs. It says: "In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting". So "diet" here refers to a prescribed selection of foods for the dog, likely a special feeding plan to manage vomiting. Among the senses:

1. sense_key=diet%1:13:00:: | definition=a prescribed selection of foods
2. sense_key=diet%1:14:00:: | definition=a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Japan)
3. sense_key=diet%1:13:01:: | definition=the usual food and drink consumed by an organism (person or animal)
4. sense_key=diet%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods) | synonyms=dieting

The context says "a special diet", which indicates a prescribed selection of foods, not the usual food (sense 3) or the act of restricting (sense 4) or a legislative assembly (sense 2). So sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: used
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be <t>used</t> in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "use" and target surface form "used", in the context of a passage about Cerenia, a veterinary drug. The sentence: "Cerenia can also be <t>used</t> in the treatment of vomiting ..." We need to choose the best sense from six candidate senses.

Let's examine the context: "Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)." Here, "used" means employed or applied for a purpose. The drug is being put into service to treat vomiting.

Analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose. Synonyms: utilize, utilise, apply, employ. Example: use your head!; we only use Spanish at home. This fits: Cerenia is being employed for the purpose of treating vomiting.

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | take or consume (regularly or habitually). Synonyms: habituate. Example: She uses drugs rarely. This is about consuming substances, not applicable here. The drug is not being consumed by someone habitually in this context; it's about its medical application.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | use up, consume fully. Synonyms: expend. Example: The legislature expended its time on school questions. This means to exhaust resources. Not applicable: Cerenia is not being used up in that sense; it's being administered.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage. Example: She uses her influential friends to get jobs. This has a sense of exploiting something or someone for personal gain. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | avail oneself to. Synonyms: practice, apply. Example: apply a principle; practice a religion. This is for abstract things like principles. Not the best fit; "used in the treatment" is about employing a concrete thing (medicine) for a purpose.

6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | habitually do something (use only in the past tense). Example: She used to call her mother. This is the "used to" construction, but the form is "used" without "to" here, and it's not a past habit.

Clearly sense 1 is the best: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose". The context matches exactly: the drug is employed to treat vomiting.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the <t>treatment</t> of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context about Cerenia, an anti-emetic medication used in dogs. The target word is "treatment" in the phrase "in the treatment of vomiting". The context says: "In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)." So it's referring to medical care for vomiting. The candidate senses are:

1. care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) - synonyms: intervention. This fits medical treatment of vomiting.

2. the management of someone or something - synonyms: handling. Examples: handling of prisoners, treatment of water sewage. This is more about general management, not specifically medical care.

3. a manner of dealing with something artistically - not relevant.

4. an extended communication dealing with some particular topic - synonyms: discussion, discourse. Not relevant.

Clearly sense 1 is the best fit: medical treatment for vomiting. So the answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: injection
Target surface form: injection
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as <t>injection</t> or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "injection" in the given context. The target surface form is "injection". The context is from a text about a veterinary drug Cerenia. The sentence containing the target is: "In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as <t>injection</t> or as injection followed by tablets)." So the word "injection" appears twice. We need to disambiguate the sense of "injection" as used in this context.

Candidate senses from WordNet:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

We need to select the best sense index (1, 2, or 3) based on the context.

The context is about administering Cerenia, an anti-emetic, to dogs. It mentions "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets." So "injection" here refers to a method of administering the drug: by injecting it. It contrasts with tablets. So it's about the act of injecting, or possibly the solution that is injected. Let's analyze each sense:

- Sense 1: "the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure". This could refer to injecting, but it's a broader sense that might include non-medical injections like fuel injection. However, in medical context, it might apply, but it emphasizes "forceful insertion" and "under pressure", which is not the typical medical injection sense; it's more mechanical. The definition seems technical, perhaps for industrial contexts. Sense 3 is specifically "the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe" which exactly matches medical injection. Sense 3 has example: "the nurse gave him a flu shot", with synonym "shot". That's a perfect fit for a drug administration.

- Sense 2: "any solution that is injected (as into the skin)", synonym "injectant". This refers to the substance itself, the liquid medication that is injected. In the sentence, "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets", the first "injection" could be interpreted as the dosage form (the solution), and the second "injection" also as the form. But it says "as injection" meaning as an injectable form versus as tablets. However, note the phrasing: "in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)." This means the treatment can be given entirely as injections, or starting with an injection then switching to tablets. So "as injection" is likely referring to the route of administration, meaning by injection. The word "as" indicates the manner or form. So it could be either the act or the substance. But in common medical usage, "injection" as a method of administration is often the act. For example, "the drug is given by injection" means by injecting. But they might also say "an injection of Cerenia" referring to the shot. Here, "as injection" parallels "as tablets" – tablets is a form, so "injection" probably refers to the injectable form (the solution). But we need to check the example: "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets" – if we replace "injection" with "shot", it would be "either as shot or as shot followed by tablets", which sounds a bit odd; usually we'd say "as a shot". But the definite article is absent. However, in medical parlance, "as injection" means by the injectable route. For instance, "administered as injection" is common. I'd say this refers to the act of injecting, or perhaps the dosage form. But sense 3 (act) is very specific to the medical procedure. Sense 2 (solution) is the substance. In the context, the drug Cerenia comes as tablets and as an injectable solution. So when they say "as injection", they mean using the injectable solution. Thus, it could be sense 2: the solution that is injected. However, the act of injecting is inherently tied to the solution. But let's see which is more appropriate.

Consider the phrase: "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets." If we interpret as sense 2: any solution that is injected. So Cerenia can be used as an injectable solution (the drug product), or as an injection followed by tablets. That makes sense. If we interpret as sense 3: the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe. Then "as injection" would mean by means of the act of injecting. That also makes sense. But note that sense 3 is an event/act, while sense 2 is a substance. In the context, they are talking about the dosage forms available: tablets and injection. They are not talking about the procedure itself but the form of medication. For example, a veterinarian might say, "Give Cerenia as an injection." That refers to the injectable preparation. The WordNet gloss for sense 2 is "any solution that is injected (as into the skin)". That exactly matches an injectable drug. And sense 3 is the act itself. The example for sense 3 is "the nurse gave him a flu shot", where "shot" is synonymous with injection as an event. In our sentence, "as injection" is more like "as an injection" (a thing) rather than "by injection" (a method). However, the phrase "as injection" without an article is ambiguous. In medical contexts, "injection" can be used uncountably to refer to the route: "administered by injection". But here it says "as injection", not "by injection". The parallel with "tablets" (countable) suggests "injection" might be standing for "injection solution" or "injection formulation". Often, drug labels state "available as tablets and as injection". So it's likely referring to the pharmaceutical form. That would be sense 2: any solution that is injected.

But let's check the definitions again. Sense 1 is "forceful insertion... under pressure" - doesn't fit. Sense 3 is "act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe" - that's the procedure. Sense 2 is "any solution that is injected" - that's the substance. In the phrase "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets", if we ask: "as" what? As a treatment modality. If we say "as tablet", it means in the form of tablets. So "as injection" likely means in the form of an injection, i.e., an injectable solution. Thus, sense 2 seems more appropriate because it refers to the injectable substance. But note that sense 2's synonym is "injectant", which is a technical term for the injected material. In the context, the Cerenia injection is a solution. So I'd go with sense 2.

However, we need to see if there's any nuance in the context: "In combination with supportive measures... Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)." This is about the method of administration: giving it as an injectable form, or starting with injectable then oral. It's not about the act of the nurse giving a shot; it's about the product form. So I think sense 2 is best.

But wait, the WordNet sense 2 definition is "any solution that is injected (as into the skin)". That includes the medication itself. Sense 3 is the act. The context doesn't emphasize the act of injecting; it emphasizes the form of the drug. So I'll choose sense 2.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

But let's double-check: Could sense 3 be intended? Often in WSD tasks, the medical "injection" is sense 3. For example, in the sentence "The nurse gave him an injection," that's clearly sense 3. Here, "as injection" might be a British usage or veterinary usage, possibly meaning "by injection" (adverbial). If it meant "by injection", it would be more like the act. But the phrase "as injection" parallels "as tablets", where "tablets" is a noun. So "injection" is a noun used in the same way. If I say "take the medicine as tablets", "tablets" is the form. Similarly, "give the medicine as injection" might be a shorthand for "as an injection". The fact that it says "as injection" without an article may be a medical jargon where "injection" is treated as a mass noun meaning the injectable form. For instance, "The drug is available in tablet and injection." That is common. So I'll stick with sense 2.

Thus, return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: injection
Target surface form: injection
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as <t>injection</t> followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "injection" in the context: "In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)." The target word is "injection" in the phrase "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets". Note that the context mentions Cerenia is an anti-emetic used to stop vomiting. The sentence indicates two forms of administration: injection alone, or injection followed by tablets. So "injection" here refers to a method of administering the drug, likely via a syringe. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: definition: the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: definition: any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: definition: the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

We need to choose the best sense. The context describes a medical treatment for dogs, where Cerenia can be given as an injection. Sense 3 is specifically "the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe," which fits the context of administering a drug. Sense 1 is more general about forceful insertion under pressure, which might also apply, but sense 3 is more precise with the medical act. Sense 2 refers to the solution itself, not the act. Here, "injection" in the phrase "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets" clearly refers to the method of administration (the act), not the substance. So sense 3 is best.

Thus, the answer should be: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tablet
Target surface form: tablets
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by <t>tablets</t>). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tablet%1:06:02:: | definition=a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription
2. sense_key=tablet%1:27:00:: | definition=a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge | synonyms=pad, pad of paper
3. sense_key=tablet%1:06:01:: | definition=a small flat compressed cake of some substance | examples=a tablet of soap
4. sense_key=tablet%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet | synonyms=pill, lozenge, tab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "tablet" and surface form "tablets" in a specific context. The context is clearly about medication: Cerenia tablets that are anti-emetic for dogs. The description mentions "Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo..." and they are used to prevent vomiting. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=tablet%1:06:02:: | definition=a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription
2. sense_key=tablet%1:27:00:: | definition=a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge | synonyms=pad, pad of paper
3. sense_key=tablet%1:06:01:: | definition=a small flat compressed cake of some substance | examples=a tablet of soap
4. sense_key=tablet%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet | synonyms=pill, lozenge, tab

The context clearly refers to medicinal tablets. Sense 4 explicitly defines a dose of medicine as a small pellet, with synonyms pill, lozenge, tab. Sense 3 is a compressed cake of some substance, like soap, which could technically apply to a pill, but the context is specifically medicine. Sense 4 is the most precise match because it mentions "medicine" and "pill". Therefore, the best indexed sense is 4.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purposes
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these <t>purposes</t>, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "purpose" and surface form "purposes" in context: "For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days". We need to select the best sense among three candidate senses.

First, understand the context: The text is about the drug Cerenia, which is used to prevent vomiting in dogs. It mentions that Cerenia can be used "for these purposes" referring back to the uses described: preventing vomiting caused by chemotherapy, and in combination with supportive measures for treatment of vomiting. So "purposes" here means the uses or functions for which Cerenia is employed.

Now examine the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: definition: "an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions" synonyms: intent, intention, aim, design. Example: "his intent was to provide a new translation". This sense is about a mental state of intending something, an aim or goal. In the context, "these purposes" refers to the uses of the drug, not to an intention or planned outcome per se. While one could argue that the drug is used with an intention, the phrase "used for these purposes" typically means "for these functions or uses." So sense 1 seems less likely.

2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: definition: "what something is used for" synonyms: function, role, use. Example: "the function of an auger is to bore holes". This exactly matches the context: "For these purposes" meaning "for these uses" or "for these functions." The text asks "What is Cerenia used for?" and then lists uses, and says "For these purposes". So sense 2 is a perfect fit.

3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: definition: "the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose" synonyms: determination. Example: "his determination showed in his every movement". This sense is about a personal quality of resolve or determination. Clearly not applicable to a drug's uses.

Thus, the best sense is 2.

The instruction says: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: give
Target surface form: given
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be <t>given</t> for up to five days How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=give%2:40:03:: | definition=cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense | examples=She gave him a black eye; The draft gave me a cold
2. sense_key=give%2:40:05:: | definition=be the cause or source of | synonyms=yield, afford | examples=He gave me a lot of trouble; Our meeting afforded much interesting information
3. sense_key=give%2:40:00:: | definition=transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody | examples=I gave her my money; can you give me lessons?
4. sense_key=give%2:40:07:: | definition=convey or reveal information | examples=Give one's name
5. sense_key=give%2:32:01:: | definition=convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.; bestow | synonyms=pay | examples=Don't pay him any mind; give the orders
6. sense_key=give%2:36:02:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, make | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
7. sense_key=give%2:32:00:: | definition=convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture | synonyms=throw | examples=Throw a glance; She gave me a dirty look
8. sense_key=give%2:40:01:: | definition=give as a present; make a gift of | synonyms=gift, present | examples=What will you give her for her birthday?
9. sense_key=give%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen or be responsible for | synonyms=yield | examples=His two singles gave the team the victory
10. sense_key=give%2:31:02:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=pay, devote | examples=give thought to; give priority to
11. sense_key=give%2:36:00:: | definition=give or supply | synonyms=render, yield, return, generate | examples=The cow brings in 5 liters of milk; This year's crop yielded 1,000 bushels of corn
12. sense_key=give%2:40:09:: | definition=transmit (knowledge or skills) | synonyms=impart, leave, pass on | examples=give a secret to the Russians; leave your name and address here
13. sense_key=give%2:36:01:: | definition=bring about | synonyms=establish | examples=The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth
14. sense_key=give%2:40:02:: | definition=leave with; give temporarily | examples=Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?; Can I give you the children for the weekend?
15. sense_key=give%2:41:00:: | definition=emit or utter | examples=Give a gulp; give a yelp
16. sense_key=give%2:40:10:: | definition=endure the loss of | synonyms=sacrifice | examples=He gave his life for his children; I gave two sons to the war
17. sense_key=give%2:40:06:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=pass, hand, reach, pass on, turn over | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
18. sense_key=give%2:32:03:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
19. sense_key=give%2:40:13:: | definition=give (as medicine) | examples=I gave him the drug
20. sense_key=give%2:40:14:: | definition=give or convey physically | synonyms=apply | examples=She gave him First Aid; I gave him a punch in the nose
21. sense_key=give%2:32:02:: | definition=bestow | synonyms=render | examples=give homage; render thanks
22. sense_key=give%2:40:11:: | definition=bestow, especially officially | synonyms=grant | examples=grant a degree; give a divorce
23. sense_key=give%2:38:00:: | definition=move in order to make room for someone for something | synonyms=move over, give way, ease up, yield | examples=The park gave way to a supermarket; `Move over,' he told the crowd
24. sense_key=give%2:34:00:: | definition=give food to | synonyms=feed | examples=Feed the starving children in India; don't give the child this tough meat
25. sense_key=give%2:40:08:: | definition=contribute to some cause | synonyms=contribute, chip in, kick in | examples=I gave at the office
26. sense_key=give%2:38:13:: | definition=break down, literally or metaphorically | synonyms=collapse, fall in, cave in, give way, break, founder | examples=The wall collapsed; The business collapsed
27. sense_key=give%2:31:00:: | definition=estimate the duration or outcome of something | examples=He gave the patient three months to live; I gave him a very good chance at success
28. sense_key=give%2:41:10:: | definition=execute and deliver | examples=Give bond
29. sense_key=give%2:40:12:: | definition=deliver in exchange or recompense | examples=I'll give you three books for four CDs
30. sense_key=give%2:40:15:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, open | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
31. sense_key=give%2:36:13:: | definition=present to view | examples=He gave the sign to start
32. sense_key=give%2:36:12:: | definition=perform for an audience | examples=Pollini is giving another concert in New York
33. sense_key=give%2:35:00:: | definition=be flexible under stress of physical force | synonyms=yield | examples=This material doesn't give
34. sense_key=give%2:34:10:: | definition=propose | examples=He gave the first of many toasts at the birthday party
35. sense_key=give%2:32:11:: | definition=accord by verdict | examples=give a decision for the plaintiff
36. sense_key=give%2:32:08:: | definition=manifest or show | examples=This student gives promise of real creativity; The office gave evidence of tampering
37. sense_key=give%2:32:15:: | definition=offer in good faith | examples=He gave her his word
38. sense_key=give%2:32:14:: | definition=submit for consideration, judgment, or use | examples=give one's opinion; give an excuse
39. sense_key=give%2:32:09:: | definition=guide or direct, as by behavior of persuasion | examples=You gave me to think that you agreed with me
40. sense_key=give%2:32:07:: | definition=allow to have or take | examples=I give you two minutes to respond
41. sense_key=give%2:32:10:: | definition=inflict as a punishment | examples=She gave the boy a good spanking; The judge gave me 10 years
42. sense_key=give%2:30:13:: | definition=occur | examples=what gives?
43. sense_key=give%2:29:11:: | definition=consent to engage in sexual intercourse with a man | examples=She gave herself to many men
44. sense_key=give%2:29:10:: | definition=proffer (a body part) | examples=She gave her hand to her little sister

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "given" in the context: "For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days". The context describes Cerenia as an anti-emetic used in dogs to prevent or treat vomiting, and it can be given as an injection or tablets. The target word is "given" in the phrase "Cerenia can be given". This clearly means administering a medication.

Looking at the candidate senses, sense 19 is: "give%2:40:13:: | definition=give (as medicine) | examples=I gave him the drug". That matches perfectly: Cerenia is a drug, and it is given for up to five days. Other senses might be about transferring possession, causing to have, conveying information, etc., but in this medical context, "give (as medicine)" is the specific sense. The sentence structure "Cerenia can be given" is passive, meaning the drug is administered. So sense 19 is the most appropriate.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 19.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: day
Target surface form: days
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five <t>days</t> How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=day%1:28:00:: | definition=time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis | synonyms=twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day | examples=two days later they left; they put on two performances every day
2. sense_key=day%1:28:03:: | definition=some point or period in time | examples=it should arrive any day now; after that day she never trusted him again
3. sense_key=day%1:28:01:: | definition=a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance | examples=Mother's Day
4. sense_key=day%1:28:02:: | definition=the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside | synonyms=daytime, daylight | examples=the dawn turned night into day; it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime
5. sense_key=day%1:28:04:: | definition=the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working) | examples=my day began early this morning; it was a busy day on the stock exchange
6. sense_key=day%1:28:05:: | definition=an era of existence or influence | examples=in the day of the dinosaurs; in the days of the Roman Empire
7. sense_key=day%1:28:07:: | definition=the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis | examples=how long is a day on Jupiter?
8. sense_key=day%1:28:06:: | definition=the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day | synonyms=sidereal day
9. sense_key=day%1:26:00:: | definition=a period of opportunity | examples=he deserves his day in court; every dog has his day
10. sense_key=day%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935) | synonyms=Clarence Day, Clarence Shepard Day Jr.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the word "days" in the context: "... Cerenia can be given for up to five days". The candidate senses are listed. We need to pick the best indexed sense (just the number). The context: the medication can be given for up to five days. That likely refers to a duration of time, specifically a period of 24-hour periods. Looking at the senses:

1. day%1:28:00:: time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis, synonyms: twenty-four hours, etc. Examples: "two days later they left; they put on two performances every day". This fits "five days" as a duration of 24-hour periods.

2. day%1:28:03:: some point or period in time. Examples: "it should arrive any day now; after that day she never trusted him again". This is more about an unspecified day, not a specific count of days.

3. day%1:28:01:: a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance. Example: "Mother's Day". Not relevant.

4. day%1:28:02:: daytime, daylight. Not relevant; "for up to five days" doesn't mean daytime only, it means full days.

5. day%1:28:04:: the recurring hours when you are not sleeping. Example: "my day began early this morning; it was a busy day". Could be, but "five days" here likely means full 24-hour periods, not just working hours. The context is treatment duration, so it's about calendar days.

6. day%1:28:05:: an era of existence or influence. Example: "in the days of the Roman Empire". Not relevant.

7. day%1:28:07:: the period of time taken by a particular planet to make a complete rotation. Example: "how long is a day on Jupiter?" Not relevant.

8. day%1:28:06:: sidereal day. Not relevant.

9. day%1:26:00:: a period of opportunity. Examples: "he deserves his day in court; every dog has his day". Not relevant.

10. day%1:18:00:: Clarence Day. Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1: the 24-hour period. The phrase "for up to five days" indicates a duration measured in full days. Sense 1 explicitly defines "time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis" with synonyms "twenty-four hours" etc. Sense 2 is too vague; it's for an unspecified point in time. So answer should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: receptor
Target surface form: receptor
Context:
Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) <t>receptor</t>, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=receptor%1:08:01:: | definition=a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
2. sense_key=receptor%1:08:00:: | definition=an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation | synonyms=sense organ, sensory receptor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "receptor" in the given context. The context: "Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) <t>receptor</t>, which acts in the central nervous system." So it's about a neurokinin receptor, a cellular structure that binds a chemical (neurokinin) and mediates a response. Sense 1: "a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response" fits perfectly. Sense 2: "an organ having nerve endings... that respond to stimulation" is a sensory receptor, like in skin or eyes. Not the intended meaning here. So sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studied
Context:
It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been <t>studied</t>? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=study%2:31:03:: | definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. sense_key=study%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=study%2:31:00:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=study%2:31:01:: | definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. sense_key=study%2:31:04:: | definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "studied" in the given context. The target is "How has Cerenia been studied?" in a veterinary/pharmacological context. The text says: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA." So "studied" here refers to research studies, analyzing the drug's effects. Among the candidate senses:

1. analyze, examine in detail to discover features or meaning. (sense 1)
2. be a student; follow a course of study.
3. give careful consideration to (consider).
4. be a student of a certain subject (learn, read).
5. learn by reading books (hit the books).
6. meditate, contemplate.

Clearly, the context is scientific studies: the drug was investigated through experiments. Sense 1 fits perfectly: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis" with synonyms analyze, examine. The examples mention "analyze a sonnet" and "analyze the evidence", but that's similar to analyzing data from studies. Sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "studies" in the context: "A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."

The context clearly refers to research investigations (studies) that were carried out to test the drug. So it's about scientific studies or experiments.

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey" - This could fit, as a study can be a detailed inspection or survey. However, in the context of drug studies, it's more than just a survey; it's an experimental study.

2. "study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading)" - This is about the act of studying, like a student studying. Not a good fit; we're talking about studies carried out, which are experiments.

3. "study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report" - This refers to the report or paper that results from a study. While the context says "studies were carried out," it could mean the investigations themselves or the resulting reports. But the phrase "in combination with supportive measures... Cerenia can be used... How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..." suggests the actual research activities, not just the written documents. However, sometimes "studies" can refer to the research projects as a whole, including the resulting publications. But sense 3 is specifically a written document, which might not be what is carried out; you carry out a study (the investigation) and then write a report. The context says "studies were carried out", which implies the investigation itself.

4. "study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption" - Not applicable.

5. "study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying" - Not applicable.

6. "study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge" - Not applicable.

7. "study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration" - Artistic sense, not applicable.

8. "study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation" - Not applicable.

9. "study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily" - Not applicable.

10. "study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique" - Musical sense, not applicable.

Between sense 1 and sense 3: Sense 1 is "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym survey. Sense 3 is a written document. In research contexts, "studies" often refers to the entire research endeavor. The phrase "carried out" strongly indicates an activity, not a document. Carrying out a study means performing the investigation. So sense 1 seems more appropriate: a survey or detailed inspection. However, is there a sense missing? Actually, WordNet has another sense: "study%1:04:01::" with definition "a branch of learning..." but that's like sense 6. Wait, I recall that WordNet has a sense for "study" as an investigation or research project. Let me check the candidate list again: we have sense 1 "a detailed critical inspection" - that could work, but it's a bit broad. In the context of clinical studies, "study" often means a research project designed to test something. WordNet might categorize that under sense 1 (survey). The example for sense 1? Not given, but it says "synonyms=survey". In English, a "study" in a scientific context is indeed a kind of survey or investigation.

Sense 3: a written document. While you can say "a study was published," here they say "carried out," which fits the activity sense.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match.

But let's double-check: The question says "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out" – here, "studies" refers to the experiments or trials. In WordNet, that is sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" (which encompasses scientific studies). So I'll go with sense 1.

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carry_out
Target surface form: carried out
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were <t>carried out</t> either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry_out%2:36:00:: | definition=put in effect | synonyms=carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples=carry out a task; execute the decision of the people
2. sense_key=carry_out%2:30:00:: | definition=pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue | synonyms=follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples=Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the phrasal verb "carry out" in the specific instance "carried out" in the given context. We have two candidate senses from WordNet.

Let's examine the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."

The phrase "studies were carried out" means that the studies were conducted, performed, or executed. This is a common usage meaning to perform or complete an activity.

Now, look at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "put in effect" synonyms: carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil. Examples: "carry out a task; execute the decision of the people." This sense is about performing an action, putting something into effect. It fits well with "studies were carried out" because studies are conducted or performed.

Sense 2: "pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue" synonyms: follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through. Examples: "Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan." This sense emphasizes following something through to completion, often a plan or a course of action. It might also fit, but the phrase "studies were carried out" is more about the execution of the studies themselves, not necessarily about following through on a plan. Also, the example "go through with the treatment" is about proceeding with something, while "implement a plan" is about putting a plan into effect. Sense 1 is more directly about executing a task.

In typical usage, "carry out a study" aligns with sense 1: to perform or execute the study. Sense 2 might be used for carrying out a plan, but the immediate object here is "studies," which are tasks. The context doesn't emphasize following a plan to completion; it's simply stating that the studies were performed.

WordNet often separates these senses: one for performing a task (execute, accomplish) and another for implementing a plan or going through with something. Given the object "studies," sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, the answer should be sense 1.

JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratory
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in <t>laboratory</t> dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "laboratory" in the given context. The context is: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA." The target word is "laboratory" in the phrase "laboratory dogs". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the two candidate senses provided.

Candidate sense 1: "a workplace for the conduct of scientific research" (synonyms: lab, research lab, etc.). Candidate sense 2: "a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation" (synonym: testing ground, examples: "Pakistan is a laboratory for studying...").

In the context, "laboratory dogs" means dogs that are kept in a laboratory setting for scientific research. This is a literal sense: dogs in a lab, used for studies. Sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 is metaphorical, referring to a place or region that serves as a testing ground, often in a broader socioeconomic or military context. There's no indication the dogs are a metaphorical "testing ground"; they are literally in a laboratory. So sense 1 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "dogs" in the context. The context is about a veterinary drug called Cerenia, studied in laboratory dogs or animal patients. Clearly, "dogs" here refers to the animal, Canis familiaris. Among the candidate senses, sense 1 is "domestic dog, Canis familiaris". So the correct index is 1.

Return JSON with sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target word "several" in the context: "...a large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."

We have three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident

2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields

3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

The context: "in several European countries" means multiple countries in Europe, an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many. This is the standard usage, sense 1.

Sense 2 is about being considered individually, like "their several fields" meaning each person's own field. Not the case here.

Sense 3 is about distinct and individual, e.g., "three several times" meaning three separate times. Not the case here.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What <t>benefit</t> has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "benefit" in the given context. The context is about Cerenia, a medication, and the question: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" The answer mentions that it was more effective, less vomiting. So "benefit" here means advantage, positive effect, something that aids well-being. Let's check the senses:

1. financial assistance in time of need – not relevant, no financial context.
2. something that aids or promotes well-being; synonyms: welfare; examples: "for the benefit of all" – this fits: the benefit of Cerenia is that it reduces vomiting, aiding dogs' well-being.
3. a performance to raise money for a charitable cause – not relevant.

Thus, sense 2 is correct. Remember to output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}.