[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "cancer" and target surface form "cancer" in the given context. The context is a scientific passage about genes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer as a disease. The word "<t>cancer</t>" is marked in the text: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene ... is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." Clearly, this refers to the disease. The candidate senses include:
1. disease sense (malignant growth)
2. astrology person sense
3. constellation
4. zodiac sign
5. genus of crabs
Only sense 1 matches. The output should be JSON with the sense_index: 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "only" and its surface form "only" in the provided context. The context is: "... because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." So the phrase is "he need only lose the other copy".

Let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

The phrase "he need only lose the other copy" means that the action required is minimal: just losing the other copy, nothing more. It carries the sense of "merely", "simply", "just". So sense 1: "and nothing more" fits perfectly. The synonyms include "just", and the example "it is simply a matter of time" parallels the structure: "he need only lose" meaning "he only needs to lose", i.e., it's just that one thing required.

Let's double-check the other senses:
- Sense 2: exclusively/solely. That would imply only that action and no others, but the idea here is that the thing needed is minimal, not that it's exclusive of other actions. "He need only lose" doesn't mean he loses solely, it means that losing is the only thing required. But the adverb "only" modifies the verb "need" or "lose"? Actually, in "need only lose", "only" is an adverb modifying the verb phrase "lose". It means "need merely lose". That's sense 1: and nothing more. Sense 2 would be more like "He only works on Mondays" meaning exclusively. But here, it's about the minimal condition.
- Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result" – not relevant, there's no unexpected final result.
- Sense 4: "in the final outcome" – "These news will only make you more upset" – again, not about a minimal requirement.
- Sense 5: "except that" – used as a conjunction, not an adverb. Here "only" is definitely an adverb.
- Sense 6: "never except when" – conditional, "only if". Not matching.
- Sense 7: "as recently as" – temporal, not matching.

Thus, the best sense is 1.

The instruction: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So for sense 1, we put 1.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lose
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "lose" and its context. The context is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." So we need to choose the correct sense of "lose" here. The candidate senses are listed with sense keys and definitions. We must pick one indexed sense. Let's analyze the context: "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." Here "lose" means to no longer have the other copy, i.e., to fail to keep or maintain it, cease to have it. It's about losing a gene copy, which is a physical/abstract possession. It's not about misplacing, failing to win, suffering loss of a person, etc. The most relevant sense is sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense." Example: "She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat." Here, losing the other copy means it is no longer functional or present, so they cease to have a functioning copy. Sense 5: "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of" might also fit, but sense 1 is broader and directly matches "cease to have". Sense 4 is "place where one cannot find it again" – that's more about misplacing. The context is about losing a copy through damage or something, not misplacing. Sense 8: "fail to get or obtain" doesn’t fit because they already have it, they just lose it. Sense 3 is about death/removal of a person. So sense 1 is the best. Let's confirm index: The candidate senses are numbered 1 through 11 as listed. Sense 1 in the list corresponds to sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: with definition "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense". That is the first one. So we choose index 1. The JSON response should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "other" in the context: "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." Let's examine the context. The passage talks about tumor-suppressor genes being inherited in two copies. If one copy is defective, the person is prone to cancer because they need only lose the other copy. Here, "other" refers to the second copy, distinct from the one already mentioned as defective. So it means "the remaining one of two or more" or "the alternative one." Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works. This sense fits well: "not the same one already mentioned" – the other copy is not the same as the defective one. Example doesn't match perfectly, but the definition is spot on.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening. This refers to a time sense, not applicable.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former. Again, time sense.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected | examples=a strange, other dimension. Not applicable.

Thus, sense 1 is correct. Output JSON.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target "copy" in a genetic context. The sentence is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop."

The target "copy" refers to a copy of a gene. Genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Here, "copy" means one of the two versions of a gene. It is not a written record, not a thing made to be similar, not matter to be printed, not journalistic account. It's a biological copy: an instance of a gene. In WordNet, there might be a sense for "copy" as a duplicate, but the specific sense here is about a genetic copy. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: (noun) - a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) - not applicable.
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: (noun) - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - examples: she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor. This is the most generic "copy" meaning: a duplicate. In genetics, a "copy" of a gene is a duplicate, one of two. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" fits because a gene copy is like a clone. This seems plausible.
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: (noun) - matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials - not applicable.
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: (noun) - material suitable for a journalistic account - not applicable.

So sense 2 is the best fit: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. In this context, "copy" means one of the two inherited gene versions, which are essentially copies (duplicates) of the same gene. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is particularly relevant. So index 2.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "cancer" in a context about genetics, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, etc. The target is in the phrase: "for a <t>cancer</t> to develop." Clearly this is about the disease, not astrology or the constellation. The correct sense is the first one: any malignant growth or tumor. So index 1.

Now output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "develop" in a specific context. The context is about cancer and genes. The sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

The phrase "for a cancer to develop" means for cancer to come into existence, to arise, to form. It's about the onset of a disease. So the sense we're looking for is about something (cancer) originating or coming into existence.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. make something new (product/creation) - doesn't fit.
2. work out, evolve (a theory) - not fitting.
3. gain through experience (acquire a trait) - not exactly; cancer is not gained through experience.
4. come to have or undergo a change of physical features/attributes (grew a beard, developed abdominal pains) - this could be close because "developed abdominal pains" is about a condition. But here "cancer to develop" is the disease itself arising, not just a symptom. Sense 4 focuses on physical features/attributes, and the examples include "developed abdominal pains" which is a symptom, but it says "come to have or undergo a change of physical features and attributes". Cancer is a disease, not just a feature. Still, it might be considered.
5. come into existence; take on form or shape (synonyms: originate, arise, rise, spring up, grow). Examples: "A new religious movement originated", "a love that sprang up". This fits perfectly: cancer develops = cancer originates/arises.
6. develop land/resources - no.
7. elaborate theories - no.
8. create by training - no.
9. be gradually disclosed/unfolded (plot developed) - not about a disease.
10. grow, progress, unfold, evolve through a process (a flower developed, the country developed into a superpower) - this is more about natural growth or progression of an entity. It could fit, but sense 5 is more about coming into existence, while 10 is about growth/evolution of something already there. The context says "for a cancer to develop", meaning the cancer starts. It's the onset, not the progression after it exists. So sense 5 is better.
11. become technologically advanced - no.
12. cause to grow and differentiate - not applicable.
13. generate gradually (develop customers/market) - no.
14. grow emotionally - no.
15. film development - no.
16. geometry - no.
17. chess - no.
18. chess - no.
19. music - no.
20. happen (news develops, recrudesce) - synonyms: break, recrudesce. "Recrudesce" means break out again after a dormant period. "Report the news as it develops" means as it happens/unfolds. This could also fit: cancer develops = cancer happens/occurs. But note "break" is a synonym. "Cancer develops" is similar to "cancer breaks out" or "cancer occurs". However, sense 5 is more about origination/creation, while sense 20 is more general "happen". The context emphasizes that losing the other copy enables cancer to start, so it's about originating. Sense 5 is specifically "come into existence", which is precise.
21. mathematics - no.

Sense 5: come into existence; take on form or shape. The example "A new religious movement originated" is analogous to a disease originating. Sense 20: happen, with example "Report the news as it develops" is about unfolding events, but not necessarily about the initial coming into existence. The cancer is originating, not just happening as news.

Thus, sense 5 is the best fit.

Let's confirm: sense index 5 corresponds to sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: (definition and synset ID). The answer should be 5.

So JSON: {"sense_index": 5}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerging
Target surface form: Emerging
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "emerging" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..." The two candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

We need to choose the best one.

In context, "emerging genetic tests" likely means tests that are newly developed or are becoming available. It's about tests that are coming into existence or becoming prominent. "Emerging" modifies "tests" suggesting they are new and developing.

Sense 1: "coming to maturity" suggests something that is maturing, like a new generation. "Rising generation" implies people growing up. Here, tests are not maturing in that sense; they are being developed and introduced.

Sense 2: "coming into existence" fits better: these tests are newly developed or are beginning to exist. "Emergent republic" is a new state. "Emerging genetic tests" are tests that are becoming available.

Thus, sense 2 seems more appropriate.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "genetic" in the context: "Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."

The four candidate senses:
1. familial/hereditary (inherited disease)
2. relating to genes (genic)
3. pertaining to origin
4. relating to the science of genetics

In the context, "genetic tests" are tests that look at genes. They are tests that examine genetic material to spot cancer-susceptible individuals. The phrase "genetic tests" is well-known in a medical context, meaning tests that analyze a person's genes. The sense that fits best is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" or the science of genetics. Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" with synonyms genic, genetical. Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics". The examples for sense 2: "genic combinations; genetic code". Sense 4: "genetic research". Here, it's "genetic tests" – tests that analyze genes, so they are related to genes or the science of genetics. But between sense 2 and sense 4, sense 2 says "produced by a gene" but tests are not produced by genes. Sense 4 is "relating to the science of genetics," which includes tests. However, the distinction is subtle. Typically, "genetic test" is a test that uses genetic information, so it relates to the science of genetics or directly to genes. In the definitions: sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" – thus, genetic test = test relating to genes. Sense 4: "relating to the science of genetics". Both could work, but sense 2 is more specific to the gene itself. I'd say sense 2 is the primary meaning for "genetic" in "genetic test" – it's a test that examines genes. The example "genic combinations; genetic code" aligns with "genetic code" (directly relating to genes). Also, in the text, it's about oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, etc., so the tests are looking for gene defects, so it's directly about genes. Sense 2 is the most fitting.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..." The target word is "able". The context is about genetic tests having the capability or capacity to detect individuals susceptible to cancer. We need to choose the best indexed sense. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. (usually followed by 'to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something. Examples: able to swim; she was able to program her computer. This fits perfectly: "will be able to spot" means they will have the means/skill/know-how to spot. It's followed by 'to'.

2. have the skills and qualifications to do things well. Synonyms: capable. Examples: able teachers; a capable administrator. This sense is more about general competence, not specifically about a particular task being possible. The context is "able to spot", which is a specific task, not a general descriptor of the tests being competent. So this is less likely.

3. having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity. Examples: able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet. This also involves "able to", but it's about inherent biological capacity. Genetic tests are not biological entities; they are technologies. The sense is about inherent physical/mental ability. Slightly off.

4. having a strong healthy body. Synonyms: able-bodied. Example: an able seaman. Clearly not applicable.

Sense 1 is the most straightforward and common for "able to [verb]" indicating capability to perform a specific action, especially for non-animate entities like tests. Sense 1 explicitly mentions "usually followed by 'to'", and the example "able to swim" matches the pattern. Sense 3 is more about inherent biological ability. Sense 1 includes skill, know-how, means, authority – all can apply to a test that has the means/know-how (via its design) to spot something. So sense 1 is best.

Thus, the JSON should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "individuals" in the given context. The target lemma is "individual", and the surface form is "individuals". The context: "... Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

The word "individuals" here refers to people, specifically those who are cancer-susceptible. The context talks about genetic tests spotting such individuals, and then gives an example of two people (Bill and Bonnie Quinlan) who are beneficiaries. So it clearly refers to human beings, not just any single organism. Sense 1 is about a human being, which fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about any single organism, but in this context, it's specifically about humans. Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

We need to return JSON like {"sense_index": 1}. Don't output the sense key.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believe
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "believe" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

We have five candidate senses.

Let's analyze:

Context: "what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis." Scientists have an opinion or judgment about the future: that new genetic tests will bring a new age. This is similar to "think" or "consider". The structure "believe is" is a predicate, they believe that something is something.

Sense 1: accept as true; take to be true. Example: "I believed his report" - here believe takes a direct object (a report, a story). In our context, believe is followed by a clause: "what ... is a new age". So it's like "scientists believe that this is a new age". That could be sense 1? But sense 1 examples show believing a report or stories (things said to be true). Might work, but maybe sense 2 is better.

Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge. Synonyms: think, consider, conceive. Examples: "I think he is very smart", "I believe her to be very smart." This sense involves a judgment about something's qualities or identity. In our sentence: scientists believe it is a new age -> they consider it to be a new age. That aligns with "think" (as in "I think he is smart"). The example shows "believe her to be very smart", which is very similar: believe [something] to be [something]. The context says "believe is a new age" - actually "what some scientists believe is a new age" is a relative clause: "what scientists believe is a new age" -> they believe something to be a new age. So sense 2 seems perfect.

Sense 3: be confident about something; trust. Examples: "I believe that he will come back from the war." This also involves a that-clause, but it's about confidence in a future event. Here, scientists are confident about the future: that tests will usher in a new age. But the sentence structure: "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age" is not exactly "scientists believe that it will usher in a new age" - they are characterizing the age as a new age. It's more of a judgment: they believe it *is* a new age. So it's evaluative, not just confidence about a proposition. Sense 3 is about trusting that something will happen. The example: "I believe that he will come back" is about trusting a prediction. That could be close, but I think sense 2 is better because it's about regarding something as being something.

Sense 4: follow a credo; have faith; be a believer. Clearly not.

Sense 5: credit with veracity; example: "You cannot believe this man" - about believing a person's truthfulness. Not applicable.

So between 2 and 3, I lean to 2. Note: The distinction is subtle. In the Princeton WordNet, these are different senses. Look at the synonyms: sense 2 has "think, consider, conceive". Sense 3 has "trust". The context is about scientists' opinion/judgment, not about trusting a prediction. The phrase "what scientists believe is a new age" parallels "I believe her to be very smart" (sense 2). It's attributing a property "new age" to the event of ushering in. They consider it to be a new age.

Thus, I choose sense 2.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "new" in context: "...ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list. The target word appears twice: "a new age" and "the new findings". Both are likely the same sense. The context is about a predicted future era of predictive cancer diagnosis, enabled by emerging genetic tests. The "new age" is an era that hasn't existed before, and "new findings" are recent discoveries. The senses provided:

1. not of long duration; having just come into being/beeen made/acquired/discovered (e.g., a new law; new cars)
2. original and of a kind not seen before (fresh, novel) (e.g., novel proof)
3. lacking training or experience (raw) (e.g., new men, raw recruits)
4. having no previous example or precedent or parallel (unexampled) (e.g., unexampled prosperity)
5. other than the former one(s); different (e.g., new leaders, my new car is four years old...)
6. unaffected by use or exposure (looks like new)
7. (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new (newfangled) (she buys newfangled machines)
8. in use after medieval times (New Egyptian...)
9. used of a living language; current stage (Modern English)
10. (of crops) harvested at an early stage (new potatoes)
11. unfamiliar (new experiences)

The "new age" suggests a period that is novel, unprecedented, or recently beginning. Sense 2: original and of a kind not seen before, synonyms fresh, novel. Sense 4: having no previous example or precedent (unexampled). Sense 1: not of long duration; recently come into being. Sense 5: other than the former one(s). In context, "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" is an age that hasn't existed before; it's unprecedented. The phrase "new age" often means a distinctive era. Sense 2 (novel) fits well: an age that is original and not seen before. Sense 4 (unexampled) also seems apt: having no previous example. But the examples: "a time of unexampled prosperity" aligns with "a new age". Both 2 and 4 are plausible. However, note that WordNet 3.0 treats "new" in the sense of "novel" as an adjective satellite, and "unprecedented" as another. Let's check the examples: "the computer produced a completely novel proof" is sense 2. "a time of unexampled prosperity" is sense 4. The phrase "new age" might be closer to sense 2 because it's often used to describe a novel era (like New Age movement). But "new" in "new age" could also just be sense 1: recently come into being. However, the context emphasizes the transformative, predictive diagnosis, suggesting it's not just recent but a completely new kind of age. "ushering in a new age" is a common metaphor for a paradigm shift. Sense 2's definition "original and of a kind not seen before" with synonyms fresh, novel seems the best match, as the age is not just recent but novel. The second instance "new findings" likely means recent findings (sense 1). But the same lemma might have the same sense across both. Since we need a single answer for the target, and both instances use the same sense, we should pick the one that fits both. "new findings" are recent discoveries, fitting sense 1. But "a new age" might fit sense 2 better. However, "new age" could also be sense 1: an age that has just begun. "ushering in" suggests it's beginning now, so it's recently come into being. Sense 1 is broad: not of long duration; having just come into being or been made or discovered. That comfortably covers both "new age" and "new findings". Sense 2 is more specific about originality. The question is: is "a new age" meant to emphasize temporal recency or novelty? In science, "a new age" often means a transformative era, which implies novelty. But the phrase "emerging genetic tests" hint that it's just beginning, so recency is primary. The WordNet gloss for sense 1 includes "discovered" which fits "new findings". The example "a new law" is like "a new age". So I'm leaning toward sense 1. But let's examine more: Sense 1: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. Examples: a new law; new cars. "a new age" is like a new law—a recently started age. "new findings" are recently discovered findings. So sense 1 works. Sense 2 is about being original and unseen before; that fits "novel" but the main thrust might not be originality but recency. The findings are new because they are recent, not because they are novel (though they may be novel). The phrase "what some scientists believe is a new age" is probably referring to an age that is beginning now. So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

We need to output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis." The target word is "age" in the phrase "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis." We need to choose the best sense from the candidate list.

The candidate senses are:
1. age%1:07:00: how long something has existed
2. age%1:28:02: an era of history having some distinctive feature; synonyms: historic period; examples: "we live in a litigious age"
3. age%1:28:00: a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; synonyms: eld; examples: "she was now of school age"
4. age%1:28:03: a prolonged period of time; synonyms: long time, years; examples: "we've known each other for ages"
5. age%1:28:01: a late time of life; synonyms: old age, years, eld, geezerhood; examples: "old age is not for sissies"

Now, in the context, "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" clearly refers to a historical period or era, characterized by a distinctive feature (predictive cancer diagnosis). The phrase "new age" here indicates a new era or period in history. This matches sense 2: "an era of history having some distinctive feature". The example given for sense 2 is "we live in a litigious age", which is very similar in structure ("a litigious age"). The synonym "historic period" also fits. The other senses don't fit: sense 1 is about how long something has existed; sense 3 is about a time of life for qualification; sense 4 is about a prolonged period of time (like "ages"); sense 5 is about old age. Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.

Thus, we should output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence with the target lemma "cancer" and surface form "cancer". The context is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis."

The target word is "cancer" in the phrase "predictive cancer diagnosis". The overall text discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer development. So the word "cancer" here refers to the disease, not the astrological sign, constellation, or genus.

Candidate senses:
1. any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream. Synonyms: malignant neoplastic disease. This is the disease sense.
2. (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer. Not relevant.
3. a small zodiacal constellation. Not relevant.
4. the fourth sign of the zodiac. Not relevant.
5. type genus of the family Cancridae. Not relevant.

Clearly, the correct sense is 1. We need to output a JSON object with the sense_index as a number. So {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "first" in the given context. The context is about Bill and Bonnie Quinlan being among the first beneficiaries of new genetic findings for cancer prediction. The target is in the phrase: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

We need to choose the best sense from the provided list.

Let's examine each candidate:

1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
   - This sense is about being earliest in time or order. In context, "first beneficiaries" means they are among the earliest people to benefit. So "preceding all others in time" fits well.

2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
   - This is the ordinal number sense, like being the first in a sequence. "first beneficiaries" could be seen as the initial ones in a series of beneficiaries. But note that in the phrase "among the first", it suggests they are part of the initial group. This sense is specifically about being the beginning unit in a series, so it could also work.

3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
   - This relates to something that initiates an action or event. "first beneficiaries" might not be about setting something in motion; they are recipients, not initiators. So this is less likely.

4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
   - This is similar to sense 2 but more about the start of something. "first verse" is like the initial part. "first beneficiaries" could be seen as the beginning beneficiaries, but again, it's more about order than about serving to begin something.

5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
   - This sense is about being top in rank or quality. "first beneficiaries" might not imply they are the best beneficiaries, just the earliest. So this doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section
   - This is specific to music, not relevant here.

The most appropriate sense is the one meaning "preceding all others in time". Sense 1 fits perfectly: they are among the earliest beneficiaries. Sense 2 (ordinal) might also be considered, but sense 1 explicitly mentions "preceding all others in time", which matches the temporal aspect. Sense 2 focuses on being the beginning of a series, which is more abstractly about ordering. In many contexts, these might overlap, but since sense 1 is directly about time and has examples like "the first day of spring", it's more precise. Sense 4 (serving to begin) is less appropriate because it's about something that serves to begin, like a beginning part, not about being early in time. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: beneficiary
Target surface form: beneficiaries
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=beneficiary%1:18:00:: | definition=the recipient of funds or other benefits | synonyms=donee
2. sense_key=beneficiary%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=benefactive role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "beneficiaries" in context. The target word is "beneficiary", surface form "beneficiaries". Context: discussing genetic tests and cancer susceptibility. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first "beneficiaries" of the new findings. They are people benefiting from the new genetic tests, which can spot cancer-susceptible individuals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense 1: the recipient of funds or other benefits (synonym: donee).
2. sense 2: the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause (linguistic sense, not typical usage for a person).

Clearly, in this context, Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are people who are receiving benefits (presumably from the new findings, i.e., they are benefiting from the predictive diagnosis). Sense 1 fits: they are recipients of benefits. Sense 2 is a technical linguistic term about semantic roles, not appropriate here. So the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for the target word "new" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

The target is "new" in "new findings". We need to see which sense fits best.

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: definition: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. Examples: a new law; new cars. This is the general sense of something recently made or discovered.

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 definition: original and of a kind not seen before. Synonyms: fresh, novel. Examples: the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem. This implies something novel, innovative.

3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 definition: lacking training or experience. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 definition: having no previous example or precedent. Not quite.

5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 definition: other than the former one(s); different. Example: they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it. This is about replacement, not necessarily recent.

6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: definition: unaffected by use or exposure; it looks like new. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 definition: (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new; synonyms: newfangled. Not relevant.

8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 definition: in use after medieval times (like New Egyptian). Not relevant.

9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 definition: used of a living language; being the current stage. Not relevant.

10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 definition: (of crops) harvested at an early stage. Not relevant.

11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 definition: unfamiliar. Example: new experiences. Possibly, but "new findings" are findings that are recent discoveries.

The context: "Emerging genetic tests ... ushering in a new age ... first beneficiaries of the new findings." Here "new findings" refers to recent research findings. So the most straightforward sense is sense 1: recently discovered. It is not about being novel (sense 2) or unprecedented (sense 4), though they could overlap, but sense 1 is the basic meaning of "newly discovered" findings. Sense 2 (fresh, novel) might also fit because the findings might be original, but the context says "new findings" simply meaning the findings that are recent. The phrase "new age" is also used, which is sense 1. The definitions: Sense 1 is the broadest and most common: having just been discovered. Sense 2 emphasizes originality and kind not seen before. The findings are probably novel, but the word "new" in "new findings" doesn't necessarily stress that they are of a kind not seen before; it just means they are recent. I'd lean toward sense 1.

Check examples: "a new law" matches sense 1, "new cars" also. "new findings" fits the "recently discovered" definition.

Thus, the best sense index is 1.

Now output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finding
Target surface form: findings
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures
2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: | definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: | definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "findings" in the given context. The lemma is "finding", surface form "findings". We have three candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context:

"The new findings" refers to discoveries or conclusions from recent research mentioned earlier: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings." So, "findings" here means the results or discoveries from scientific research, specifically the ability to use genetic tests for predictive cancer diagnosis.

Now look at the senses:

1. finding%1:04:00:: | definition: the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms: determination | examples: the determination of molecular structures

This is about the act of finding out properties, the process. Not a result or something found. The context talks about "beneficiaries of the new findings", which implies something concrete, like discoveries or results, not the act.

2. finding%1:04:01:: | definition: the decision of a court on issues of fact or law

Clearly legal, not relevant.

3. finding%1:17:00:: | definition: something that is found | examples: the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

This refers to things that are found, discoveries. In the context, "findings" from research, the knowledge or results that are discovered. The examples include "findings in the gastrointestinal tract" meaning discovered evidence, and "archaeological findings" meaning discovered objects or remains. Metaphorically, scientific findings are the outcomes or discoveries from research. This fits.

Thus, sense 3 is the best match.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: couple
Target surface form: couple
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=couple%1:14:00:: | definition=a pair who associate with one another | synonyms=twosome, duo, duet | examples=the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome
2. sense_key=couple%1:14:01:: | definition=a pair of people who live together | synonyms=mates, match | examples=a married couple from Chicago
3. sense_key=couple%1:23:01:: | definition=a small indefinite number | examples=he's coming for a couple of days
4. sense_key=couple%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
5. sense_key=couple%1:17:00:: | definition=(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "couple" with surface form "couple" in the given context. The context is about a couple named Bill and Bonnie Quinlan, who are a married? The text says: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries... The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant..." So they are referred to as a "couple". They are a pair of people, likely married or living together. Both senses 1 and 2 refer to a pair of people. Sense 1: "a pair who associate with one another" with synonyms twosome, duo, duet, and examples: "the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome". Sense 2: "a pair of people who live together" with synonyms mates, match, and example "a married couple from Chicago". The context doesn't explicitly state they are married, but they are a couple from Dedham, Mass., who were planning a pregnancy, suggesting they are in a relationship. The word "couple" could apply to either sense. However, note that sense 1 is more general: a pair who associate with one another. Sense 2 specifically says "live together" and "married couple" example. The couple in question, Bill and Bonnie Quinlan, are presumably married or at least living together, as they were considering pregnancy. The phrase "The Dedham, Mass., couple" is typical of referring to a married or cohabiting pair. The example of sense 2 is "a married couple from Chicago", closely parallel to "The Dedham, Mass., couple". Also, synonyms "mates, match" imply a romantic couple. Sense 1's examples include "engaged couple" and "inseparable twosome", which could also fit. But the context doesn't indicate they are just associating; they are a family unit expecting a child. I'd lean towards sense 2, as it specifies living together/married. However, let's check: The text doesn't explicitly say they are married, but it's a reasonable inference. They knew about the genetic risk before Bonnie became pregnant, implying they are in a serious relationship. WordNet glosses are schematic, so we choose the closest. Sense 3: small indefinite number, doesn't fit. Sense 4: two items of same kind, not people. Sense 5: physics, no. So between 1 and 2, sense 2 is more specific to a romantic/living-together pair, and the example matches the phrasing. I'll go with sense 2.

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