[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: circumstance
Target surface form: circumstances
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current <t>circumstances</t>, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity
2. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:02:: | definition=the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event | synonyms=context, setting | examples=the historical context
3. sense_key=circumstance%1:09:00:: | definition=information that should be kept in mind when making a decision | synonyms=condition, consideration | examples=another consideration is the time it would take
4. sense_key=circumstance%1:11:00:: | definition=formal ceremony about important occasions | examples=pomp and circumstance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "circumstance" and surface form "circumstances". The context is a paragraph about education policy. The sentence: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better." So "circumstances" here refers to the current situation or conditions. Now we need to match with the candidate senses.

Candidate 1: "a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity". This is a general sense of condition. In the context, "in our current circumstances" means the conditions that exist now. This seems plausible.

Candidate 2: "the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event", synonyms context, setting. This is about the surrounding facts or context. But "circumstances" here is plural, and it's about the current state of affairs, not necessarily a set of facts surrounding an event. The example: "the historical context". In the sentence, it's "in our current circumstances", meaning the situation we are in. It might be this sense, but note the circular definition: "circumstances that surround..." using "circumstances" to define "circumstance". This sense often refers to the broader context of an event. However, the target is plural "circumstances", and the definition for sense 2 says "set of facts or circumstances", so it's a bit meta. But typically, "circumstances" (plural) often maps to sense 1: conditions. For example, "due to circumstances beyond our control" is sense 1. The context: "in our current circumstances" means given the conditions we are facing. The sentence says increasing expenditures will make things worse under these conditions. So it's about the conditions accompanying the decision.

Sense 3: "information that should be kept in mind when making a decision", synonyms condition, consideration. But "circumstances" here is not just a consideration; it's the overall situation. And the definition says "information", so it's a bit off. The example: "another consideration is the time it would take". That is a factor to consider, not the general conditions. In the sentence, "in our current circumstances" is like "given the current situation", not a specific piece of information.

Sense 4: "formal ceremony about important occasions", obviously wrong.

Thus, sense 1 seems best. But let's double-check: sense 1 is a general condition. Sense 2 is "set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event". In many contexts, "circumstances" (plural) is synonymous with "conditions". But WordNet often has sense 1 as the most common. However, note that the definition for sense 2 uses "circumstances" itself, which might be confusing. The examples and synonyms: for sense 2, synonyms are "context, setting", examples "the historical context". That suggests a more specific framing. In the education sentence, it's "in our current circumstances", which is more like "in the current situation/context". Actually, "context" could fit: "in our current context". So it could be sense 2. But let's see: sense 1 is "a condition that accompanies or influences". The condition itself. Sense 2 is the collection of such conditions. In plural, "circumstances" often means the set of conditions. But WordNet often puts the set meaning as a separate sense. For example, "condition" and "conditions". Here, the target is plural "circumstances". The example for sense 2 doesn't show plural usage. However, the definition says "set of facts or circumstances", so it acknowledges the plural. I think sense 2 is more about the encompassing situation, while sense 1 is about individual condition. In the sentence, "in our current circumstances" is a fixed phrase meaning the overall situation. So sense 2 might be more precise. Let's check the example for sense 2: "the historical context" - that fits "the circumstances surrounding an event". Here, it's "current circumstances", which is the current context or setting. Also, note that sense 1 says "a condition", singular. The surface form is plural, but that doesn't strictly determine sense because plural can be used for sense 1. However, the WordNet sense keys: sense 1 is "circumstance%1:26:01", sense 2 is "circumstance%1:26:02". Both are noun states. I need to choose based on the context. The context: "in our current circumstances" is about the situation in education. The preceding sentences talk about problems with local school boards, etc. So "circumstances" refers to the overall state of affairs. That sounds like sense 2: the set of facts surrounding the situation. However, many dictionaries would lump this into a general "conditions" sense. Since WordNet differentiates, I'll lean towards sense 2 because "circumstances" (plural) often corresponds to the surrounding facts or context. But let's see the difference: If I say "Under the circumstances, I can't go", that means given the conditions. WordNet likely puts that under sense 2? Or sense 1? Let's check typical WordNet mappings. I recall that "circumstance" sense 1 is the condition influencing an event, and sense 2 is the setting. In the phrase "under the circumstances", it's usually sense 1? Not sure. Actually, in many WordNet-based systems, "circumstances" in "under the circumstances" maps to sense 2 because it's the set of conditions. But we need to be precise.

Looking at the sentence: "in our current circumstances" modifies "increasing expenditures... will probably make things worse". So the circumstances are the existing conditions that affect the outcome. That aligns with sense 1: a condition that accompanies or influences an event. Sense 2 says "the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event". That's more about the background context of an event, not necessarily the conditions influencing it. For example, "the historical context" is about the circumstances surrounding an event. In this case, "current circumstances" are the conditions influencing the outcome of increasing expenditures. So it's more about the influencing conditions (sense 1) than just the surrounding facts (sense 2). The phrase "in our current circumstances" could be paraphrased as "given the current conditions". So sense 1 seems better.

Also, note the example for sense 2: "the historical context" – that is used like "in the historical context", which is similar, but it's more about the broader setting. I think the difference is subtle. But WordNet distinguishes them, and sense 1 is the most general. Often, in disambiguation tasks, the plural "circumstances" in such a phrase maps to sense 1. I'll check my intuition: If I look up WordNet, "circumstance" sense 1 is "a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity". The examples in WordNet are usually like "the circumstances of his death" or something. Actually, I can't recall the exact examples. But I think sense 2 is specifically about the "context" sense. Since the context here is about current state of affairs affecting a decision, sense 1 fits.

Let's consider sense 3: "information that should be kept in mind when making a decision" – that is a consideration. In the sentence, it's not a consideration; it's the existing situation. So no.

Sense 4 is clearly wrong.

Thus, I'll go with sense 1.

But wait, the instruction says: "WordNet glosses are schematic; use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." So I should look at synonyms. Sense 2 has synonyms "context, setting". That could work: "in our current context/setting". Sense 1 doesn't have synonyms listed, but it's the condition sense. "In our current conditions" also works. So both are plausible. However, note that WordNet sense 2 is specifically "the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event". Often, "circumstances" in the plural is exactly that set. But sense 1 can also be plural. I think I need to see which one is more common for this phrase. Since WordNet often has sense 1 as the most frequent, it might be the safer bet. But this is a fine-grained distinction, and the task is to choose the single best indexed sense.

Let me search my memory: In the WordNet sense index, for the word "circumstances" (plural), the phrase "under the circumstances" often maps to sense 1. Actually, I think both could apply. But note the definition of sense 2: "the set of facts or circumstances..." – it's a meta-definition that uses the word itself. That sense is more about the overall context. In "in our current circumstances", I think it's more about the conditions, not the set of facts. The education text talks about problems with local boards, etc., and then says "in our current circumstances, increasing expenditures will make things worse". So those circumstances are the problems just mentioned, which are conditions influencing the decision. So sense 1.

I'll stick with sense 1.

Thus, the answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will <t>probably</t> make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose between sense 1 and sense 2 for the target lemma "probably" in the given context. We need to output JSON with the sense index.

Context: "...increasing expenditures on education ... will probably make things worse, not better."

Sense 1: definition: with considerable certainty; without much doubt. Synonyms: likely, in all likelihood, in all probability. Example: He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war.

Sense 2: definition: easy to believe on the basis of available evidence. Synonyms: credibly, believably, plausibly. Example: he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election. Note: The example "he will probably win the election" seems similar to sense 1, but it's under sense 2 with the gloss "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence."

In the context, "will probably make things worse" expresses a prediction based on reasoning, not necessarily about believability. Sense 1 is the standard meaning of "probably" as "likely" or "in all probability." Sense 2 emphasizes credibly/plausibly, which fits when something is easy to believe based on evidence. However, the phrase "will probably make things worse" indicates a high likelihood, not just that it's easy to believe. The example for sense 2 includes "he will probably win the election," which is ambiguous, but the gloss points to "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence." Here, the author is making a prediction with considerable certainty based on their reasoning (the reason given). So sense 1 fits better: with considerable certainty; without much doubt.

Thus, I'll choose sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Fireworks

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: make
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably <t>make</t> things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "make" with context: "...increasing expenditures on education... will probably make things worse, not better." The sense must be "cause to be or become" or "cause." Let's check the candidate senses:

The context: "will probably make things worse, not better." This is a classic causative use: cause things to become worse. So the meaning is "cause to be or become." Looking at the senses:

3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor

That matches well: "cause to be worse" -> "make things worse." Also sense 5: give rise to; cause to happen or occur. But sense 5 has examples "cause a commotion; make a stir" which is also causative, but sense 3 explicitly says "make or cause to be or to become" which fits "make things worse" (cause things to be worse). Sense 4 is "cause to do; cause to act" with an object that is a person or agent: "The ads induced me to buy a VCR." Not quite. Sense 8: compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way: "Heat makes you sweat" – that's also causative but with a person. Here the object is "things" (not a person), and it's about making them worse (a state). So sense 3 is the most direct. Also, in WordNet, the causative sense "cause to be or become" is often used with adjective complements like "make it better", "make things worse." So I'll pick sense 3.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make <t>things</t> worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "thing" and the surface form "things". The context is a passage about education and school governance. The sentence containing "things" is: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make <t>things</t> worse, not better." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 12 candidate senses.

Let's analyze each sense and see which fits best:

1. "a special situation"; example "this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing" – Maybe. "things" might refer to the situation?
2. "an action"; example "how could you do such a thing?" – Not an action here. "make things worse" is not an action.
3. "a special abstraction"; example "a thing of the spirit; things of the heart" – Not fitting.
4. "an artifact"; example "how does this thing work?" – Not an artifact.
5. "an event"; example "a funny thing happened" – Could be, but "make things worse" often refers to general circumstances or events.
6. "a vaguely specified concern"; synonyms "matter, affair"; examples "several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair" – This is plausible. "make things worse" often means "make matters worse".
7. "a statement regarded as an object"; example "to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?" – Not a statement.
8. "an entity that is not named specifically"; example "I couldn't tell what the thing was" – This is very generic. Could be used for "things" in the sense of "something not named". But "make things worse" is an idiomatic phrase where "things" refers to the situation or state of affairs.
9. "a persistent illogical feeling or desire or aversion"; example "he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him" – No.
10. "a separate and self-contained entity" – This is more about a concrete entity.
11. (Missing in the list? I see up to 12, but the list provided goes: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, then 12? Actually, looking back: the list has 1 through 8, then 9, then 12? Let's recount: The candidate senses list:

   1. thing%1:26:00::
   2. thing%1:04:00::
   3. thing%1:09:00::
   4. thing%1:06:00::
   5. thing%1:11:00::
   6. thing%1:09:02::
   7. thing%1:10:00::
   8. thing%1:06:01::
   9. thing%1:07:00::
   [missing 10?]
   12. thing%1:03:00::

Wait, the list as provided in the problem: after 8, it says:
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
[then next one is]
?? Actually, the list is:
1. thing%1:26:00::
2. thing%1:04:00::
3. thing%1:09:00::
4. thing%1:06:00::
5. thing%1:11:00::
6. thing%1:09:02::
7. thing%1:10:00::
8. thing%1:06:01::
9. thing%1:07:00::
[then the next line is:]
10. sense key... no, it's:
?? Wait, the text says:
"8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling or desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling or desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity"

That looks messy. Actually, the user provided:
"1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling or desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling or desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity"

So there is duplication and numbering issues, but we have indices 1 through 9, then 12, then 11, then 12 again. But the index numbers are: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10? No, after 9, they put "12. sense_key=thing%1:09:01::" then "11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00::" then "12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00::". That is confusing. Perhaps it's a copy-paste error. We need to consider all provided definitions and examples regardless of the numbering. The candidate senses are listed with indices, but we must choose from those indices. The indices shown: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,11,12. So the possible indices to choose from are 1-9, 11, 12. But we should treat each as a unique sense description. Let's list all unique definitions and see which fits "make things worse".

The context: "increasing expenditures on education ... will probably make things worse, not better." Here, "things" refers to the state of affairs, the situation, the general conditions. This is a very common usage meaning "matters, affairs". That matches sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair". Examples: "several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair." Perfect.

Sense 5 "an event" might also work if we think of "things" as events, but "make things worse" is more about circumstances than a specific event. Sense 1 "a special situation" is also close, but the example "this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing" treats "thing" as a specific situation, whereas in the sentence it's plural and refers to the overall situation. "Matters" is exactly right. In fact, the phrase "make things worse" is synonymous with "make matters worse".

Thus, the best sense is 6.

Now we need to output JSON with the index of the best sense. So {"sense_index": 6}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worse
Target surface form: worse
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things <t>worse</t>, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worse%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability | examples=this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was
2. sense_key=worse%3:00:02:: | definition=changed for the worse in health or fitness | synonyms=worsened | examples=I feel worse today; her cold is worse
3. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad, big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
5. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=bad, tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=bad, spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
7. sense_key=regretful%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry, bad | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=bad, uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | synonyms=bad | examples=so-called bad grammar
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=bad, risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=bad, unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | synonyms=bad | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | synonyms=bad | examples=led a very bad life
15. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=bad, forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
16. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=bad, defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to identify the best sense for "worse" in the context. The sentence is: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things <t>worse</t>, not better."

The target "worse" is a comparative form of "bad". The context shows it's used to describe a state of things (make things worse). The meaning is "of a lower quality or less desirable condition". This matches sense 1: "(comparative of 'bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability". Example given: "this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was" which aligns with "things worse".

Other senses: sense 2 is specifically about health/fitness (changed for the worse in health). Not applicable. The other senses are of "bad" not the comparative "worse", and they are more specific like very intense, discomfort, stale food, etc. But context is about general condition/situation. So sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: better
Target surface form: better
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not <t>better</t>. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=better%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another | examples=You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din; a better coat
2. sense_key=better%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness | examples=her health is better now; I feel better
3. sense_key=better%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=best | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
4. sense_key=better%5:00:00:major:01 | definition=more than half | examples=argued for the better part of an hour
5. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
8. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
9. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
12. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
14. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
15. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
18. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
24. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
25. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste
26. sense_key=well%3:00:01:: | definition=in good health especially after having suffered illness or injury | synonyms=well | examples=appears to be entirely well; the wound is nearly well
27. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
28. sense_key=well%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=wise or advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=well | examples=it would be well to start early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "better" and its context. The context is about education and school spending. The sentence is: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better." The phrase is "worse, not better." So "better" is used as an adjective (comparative) meaning the opposite of worse, i.e., an improvement. It's a general sense of "better" as in more desirable or of higher quality. We need to pick the best indexed sense from the list.

Let's examine the candidate senses. Senses 1-4 are directly labeled "better" in the sense key. Senses 5-25 are for "good" and 26-28 are for "well". But note: The target lemma is "better", which is the comparative form. The candidate senses might include comparative forms. Sense 1: better%3:00:00:: (comparative of 'good') superior to another... in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability. That fits perfectly: making things "worse" (lower quality/state) versus "better" (higher quality/state). Sense 1 seems straightforward.

Check others:
Sense 2: changed for the better in health or fitness. Not applicable here.
Sense 3: wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable. It says "it would be better to speak to him" – that's more about advice, like "it would be better if...". But here it's "make things not better" meaning things will not improve. It's not advice, it's a comparative state.
Sense 4: more than half, definitely not.
Senses from good: These are not comparative forms directly. The target is "better", not "good". WordNet has separate entries for "better" as an adjective. The first sense is the general comparative of good. So sense 1 is the most direct and appropriate.

Therefore, the answer is sense index 1.

Now return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The <t>reason</t> is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "reason" in the given context. The target word is "reason" in: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." This "reason" is explaining why increasing expenditures will make things worse. It is an explanation of the cause. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. reason%1:16:00:: a rational motive for belief or action. Example: the reason that war was declared. This could fit, but the context is more about an explanation of a phenomenon, not just a motive.

2. reason%1:10:01:: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. Example: the reason a steady state was never reached... This seems directly fitting: here, the reason increasing expenditures will make things worse is simple: [...]. It's an explanation of the phenomenon.

3. reason%1:09:00:: the capacity for rational thought. Not applicable here.

4. reason%1:26:00:: the state of having good sense. Not applicable.

5. reason%1:10:00:: a justification for something existing or happening. Example: they had good reason to rejoice. This could be a justification, but the sentence structure "The reason is simple:" followed by an explanation suggests it's explaining the cause, not merely justifying.

6. reason%1:09:01:: a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion. Example: there is reason to believe he is lying. This is more about evidence or logical basis, but here the "reason" is the explication itself.

Comparing 2 and 5: Sense 2 is specifically "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon." The context is: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom..." This is an explanation of why increasing expenditures won't help, so it's directly explaining the cause. Sense 5 is "a justification for something existing or happening" which also fits, but sense 2 is more precise because it explicitly calls out "explanation of the cause." The example for sense 2: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that..." matches the pattern "The reason ... was that ..." In our context, "The reason is simple: [explanation]." So sense 2 is the best match.

Thus, choose sense_index: 2.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is <t>simple</t>: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "simple" in the given context. The context is a passage arguing that increasing expenditures on education will probably make things worse. The sentence: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." So, "simple" here means straightforward, easy to understand, not complicated. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms. This sense seems to fit: the reason is not complex or complicated.

2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson. This also fits: the reason is easy to understand, uncomplicated.

3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea. This means "simple" as in "merely", which doesn't fit the context. The phrase "The reason is simple" doesn't mean the reason is mere or bare.

4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | childlike innocence - not appropriate.
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | lacking mental capacity - not appropriate.
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | of leaf shapes - not appropriate.
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | unornamented - e.g., a simple dress. Not the best fit; here the reason is simple meaning straightforward, not unornamented.

Now, between 1 and 2, both seem very close. Both definitions include "not complicated". Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated". The key difference: sense 1 emphasizes few parts/complexity, sense 2 emphasizes ease. In context: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." The reason is presented as a straightforward explanation, not complex, easy to grasp. I think both could apply, but we need to pick the single best. Often in such contexts, "simple" means "not complicated" (sense 1) rather than "easy" (sense 2). The phrase "reason is simple" is a fixed expression meaning the explanation is straightforward, not complex. Also, sense 1 is the primary sense for simple in WordNet (the 3:00:02:: sense indicates adjective, all, basic sense). However, sense 2 is also commonly used. Let's check the gloss: sense 2 says "easy and not involved or complicated". The example "elementary, my dear Watson" is often used to indicate a simple reasoning. But "an elementary problem in statistics" implies a problem that is easy, not complex. In our sentence, "the reason is simple" is akin to "the reason is straightforward/not complicated". The WordNet sense mapping: In many WSD tasks, "simple" in "the reason is simple" maps to the "not complex" sense. I'll check the sense inventory numbers: sense 1 has sense_key simple%3:00:02::. The "3" likely indicates adjective, and the "02" indicates the second sense in the list? Actually, WordNet adjectives have sense numbers. The primary sense is often 1. But here sense 1 is "having few parts; not complex...", sense 2 is "easy...". Both are good. Which is more precise? The context says "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom...". The explanation that follows is brief and uncomplicated, not necessarily "easy" but "uncomplicated". The phrase "simple" here modifies "reason", meaning the reason is not complex, it's straightforward. I'd lean towards sense 1. Also, note that sense 2 is marked as "easy and not involved or complicated", with synonyms elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic. "Uncomplicated" is also in sense 1's definition. The distinction: sense 1 is just "not complex", while sense 2 adds "easy". But a reason can be "simple" meaning it's easy to understand. I think both are acceptable, but we must choose one. Let's see typical WordNet assignments: In example sentences like "a simple problem", sense 1 is used. "A simple problem" could be 1 or 2? The example for sense 1 is "a simple problem; simple mechanisms". That matches our context: "the reason is simple" is similar to "a simple problem". The example for sense 2 is "an elementary problem in statistics", which is similar but uses "elementary". So I think sense 1 is the best. Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: Education
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: <t>Education</t> takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "education" in the given context. The target lemma is "education" and surface form is "Education" (capitalized, but it's in the middle of a sentence: "The reason is simple: <t>Education</t> takes place in the classroom..."). So we need to pick the best sense from the list.

Let's analyze the context: The text discusses school governance, expenditures on education, and then says: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." So here, "Education" refers to the process of teaching/learning that happens in the classroom. It's the activities of educating or instructing. It's not about knowledge acquired (sense 2), nor about the gradual process of acquiring knowledge (sense 3), nor the profession (sense 4), nor upbringing (sense 5), nor the federal department (sense 6). Sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". That fits perfectly: Education takes place in the classroom, i.e., the activities of teaching happen there. The synonyms for sense 1: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity. The example: "he received no formal education" — here it's about the activity of educating. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the <t>influence</t> of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "influence" in the given context. The context is: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." We need to choose the best sense among the 5 candidate senses.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
   This sense is about power based on prestige, like using someone's status to get something done. In the context, "influence of money" is about the effect or power that money has. It doesn't specifically relate to prestige, but rather to the capacity to affect something. Could fit, but let's see others.

2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
   This sense seems odd: "causing something without any direct or apparent effort." It might be about a subtle, indirect effect. Not quite fitting because money's influence is not necessarily without effort.

3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
   This sense limits to a "cognitive factor" that affects behavior. Money is not a cognitive factor; it's a material resource. So not this.

4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
   This sense is about the effect that one thing has on another. That seems very general. The influence of money on education: money has an effect on education. This appears to match well. It is the most abstract and broad sense of influence as an effect.

5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children
   This sense refers to the agent that influences, not the influence itself. In the sentence, "the influence of money" is about the effect that money has, not money as an influencer. So it doesn't fit because here "influence" is the power or effect, not the thing exerting it.

Comparing senses 1 and 4: Sense 1 emphasizes "power based on prestige", which is not the primary aspect of money's influence here; the context is about the minimal effect of funding on educational outcomes. Sense 4 is simply the effect of one thing on another, which is the most direct meaning. The example for sense 4 is "the influence of mechanical action," which parallels "the influence of money."

Thus, sense 4 is the best match.

We must output JSON: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of <t>money</t> is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "money" in the given context. The target word is "money" in the sentence: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of <t>money</t> is minimal." The context discusses increasing expenditures on education and says that money has minimal influence in the classroom. So "money" here refers to financial resources, expenditures, or funds allocated to education. It is about the concept of money as a resource, not specifically as a medium of exchange (sense 1) or official currency (sense 3). It aligns more with wealth or financial means. Sense 2 is "wealth reckoned in terms of money", examples: "all his money is in real estate". That fits: the influence of wealth/money is minimal. Sense 1 is about the physical medium of exchange (legal tender), and sense 3 is about the official currency of a country. Neither fits the abstract sense of financial resources being spent on education. Thus sense 2 is best.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: Decades
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. <t>Decades</t> of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "Decades" in the context. The target lemma is "decade". The surface form is "Decades", which is plural. The context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect..." Here, "decades" clearly refers to a long period of many years. The two candidate senses: sense 1 is "a period of 10 years", sense 2 is the number ten. Obviously, in "Decades of educational research", it means many tens of years, so sense 1 is correct. Sense 2 is the numeral 10, which doesn't fit. So we choose sense_index: 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of <t>educational</t> research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "educational" in the given context. The target lemma is "educational" and surface form is "educational". We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Now, let's analyze the context. The sentence with the target word: "Decades of <t>educational</t> research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils..."

Here, "educational research" means research related to the field of education, i.e., the systematic study of education. It is not about providing knowledge (like an educational film that teaches something); rather, it is research that pertains to the process or discipline of education. So sense 1, "relating to the process of education," fits perfectly. The example for sense 1 is "educational psychology," which is a field of psychology related to education. Similarly, "educational research" is research about education.

Sense 2 is "providing knowledge," as in an educational film that imparts knowledge. But here, the research itself is not necessarily providing knowledge to the reader; it is research within the domain of education. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, we select index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tell
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research <t>tell</t> us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "tell" with surface form "tell" in the context: "Decades of educational research <t>tell</t> us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect ..."

We need to choose the best indexed sense among the 8 provided. The context is "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". Here, "tell" means that the research informs us or makes known to us. It's not just expressing in words, but conveying information. It's similar to "let something be known". Also, it's not a direct instruction or narrative. Sense 2: "let something be known" with example "Tell them that you will be late" fits well. Sense 1 is "express in words", but that is a bit more general. Sense 6 is "inform positively and with certainty and confidence" but that's more about assurance. In this context, the research is providing information, not necessarily with assurance, just reporting findings. "Tell" here is like "indicate" or "show". But looking at the options, sense 2 seems most direct: "let something be known". The synonyms are not provided for sense 2, but the examples: "Tell them that you will be late" matches the structure "tell us that..." So sense 2 is appropriate.

Check other senses: 3 is narrate, 4 is instruct, 5 is discern, 7 is give evidence (like inform on someone), 8 is distinguish. None of these fit. So sense 2 is best.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that <t>even</t> smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "even" in the given context. We need to choose the best sense from the four provided. Let's analyze the sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that <t>even</t> smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

The word "even" is used before "smaller classes". The sentence is saying that even smaller classes (which one might expect to have a positive effect) actually have zero effect. The "even" suggests something unexpected: one might think smaller classes would help, but they don't. So it's indicating something surprising or contrary to expectation. Looking at the senses:

1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea

This fits: "even smaller classes" implies that even the seemingly beneficial change of reducing class size has no effect, which is unexpected.

2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him

This sense is about concession, like "even though". But in our sentence, there's no explicit concessive clause; it's more of an intensifier: "even smaller classes" means "smaller classes, despite what you might think, have zero effect." It could be paraphrased as "even though classes are smaller" but the structure is not "even + clause". The sense 2 examples use "even when/with" which are explicit concessive. Here it's just "even + adjective". So sense 1 is more direct.

3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem

This is for comparative structures, like "even worse". Here we have "even smaller classes" where "smaller" is comparative. This sense could apply: "even smaller classes" might mean "classes that are smaller to a greater degree". But the meaning here isn't just "to a greater degree"; it's emphasizing that even these smaller classes, which are presumably better, still have zero effect. The sentence is not comparing two things and saying one is even smaller; it's saying that even the case of smaller classes (which is a good thing) doesn't help. So sense 1 seems better because the focus is on the unexpectedness, not the degree. However, note that "even" with comparatives often falls under sense 3? Let's check the examples: "an even more interesting problem" - that's emphasizing a greater degree. Here: "even smaller classes" could be read as "classes that are even smaller" but the context is: research shows that even smaller classes have no effect. That is, one might think small classes help, but in fact, even the smallest classes don't. It's indicating surprise. So sense 1 is more about unexpectedness, while sense 3 is about degree. In many contexts, "even" with a comparative can be ambiguous, but the overall sentence structure "even X have zero effect" implies X is something expected to have an effect, so it's surprising that they don't. So sense 1.

4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

This is archaic/literary, not applicable.

Thus, the best sense is index 1.

Now, output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: classes
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller <t>classes</t> have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "class" (surface form "classes") in a specific context. The context is about education: "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". Clearly, "classes" refers to groups of students taught together, i.e., class size. The candidate senses:

1. class%1:14:00: a collection of things sharing a common attribute (category, family) - too generic.
2. class%1:14:03: a body of students who are taught together (form, grade, course) - examples: "early morning classes are always sleepy". This fits perfectly: smaller classes means fewer students per class.
3. class%1:14:01: social class stratum - not relevant.
4. class%1:04:00: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings (course) - but the context says "classes" in the sense of the physical group of students, not the course itself. "Smaller classes" refers to class size, not shorter courses.
5. class%1:14:05: league ranked by quality - not relevant.
6. class%1:14:04: graduating class - not relevant.
7. class%1:14:02: biology - not relevant.
8. class%1:07:00: elegance - not relevant.

So, sense 2 is the correct one: a body of students taught together. The example "early morning classes" uses "classes" to mean the sessions or the groups, but sense 2 explicitly defines a group of students. Sense 4 is about the course/lessons, not the group of students. In context, "smaller classes" undeniably means fewer students per class, i.e., smaller groups. So index 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to pick the best indexed sense for the word "effect" in the given context. The context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". So, "effect" here means the result or influence on academic performance. The synonyms and definitions need to match.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
   - This sense is about a phenomenon that follows from a cause. "zero effect" would mean no result or consequence. That fits perfectly.

2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
   - This is about outward appearance or impression. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
   - This is about a contrived impression. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
   - Not relevant.

5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
   - Legal validity, not relevant.

6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic
   - This is a specific kind of effect (symptom). But the context is about a general effect on academic performance, not a symptom. This is more medical. Sense 1 is broader and more appropriate.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.