[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "show" in the form "shown" in the context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

We need to select the best indexed sense from the candidate senses. Let's analyze each:

1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

The context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..." This is about offering evidence that a drug has a benefit. It's not about showing dogs, or making something visible, or indicating a place. It's about demonstrating a result or providing evidence. This aligns most closely with sense 2 or sense 3.

Sense 2: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish). Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture."
Sense 3: provide evidence for (synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence). Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence."

Both are similar, but let's see the nuance. In the context, the phrase "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" suggests that Cerenia has demonstrated or provided evidence of a benefit. The following sentence explains the results showed that Cerenia was more effective. So it's about presenting evidence. Sense 3 is specifically "provide evidence for". The example for sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father" – that's a good parallel: a test/study shows results, providing evidence. Sense 2 is about establishing validity, like "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture". That's more about proving a point logically. In a scientific study context, "shown" often means "provided evidence". Sense 3 seems more direct. Also, sense 3 has synonyms "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence". In the sentence "What benefit has Cerenia shown...? The results showed...", it's like the studies bear witness to the effectiveness. Sense 2 is also possible, but it emphasizes establishing validity. The context doesn't just establish validity; it provides evidence from studies. I think sense 3 is the most fitting.

Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" – example: "The diary shows his distress that evening." That is similar but more about records. Here, it's about studies showing results. Sense 3 is more general: provide evidence for.

Let's check if any other sense could fit. Sense 4: make visible or noticeable – "She showed her talent for cooking" – that is more about displaying, not necessarily proving through evidence. Sense 9: indicate a certain reading – "The thermometer showed thirteen degrees" – that's about instruments, not about studies. Sense 12: finish third or better in a race – no.

Thus, the best sense is sense 3.

Answer format: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: NextBit


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "study" and the surface form "studies" in a context about the drug Cerenia being studied in clinical trials. The context mentions: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..." and "The results of the studies showed...". This clearly refers to research investigations or clinical trials. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" (survey). This could be an inspection or examination, but in medical context, "studies" typically refers to research studies, not just inspections.

2. sense 2: "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject" (work). This is more about the activity of studying, like "mastering a second language requires a lot of work". Not appropriate for clinical trials.

3. sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (report, written report). Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This could refer to a published paper. But in the context, "studies" refers to the actual research investigations (e.g., "carried out either in laboratory dogs or animal patients"), not necessarily the written report. The phrase "A large number of studies... were carried out" indicates the research itself, not the document. Also, the results of the studies showed effectiveness. So this might be ambiguous. Typically, in medical writing, "studies" refers to the trials or investigations. The sense 1 "detailed critical inspection" might be closer to the actual research process. However, WordNet sense 1 is "survey", which could be interpreted as an investigation. Let's check the synset for sense 1: study%1:04:00:: - that's noun.act, so it's an act of studying. Sense 3 is noun.communication, so it's the report. Since the context says "studies with Cerenia were carried out", it's the act of conducting the study. So sense 1 (act) is better than sense 3 (document). But sense 1 definition says "detailed critical inspection" which might not fully capture the clinical trial meaning; it might better fit sense 1. Also, WordNet has other senses: there is no specific clinical trial sense, but "study" in the sense of research investigation is typically covered by sense 1 (the act of studying something). I'll check the examples: sense 1 synonyms: survey. Survey is a type of study. The phrase "clinical study" is a type of detailed critical inspection. So I'd go with sense 1. Sense 4: state of deep mental absorption, obviously not. Sense 5: room. Sense 6: branch of knowledge, not. Sense 7: preliminary drawing. Sense 8: cogitation. Sense 9: someone who memorizes. Sense 10: musical composition. So only sense 1 and 3 are plausible. Since "were carried out", it's the action, not the document. So sense 1.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "result" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

We need to choose from these senses:
1. phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot)
2. a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem (solution, answer, resolution, solvent)
3. something that results (resultant, final result, outcome, termination)
4. the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause (resultant role)

Now, context: "The results of the studies showed..." This refers to the findings or outcomes obtained from the studies. It's not a solution (sense 2) nor a semantic role (sense 4). Sense 1 and sense 3 are similar. Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon." Examples: "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business." Sense 3: "something that results," synonyms: resultant, final result, outcome, termination. Example: "he listened for the results on the radio." The context mentions studies and what they showed. The results here are the data or conclusions from the studies. Sense 3 is very broad: "something that results." Sense 1 emphasizes a causal sequence: a phenomenon caused by something. In the context, the results are what the studies produced, the findings. I think sense 3 fits better because it's simply "something that results" and the example "he listened for the results on the radio" parallels "the results of the studies showed." Sense 1 might emphasize a cause-effect relationship, but here it's just the outcome of the studies. Both could be plausible, but WordNet often has these distinctions. Sense 1 is listed as a phenomenon, while sense 3 is just a generic result. The phrase "results of the studies" is standard: we say "the study's results" meaning the outcomes or data. That aligns with sense 3: final result, outcome. Sense 1 might be more appropriate for a chain of events: e.g., "The results of his actions were disastrous." Here, the studies were performed, and the results (the findings) showed something. I'd pick sense 3.

Check: sense 1: "phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - the results are not exactly the phenomenon but the data. In science, "results" refer to the obtained measurements, not necessarily a subsequent phenomenon. Sense 3: "something that results" - that's exactly what the study produces. So sense 3 is more appropriate.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "study" and target surface form "studies". We need to choose the correct sense from the provided list of 10 candidate senses. The context is about a drug called Cerenia, and the target word appears in the phrase "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo". So we need to decide which sense of "study" applies here.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, etc. | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

In the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo". Here "studies" refers to scientific investigations or experiments conducted to test the drug. The word "studies" is plural and refers to those investigations. Which sense best captures that? Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "survey" could apply to a study as a careful examination. But sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" is more about the report of the findings, not the investigation itself. The sentence says "The results of the studies showed", which could refer to the investigations themselves or the reports of those investigations. In scientific contexts, "studies" often refers to the experiments/trials conducted. So I'd lean toward sense 1. However, note that sense 3 is about the written document, but the phrase "the results of the studies" typically means the outcomes of the research, not the reports. For example, a clinical trial is a study. The WordNet sense 1 (a detailed critical inspection) is broader and includes any systematic investigation. There's also sense 2: "applying the mind to learning and understanding", which is more about the process of study, but that is uncountable often. In context, "studies" is countable: "a large number of studies", "the results of the studies". These are specific instances of investigations. So I'd pick sense 1: study%1:04:00:: (a detailed critical inspection) as the most appropriate.

Confirming: WordNet 3.0 has for "study" the sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" (noun.act). The synset for that includes synonyms like "survey". In many WSD tasks, scientific study falls under this sense. Sense 3 is specifically a written report. That's a metonymy; if someone says "I read a study about diabetes", it could be the report. But here "the results of the studies" suggests the actual experiments. So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..." The target word is "showed" in the context of studies showing a result or conclusion. This is about demonstrating or proving something through evidence. Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" with synonyms prove, demonstrate, establish, shew. The example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture." This fits: the studies showed (proved/demonstrated) that Cerenia was more effective. Sense 3: "provide evidence for" (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence) also might fit, but it's more about providing evidence like a blood test showing paternity. However, sense 2 explicitly mentions "experiment" and establishing validity, which is exactly what studies do. Sense 3 might be more about witnessing or evidencing, but the context is about research results demonstrating effectiveness. Sense 2's synonyms include "demonstrate" and "prove", which align well with scientific studies. Also, sense 2's example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability..." is analogous to "The results of the studies showed that...". So sense 2 is best.

Hence, {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: more, target surface form: more. Context: "the results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo". The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00::, definition: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs, synonyms: to a greater extent, examples: more interesting; more beautiful.
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01::, definition: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent, examples: he works more now; they eat more than they should.

In the context, "more effective" uses "more" as a comparative marker with an adjective "effective". That matches sense 1: used to form the comparative of adjectives. Sense 2 is for "more" as an adverb meaning "to a greater degree" used with verbs or as a comparative of "much". Here it's specifically forming the comparative of the adjective "effective". So sense 1 is correct.

The instruction says: return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So we need to output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "effective" and context from a text discussing a drug (Cerenia) for dogs. The sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting." Here "effective" means that the drug works well in reducing vomiting; it produces the intended result.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect. Synonyms: effectual, efficacious. Example: "an air-cooled motor was more effective...". This fits well: the drug produces the intended result of reducing vomiting.
2. able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively. Syn: efficient. Example about people being effective persons. This is more about a person's ability to get things done efficiently, not about a drug's efficacy in a medical sense.
3. works well as a means or remedy. Example: "an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat". This directly relates to remedies, so it fits well: Cerenia is a remedy that works well for vomiting.
4. exerting force or influence, like a law effective immediately. Not relevant.
5. existing in fact; not theoretical; real. Example: "effective demand". Not relevant.
6. ready for service; like effective soldiers. Not relevant.

Between sense 1 and sense 3: Sense 1 uses "producing an intended result", sense 3 specifies "works well as a means or remedy". Both could apply. But sense 3 explicitly mentions remedy and gives a lotion example, which is similar to a drug. Sense 1 is more general about any intended result. In medical contexts, "effective" often aligns with the sense of working as a remedy. However, note that sense 1's example uses "effective teaching methods" and "air-cooled motor", which are not remedies. Sense 3 is more specific.

Let's check the WordNet structure: Effective has multiple adjective synsets. The sense keys: effective%3:00:00:: is an adjective satellite? Actually, sense 1 is "effective%3:00:00::" which might be a primary sense. Sense 2 is "effective%5:00:00:competent:00" (similar to competent), sense 3 is "effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00" (similar to efficacious), sense 4 is "effective%5:00:00:operative:00", sense 5 is "effective%5:00:00:actual:00", sense 6 is "effective%5:00:00:operational:00". The percentage numbers usually indicate syntactic category: 3 for adjective, 5 for adjective satellite. However, in WordNet, adjective satellites are clustered around a head synset. But the definitions are distinct.

Sense 1: producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect. Synonyms: effectual, efficacious. Sense 3: works well as a means or remedy. Sense 1 seems to be a broader sense that includes any intended result. Sense 3 is specifically about a means or remedy. The context is about a drug that reduces vomiting. It is a remedy. So sense 3 might be more appropriate. But note the example for sense 3: "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" is very similar. Also, the phrase "more effective than the placebo" is a common phrase in clinical trials meaning the drug produced a better outcome. So both 1 and 3 could work, but 3 is explicitly about remedies.

However, let's consider the instruction: "Choose the single best indexed sense." We need to return a JSON with the sense_index. We can't return the sense key. We need to output {"sense_index": 3} if we think it's sense 3.

But careful: Sense 1's synonyms include "efficacious", which is very much about therapeutic effect. And the example is generic. The context says "was more effective than the placebo" – this is the classic phrasing of a clinical trial. In WordNet, I'd lean toward sense 1 as the primary sense, but sense 3 is explicitly a satellite of "efficacious". In fact, the head synset for sense 3 is "efficacious" (since it says "similar to efficacious", meaning it's a satellite adjective cluster). Sense 1 is listed with head synset "effective" itself? The sense key "effective%3:00:00::" might be the head synset for a group. Usually, the head adjective is the one that other satellites are similar to. Effective can be a head adjective with satellites. I'm not entirely certain.

Given the context, "effective" modifying a drug in comparison to placebo, the meaning is "producing a desired effect; efficacious". That's essentially sense 1. Sense 3 adds "as a means or remedy", which also fits. But is one more specific and thus better? The instruction says "fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation", so we should pick the most appropriate fine-grained sense. The context: "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen..." This is about the drug's capability to reduce vomiting. It is a remedy. So sense 3, which explicitly mentions remedy, is a perfect match. Sense 1 is broader. I think sense 3 is the best.

Let's check examples for sense 1: "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation" — not medical. "effective teaching methods" — not medical. Sense 3: "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" — medical/treatment. So sense 3 is more specific to remedies. In WordNet, these are distinct senses: sense 1 is the general "effectual, efficacious" sense, sense 3 is the "works well as a means or remedy" sense. In sentence, "effective against vomiting" clearly is a remedy. So I'll go with sense 3.

Thus, index: 3.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "placebo" in the context. The context is about a drug called Cerenia, and it mentions "placebo" in a medical study context: "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo". This clearly refers to a substance used as a control in experiments, not to a religious ceremony. Sense 1 is about an innocuous medication used in experiments, which matches perfectly. Sense 2 is about Roman Catholic vespers, which is irrelevant. So the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "less" in the given context. The context is: "...less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..." Here "less" is modifying "vomiting", which is a mass noun (uncountable). The word "less" is used with mass nouns to indicate a smaller amount or degree. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended

In the context, "less vomiting" compares the amount of vomiting. Vomiting is uncountable, so sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about quality, usually with "no", not applicable. Sense 3 is about "fewer", which is sometimes used with countable nouns, but here it's idiomatic with measure phrases? But "vomiting" is uncountable, so sense 1 is the standard. Also note that the definition of sense 1 mentions "comparative of 'little' usually used with mass nouns", which is exactly the case. So the best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "see" with surface form "seen" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 24 candidates. The context is a medical study description: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo". Here, "seen" is used in a passive construction: vomiting was seen, meaning observed or noted. It's not literal sight but a scientific observation or reporting. The meaning is essentially "observed" or "found" in the results. Let's look at the candidate senses.

Sense 3: perceive or be contemporaneous with; synonyms: witness, find; examples: "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school". This sense implies encountering or witnessing something, often used in reports: "less vomiting was found/witnessed". That fits.

Sense 1: literal sight, not appropriate.

Sense 2: understand, realize. Not quite: it's not about understanding vomiting, but observing it.

Sense 6: get to know, become aware of accidentally (learn, hear). That might work, but "seen" here is more deliberate observation in a study, not accidental.

Sense 9: find out, learn, determine with certainty. That fits somewhat, but sense 3 more directly matches "witness, find" as in "we found that...".

Also, many WordNet senses for "see" are similar. The sense "witness, find" is sense_key=see%2:39:02::, definition "perceive or be contemporaneous with", example "We found Republicans winning the offices". Here we have "less vomiting was seen" which is analogous to "less vomiting was found/witnessed". So sense 3 seems best.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t> that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "dog" with surface form "dogs" in the given context. The context is about Cerenia, a medication for vomiting in animals, specifically in dogs. The target appears in "<t>dogs</t>". The sentence is: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo". Clearly, the context is about animals, specifically the domesticated dog species. So we need the sense that refers to the animal dog.

Looking at candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: definition: a member of the genus Canis... domesticated by man... synonyms: domestic dog, Canis familiaris. Example: the dog barked all night.
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: definition: a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman. Synonyms: frump.
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: definition: informal term for a man. Example: you lucky dog.
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: definition: someone who is morally reprehensible. Synonyms: cad, bounder...
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: definition: a sausage... frankfurter, hotdog.
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: definition: a hinged catch (pawl).
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: definition: metal supports for logs (andiron).

The context clearly indicates the animal. So sense_index 1 is correct.

Now, output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "medicine" in the context: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo". We have four candidate senses from WordNet.

Let's analyze the context: The target word "medicine" appears as "<t>medicine</t>" in the sentence: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting." The overall text is about a drug called Cerenia, which is a medication used to treat vomiting in dogs. So "medicine" here refers to the drug substance, the product being administered.

Now, examine each sense:

1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
   This is about a field of study, a branch of medicine. Not applicable here; the context is about a tangible thing given to dogs.

2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
   This refers to a drug or medicinal substance. That fits perfectly: Cerenia is a medicine/medication given to dogs to prevent/treat vomiting.

3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
   This is the profession of being a physician. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine
   This is a metaphorical sense, "take your medicine" meaning to accept unpleasant consequences. The context is literal: dogs receiving a medicine vs. a placebo in a study.

Clearly, sense 2 is the correct one.

Thus, the JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "dogs" in the given context. The target lemma is "dog", surface form "dogs". The context is about a veterinary medicine study, clearly referring to the animal. The sentence: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo..." So "dogs" refers to the pet animal. Looking at the candidate senses, sense 1 is the domestic animal, Canis familiaris. All other senses are about people, sausage, or mechanical parts. Thus, sense_index 1 is correct.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a <t>placebo</t>, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "placebo" in the given context. We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

The context is from a veterinary medicine description about Cerenia, a drug. The text says: "the results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a <t>placebo</t>..." This clearly refers to a control substance used in studies to test the drug's efficacy. So the correct sense is the first one, an innocuous or inert medication used in experiments.

Thus, the best indexed sense is sense 1. We output JSON with sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "treatment" and surface form is "treatment". The context is about Cerenia, a drug for dogs. We need to pick among four candidate senses.

Context: "both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection..."

The word "treatment" appears twice. In the first instance, it's in the phrase "in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting." That suggests medical treatment of vomiting. The second instance: "The treatment of a vomiting dog..." also refers to medical care.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
   This is clearly about medical treatment. The definition mentions "medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury". The context is about treating vomiting in dogs, which is an illness.

2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
   This is about management, not necessarily medical. The examples are about prisoners and water sewage. This doesn't fit the medical context.

3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
   This is artistic, not relevant.

4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased
   This is about a discussion or discourse, not medical care.

Clearly, sense 1 is the best match. The context is medical: Cerenia is a drug to prevent or treat vomiting. So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Now, the output format: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The <t>treatment</t> of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "treatment" in the given context. The target is "treatment" appearing in a sentence about Cerenia (a veterinary medication) and its use for vomiting in dogs.

Context: "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down ... For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog."

Candidate senses:
1. sense 1: care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures) - synonyms: intervention.
2. sense 2: the management of someone or something - synonyms: handling - examples: the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage.
3. sense 3: a manner of dealing with something artistically - not relevant here (artistic context).
4. sense 4: an extended communication dealing with some particular topic - synonyms: discussion, discourse - examples: book discussion, treatment of the race question.

The context is clearly medical: treating a vomiting dog with medication. Sense 1 is explicitly about medical care. Sense 2 is "management" which could be broader, but sense 1 is specifically medical. The phrase "treatment of a vomiting dog" refers to medical intervention. So sense 1 is the best match.

Indices: 1 for sense 1, 2 for sense 2, etc. So answer: sense_index: 1.

We return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dog
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting <t>dog</t> should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "dog" with surface form "dog" in the given context. We have to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list. The context is about a veterinary drug "Cerenia" used to treat vomiting in dogs. The sentence with the target is: "The treatment of a vomiting <t>dog</t> should be started with the injection...". Clearly, the word "dog" refers to the animal, specifically the domesticated canine. Looking at the candidate senses: sense 1 is "a member of the genus Canis ... domesticated ... occurs in many breeds", with synonyms "domestic dog, Canis familiaris" and example "the dog barked all night". The context is veterinary, so sense 1 is the correct one. The other senses are metaphorical or alternative meanings (e.g., a dull woman, informal term for a man, morally reprehensible person, sausage, mechanical catch, metal supports). Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: started
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be <t>started</t> with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "start" with surface form "started" in the context: "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be <t>started</t> with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again)."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 14 senses. The context is about medical treatment: starting the treatment with an injection. So the meaning is "to begin a course of action" or "to initiate a process". Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. Examples: We began working at dawn; Who will start? This seems like a general sense of beginning an action. "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection" fits: starting the treatment. The treatment is an action.

2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: definition=set in motion, cause to start. Examples: The U.S. started a war... This is transitive, causing something to begin. The sentence says "should be started with the injection" – passive voice, but the injection is the means by which the treatment starts. It could be interpreted as "cause the treatment to start". However, it might be more of an action initiation.

3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: definition=leave. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: definition=have a beginning (intransitive). Examples: The DMZ begins right over the hill. This is about something having a beginning in a spatial/temporal sense. The treatment doesn't "have a beginning" in that way; we are starting the treatment, initiating it.

5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: definition=bring into being. Examples: He initiated a new program; Start a foundation. This is about creating something new. Starting a treatment is not necessarily bringing a new entity into being; it's beginning a process.

6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: definition=get off the ground, start up, embark on. Examples: Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise. This is about starting an enterprise or project. Could fit, but again, treatment is a process, not necessarily an enterprise.

7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: definition=move or jump suddenly. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: definition=get going or set in motion. Examples: We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer. This is about starting machines or engines. The treatment is not a machine; it's a medical procedure. Might not fit perfectly.

9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: definition=begin or set in motion (intransitive). Examples: I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go! This is about something starting (the subject starts). The sentence is "The treatment should be started..." passive, so the treatment is the patient, not the agent. So the sense is more like "cause the treatment to begin", which is transitive.

10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity. Examples: Take up a position; start a new job. This is about starting a job or role. Not really.

11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: definition=play in the starting lineup. Sports context. Not applicable.

12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way. Examples: The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees. This is about something having a specific starting point. The sentence says "started with the injection", which could be similar: the treatment has its beginning with the injection. But the construction "be started with" is passive and suggests that someone starts the treatment. However, this sense is intransitive "have a beginning". The example: "The novel begins with a murder" matches "started with the injection" in a way. But in the sentence, it's "should be started with the injection", which is a passive construction implying an agent (the vet) starts the treatment. It could be interpreted as "the treatment should begin with the injection". That would be intransitive, but the surface form "started" is a past participle in passive voice. WordNet senses can account for both transitive and intransitive. Let's check: Sense 12 is "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" and it's tagged as intransitive? The sense key start%2:42:03:: – the numbers likely indicate something. Typically, 2:42 means verb, and the last number might be sense number. Not sure. Sense 4 is start%2:42:00:: definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense. Sense 12 is start%2:42:03:: definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way. Both are similar. Sense 12 specifically says "characterized in some specified way" and examples: "The novel begins with a murder" – that fits "started with the injection". But the sentence says "The treatment ... should be started with the injection." That can be rephrased as "The treatment should begin with the injection." So it's about the treatment having its start in the form of an injection. That seems like a good fit for sense 12. However, we need to consider if there's a more active sense.

Looking at the context: "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection..." It is giving a recommendation on how to start the treatment. It's an action taken by a vet or owner. So the act of starting the treatment is what is being started. So it's more about initiating a medical procedure. Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" – "We began working at dawn; Who will start?" That fits: you start the treatment. Sense 1 is often the most general sense for beginning an action. Sense 2: "set in motion, cause to start" is also transitive. Both 1 and 2 are close. But sense 2 has examples like "start a war", which is more of causing something to commence. Sense 1 is "take the first step". Often, in WordNet, sense 1 of "start" is the most common: begin an action.

What about sense 8: "get going or set in motion" – that is for engines, etc. Not ideal.

Sense 13: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" – examples: "begin a cigar", "She started the soup while it was still hot"? That's odd. "Start a cigar" meaning light it? Not for medical treatment.

Sense 12 is intransitive "have a beginning characterized in some specified way." The sentence is passive "should be started", which can be seen as a passive of a transitive verb, or as an adjectival passive describing a state? Typically, "the treatment should be started" is a passive construction with a clear agent implied. So it's more likely a transitive verb. If I say "The meeting was started with a prayer", that's passive of "start" meaning "begin". Compare with "The meeting began with a prayer" – that's intransitive. But the use of "started" in passive might still be a transitive sense.

Let's check existing examples for sense 12: "The novel begins with a murder" – that's active intransitive. If they wanted to say "The novel is begun with a murder" that might be strange. So sense 12 is likely only for active intransitive uses. The given text has "should be started" which is passive. Passive often corresponds to a transitive sense. So we should choose a transitive sense.

Now between transitive senses: 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, etc.

Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" – synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out. Example: "We began working at dawn; Who will start?" This is the most general and fits perfectly: starting the treatment (an action). Sense 2: "set in motion, cause to start" – synonyms: begin, lead off, commence. Example: "The U.S. started a war..." This is more about causing an event or state to begin, often with a direct object that is an event. Starting a treatment is similar, but it's more of an action. In medical contexts, "start treatment" is very common and probably maps to sense 1. Sense 5: "bring into being" – He initiated a new program; Start a foundation. That's more about creating something new, not just beginning a process.

Sense 6: "get off the ground" – start up, embark on. Example: "Who started this company?" That's about starting a company, which is more of a creation. Treatment is not a company.

Sense 8: "get going or set in motion" – typically for machines. Not ideal.

Sense 10: "begin work or acting in a certain capacity" – start a new job. Not treatment.

Sense 13: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" – examples: "begin a cigar" (start smoking it), "She started the soup while it was still hot" (start eating? or start making?). This is an odd sense where the nature of the object determines the action. "Start treatment" could be similar to "start the soup"? Not really. The definition says "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object". For "treatment", the inherent function is to treat, so "start treatment" means begin the act of treating. That could fit, but this sense is very specific and not as common for such a general phrase. Typically, "start" with an action noun like "treatment" is just sense 1.

WordNet also has a sense for "begin" that is similar. But we are looking at the start lemma.

Given the context is about a medical procedure, I think sense 1 is the best. It's the most general and fits the action of taking the first step in carrying out the treatment.

However, let's double-check the example for sense 12: "My property begins with the three maple trees" – that's about a boundary, not about an action. So that sense is not for actions.

Thus, I'll go with sense 1.

But the instruction says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense." So I need to pick one. Sense 1 is index 1. So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.