[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: right
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene <t>right</t> in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Target lemma: right, Target surface form: right, Context: ... The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene <t>right</t> in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..." We need to select the sense index from 1 to 10. The senses are:

1. precisely, exactly (stand right here!)
2. immediately (she called right after dinner)
3. exactly (synonyms: flop; examples: he fell flop on his face) — Note: "flop" seems like an error, but it's a synonym for "right" in this sense? Maybe "flop" means exactly? No, check: WordNet sense key right%4:02:09:: has definition "exactly" and synonyms "flop". This is likely a specialized usage: "flop" as in "fell flop on his face" meaning exactly? Possibly meaning "right" as in "exactly" but the example "he fell flop on his face" suggests "right" can mean exactly, like "he fell right on his face". So sense 3 is "exactly" with synonym "flop".
4. toward or on the right (he looked right and left)
5. in the right manner (properly, decently)
6. interjection expressing agreement (right on)
7. completely (she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap)
8. intensive very (mighty, mightily, powerful) — Southern regional intensive.
9. in accordance with moral or social standards (justly)
10. in an accurate manner (correctly, aright)

Context: "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation". Meaning: places the gene exactly/precisely in the central position of cancer formation. "right" is used as an adverb modifying the prepositional phrase "in the cockpit". It emphasizes the location: directly, exactly, precisely. Not meaning immediately, not directional, not properly, not completely (sense 7 could also be considered: "fell right into the trap" is similar structurally: "puts ... right in the cockpit" is analogous to "fell right into the trap", meaning directly, exactly. But sense 7 is "completely" with examples: "she felt right at home" (completely at home) and "he fell right into the trap" (completely into the trap?). Actually, in "he fell right into the trap", it often means "directly" or "exactly" into the trap. The gloss for sense 7 is "completely", but the examples show "right" as an intensifier. Let's compare sense 1: "precisely, exactly" (stand right here!). Sense 1 seems to emphasize exact location: "stand right here" means exactly here. Sense 7 "completely" is similar but might imply total involvement. The example "he fell right into the trap" could be interpreted as he fell completely into the trap (i.e., he was totally trapped) or exactly into the trap. I think sense 1 is more directly about precise location, which fits "right in the cockpit" — exactly in the cockpit. Sense 3 is also "exactly" but with a weird synonym "flop"; maybe it's a nonsense entry, but we should check. Sense 1 has "precisely, exactly" with example "stand right here!" That's a perfect match: "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit" = puts it precisely in the cockpit. Sense 3: "exactly" with example "he fell flop on his face" — that's using "right" as a synonym for "flop"? Actually, maybe it's a data error: flop probably is an adverb meaning exactly? I'd go with sense 1. Sense 10 "in an accurate manner" (correctly) is more about correctness: "he guessed right" — that's about being correct, not location. So sense 1 is best.

Thus, I'll pick sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of <t>cancer</t> formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "cancer" and target surface form "cancer", with context about cancer formation, specifically mentioning a gene and cancer research. The context: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..." So it's clearly about the disease cancer, not astrology or constellations. The candidate senses:
1. malignant neoplastic disease
2. astrological person born under Cancer
3. zodiacal constellation
4. fourth sign of the zodiac
5. genus of crabs
Sense 1 is the only one that fits the biomedical context. So choose index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Fireworks

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: formation
Target surface form: formation
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer <t>formation</t>, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=formation%1:14:00:: | definition=an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit | examples=a defensive formation; a formation of planes
2. sense_key=formation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of fabricating something in a particular shape | synonyms=shaping
3. sense_key=formation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
4. sense_key=formation%1:17:00:: | definition=(geology) the geological features of the earth | synonyms=geological formation
5. sense_key=formation%1:06:00:: | definition=a particular spatial arrangement
6. sense_key=formation%1:22:00:: | definition=natural process that causes something to form | examples=the formation of gas in the intestine; the formation of crystals
7. sense_key=formation%1:04:02:: | definition=creation by mental activity | examples=the formation of sentences; the formation of memories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "formation" in a specific context. The sentence is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer <t>formation</t>,' says Robert Weinberg..." The placeholder indicates the target word is "formation." We need to choose the best indexed sense.

Let's analyze the context. It's about cancer research. A gene (p53) is a cancer-suppressing gene when intact, but a damaged form can lead to cancer. The discovery puts this gene in the cockpit of cancer formation. "Cockpit" suggests a central control role in the process of forming cancer. So "cancer formation" here refers to the process by which cancer develops or is formed.

Now look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=formation%1:14:00:: | definition=an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit | examples=a defensive formation; a formation of planes. This is about arrangement of things (like military formation). Not relevant to cancer.

2. sense_key=formation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of fabricating something in a particular shape | synonyms=shaping. This is about making something into a shape. Could apply to forming tumors? But it's more about physical shaping.

3. sense_key=formation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation. This is about creating or establishing something, like an organization or a reputation. Could be metaphorical for the establishment of cancer? But cancer is not an organization.

4. sense_key=formation%1:17:00:: | definition=(geology) the geological features of the earth | synonyms=geological formation. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=formation%1:06:00:: | definition=a particular spatial arrangement. This is about arrangement, like pattern. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=formation%1:22:00:: | definition=natural process that causes something to form | examples=the formation of gas in the intestine; the formation of crystals. This is about a natural process that forms something. Cancer formation would be a biological process. This seems to fit perfectly. The examples are about forming gas, crystals, which are natural processes. Cancer is a disease process that forms tumors.

7. sense_key=formation%1:04:02:: | definition=creation by mental activity | examples=the formation of sentences; the formation of memories. Not relevant; mental activity.

Thus, sense 6, "natural process that causes something to form," is the best match. The context "cancer formation" refers to the process by which cancer develops. The gene is involved in that process. So we choose sense_index=6.

Let's double-check: The sentence says "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation." It means the gene is central to the process of cancer forming. Sense 6 is about natural processes. Sense 2 is about fabricating in a particular shape, but that's more about manufacturing. Sense 3 is about establishing something, like an institution. Neither fits as well as the natural process sense.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 6}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "<t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to find the best sense for "says" in the given context. The target word is "says" in the sentence: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' <t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research ..." This is a direct quote attributed to Robert Weinberg. He is expressing his opinion or stating something about the discovery. So "says" is used to introduce a quoted statement, meaning "expresses in words" or "states". Let's review the senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: definition=express in words synonyms=state, tell examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you. This seems very straightforward: he is expressing in words the quoted statement. This is the most typical use of "say" to introduce a direct quote.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: definition=report or maintain synonyms=allege, aver examples=He alleged that he was the victim... This could fit if he's maintaining a position, but it's stronger, like asserting something possibly controversial. However, the context is him making a remark about the discovery. It's not a report or allegation; it's just a comment. So sense 1 is simpler.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: express a supposition. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: have or contain a certain wording. This is for written text, like "The passage reads as follows." Not this.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: give instructions. No.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way. This is about pronunciation, like "She pronounces French words..." Not relevant.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: communicate nonverbally. No.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: utter aloud. This is about just saying something like "She said 'Hello'", but in this context, "says Robert Weinberg" is the reporting of speech. Sense 1 includes "utter" as part of expressing in words, but sense 8 is more generic. However, sense 1 is the default sense for introducing speech, with examples "He said that he wanted to marry her". That's a similar structure: direct quote then "says [person]". So I'd go with sense 1.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. This might also seem appropriate because he's giving his opinion on the discovery. But the examples: "I say let's forget this whole business" - it's about declaring one's opinion. In our context, he's making a statement about the discovery, so it's stating an opinion. But sense 1 also includes "express in words" broadly. The difference: sense 9 is explicitly about opinion/judgement. The statement "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" is indeed an opinion/judgment. So it's a declaration of his view. But note the examples: "I say let's forget this whole business" - it's a direct declaration. Here he's quoted as saying something. Typically, when reporting what someone said, we use sense 1. Sense 9 would be if he said "I say let's forget this whole business". However, the WordNet glosses might map reported speech like "He says X" to sense 1. Let's check the examples: for sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" - that's indirect speech. For sense 8: "She said 'Hello'" - direct speech. So there's overlap. Sense 9 has "I say let's forget..." which is a first-person declaration. In our sentence, it's third-person "says Robert Weinberg". It might be ambiguous, but I think sense 1 is the best fit as the standard reporting verb. The quote is a statement, and "say" is used to attribute it. Sense 9 might be more for the act of expressing an opinion in the first person.

I'll go with sense 1. Also, the synonyms "state, tell" fit: "Dr. Weinberg states that the discovery..." So I choose sense_index 1.

Thus the JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: leader
Target surface form: leader
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=leader%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who rules or guides or inspires others
2. sense_key=leader%1:06:00:: | definition=a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers | synonyms=drawing card, loss leader

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "leader" and two candidate senses. The context is about cancer-gene research and a researcher named Robert Weinberg, who is described as a "leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute". The target word "leader" is used in this context: "a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research". So the sense clearly refers to a person who is a prominent figure in a field.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. 'sense_key=leader%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who rules or guides or inspires others' - This fits: a person who guides or inspires others, especially in a field of research. A leader in cancer-gene research is someone who guides or is prominent in that area.
2. 'sense_key=leader%1:06:00:: | definition=a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers | synonyms=drawing card, loss leader' - This is about commerce, not about people. It does not fit at all.

Thus, the correct sense index is 1.

Output should be a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: Evidence
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. <t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context with the target word "Evidence" within a sentence: "<t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." The surrounding context discusses scientific research on the p53 gene and its role in cancer. We need to disambiguate between three senses:

1. evidence%1:09:00:: : "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" with synonyms "grounds" and example "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling".

2. evidence%1:10:01:: : "an indication that makes something evident" with example "his trembling was evidence of his fear".

3. evidence%1:10:00:: : "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved".

In the context, "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." This refers to scientific findings or data that are coming to light, showing the gene's involvement. It is not a legal context, so sense 3 is unlikely. Sense 2 refers to a sign or indication (e.g., trembling indicates fear). Sense 1 refers to the body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. The example for sense 1 uses "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer" which is similar to scientific evidence. In the text, they are talking about scientific research results (researchers finding mutations in breast tumors). So "Evidence" here means the collected data and research findings that support the claim. That aligns with sense 1: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief". Sense 2 is more about a direct indication (a symptom or sign), but here "Evidence" refers to the accumulation of research results, not just a single indication. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "now" in the given context. The target surface form is "now", and the context is: "Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: The sentence is "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." Here, "now" indicates that currently, at the present time, evidence is emerging. It is not a command (sense 3), not an immediate past (sense 7), not transitional (sense 6), not without delay (sense 5), not historical present (sense 1). Sense 2 is "in these times" (nowadays/today) and sense 4 is "at the present moment". I need to differentiate.

Sense 2: "in these times" (synonyms: nowadays, today). Example: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets." That is about general present era.

Sense 4: "at the present moment" (synonyms: at present). Example: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator." That indicates the current moment.

In the context, "Evidence now is emerging" suggests that currently, at this present time, evidence is emerging. It could be interpreted as "at the present moment" rather than "in these times" because it's about an ongoing emergence of new evidence. Both 2 and 4 are close, but 4 is more immediate, about something happening right now. "Evidence now is emerging" implies that at the present time, new evidence is coming to light. I think sense 4 is more precise because "emerging" suggests a process happening now, not just general present era. Also, sense 2's synonyms are "nowadays, today", which imply more of a general current era, not an ongoing action. So I'd choose sense 4.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerging
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

We need to choose the best sense for "emerging" (from "emerge").

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. come out into view, as from concealment. Example: Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office. This is literal emergence from hiding. Does not fit here: evidence is not physically coming out of concealment.

2. come out of. Synonyms: issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress. Example: Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves. This sense is about something flowing or coming out of a source. Here, "evidence is emerging" is metaphorical, but it's not literally coming out of a container. Could be a stretch: evidence is coming forth. But we'll consider other options.

3. become known or apparent. Example: Some nice results emerged from the study. This fits perfectly: evidence is becoming known or apparent. It's about information becoming available.

4. come up to the surface of or rise. Example: He felt new emotions emerge. This is metaphorical rising, as emotions emerging. In our context, "evidence is emerging" could mean it's rising to the surface. But it's not about emotions; it's about evidence becoming known. Sense 3 specifically says "become known or apparent", which is more precise for evidence.

5. happen or occur as a result of something. Synonyms: come forth. Example: (none given in the list, but sense says: happen or occur as a result of something). Evidence is not happening as a result; it is being discovered/reported. So this doesn't fit.

Best fit: sense 3 - become known or apparent. Indeed, "Evidence is emerging" is a common collocation meaning evidence is becoming apparent or is being uncovered. The example "Some nice results emerged from the study" parallels nicely: evidence emerges from research. So sense 3.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to determine the sense of "involved" in the sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Context: The gene p53 is a cancer-suppressing gene. They found it was damaged in cancer. Now evidence suggests it's involved in other cancers. The meaning here is that the gene plays a role, is implicated, participates in the process of cancer. So "involved" means connected or having a role. The first sense: "connected by participation or association or use" fits perfectly. Example: "we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved" – that sense fits: the gene is connected/participates in other cancers.

Other senses: entangled/hindered (mired) – not applicable. Emotionally involved – no. Complex – no. Enveloped – no. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, we return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "other" in the context. The target lemma is "other", surface form "other". The context is a passage about the p53 gene and cancer research. The sentence with the target: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses provided.

Let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works

This sense is about "other" meaning additional or different from those mentioned. In the context, the p53 suppressor gene is involved in "other cancers, too." That means besides the cancer type previously discussed (likely the one where Vogelstein found the deletion), it is now implicated in additional cancers. So this fits: not the same ones already mentioned.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening

This sense refers to a time sense, as in "the other day." It doesn't fit here because the context is about cancers, not time.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations

Again, this is a temporal sense, "former" or "early." Not applicable to cancers.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

This sense means strange or alien. It does not fit the context of cancers; there's no implication that these cancers are unusual or weird, just additional ones.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1: not the same one already mentioned. This is the typical use of "other" to introduce additional items of the same type.

Now, we need to return a JSON object with the sense index: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "cancers" in the context. The target lemma is "cancer", surface form "cancers". The context discusses cancer research, genes that suppress or promote cancer, breast tumors, etc. The candidate senses:

1. medical term: malignant growth or tumor.
2. astrology: person born under Cancer sign.
3. constellation.
4. zodiac sign.
5. genus of crab.

Clearly, the context is about the disease cancer. The sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." So it refers to the disease. Sense 1 fits perfectly.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "too" and its surface form "too". The context is about a gene called p53, which was initially thought to cause cancer but later discovered to be a tumor suppressor. The text says: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." So the word "too" here means "also" or "in addition" to the previously mentioned cancers. The candidate senses: sense 1 is "excessively", sense 2 is "in addition" (also, besides, etc.). Clearly, in this context, it means "also". So the correct sense index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "found" in the given context. The context:
"The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. ... Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

The target is "found" in the clause: "Researchers have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, ..." They found a fact, a result of their investigation. They discovered something through research. The sense is about discovering or determining a fact through study. Candidate 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with synonyms "determine, find out, ascertain". Examples: "find the product of two numbers" and "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." That fits: researchers conducted a study and found that... So it's sense 4. Other senses: 2 is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe), which is close, but sense 4 is more specifically about establishing through investigation/study. Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover) like Roentgen discovered X-rays. That is also possible, but sense 4 is more precise: deriving from investigation. Sense 9: "make a discovery" (discover) but with example "She found that he had lied to her" which is more about learning a fact through any means. In research context, sense 4 fits better. The context: "Researchers ... have found that ..." So they conducted a study and established a finding. Sense 4 has "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". Exactly. So I'll choose sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: breast
Target surface form: breast
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: | definition=the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen | synonyms=chest | examples=he beat his breast in anger
2. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: | definition=either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman | synonyms=bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty
3. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: | definition=meat carved from the breast of a fowl | synonyms=white meat
4. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: | definition=the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "breast" in the given context. The context is about cancer research, specifically mentioning "breast tumors" and "breast cancer" in relation to a gene. The sentence: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies." Here, "breast" refers to the anatomical part of the body where tumors occur, specifically the mammary gland area in women (since it mentions breast cancer and predisposing women). So it is about the organ, not about the chest in general (sense 1) or meat (sense 3) or an animal's chest (sense 4). Sense 2 is specifically "either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman", which matches the context of breast tumors in women. Sense 1 is "chest" but in a more general sense; however, in medical context, "breast" usually refers to the mammary gland. The context also says "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer." So it's clearly about the female breast organ. Therefore, the best sense is 2.

We must return JSON like {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "copy" in the given context. The target sentence: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies." Here, "copy" refers to one copy of chromosome 17, meaning one of the two homologous chromosomes. In genetics, each chromosome pair consists of two copies, one inherited from each parent. The sense here is a biological instance of a chromosome, meaning a version or duplicate of the chromosome. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. copy%1:10:00:: | a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | transcript. This doesn't fit; it's about documents.

2. copy%1:06:00:: | a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples: she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor. This seems plausible: a chromosome copy is a thing made to be similar or identical to another (the other homolog). The example even mentions "clone was a copy of its ancestor," which relates to biological replication.

3. copy%1:10:01:: | matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | written matter. Not relevant.

4. copy%1:10:02:: | material suitable for a journalistic account | catastrophes make good copy. Not relevant.

Thus, sense 2 is the best match. It fits the biological context: a copy of a chromosome is an identical or similar thing (the other chromosome). The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" is broad and covers this usage. So, I'll select sense index 2.

Now, return JSON as {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "spot" in a given context. The context is from a text about cancer genetics, discussing the p53 gene. The sentence with the target is: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies." So "spot" refers to a location on chromosome 17, a specific place.

Looking at the candidate senses, sense 1 is: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region; synonyms: topographic point, place; examples: this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet." This sense fits well because it means a location, a point. In the context, it's the location on the chromosome where the gene lies. Other senses: sense 2 is about an advertisement section; sense 3 is an outstanding characteristic; sense 4 is a blemish; sense 5 is a small contrasting part (like a bald spot); sense 6 is a section of entertainment; sense 7 is a nightclub; sense 8 is a job position; sense 9 is a touch of illness; sense 10 is a small piece; sense 11 is a pip on a die/card; sense 12 is a spotlight; sense 13 is a playing card with pips; sense 14 is an act bringing discredit. None of those fit the meaning of a location on a chromosome. Sense 1 is the clear choice: it is a point located with respect to surface features, and here it's a point on the chromosome.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "say" with surface form "say" in a given context. The target is the token "<t>say</t>" which appears in the sentence: "The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer." So the sense is the meaning of "say" as used in "scientists say that...".

We need to pick the best indexed sense from the list of 11 senses. The context is a news/science report about gene research. The scientists are asserting a finding or hypothesis: that the gene in a damaged form may predispose women to breast cancer. The scientists are reporting a research finding or stating a conclusion based on evidence. Let's evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
- This is a generic sense about expressing something verbally. It could fit, but it's very broad.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war; The registrar says that I owe the school money
- This sense is about reporting or maintaining something, often with a nuance of asserting something that might be contested or is a claim. The synonyms are "allege, aver". The examples suggest that it's about making a claim or report, especially in a way that might require evidence or is an assertion. In the context, scientists are reporting their research findings; they are stating something based on evidence, which is similar to "report or maintain". They are not just "expressing in words" generically; they are making a scientific claim. The definition "report or maintain" fits well for a scientist making a statement about research. The synonyms "allege" might be too strong (implying accusation), but "maintain" is good. The example "The registrar says that I owe the school money" is a statement of fact from an authority, which is similar to scientists saying. This sense 2 seems plausible.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
- This is about hypothetical supposition, not factual reporting. Not the sense here.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
- About wording, not about scientists making a claim. Not.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
- This is about giving orders. Not.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
- About pronunciation. Not.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
- Nonverbal communication. Not.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
- Focus on the act of uttering words aloud. Not the best fit because the content of the utterance is what matters here.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
- This is about expressing an opinion or declaration. Scientists stating a research finding might be considered "state as one's opinion or judgement", but it's more than an opinion; it's a factual claim based on evidence. Sense 2 "report or maintain" seems more precise for reporting findings, whereas "state as opinion" is more subjective. "Declare" could fit, but sense 2 is explicitly about reporting or maintaining something as true. The example "I say let's forget this whole business" is clearly an opinion. So sense 9 is less strong.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
- Reciting. Not.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
- Indicate a reading. Not.

Thus, the two main candidates are sense 1 and sense 2. Sense 1 is very generic "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell". Sense 2 is "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver". In WordNet, sense 1 is more general, and sense 2 is more specific. The context is scientists making a statement about a gene's role in cancer predisposition, which is a factual claim based on evidence. This is a classic "report" sense. The scientists are reporting their findings. So sense 2 is better.

Check the examples for sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" (someone making a claim), "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (reporting an opinion? or stating?), "The registrar says that I owe the school money" (reporting a fact). The last example is similar: an authority figure stating something factual. So sense 2 is appropriate.

Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her" is personal expression; "tell me what is bothering you" is about telling. In the context, the scientists are not just "telling" something; they are asserting a finding. The nuance of "report" is that they are conveying information based on evidence.

Thus, I'll select sense 2 ("report or maintain") as the best indexed sense.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "often". The surface form is "often". The context is about breast cancer striking multiple members of certain families: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

We have three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

We need to choose the best sense. The context: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families" means that it happens in many families, it is a common occurrence, not that it happens repeatedly to the same person at short intervals, nor that it strikes in great quantities. Sense 3 "in many cases or instances" fits perfectly: breast cancer, in many cases, strikes multiple members of certain families. Sense 1 is about frequency of repeating events (short intervals), which doesn't fit because it's not about the same person being struck multiple times at short intervals; it's about the disease occurring in many families. Sense 2 is about quantity (much, a great deal) – that would modify verbs like drink or travel, not "strikes" in this sense. So sense 3 is the correct one.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strike
Target surface form: strikes
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strike%2:35:00:: | definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
2. sense_key=strike%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
3. sense_key=strike%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
4. sense_key=strike%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
5. sense_key=strike%2:32:00:: | definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
6. sense_key=strike%2:35:02:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
7. sense_key=strike%2:41:00:: | definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
8. sense_key=strike%2:42:00:: | definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
9. sense_key=strike%2:41:02:: | definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
10. sense_key=strike%2:35:03:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
11. sense_key=strike%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
12. sense_key=strike%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
13. sense_key=strike%2:36:00:: | definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
14. sense_key=strike%2:35:08:: | definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
15. sense_key=strike%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
16. sense_key=strike%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
17. sense_key=strike%2:38:08:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
18. sense_key=strike%2:36:02:: | definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
19. sense_key=strike%2:35:10:: | definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
20. sense_key=strike%2:35:09:: | definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
21. sense_key=strike%2:31:00:: | definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to find the correct sense for "strikes" in the sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

The context is about a gene (p53) that suppresses cancer. They say that in breast cancer, it often strikes multiple members of certain families. "Strikes" here means affects, or occurs in, especially in a sudden or adverse way. It's about a disease afflicting people.

Let's examine the candidate senses. Sense 6: "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely" with synonyms "hit" and examples: "We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager." That seems perfect: cancer striking someone. It's a common usage: "cancer strikes" meaning it afflicts someone. The sentence: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families" means it affects/afflicts them.

Other senses: sense 1 is "deliver a sharp blow" - not. sense 2 is "have an emotional or cognitive impact" - not. sense 3 "hit against" physical. sense 4 "make a strategic assault" - not. sense 5 "indicate time" - no. sense 6 is the one. sense 7 "stop work" - no. sense 8 "touch visually/audibly" - no. sense 9 "attain" - no. sense 10 "produce by keys" - no. sense 11 "arc lamp" - no. sense 12 "find unexpectedly" - no. sense 13 "produce by ignition" - no. sense 14 "remove by erasing" - no. sense 15 "cause to experience suddenly" - possibly, but more about panic or ideas, not a disease. However, "cause to experience suddenly" could be used for a disease, but the example "Panic struck me" is more about an emotion. Sense 6 specifically says "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely" and the example includes "He was stricken with cancer", which is exactly the same. So sense 6 is the best.

Thus, the sense index is 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "members" in the given context. The target lemma is "member" and surface form is "members". We have five candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples.

Let's examine the context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Here, "members" refers to individuals within families, i.e., family members. The word is used to denote people who are part of a family group. So it's about persons who compose a social group (a family). This aligns with sense 1: "one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)". The examples include "only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty". While the example doesn't mention family specifically, the definition says "social group", and a family is a social group. Sense 2 is about anything belonging to a set or class, which is more abstract. Sense 3 is about body parts. Sense 4 is about an organization being a member of another. Sense 5 is a euphemism for penis. Clearly, the context refers to people in families, so sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

We need to output a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.