[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: write
Target surface form: wrote
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: | definition=produce a literary work | synonyms=compose, pen, indite | examples=She composed a poem; He wrote four novels
2. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate or express by writing | examples=Please write to me every week
3. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=publish | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career
4. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: | definition=communicate (with) in writing | synonyms=drop a line | examples=Write her soon, please!
5. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon
6. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: | definition=write music | synonyms=compose | examples=Beethoven composed nine symphonies
7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: | definition=mark or trace on a surface | examples=The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper; Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet
8. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: | definition=record data on a computer | synonyms=save | examples=boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk
9. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: | definition=write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word) | synonyms=spell | examples=He spelled the word wrong in this letter
10. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: | definition=create code, write a computer program | examples=She writes code faster than anybody else

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "wrote" in the given context. The context is a sentence: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.'"

Here, "wrote from Sheffield" indicates that a woman sent a letter or communicated in writing from Sheffield. The context mentions "in the torrent of replies that followed" and "letters to 'The Ringing World'". So, she wrote a letter in response. The sense should be about communicating by writing, likely in a letter or response.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. produce a literary work (compose, pen) - not quite, she's writing a letter, not a literary work.
2. communicate or express by writing (examples: Please write to me every week) - this fits: she communicated by writing a letter.
3. have (one's written work) issued for publication - not quite, she's writing a letter to the editor, which might be published, but the focus is on the act of writing to communicate, not publishing a book.
4. communicate (with) in writing (drop a line) - this is similar to 2, but more about initiating contact: "Write her soon". In the context, she wrote a reply to the newspaper, so she's communicating in writing.
5. communicate by letter (He wrote that he would be coming soon) - this is specifically about letter communication. The example matches: she wrote that she had never known a lady to faint. So sense 5 is "communicate by letter". That seems very appropriate.
6. write music - no.
7. mark or trace on a surface - no.
8. record data on a computer - no.
9. write or name the letters - no.
10. create code - no.

The distinction between senses 2, 4, and 5 is subtle. Sense 2 is broad: communicate or express by writing. Sense 4 is "communicate (with) in writing" with example "Write her soon", which implies sending a message. Sense 5 is "communicate by letter" with example "He wrote that he would be coming soon". In the context, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper, which is a specific form of communication. The phrase "wrote from Sheffield" suggests she sent a written communication, likely a letter, expressing her thoughts. The example for sense 5 fits perfectly: she wrote that she had never known a lady to faint. That's "communicate by letter". Moreover, the earlier context mentions "a series of letters" and "replies", so the writing is in the form of letters.

Which sense best captures "wrote" here? Sense 5: communicate by letter. The WordNet hierarchy:
- Sense 2: write%2:32:00:: (communicate or express by writing) is a hypernym of sense 5? Actually, looking at the numbers: 2:32:00 is a general communication sense; 2:32:01 is communicate by letter. So sense 5 is more specific. Given the context explicitly involves letters to the editor, sense 5 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer should be sense_index: 5.

provider: GMICloud


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "say" in the given context. The target word is "say" in the sentence: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, ..." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list.

Let's analyze the context: The sentence is about a woman who wrote a letter to express something. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.'" So here, "to say" introduces the content of what she wrote. It's a typical usage of "say" to mean "express in words" or "state" the following reported speech. The function is to communicate a message.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. express in words; synonyms: state, tell. Examples: He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you. This seems to fit: the woman is expressing in words her statement.

2. report or maintain; synonyms: allege, aver. Examples: He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war. This could also fit, as she is reporting something. But "report" might imply conveying information that one has observed or heard. She is stating her experience. Sense 1 is more general.

3. express a supposition; synonyms: suppose. Examples: Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money. This doesn't fit because she is not supposing; she is asserting a fact from her experience.

4. have or contain a certain wording or form; synonyms: read. Example: What does the law say? This is about the content of a document or text. She is not stating what a document says; she is saying something herself.

5. give instructions to direct somebody to do something; synonyms: order, tell. Example: I said to him to go home. Not applicable; she is not ordering.

6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce, articulate). Example: I cannot say `zip wire'. Not about the act of pronouncing.

7. communicate or express nonverbally; example: What does this painting say? Not applicable; she is using words.

8. utter aloud; example: She said `Hello' to everyone. This is about the physical act of saying something aloud. In context, she wrote a letter, so it's written communication, but "say" can be used for written expression as well. But sense 8 emphasizes uttering aloud, which isn't the core meaning here; it's more about the content.

9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare; example: I say let's forget this whole business. This could fit, but it's more for expressing a suggestion or opinion. She is stating a fact based on her experience, not just an opinion.

10. recite or repeat a fixed text; example: Say grace. Not applicable.

11. indicate; example: The clock says noon. Not applicable.

The best match is sense 1: express in words. The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" parallels "she wrote to say that ...". The sense 2 (report or maintain) is also close, but "report" might imply a more formal or journalistic context. The gloss "express in words" is the most straightforward and general for the typical use of "say" to introduce reported speech. The synonym "state" fits well: she stated that she had never known a lady to faint.

Given the instructions to choose the single best sense, sense 1 seems the most neutral and appropriate.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "years" in the context: "another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry...'". The target lemma is "year", and the surface form is "years". We have four candidate senses. We need to choose the best indexed sense.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
   - This sense refers to a calendar year, a unit of time of 365 days. It is commonly used for age. Example: "she is 4 years old" uses this sense.

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
   - This sense refers to a specific segment of a year, like a school year or fiscal year. It's not just any period of time, but a recurring period for an activity.

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
   - This sense is astronomical, referring to orbital period. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
   - This sense refers to a group of students graduating in the same year.

Context: "in her 60 years of ringing". Here, "60 years" indicates a duration of time she has been ringing bells. It's a measure of time equal to 60 periods of 365 days (or roughly), i.e., her age or length of experience. This is clearly the standard calendar-year sense (sense 1). The phrase "years of ringing" means the number of years she has been doing the activity. It's not a specific activity-related year like a school year; it's just counting standard years. The example "she is 4 years old" is analogous: using years as a unit of age/duration. Sense 2 might be tempting because it mentions "used for some particular activity", but that refers to a named period like "the school year", not a duration expressed in years. Sense 4 is about a group of students. Sense 3 is astronomical. Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: never
Target surface form: never
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=never%4:02:00:: | definition=not ever; at no time in the past or future | synonyms=ne'er | examples=I have never been to China; I shall never forget this day
2. sense_key=never%4:02:01:: | definition=not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances | examples=never fear; bringing up children is never easy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "never" with two candidate senses. We need to disambiguate based on the context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry." The two senses:
1. "not ever; at no time in the past or future" (temporal)
2. "not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances" (emphatic negation, not temporal).

In the sentence, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry," it clearly means "at no time in my 60 years of ringing have I known a lady to faint." It's a temporal "not ever." The second sense is more like "never fear" or "it's never easy," expressing impossibility or certainty. So the first sense is the correct one.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: known
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never <t>known</t> a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to identify the best sense for "known" in the sentence: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry." The target word is "known", lemma "know". The context: one woman ringer from Solihull says: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. Example: I know that the President lied... I want to know who is winning... This sense is about factual knowledge, awareness of a fact. The phrase "I have never known a lady to faint" could be interpreted as "I have never been aware of a fact that a lady fainted." That is, I have never had the knowledge that a lady fainted. But the phrase is more like an experience: "I have never known a lady to faint" means I have never experienced or witnessed a lady fainting. It's not just knowing a fact; it's about having direct experience.

2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: know how to do or perform something. Not relevant.

3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. Example: I know that I left the key on the table. Again, similar to sense 1, it's about holding a belief as true. The phrase "I have never known a lady to faint" could be seen as "I have never held the belief that a lady fainted." But it's not about belief, it's about personal experience.

4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. Example: Do you know my sister? Not relevant.

5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations; synonyms: experience, live. Example: I know the feeling! have you ever known hunger? This sense fits well: "I have never known a lady to faint" means "I have never experienced a lady fainting." It's firsthand knowledge through experience. In the context, the woman is saying she has never witnessed a lady faint. That's exactly "have firsthand knowledge of" an event. The example "have you ever known hunger?" is parallel: "have you ever known [a person] to faint?" So this is likely sense 5.

6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority; synonyms: acknowledge, recognize. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: have fixed in the mind; example: I know Latin. Not relevant.

8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: have sexual intercourse with. Not relevant.

9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: know the nature or character of; example: we all knew her as a big show-off. This is about knowing someone's character or nature. "I have never known a lady to faint" could be interpreted as "I have never known a lady's nature to include fainting," but that's a stretch. The phrase is about an event, not a recurring characteristic. It's better handled by sense 5.

10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different; example: The child knows right from wrong. Not relevant.

11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: perceive as familiar; example: I know this voice! Not relevant.

The phrase "I have never known X to Y" is a common construction meaning "I have never experienced X doing Y" or "I have never seen X do Y." It corresponds to sense 5, which includes the example "have you ever known hunger?" The Collins dictionary often lists this under "know" as "to experience". So sense 5 is the correct one.

Thus, the best sense is 5.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lady
Target surface form: lady
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a <t>lady</t> to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: | definition=a polite name for any woman | examples=a nice lady at the library helped me
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: | definition=a woman of refinement | synonyms=dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman | examples=a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman of the peerage in Britain | synonyms=noblewoman, peeress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "lady" in the given context. The target lemma is "lady" and the surface form is "lady" inside the <t> tags. The context is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

We have three candidate senses from WordNet:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: | definition=a polite name for any woman | examples=a nice lady at the library helped me
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: | definition=a woman of refinement | synonyms=dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman | examples=a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman of the peerage in Britain | synonyms=noblewoman, peeress

The context is from a letter to a newspaper about bell-ringing. A male writer used "women" in a derogatory way, and then a female ringer responds. She says: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them." She is contrasting "lady" with "men". The male writer had remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals". The female ringer uses "lady" in a pointed way. Given the tone, she is likely using "lady" as a polite term for a woman, perhaps with a touch of irony or to highlight respectability. The male writer used "women" in a negative context, so she might be using "lady" to elevate the status of women ringers. The sense "a polite name for any woman" fits because it's simply a courteous way to refer to a woman, not necessarily implying high social rank or refinement. The context is about ringing bells, not aristocracy. "Lady" is often used colloquially as a polite synonym for "woman". The example for sense 1: "a nice lady at the library helped me" is similar in tone. Sense 2 implies refinement, like a "grand lady", which might be too strong; the ringer is likely not referring to herself as a grand lady, but just a woman. Sense 3 is about nobility, which is irrelevant here. So the best choice is sense 1.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belfry
Target surface form: belfry
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the <t>belfry</t>. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belfry%1:06:01:: | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
2. sense_key=belfry%1:06:00:: | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "belfry" in the given context. The target lemma is "belfry" and the target surface form is "belfry". The context is a text about bell-ringing groups and women ringers. The sentence with the target is: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the <t>belfry</t>. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.'"

The candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belfry%1:06:01:: | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
2. sense_key=belfry%1:06:00:: | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

We need to choose the best indexed sense. Note the context: bell-ringing. The belfry is where bells are hung and where ringers stand to ring the bells. The definition of sense 2 is "a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung". That fits perfectly: ringers are in that room. Sense 1 is a bell tower, usually a standalone structure. But in the context of church bell-ringing, the belfry typically refers to the room where the bells are located. Moreover, the phrase "faint in the belfry" means inside that room. A campanile is a freestanding bell tower, not typically where ringers stand; they would be inside a room. So sense 2 is more specific and correct.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have <t>seen</t> one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: see; surface form: seen; Context: "... I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have <t>seen</t> one or two men die, bless them."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 24 senses. The context is: a woman ringer says she has never known a lady to faint, but she has "seen one or two men die, bless them." So "seen" here means physically witnessed, i.e., perceived by sight. The action is literal: she saw (with her eyes) men die.

Now, let's examine candidate senses. Sense 1: "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight" – examples: "Can you see the bird in that tree?" That fits: she saw men die.

Sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" – synonyms: witness, find. Example: "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school." This also fits: she witnessed men die.

Sense 7: "see or watch" – synonyms: watch, view, catch, take in. Example: "view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world." That could also apply.

But sense 1 is the most basic and direct: perceive by sight. Sense 3 is specifically "perceive or be contemporaneous with" meaning witness. Sense 7 implies a more deliberate watching. The context: she has "seen one or two men die" – it's an observation, not necessarily deliberate watching. Sense 1 is broad. Sense 3 is often used for events or occurrences. Let's check examples: "You'll see a lot of cheating" – that's like witnessing. So both are plausible.

WordNet often distinguishes sense 1 (perceive by sight) from sense 3 (perceive or be contemporaneous with, witness). For example, "I saw him die" could be sense 1 (I perceived it with my eyes) or sense 3 (I witnessed it). Usually, if it's just basic seeing, sense 1 is used. Sense 3 has an added element of being present at an event.

Given the specific phrasing: "I have seen one or two men die" – it's a direct personal experience of witnessing death. Sense 3's definition: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" – "contemporaneous" means existing or occurring in the same period. So it's about being present when something happens. That fits perfectly. Sense 1 is more general: just perceiving by sight, like seeing an object. But "seeing someone die" is an event, so sense 3 might be more precise. The synonyms "witness" and "find" underscore that. Additionally, in WordNet, sense 1 is the core, but sense 3 is specifically for witnessing events. I'll lean toward sense 3 for this context.

Sense 7: "see or watch" implies more of a deliberate act of viewing, like watching a show. The woman didn't deliberately watch men die; she simply witnessed it. So sense 7 is less appropriate.

Thus, I'll choose sense 3. It has index 3 in the candidate list (the first sense is 1, second is 2, third is 3, etc.). So the answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two <t>men</t> die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "men" in the given context. The target surface form is "men", lemma "man". The context: "I have seen one or two <t>men</t> die, bless them." This is from a letter from a woman ringer, responding to a claim that women faint in peals. She says she has seen one or two men die. So here "men" clearly refers to adult male persons, as opposed to women. It's in contrast to "lady" (women) fainting. So sense 1: "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)" fits perfectly. The examples: "there were two women and six men on the bus" matches the gender contrast. Sense 3 is generic use, but here it's specifically male gender. Other senses don't fit: not military (2), not generic human (3,4,11), not subordinate (5), not manly character (6), not valet (7), not significant male role (8), not Isle of Man (9), not game piece (10). So sense 1 is best. Return {"sense_index": 1

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: die
Target surface form: die
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men <t>die</t>, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=die%2:30:00:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=decease, perish, go, exit, pass away, expire | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
2. sense_key=die%2:39:00:: | definition=suffer or face the pain of death | examples=Martyrs may die every day for their faith
3. sense_key=die%2:37:00:: | definition=be brought to or as if to the point of death by an intense emotion such as embarrassment, amusement, or shame | examples=I was dying with embarrassment when my little lie was discovered; We almost died laughing during the show
4. sense_key=die%2:30:04:: | definition=stop operating or functioning | synonyms=fail, go bad, give way, give out, conk out, go | examples=The engine finally went; The car died on the road
5. sense_key=die%2:37:03:: | definition=feel indifferent towards | examples=She died to worldly things and eventually entered a monastery
6. sense_key=die%2:37:01:: | definition=languish as with love or desire | examples=She dying for a cigarette; I was dying to leave
7. sense_key=die%2:35:00:: | definition=cut or shape with a die | synonyms=die out | examples=Die out leather for belts
8. sense_key=die%2:33:00:: | definition=to be on base at the end of an inning, of a player
9. sense_key=die%2:30:05:: | definition=lose sparkle or bouquet | synonyms=pall, become flat | examples=wine and beer can pall
10. sense_key=die%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear or come to an end | examples=Their anger died; My secret will die with me!
11. sense_key=die%2:30:02:: | definition=suffer spiritual death; be damned (in the religious sense) | examples=Whosoever..believes in me shall never die

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target lemma "die" with the surface form "die" in the given context. We need to pick the best indexed sense from the list of candidate senses.

Context:
The text is about a bell-ringing group that remains male-only. A woman ringer writes a letter, and another woman from Sheffield says: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men <t>die</t>, bless them."

The target word is "die", and in this sentence: "I have seen one or two men die, bless them." The woman is talking about actually fainting vs. dying, so she's referring to men literally dying, i.e., passing away. The phrase "bless them" suggests she's speaking of their deaths.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=die%2:30:00:: definition: pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life; synonyms: decease, perish, go, exit, pass away, expire; examples: She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire. This is the literal death sense.

2. sense_key=die%2:39:00:: definition: suffer or face the pain of death; examples: Martyrs may die every day for their faith. This is also about death, but more about the suffering aspect.

3. sense_key=die%2:37:00:: definition: be brought to or as if to the point of death by an intense emotion such as embarrassment, amusement, or shame; examples: I was dying with embarrassment; We almost died laughing. This is figurative, not literal.

4. sense_key=die%2:30:04:: definition: stop operating or functioning; synonyms: fail, go bad, give way, give out, conk out, go; examples: The engine finally went; The car died on the road. Not applicable to people.

5. sense_key=die%2:37:03:: definition: feel indifferent towards; examples: She died to worldly things. Also not applicable.

6. sense_key=die%2:37:01:: definition: languish as with love or desire; examples: She dying for a cigarette; I was dying to leave. Figurative, not literal.

7. sense_key=die%2:35:00:: definition: cut or shape with a die. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=die%2:33:00:: definition: to be on base at the end of an inning, of a player. Not applicable.

9. sense_key=die%2:30:05:: definition: lose sparkle or bouquet. Not applicable.

10. sense_key=die%2:30:01:: definition: disappear or come to an end; examples: Their anger died; My secret will die with me! Figurative.

11. sense_key=die%2:30:02:: definition: suffer spiritual death; be damned. Not likely in this context.

The context is clearly about literal death. The woman says she has seen men die, meaning they passed away, in contrast to women fainting. So the best sense is the first one: literal physical death.

The example also matches: "She died from cancer" etc. There is no indication of a figurative meaning here.

Thus, sense_index should be 1.

Now, we must output JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3} but with our chosen index. So: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medical
Target surface form: Medical
Context:
<t>Medical</t> scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the study or practice of medicine | examples=the medical profession; a medical student
2. sense_key=medical%3:00:00:: | definition=requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery | examples=medical treatment; pneumonia is a medical disease
3. sense_key=medical%3:01:02:: | definition=of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art | synonyms=aesculapian

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "Medical" in the given context. The target lemma is "medical" and the surface form is "Medical" (capitalized at the start of the sentence). The sentence is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

We have three candidate senses from WordNet:

1. sense_key=medical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the study or practice of medicine | examples=the medical profession; a medical student
2. sense_key=medical%3:00:00:: | definition=requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery | examples=medical treatment; pneumonia is a medical disease
3. sense_key=medical%3:01:02:: | definition=of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art | synonyms=aesculapian

We need to choose the best fit. The context is "Medical scientists". This is a phrase meaning scientists who work in the field of medicine, i.e., the study and practice of medicine. The first sense fits perfectly: "relating to the study or practice of medicine". Examples include "medical profession" and "medical student". "Medical scientists" are scientists in the medical field, so their work relates to the study/practice of medicine.

The second sense refers to something requiring treatment by medicine (as opposed to surgery). It seems more about conditions or treatments: "medical treatment", "pneumonia is a medical disease". That doesn't directly apply to "medical scientists"; the scientists themselves are not requiring treatment, they are researchers. So sense 2 is not appropriate.

The third sense is a more specific, somewhat archaic or mythological reference: "of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art". Aesculapius is the Greek god of medicine. This could be a poetic or historical usage, but in modern context, "Medical scientists" is not about belonging to Aesculapius. It's about the profession. Sense 3 is too narrow and unusual.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

The output should be a JSON object with the sense index. So: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
Medical scientists are <t>starting</t> to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Target lemma: start, Target surface form: starting, Context: Medical scientists are <t>starting</t> to uncover a handful of genes...". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list. The list has 14 senses. We need to output JSON with the sense_index.

Let's analyze the context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes..." Here "starting" functions as a verb in a present continuous tense: "are starting". The phrase "starting to uncover" indicates beginning an action. The action is "uncover". So the sense is about beginning to do something.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. Synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out. Examples: We began working at dawn; Who will start? This fits: "starting to uncover" means taking the first steps in carrying out the action of uncovering. This is a generic sense of starting an activity.

2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: definition=set in motion, cause to start. Synonyms: begin, lead off, commence. Examples: The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities. This is about causing something to start, often a conflict or event. Here, scientists are not causing an external event; they are beginning an action themselves.

3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: definition=leave. Synonyms: depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out. Examples: The family took off for Florida. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense. Synonyms: begin. Examples: The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro. This is more about something having a beginning, used intransitively. The subject is "the DMZ" or "the second movement". Here, the subject is "Medical scientists", so it's an action by a person.

5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: definition=bring into being; originate, initiate. Examples: He initiated a new program; Start a foundation. This would imply creating something new. The scientists are not bringing into being a handful of genes; they are uncovering them. So not this.

6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: definition=get off the ground; start up, embark on, commence. Examples: Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise. Again, this is about initiating an enterprise or company. Scientists are not starting a company; they are starting to do something.

7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: definition=move or jump suddenly. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: definition=get going or set in motion. Examples: We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer. This is for mechanical things. Not applicable.

9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: definition=begin or set in motion. Synonyms: go, get going. Examples: I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go! This is about beginning an action or motion, often intransitive. "I start at eight in the morning" means I begin work. Could be a candidate, but it's similar to sense 1. Note: "start" here is used with "to uncover", so it's a phrasal verb "start + to-infinitive". Sense 1 explicitly says "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" and the example "We began working at dawn" mirrors "starting to uncover". Sense 9 is more about the act of beginning itself, often intransitive. "Starting to uncover" is clearly sense 1 because it's about taking the first steps in an action.

10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job. Examples: Take up a position; start a new job. Not this.

11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: definition=play in the starting lineup. Not applicable.

12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way. Examples: The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees. Not this.

13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object. Examples: begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot. This requires a direct object. Here, "starting" is followed by an infinitive, not a direct object. So no.

14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: definition=bulge outward. Not applicable.

The best match is sense 1. Its definition: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" and example "We began working at dawn" is exactly parallel to "starting to uncover". Therefore, the index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: handful
Target surface form: handful
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a <t>handful</t> of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=handful%1:23:01:: | definition=a small number or amount | synonyms=smattering | examples=only a handful of responses were received
2. sense_key=handful%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity that can be held in the hand | synonyms=fistful

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: handful", "Target surface form: handful", context from medical science about genes. Two candidate senses: one is abstract meaning "a small number or amount" with example "only a handful of responses were received", the other is literal "the quantity that can be held in the hand". In the context: "a handful of genes" clearly means a small number of genes, not a literal hand-held quantity. So the best sense is sense_index 1.

Returning JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if <t>damaged</t>, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "damaged" and its surface form "damaged" in the sentence: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer." The context is about genes being damaged, leading to cancer. Candidate senses:
1. harmed or injured or spoiled (e.g., damaged goods, storm damaged buildings)
2. unjustly brought into disrepute (e.g., discredited politician, damaged reputation)

In this context, "damaged genes" means genes that are harmed or injured in a physical/biological sense, not reputation damage. So sense 1 fits. The correct sense_index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unleash
Target surface form: unleash
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, <t>unleash</t> the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unleash%2:35:00:: | definition=release or vent | examples=unleash one's anger
2. sense_key=unleash%2:35:01:: | definition=release from a leash | examples=unleash the dogs in the park
3. sense_key=unleash%2:35:02:: | definition=turn loose or free from restraint | synonyms=let loose, loose | examples=let loose mines; Loose terrible plagues upon humanity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "unleash" in context. The context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer." So, damaged genes cause something to be released or set free: chaotic growth. The sense is metaphorical, not literal like unleashing a dog from a leash. Among the three senses:

1. release or vent (e.g., unleash one's anger) - this is about releasing an emotion or something abstract.
2. release from a leash (literal, dogs)
3. turn loose or free from restraint (synonyms: let loose, loose; examples: let loose mines; Loose terrible plagues upon humanity) - this can be literal or figurative, like releasing something dangerous.

The context says "unleash the chaotic growth of cells" which is like releasing a destructive force. Sense 3 seems fitting: "turn loose or free from restraint", with examples like "let loose mines" and "Loose terrible plagues upon humanity". It's about setting something loose that then causes harm. Sense 1 is about venting an emotion, which is not quite right. Sense 2 is literal. So sense 3 is best.

Answer: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chaotic
Target surface form: chaotic
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the <t>chaotic</t> growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chaotic%5:00:00:disorganized:00 | definition=lacking a visible order or organization | synonyms=helter-skelter
2. sense_key=chaotic%5:00:00:wild:02 | definition=completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing | synonyms=disorderly
3. sense_key=chaotic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to a sensitive dependence on initial conditions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "chaotic" in the given context. The sentence: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer." The word "chaotic" describes the growth of cells. We have three candidate senses. Let's evaluate each:

Sense 1: lacking a visible order or organization | synonyms: helter-skelter. This could fit: chaotic growth means disordered, lacking organization.

Sense 2: completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing | synonyms: disorderly. This is similar but emphasizes unpredictability and confusion. Cancer growth is often unpredictable and disordered.

Sense 3: of or relating to a sensitive dependence on initial conditions. This is the technical sense from chaos theory, where small changes in initial conditions lead to vastly different outcomes. While cancer growth might have such complexities, the context likely uses "chaotic" in a more general sense of uncontrolled, disorderly growth.

The context is about genes that when damaged, unleash chaotic growth. Typically, in medical and general language, "chaotic" refers to uncontrolled, disorganized proliferation. There's no explicit reference to sensitive dependence on initial conditions. So Sense 3 is unlikely. Between Sense 1 and 2, both are similar. Sense 2 specifies "completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing." Sense 1 is "lacking a visible order or organization." The word "unleash" suggests something wild and unpredictable. The example sentences might help, but we only have synonyms. Synonyms for Sense 1: helter-skelter. Sense 2: disorderly. "Helter-skelter" means in disorderly haste, which could apply. But "disorderly" is also fitting. I think the most common usage of "chaotic" in this context is Sense 2: completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing. It captures the uncontrolled nature of cancer growth. Thus, I'll choose Sense 2.

But let's double-check: The definitions are very close. Sense 1 is more about lack of visible order, while Sense 2 includes unpredictability and confusion. Cancer growth is indeed unpredictable and confusing to scientists. So Sense 2 seems slightly more precise.

Thus, the best index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic <t>growth</t> of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "growth" in the sentence: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer." The context talks about chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Cancer involves abnormal proliferation of cells. So we need to find the sense that matches "abnormal proliferation" or something like that.

Let's examine candidate senses:

1. biology: process of individual organism growing organically; normal development. Not chaotic or cancerous.

2. progression from simpler to more complex forms. Too general, not specifically cellular or chaotic.

3. process of becoming larger/longer/more numerous/more important. This could include cell proliferation, but it's a general increase. However, the context emphasizes "chaotic" and "cancer", so it's specifically abnormal growth.

4. vegetation that has grown. Not relevant.

5. gradual beginning or coming forth. Not relevant.

6. (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). This is exactly the sense we need: cancer involves abnormal tissue proliferation. The example "a tumor" fits perfectly.

7. something grown or growing; a growth of hair. Not relevant.

Thus, sense 6 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of <t>cells</t> that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "cells" in the context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer." This clearly refers to biological cells, the basic units of organisms. So sense 2 is the correct one: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...". The context mentions genes, damaged, unleash chaotic growth of cells, cancer—all biological terms. The other senses are about compartments, batteries, political units, phones, monastic or prison rooms. None fit. So answer: {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: characterize
Target surface form: characterizes
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that <t>characterizes</t> cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=characterize%2:32:00:: | definition=describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of | synonyms=qualify, characterise | examples=You can characterize his behavior as that of an egotist; This poem can be characterized as a lament for a dead lover
2. sense_key=characterize%2:42:01:: | definition=be characteristic of | synonyms=characterise | examples=What characterizes a Venetian painting?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "characterizes" in the given context. The target word is "characterizes" as a verb. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=characterize%2:32:00:: | definition=describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of | synonyms=qualify, characterise | examples=You can characterize his behavior as that of an egotist; This poem can be characterized as a lament for a dead lover
2. sense_key=characterize%2:42:01:: | definition=be characteristic of | synonyms=characterise | examples=What characterizes a Venetian painting?

Context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

We need to decide which sense is used. The clause "the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer" means that the chaotic growth is a characteristic feature of cancer. In other words, cancer is characterized by chaotic cell growth. Here, "characterizes" means "is characteristic of". The definition of sense 2 is "be characteristic of", which fits perfectly. Sense 1 is about describing or portraying character or qualities, but here it's not about describing cancer; it's about a property that typifies it. The phrase "that characterizes cancer" is attributing a defining trait to cancer. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes <t>cancer</t>. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "cancer" in the given context. The context talks about medical scientists discovering genes that, when damaged, cause chaotic growth of cells, which is characteristic of cancer. It clearly refers to the disease. The senses listed have: sense 1 is the disease (malignant growth), sense 2 is astrology (person born under Cancer), sense 3 constellation, sense 4 zodiac sign, sense 5 genus of crabs. The context is clearly medical, so the correct sense is sense 1. We must output JSON like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists <t>say</t> the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "say" in the context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover... Scientists <t>say</t> the discovery...". The context is scientists reporting or stating a finding. The phrase "Scientists say" is common in journalism to indicate that scientists are reporting or asserting something. Looking at the senses:
1. express in words (state, tell) - general, but could fit.
2. report or maintain (allege, aver) - "He alleged that he was a victim", "He said it was too late". This fits reporting a claim, often used in news. "Scientists say" often means they report/maintain a finding.
3. express a supposition (suppose) - not fitting; it's not a hypothetical.
4. have or contain a certain wording (read) - not fitting.
5. give instructions (order) - no.
6. pronounce - no.
7. communicate nonverbally - no.
8. utter aloud - too specific, not about the content.
9. state as opinion/judgement - possible, but "declare" fits.
10. recite fixed text - no.
11. indicate (clock says noon) - no.

Sense 2: report or maintain fits best because scientists are reporting their findings. Sense 1 is also plausible, but sense 2 specifically includes "report or maintain" and examples like "He alleged" which is like asserting something. In news contexts, "say" often means "report/maintain". The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is similar in tone: reporting a claim. So I'll choose sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the <t>discovery</t> of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "discovery" in the given context. The target is "discovery" as a noun. There are four candidate senses.

Let's examine the context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the <t>discovery</t> of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

The phrase "discovery of these genes" refers to the act of finding or uncovering these genes. Looking at the senses:

1. sense: the act of discovering something (synonyms: find, uncovering). This matches the act of scientists finding these genes.
2. sense: something that is discovered. That would be the genes themselves, but the phrase is "discovery of these genes," which talks about the event or act, not the thing discovered.
3. sense: a productive insight (synonyms: breakthrough, find). This could also fit, but it's more about an insight, while the context emphasizes the uncovering/finding of genes.
4. sense: legal term for pretrial disclosure, clearly not relevant.

The context mentions "uncover" in the first sentence, and then "discovery" as the act. Sense 1 explicitly says "the act of discovering something" with synonyms "find, uncovering." The example might be something like "the discovery of new lands." Here, it's "discovery of these genes." It aligns with the act.

Sense 3 is "a productive insight" or "breakthrough," which might be used in a phrase like "a major discovery." But in the sentence, "the discovery of these genes" is directly paralleled with the earlier "uncovering." So sense 1 is more literal and fitting.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in <t>recent</t> months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "recent" in the given context. The target surface form is "recent". There are two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

We need to choose the single best indexed sense. The context is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in <t>recent</t> months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

The phrase is "in recent months". "Recent months" means the months just past, or the immediate past months. The sense 2 is explicitly "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" with synonyms "late" and examples like "a late development". Sense 1 is "new" with examples like "recent graduates; a recent addition to the house". In the context, "recent months" refers to months that are in the immediate past, not necessarily "new" in the sense of novel. The discovery happened in the months just before now. So sense 2 fits perfectly. Sense 1 "new" might also seem plausible, but the primary meaning here is temporal: the past few months. WordNet sense 1 is "new", but the examples are "recent graduates" (people who just graduated, implying they are new) or "a recent addition" (something newly added). In "recent months", the emphasis is on the time frame being the immediate past, not that the months themselves are new. So I'll go with sense 2.

Response: {"sense_index": 2}