[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: Holding
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: <t>Holding</t> other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: choose the best indexed sense for "Holding" in the context: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state". This is a common phrase: "holding other factors constant" meaning keeping them fixed or controlled. So "holding" here means keeping something in a certain state. That matches sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., keep clean; hold in place". The definition says "e.g." so it's that sense. Synonyms: keep, maintain. The example "keep clean" shows the usage. In the context, "Holding other factors constant" means maintaining them constant. So sense 1 is correct.

Other possible senses: sense 13 is "remain in a certain state, position, or condition" but that's intransitive, while here it's transitive: holding something constant. So sense 1 is transitive. Sense 1 fits perfectly.

Thus, index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding <t>other</t> factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "other" and the context: "Holding <t>other</t> factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates ..." So the phrase is "other factors" meaning additional factors not yet mentioned, or factors different from those previously listed. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Sense 1 fits: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" and example "the construction of highways and other public works." Here, "other factors" means factors besides those mentioned (incumbency advantages and regional factors). So sense 1 is the best match.

Sense 2: recently past, as in "the other evening" - not relevant.
Sense 3: distant past - not relevant.
Sense 4: strange or unusual - not relevant.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: factor
Target surface form: factors
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other <t>factors</t> constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=factor%1:11:00:: | definition=anything that contributes causally to a result | examples=a number of factors determined the outcome
2. sense_key=factor%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, constituent, element, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony
3. sense_key=factor%1:23:00:: | definition=one of two or more integers that can be exactly divided into another integer | synonyms=divisor | examples=what are the 4 factors of 6?
4. sense_key=factor%1:18:00:: | definition=a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission | synonyms=agent, broker
5. sense_key=factor%1:23:01:: | definition=any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
6. sense_key=factor%1:09:01:: | definition=an independent variable in statistics
7. sense_key=factor%1:08:00:: | definition=(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity | synonyms=gene, cistron | examples=genes were formerly called factors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes ..." So "factors" is used in a phrase "Holding other factors constant". That is a common phrase in statistical analysis, meaning "keeping other variables unchanged". This suggests the sense is about variables that influence an outcome. Among the candidates:

1. sense 1: anything that contributes causally to a result. Examples: "a number of factors determined the outcome". This fits: variables that affect the outcome. In context, they are holding other factors (variables) constant to isolate the effect of tax burden.

2. sense 2: abstract part of something (component, constituent). This is more about being a piece of a whole, not necessarily a causal contributor. In "holding other factors constant", the factors are causal influences, not just parts. Sense 1 is better.

3. sense 3 & 5: mathematical factors. Not relevant.

4. sense 4: agent, broker. Not relevant.

6. sense 6: an independent variable in statistics. That is directly relevant: in statistics, a factor is an independent variable. The phrase "holding other factors constant" is exactly statistical terminology. This seems the most precise sense. Sense 1 is general causal contribution, sense 6 is specifically statistical. Given the context of data analysis, sense 6 is likely the best.

7. sense 7: genetics, gene. Not relevant.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is index 6.

Answer: {"sense_index": 6}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constant
Target surface form: constant
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors <t>constant</t>, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constant%5:00:00:invariable:00 | definition=unvarying in nature | synonyms=changeless, invariant, unvarying | examples=maintained a constant temperature; principles of unvarying validity
2. sense_key=constant%3:00:00:: | definition=steadfast in purpose or devotion or affection | examples=a man constant in adherence to his ideals; a constant lover
3. sense_key=constant%5:00:00:continuous:01 | definition=uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing | synonyms=ceaseless, incessant, never-ending, perpetual, unceasing, unremitting | examples=the ceaseless thunder of surf; in constant pain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "constant" in the given context. The target word is in: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes ..."

We have three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=constant%5:00:00:invariable:00 | definition=unvarying in nature | synonyms=changeless, invariant, unvarying | examples=maintained a constant temperature; principles of unvarying validity

2. sense_key=constant%3:00:00:: | definition=steadfast in purpose or devotion or affection | examples=a man constant in adherence to his ideals; a constant lover

3. sense_key=constant%5:00:00:continuous:01 | definition=uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing | synonyms=ceaseless, incessant, never-ending, perpetual, unceasing, unremitting | examples=the ceaseless thunder of surf; in constant pain

In the phrase "Holding other factors constant", the meaning is that other factors are being kept unchanged, unvarying. It's an economic/scientific term meaning to assume that these factors do not change. This fits sense 1: unvarying in nature. Sense 3 refers to something continuous over time, which isn't the meaning here. Sense 2 is about steadfastness in purpose, not about keeping variables fixed.

Thus, the best sense is 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: incumbency
Target surface form: incumbency
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as <t>incumbency</t> advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=incumbency%1:28:00:: | definition=the term during which some position is held | synonyms=tenure, term of office
2. sense_key=incumbency%1:04:01:: | definition=a duty that is incumbent upon you
3. sense_key=incumbency%1:04:00:: | definition=the office of an incumbent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "incumbency" in the given context. The target is in the phrase "such as <t>incumbency</t> advantages". The context is about political science: comparing Democrats and Republicans, roll-call votes, personal staffing, and then mentions "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes...". So "incumbency" here refers to the status of being an incumbent officeholder, i.e., the advantages that come from currently holding the office. The word "incumbency" can have senses: 1. the term during which a position is held (tenure), 2. a duty that is incumbent upon you, 3. the office of an incumbent. In political science, "incumbency advantage" is a well-known concept referring to the benefits of already being in office (name recognition, etc.). That aligns with sense 3: "the office of an incumbent". Sense 1 is about the term/duration, not the advantages. Sense 2 is about a duty. So sense 3 is best.

Thus, output {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advantage
Target surface form: advantages
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency <t>advantages</t> and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advantage%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of having a superior or more favorable position | synonyms=vantage | examples=the experience gave him the advantage over me
2. sense_key=advantage%1:23:00:: | definition=(tennis) first point scored after deuce
3. sense_key=advantage%1:07:01:: | definition=benefit resulting from some event or action | synonyms=reward | examples=it turned out to my advantage; reaping the rewards of generosity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "advantages" in the given context. The context is: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors..." Here, "advantages" is used in a political context, referring to benefits or favorable conditions that incumbents have. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=advantage%1:07:00:: | definition: the quality of having a superior or more favorable position | synonyms: vantage | examples: the experience gave him the advantage over me
2. sense_key=advantage%1:23:00:: | definition: (tennis) first point scored after deuce
3. sense_key=advantage%1:07:01:: | definition: benefit resulting from some event or action | synonyms: reward | examples: it turned out to my advantage; reaping the rewards of generosity

In context, "incumbency advantages" means the benefits that come from being an incumbent, such as name recognition, fundraising, etc. This aligns with sense 3: benefit resulting from some event or action. Sense 1 is more about a superior position (like being ahead), but here it's about benefits. The example "it turned out to my advantage" fits the idea of a benefit. Sense 2 is clearly not applicable. So, the best indexed sense is 3.

Thus, the JSON should be: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: regional
Target surface form: regional
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and <t>regional</t> factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=regional%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of a region | examples=regional flora
2. sense_key=regional%5:00:00:territorial:00 | definition=related or limited to a particular region | examples=a regional dialect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the word "regional" in a given context. The target is "regional" and the context is a sentence: "An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-." The phrase is "regional factors". We need to choose between two senses:

1. sense_key=regional%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of a region | examples=regional flora
2. sense_key=regional%5:00:00:territorial:00 | definition=related or limited to a particular region | examples=a regional dialect

We must output JSON with the sense index (presumably the number before the colon in the candidate list: 1 or 2). We do not return the sense key.

Interpretation: Sense 1 is "characteristic of a region" with example "regional flora". Sense 2 is "related or limited to a particular region" with example "a regional dialect". In the context, "regional factors" likely means factors that are characteristic of a particular region or related to a specific region. Both senses are very similar. However, note that sense 2 is tagged as a satellite adjective (5:00:00:territorial:00) and sense 1 is a regular adjective (3:01:00::). The definitions: sense 1: "characteristic of a region" implies something that is typical or representative of any region. Sense 2: "related or limited to a particular region" emphasizes being restricted to a specific region. In the phrase "regional factors", it likely means factors that vary by region or are specific to a region. In the context, they are holding constant "incumbency advantages and regional factors". This suggests factors that are local to a particular region or state. The example "a regional dialect" for sense 2 fits better: a dialect is specific to a region. "Regional flora" for sense 1 is more about the flora that characterizes a region. Both are similar, but sense 2 seems to emphasize limitation to a particular region, which fits "regional factors" in an econometric sense: holding constant factors that are specific to each region (like state-specific characteristics). I think sense 2 is more appropriate because it highlights the "particular region" aspect. Also, in WordNet, the satellite adjective often is more about being "pertaining to a region". I'll choose sense 2.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: factor
Target surface form: factors
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional <t>factors</t>, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=factor%1:11:00:: | definition=anything that contributes causally to a result | examples=a number of factors determined the outcome
2. sense_key=factor%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, constituent, element, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony
3. sense_key=factor%1:23:00:: | definition=one of two or more integers that can be exactly divided into another integer | synonyms=divisor | examples=what are the 4 factors of 6?
4. sense_key=factor%1:18:00:: | definition=a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission | synonyms=agent, broker
5. sense_key=factor%1:23:01:: | definition=any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
6. sense_key=factor%1:09:01:: | definition=an independent variable in statistics
7. sense_key=factor%1:08:00:: | definition=(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity | synonyms=gene, cistron | examples=genes were formerly called factors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "factors" in the given context. The target is "factors" as it appears. The context: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional <t>factors</t>, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates ..." Let's examine the context carefully.

The sentence: "An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state ..."

Here, "factors" refers to things being held constant in a statistical or analytical sense. They are variables that could influence the outcome. The phrase "holding other factors constant" is typical in statistical analysis, meaning controlling for other variables. Then it lists "incumbency advantages and regional factors" as examples of such factors. So "factors" here are elements or components that contribute to a result, specifically in a causal, analytical context. This aligns with sense 1: "anything that contributes causally to a result", but also could align with sense 6: "an independent variable in statistics". Let's check sense 6: definition: "an independent variable in statistics". That is very close because in statistics, a factor is often an independent variable. The context is about a political science analysis, holding other factors constant to see the effect of tax burden. So "factors" are being used as independent variables. Sense 1 is more general, but in this specific context, it's a statistical factor. However, note that the examples for sense 1: "a number of factors determined the outcome" is also applicable. But the phrase "holding other factors constant" is a direct statistical usage. Sense 6: "an independent variable in statistics" is a more precise match. Additionally, the context says "such as incumbency advantages and regional factors", which are variables. So I lean towards sense 6.

But let's also consider the other senses. Sense 2: an abstract part of something (component, constituent, element). That could work, but it's less specific to causal or statistical. Sense 3: integer divisors, no. Sense 4: businessman broker, no. Sense 5: numbers that form a product, no. Sense 7: genetics, no.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is likely either 1 or 6. Given the phrase "holding other factors constant", this is standard terminology in statistics/econometrics. So sense 6 seems more specific. However, WordNet sometimes has a general sense and a more specific one. The candidate list includes both. The context is about a quantitative analysis, so "factors" as independent variables in statistics. Let's see the examples for sense 6: "an independent variable in statistics". That is exactly "factor". In, for example, factorial design, factors are independent variables. The phrase "holding other factors constant" is typical in regression analysis. So I'd choose sense 6.

But let's double-check the definition of sense 1: "anything that contributes causally to a result". That also fits, but the context is about controlling for them to see the effect of another variable, so they are causal factors. Yet, the specific statistical sense is more precise.

Which index? The candidate senses are numbered as given. Sense 1 is index 1? Actually the list is:
1. sense_key=factor%1:11:00:: (anything that contributes causally)
2. sense_key=factor%1:09:00:: (abstract part)
3. sense_key=factor%1:23:00:: (integer divisor)
4. sense_key=factor%1:18:00:: (businessman)
5. sense_key=factor%1:23:01:: (numbers that form product)
6. sense_key=factor%1:09:01:: (independent variable in statistics)
7. sense_key=factor%1:08:00:: (genetics)

So I need to output {"sense_index": 6} if I choose the statistical sense.

But is sense 6 really the best? The phrase "holding other factors constant" - in statistics, we often say "holding other factors constant" meaning other independent variables. The WordNet gloss for sense 6 is "an independent variable in statistics". That fits perfectly. Sense 1 is more general "anything that contributes causally". The examples: "a number of factors determined the outcome" is also general. In this context, the factors are specifically being held constant in a statistical model. So sense 6 is more accurate. Therefore, I'll go with 6.

Let's confirm: there is no other sense like "factor" in finance, etc. So I think 6 is the best.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 6}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the <t>difference</t> between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "difference" in the given context. The target appears in the sentence: "the <t>difference</t> between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state". We have five candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: The sentence discusses a "difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates". This is a comparison of two quantities (votes). It's a numerical difference, essentially the gap or discrepancy between two numbers. It is not about quality, variation from a norm, disagreement, significant change, or the arithmetic remainder explicitly. It is simply the difference in counts.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. definition: the quality of being unlike or dissimilar; example: there are many differences between jazz and rock. This is about dissimilarity in general, but in the context it's a specific quantitative difference between vote counts. While "difference" can be used for dissimilarity, the example is qualitative, not a numeric subtraction.

2. definition: a variation that deviates from the standard or norm; synonyms: deviation, divergence, departure; example: the deviation from the mean. This implies a deviation from a reference, not a comparison between two distinct groups.

3. definition: a disagreement or argument about something important; clearly not about votes.

4. definition: a significant change; example: the difference in her is amazing; not about a change.

5. definition: the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend; example: remainder. This is the arithmetic difference. The context compares two vote counts, so the "difference" here is literally the result of subtracting one from the other (or the absolute difference). This is the most precise sense.

The phrase "difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" indicates a quantitative difference. The sense 5 is specifically "the number that remains after subtraction". While the context does not explicitly say they subtract, it is implied: the difference between two numbers. Therefore, sense 5 is the best match.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 5}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: popular
Target surface form: popular
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between <t>popular</t> votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=popular%3:00:00:: | definition=regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public | examples=a popular tourist attraction; a popular girl
2. sense_key=popular%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=carried on by or for the people (or citizens) at large | examples=the popular vote; popular representation
3. sense_key=popular%5:00:01:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=democratic | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement
4. sense_key=popular%5:00:00:nonclassical:00 | definition=(of music or art) new and of general appeal (especially among young people) | synonyms=pop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "popular" in the phrase "popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates". The sentence is: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state". Here, "popular votes" clearly refers to the votes cast by the general public in an election. Sense 2 defines "carried on by or for the people (or citizens) at large" with example "the popular vote". "Popular vote" is a exact match for sense 2. Sense 3 also mentions "representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large", but that sense seems more about democratic/popular movements or art forms, not the literal votes of the populace. Sense 2 is specifically about votes. The example for sense 2 includes "popular vote". So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, the answer is sense 2.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular <t>votes</t> for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "votes" in the given context. The target lemma is "vote", surface form "votes". The context: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election..." Here, "votes" refers to the number of votes cast for candidates. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person

2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote

3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920

4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote

5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

The phrase "popular votes" indicates the actual ballots cast, i.e., the count of votes. Sense 1 is about individual choices counted, as in "there were only 17 votes in favor". Sense 1 examples: "17 votes in favor", "one vote per person". Here, "popular votes" means the number of votes received by candidates. It's the plural of the countable noun "vote" meaning an individual expression of preference. Sense 2 is about the collective opinion, not the count. Sense 3 is the right, not the act. Sense 4 is a bloc of voters. Sense 5 is voter turnout, not the votes themselves. So sense 1 fits best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for <t>Republican</t> presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the lemma "republican" with the surface form "Republican" in the given context. The target word is in the sentence: "... the difference between popular votes for <t>Republican</t> presidential and senatorial candidates ...". The context is all about political parties (Democrats vs Republicans), roll-call votes, staffing decisions, etc. The first sense is about belonging to the Republican Party. The second sense is about a form of government where power lies in the citizens. In the context, it clearly refers to the political party, not a generic republican form of government. The example given for sense 1 includes "Republican senator" and "Republican party politics," which matches the usage. The second sense is more about the philosophical/governmental concept. So sense 1 is correct.

I need to return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: presidential
Target surface form: presidential
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican <t>presidential</t> and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=presidential%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to a president or presidency | examples=presidential aides; presidential veto
2. sense_key=presidential%3:00:00:: | definition=befitting a president | examples=criticized the candidate for not looking presidential

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "presidential" in the given context. The context sentence: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function..." Here, "presidential" is used in the phrase "Republican presidential candidates", i.e., candidates running for president. So it relates to the office of president, not to whether someone looks or behaves like a president.

Sense 1: relating to a president or presidency (examples: presidential aides; presidential veto). This fits because it's about candidates for the presidential election.
Sense 2: befitting a president (example: criticized the candidate for not looking presidential). This is about demeanor, not the role.

In context, it's clearly about the presidential race, so sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: candidate
Target surface form: candidates
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial <t>candidates</t> in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "candidates" in the given context: "Republican presidential and senatorial candidates". The two senses provided:

1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

The context is clearly about politicians running for office: "presidential and senatorial candidates". They are running in elections. Sense 1 specifically mentions "a politician who is running for public office", which fits perfectly. Sense 2 is broader, someone considered for an office, but sense 1 is more precise for electoral candidates. The synonyms "campaigner, nominee" also align. So sense 1 is the best.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: states
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in <t>states</t> conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the target lemma "state" with surface form "states" in the given context. We have 8 candidate senses. We need to choose the best indexed sense based on context, synonyms, and examples.

Context: The sentence containing "states" is: "An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in <t>states</t> conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-."

The target is "states" as used here. Let's analyze: "in <t>states</t> conducting a Senate election" – here "states" refers to geographic/political subdivisions within a country (the U.S.) that hold Senate elections. So it's referring to constituent administrative districts of the nation, like U.S. states. The sense matches sense 1: "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation" with synonyms "province" and example "his state is in the deep south". Also note that "states" is plural, indicating multiple such districts. The context also mentions "higher-income states" later, reinforcing the same sense.

Let's check other senses:
- Sense 2: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" – not relevant.
- Sense 3: "the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state" – here the government itself, not the territory. The context is about states conducting Senate elections, which refers to the territorial units, not the government itself.
- Sense 4: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" – this is a synonym for nation/country. But in the context, it's "states" within the U.S., not a sovereign state. The Senate is a federal legislative body, and each state holds elections for senators. So it's the constituent parts, not the whole nation.
- Sense 5: chemistry state of matter – no.
- Sense 6: a state of depression or agitation – no.
- Sense 7: "the territory occupied by a nation" – that's a country, like "he visited several European countries". Here it would be the whole country, not a subdivision.
- Sense 8: the U.S. State Department – no.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit: constituent administrative districts (U.S. states). The synonyms "province" align, and the example "his state is in the deep south" matches well.

Therefore, sense_index = 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conduct
Target surface form: conducting
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states <t>conducting</t> a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conduct%2:41:00:: | definition=direct the course of; manage or control | synonyms=carry on, deal | examples=You cannot conduct business like this
2. sense_key=conduct%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=lead, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
3. sense_key=conduct%2:41:01:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, bear, deport, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
4. sense_key=conduct%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, take, direct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
5. sense_key=conduct%2:38:00:: | definition=transmit or serve as the medium for transmission | synonyms=impart, transmit, convey, carry, channel | examples=Sound carries well over water; The airwaves carry the sound
6. sense_key=conduct%2:36:04:: | definition=lead musicians in the performance of | examples=Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor; she cannot conduct modern pieces

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to determine the sense of "conducting" in the sentence: "states <t>conducting</t> a Senate election turns out to be ..." The target word is "conducting" (present participle of "conduct"). Context: "states conducting a Senate election" — meaning states that are holding or carrying out a Senate election. So "conducting" here means carrying out, managing, or directing an election.

Now look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=conduct%2:41:00:: | definition=direct the course of; manage or control | synonyms=carry on, deal | examples=You cannot conduct business like this. This sense is about managing or controlling an activity. "Conducting an election" fits perfectly: you direct/manage the course of an election.

2. sense_key=conduct%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=lead, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years. This is about leading a musical performance. Not relevant.

3. sense_key=conduct%2:41:01:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, bear, deport, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity. This is about personal behavior. Not relevant: states don't behave themselves; they conduct an election.

4. sense_key=conduct%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, take, direct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance? This is guiding someone. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=conduct%2:38:00:: | definition=transmit or serve as the medium for transmission | synonyms=impart, transmit, convey, carry, channel | examples=Sound carries well over water; The airwaves carry the sound. This is about transmitting signals or sounds. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=conduct%2:36:04:: | definition=lead musicians in the performance of | examples=Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor; she cannot conduct modern pieces. Again, musical. Not relevant.

Clearly, sense 1 is the best: "direct the course of; manage or control" — example "You cannot conduct business like this." Conducting an election is similar to conducting business, managing an activity.

Thus, sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate <t>election</t> turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "election" in the given context. The target surface form is "election". We have four candidate senses with their definitions and examples.

Let's read the context carefully: "An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate <t>election</t> turns out to be ..."

The phrase "conducting a Senate election" clearly refers to an event where people vote for political office, specifically a Senate seat. So it's about a political election.

Among the candidate senses:

1. sense_index 1: definition: a vote to select the winner of a position or political office. Example: "the results of the election will be announced tonight." This fits perfectly.

2. sense_index 2: definition: the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice. Example: "her election of medicine as a profession." This is a more general act of choice, not necessarily a political vote.

3. sense_index 3: definition: the status or fact of being elected. Example: "they celebrated his election." This refers to the state of having been elected, not the event of voting.

4. sense_index 4: definition: the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists). This is a theological sense, not relevant.

In context, "states conducting a Senate election" refers to the process of holding an election, i.e., a vote to select a senator. So sense 1 is correct.

Hence, the answer is sense_index 1.

The output should be exactly: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turns out
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election <t>turns out</t> to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "turn_out" and target surface form "turns out". The context sentence: "An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election <t>turns out</t> to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state ...". So the phrase is "turns out to be". The meaning is that something is found to be or proves to be. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life

2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right

These two are very close. Sense 1 has examples: "She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life" – here "turned out" is followed by an infinitive or adjective complement. Sense 2: "It turns out that he was right" – uses a that-clause. In our context, it's "turns out to be a positive function", which is "turn out + to be + noun phrase". That matches the pattern of sense 1: "be shown or be found to be" with examples "She proved to be right" (prove to be). Sense 2's example uses "turns out that", which is not the structure here. So sense 1 is the best match.

Other senses don't fit: producing quickly, resulting, attending events, bearing fruit, ejecting, equipping, rotating, switching off, getting out of bed. So we choose sense 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}