[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purpose
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main <t>purpose</t> is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "purpose" and target surface form "purpose". The context is: "... This means 'tracking,' whose main <t>purpose</t> is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish ... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding ..." So, "tracking" is an educational practice, and its main purpose is described. We need to choose the best sense from the three candidate senses.

Sense 1: an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions. Synonyms: intent, intention, aim, design. Example: his intent was to provide a new translation.

Sense 2: what something is used for. Synonyms: function, role, use. Example: the function of an auger is to bore holes.

Sense 3: the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose. Synonyms: determination. Example: his determination showed in his every movement.

In the context, "whose main purpose" refers to the purpose of tracking. It is describing the intended outcome or aim of tracking. It is not about what tracking is used for in a functional sense? Actually, "purpose" here could be interpreted as either the intended aim (sense 1) or the function (sense 2). Let's examine the phrase: "whose main purpose is less to permit ... than to ensure ..." This clearly states the intended goal or aim of tracking. It is about the intention behind the design or implementation of tracking. Sense 1 is about an anticipated outcome that is intended. Sense 2 is about what something is used for, which could also fit, but note the distinction: Sense 2 emphasizes the use or function of an object or thing. The example given: "the function of an auger is to bore holes" – that is a typical functional purpose. In contrast, sense 1 is about intentions. The context says "whose main purpose is less to permit ... than to ensure..." This is more about the aim or objective, which aligns with sense 1 ("intent, intention, aim, design"). The phrase "purpose is less to... than to..." is a classic way to express intention. Also, note that sense 2 says "what something is used for" – tracking is a system, and we might say its purpose is its function, but the description here is clearly about the intended outcome, not just its utility. The word "purpose" in this context is often interchangeable with "aim" or "objective." So sense 1 is more appropriate.

Sense 3 is about determination, which doesn't fit.

Thus, I choose sense_index 1.

Now, return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: permit
Target surface form: permit
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to <t>permit</t> the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "permit" and the target surface form "permit". The context is about education, specifically about tracking in schools. The sentence: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..." So "permit" here means to allow or enable the gifted to flourish.

Now, look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

The context: "permit the gifted youngsters to flourish" – that is, allow them to flourish, give them the opportunity. The purpose of tracking is less to allow the gifted to flourish than to ensure basic grounding. So it's about giving permission or enabling.

Distinguish senses:
- Sense 1: consent to, give permission. The example: "She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband" – this implies someone authorizing an action. In the context, "tracking" is a system that permits gifted youngsters to flourish. It's not a person giving permission, but a system that allows it.
- Sense 2: make it possible through a specific action or lack of action. Example: "This permits the water to rush in" – this is about enabling a physical event, often by removing an obstacle. In the educational context, tracking makes it possible for gifted to flourish by providing an appropriate path. That seems fitting: tracking is a system that makes it possible.
- Sense 3: allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting. Examples: "We don't allow dogs here" – this is about tolerating presence or activity. In the context, it's not about tolerating the presence of gifted youngsters, but about enabling their flourishing.

The phrase "permit ... to flourish" suggests an enabling sense: making it possible for them to flourish. Sense 2 explicitly says "make it possible ... for something to happen." That matches "permit to flourish" well. Sense 1 is about giving consent, typically by a person or authority, but here tracking itself is the mechanism that permits. The sentence says "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish ... than to ensure..." So tracking is designed to allow that, but it's not the main purpose. It's an enabling function. Sense 2's definition: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action" – tracking is a specific action (grouping by ability) that makes flourishing possible. So sense 2 seems best.

Check synonyms: For sense 1, synonyms are allow, let, countenance; sense 2: let, allow; sense 3: allow, tolerate. So all have "allow", but the definitions differ.

The example for sense 2: "This permits the water to rush in" is very similar in construction: "permits [something] to [verb]". In the context: "permit the gifted youngsters to flourish". Both are infinitive complements. Sense 1 example: "permitted her son to visit" also infinitive, but it's about giving permission, not just making possible. The nuance: In the educational context, tracking doesn't give permission like a person; it creates conditions. So sense 2 is about making something possible by an action or inaction. That fits better.

Sense 1 is more about authorization. For example, a rule or person permits something. Sense 3 is about allowing presence/activity without prohibition. Here, it's not about allowing presence (they are already present), but allowing them to flourish, i.e., enabling them to do so.

Given that, sense 2 is the best choice.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: GMICloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flourish
Target surface form: flourish
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to <t>flourish</t> (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flourish%2:30:01:: | definition=grow vigorously | synonyms=boom, thrive, expand | examples=The deer population in this town is thriving; business is booming
2. sense_key=flourish%2:40:00:: | definition=make steady progress; be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance | synonyms=thrive, prosper, fly high | examples=The new student is thriving
3. sense_key=flourish%2:35:00:: | definition=move or swing back and forth | synonyms=brandish, wave | examples=She waved her gun

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "flourish" (typo? it's "flourish" in the text, likely "flourish" is a misprint for "flourish"? Actually the context says "<t>flourish</t>" but the target is "flourish". Might be a OCR error, but we know it's "flourish" intended. The target lemma is "flourish", surface form "flourish". We need to choose among three senses:

1. sense_key=flourish%2:30:01:: definition=grow vigorously synonyms=boom, thrive, expand examples=The deer population in this town is thriving; business is booming
2. sense_key=flourish%2:40:00:: definition=make steady progress; be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance synonyms=thrive, prosper, fly high examples=The new student is thriving
3. sense_key=flourish%2:35:00:: definition=move or swing back and forth synonyms=brandish, wave examples=She waved her gun

Context: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to <t>flourish</t> (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..." Here, "flourish" means to thrive or prosper, likely in an academic context. It's about gifted youngsters being allowed to excel, thrive, reach their potential. So it's about making progress or being successful, not about vigorous growth like plants or populations, nor about waving something. Sense 2 is about making steady progress, being at a high point in one's career, etc. Synonyms: thrive, prosper, fly high. That fits a gifted youngster being permitted to flourish academically. Sense 1 focuses on vigorous growth (like plants, population, business booming), which might be a bit too biological or quantitative. But sense 2 is more about personal success and progress. The example for sense 2: "The new student is thriving" parallels "gifted youngsters to flourish". So sense 2 is the best match.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clearly
Target surface form: clearly
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is <t>clearly</t> desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clearly%4:02:00:: | definition=without doubt or question | examples=they were clearly lost; history has clearly shown the folly of that policy
2. sense_key=clearly%4:02:01:: | definition=in an intelligible manner | synonyms=intelligibly, understandably | examples=the foreigner spoke to us quite intelligibly
3. sense_key=clearly%4:02:02:: | definition=clear to the mind; with distinct mental discernment | synonyms=distinctly | examples=it's distinctly possible; I could clearly see myself in his situation
4. sense_key=clearly%4:02:03:: | definition=in an easily perceptible manner | synonyms=clear | examples=could be seen clearly under the microscope; She cried loud and clear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "clearly" in the given context. The target is in: "(though that is <t>clearly</t> desirable)". Let's parse the context: The author discusses educational tracking, saying its main purpose is less to permit gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure less gifted get grounding. So "clearly" modifies "desirable", meaning it's obviously or undoubtedly desirable. The sense should express certainty or obviousness. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=clearly%4:02:00:: | definition=without doubt or question | examples=they were clearly lost; history has clearly shown the folly of that policy
2. sense_key=clearly%4:02:01:: | definition=in an intelligible manner | synonyms=intelligibly, understandably | examples=...
3. sense_key=clearly%4:02:02:: | definition=clear to the mind; with distinct mental discernment | synonyms=distinctly | examples=it's distinctly possible; I could clearly see myself in his situation
4. sense_key=clearly%4:02:03:: | definition=in an easily perceptible manner | synonyms=clear | examples=could be seen clearly under the microscope; She cried loud and clear

Sense 1 is "without doubt or question". In the context, "that is clearly desirable" means "that is undoubtedly desirable". This fits exactly. Sense 3 "clear to the mind; with distinct mental discernment" might also seem plausible, but the example "I could clearly see myself in his situation" shows mental clarity, but not necessarily certainty. Here the author is asserting a fact with certainty: it is clearly desirable. So sense 1 is best. Sense 2 is about intelligibility, sense 4 is about physical perceptibility. Thus, sense index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly <t>desirable</t>) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "desirable" in the given context. The target word appears in the phrase: "though that is clearly desirable" referring to permitting gifted youngsters to flourish. So, what is the sense of "desirable" here? It means "worth having or seeking" – allowing gifted students to flourish is a good thing. The alternatives: sense 1: worth having or seeking or achieving; sense 2: worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse. Clearly, sense 2 is about suitability in marriage, which doesn't fit. Sense 1 fits perfectly. So, choose sense_index 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the <t>less</t> gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "less" in the sentence: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..." The target is "<t>less</t> gifted". So the word "less" is part of the phrase "the less gifted", meaning those with lower ability. Here "less" is used as a determiner or pronoun, modifying "gifted". It means "to a smaller degree; not as much". The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive

2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | comparitive of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Sense 1 is an adverb modifying adjectives/adverbs (e.g., less interesting). Sense 2 is an adverb comparitive of "little", used in contexts like "she walks less".

In the phrase "the less gifted", "less" is an adverb modifying the adjective "gifted" (like "less interesting"), so it's used to form the comparative of the adjective "gifted". That matches Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs". Sense 2 is more about degree or frequency of an action (walks less, works less), not modifying an adjective. So Sense 1 fits.

Thus, return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: get
Target surface form: get
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted <t>get</t> the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=get%2:40:00:: | definition=come into the possession of something concrete or abstract | synonyms=acquire | examples=She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet
2. sense_key=get%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=become, go | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
3. sense_key=get%2:30:02:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=let, have | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
4. sense_key=get%2:30:03:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
5. sense_key=get%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, come | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
6. sense_key=get%2:35:03:: | definition=go or come after and bring or take back | synonyms=bring, convey, fetch | examples=Get me those books over there, please; Could you bring the wine?
7. sense_key=get%2:39:00:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, have | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
8. sense_key=get%2:33:00:: | definition=take vengeance on or get even | synonyms=pay back, pay off, fix | examples=We'll get them!; That'll fix him good!
9. sense_key=get%2:40:01:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
10. sense_key=get%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
11. sense_key=get%2:35:09:: | definition=succeed in catching or seizing, especially after a chase | synonyms=catch, capture | examples=We finally got the suspect; Did you catch the thief?
12. sense_key=get%2:29:01:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, produce, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
13. sense_key=get%2:29:00:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, take | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia
14. sense_key=get%2:32:03:: | definition=communicate with a place or person; establish communication with, as if by telephone | examples=Bill called this number and he got Mary; The operator couldn't get Kobe because of the earthquake
15. sense_key=get%2:30:01:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=make | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
16. sense_key=get%2:32:08:: | definition=move into a desired direction of discourse | synonyms=drive, aim | examples=What are you driving at?
17. sense_key=get%2:31:09:: | definition=grasp with the mind or develop an understanding of | synonyms=catch | examples=did you catch that allusion?; We caught something of his theory in the lecture
18. sense_key=get%2:35:00:: | definition=attract and fix | synonyms=catch, arrest | examples=His look caught her; She caught his eye
19. sense_key=get%2:35:10:: | definition=reach with a blow or hit in a particular spot | synonyms=catch | examples=the rock caught her in the back of the head; The blow got him in the back
20. sense_key=get%2:31:03:: | definition=reach by calculation | examples=What do you get when you add up these numbers?
21. sense_key=get%2:40:14:: | definition=acquire as a result of some effort or action | examples=You cannot get water out of a stone; Where did she get these news?
22. sense_key=get%2:40:13:: | definition=purchase | examples=What did you get at the toy store?
23. sense_key=get%2:39:13:: | definition=perceive by hearing | synonyms=catch | examples=I didn't catch your name; She didn't get his name when they met the first time
24. sense_key=get%2:39:09:: | definition=suffer from the receipt of | synonyms=catch | examples=She will catch hell for this behavior!
25. sense_key=get%2:39:14:: | definition=receive as a retribution or punishment | synonyms=receive | examples=He got 5 years in prison
26. sense_key=get%2:38:15:: | definition=leave immediately; used usually in the imperative form | synonyms=scram, buzz off, fuck off, bugger off | examples=Scram!
27. sense_key=get%2:38:12:: | definition=reach and board | examples=She got the bus just as it was leaving
28. sense_key=get%2:37:12:: | definition=irritate | synonyms=get under one's skin | examples=Her childish behavior really get to me; His lying really gets me
29. sense_key=get%2:37:11:: | definition=evoke an emotional response | examples=Brahms's `Requiem' gets me every time
30. sense_key=get%2:36:14:: | definition=apprehend and reproduce accurately | synonyms=catch | examples=She really caught the spirit of the place in her drawings; She got the mood just right in her photographs
31. sense_key=get%2:36:00:: | definition=earn or achieve a base by being walked by the pitcher | synonyms=draw | examples=He drew a base on balls
32. sense_key=get%2:35:12:: | definition=overcome or destroy | examples=The ice storm got my hibiscus; the cat got the goldfish
33. sense_key=get%2:31:10:: | definition=be a mystery or bewildering to | synonyms=perplex, vex, stick, puzzle, mystify, baffle | examples=This beats me!; Got me--I don't know the answer!
34. sense_key=get%2:30:12:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
35. sense_key=get%2:29:11:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, have | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
36. sense_key=get%2:29:08:: | definition=make children | synonyms=beget, engender, father, mother, sire, generate | examples=Abraham begot Isaac; Men often father children but don't recognize them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "get" with surface form "get" in the given context. We must choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list (1 to 36). Output only JSON.

Context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure,... -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. ... This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted <t>get</t> the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work."

The phrase: "ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding". So "get" here means to receive or acquire the necessary grounding (education, foundation). It's about obtaining something concrete or abstract. Look at candidate senses:

1. sense_key=get%2:40:00:: | definition=come into the possession of something concrete or abstract | synonyms=acquire | examples=She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet

This fits perfectly: the less gifted students come into possession of the necessary grounding (abstract: education, skills).

Let's check other possibilities:
- 4: receive a specified treatment (abstract) – "get" can mean receive, but the definition is "receive a specified treatment (abstract)" with examples like "His movie received a good review". That's more about receiving an evaluation or treatment, not acquiring something like grounding.
- 21: acquire as a result of some effort or action – "You cannot get water out of a stone" – that could also fit, but sense 1 is more general and direct: come into possession of. Sense 21 is "acquire as a result of some effort or action", and here the grounding is provided by tracking, so they get it as a result of the system. But sense 1's examples include "She got a lot of paintings from her uncle" which is more about receiving, not necessarily through effort. The grounding is something they get from the educational system. Both 1 and 21 might seem similar, but 21 emphasizes effort? But "acquiring grounding" doesn't necessarily imply their effort; they are being given it. Sense 1 is the most basic: come into possession of. I'd lean toward 1.

Check other senses:
- 2: become – doesn't fit ("get annoyed")
- 3: cause to move/condition – not applicable
- 5: arrive – no
- 7: experience – could be "get an idea" but "grounding" is not an experience; it's a foundation.
- 9: achieve a point or goal – maybe "get 4 goals", not grounding.
- 12: come to have or undergo change of physical features – no
- etc.

So sense 1 is the best.

Thus output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: necessary
Target surface form: necessary
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the <t>necessary</t> grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=necessary%3:00:00:: | definition=absolutely essential
2. sense_key=necessary%5:00:00:inevitable:00 | definition=unavoidably determined by prior circumstances | examples=the necessary consequences of one's actions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate the word "necessary" in the given context. The senses are:

1. necessary%3:00:00:: (adjective) - absolutely essential.
2. necessary%5:00:00:inevitable:00 (adjective satellite?) - unavoidably determined by prior circumstances, examples: the necessary consequences of one's actions.

The context: "the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work." Here, "necessary grounding" means the essential or required basic education. It's not about being unavoidable due to prior circumstances; it's about being essential. The phrase "get the necessary grounding" implies they need to acquire the foundational skills (the necessary grounding). Sense 1 fits: absolutely essential. Sense 2 is about inevitability, which doesn't fit here. So sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further <t>study</t> or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the sentence: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish ... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further <t>study</t> or for entering the modern world of work."

The target word is "study" (noun). We need to disambiguate it. The context: "grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work." So "further study" here means further education, learning, or academic pursuit. It's about applying the mind to learning, especially in an academic context. The synonyms and examples: sense 2: "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading)" - synonyms: work; examples: "mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design". This fits perfectly: "further study" is like continuing one's education. Sense 6 is "a branch of knowledge" but that doesn't fit as well because "further study" is not a branch itself, but the activity of studying. Sense 4 "a state of deep mental absorption" is too specific. Sense 1 "a detailed critical inspection" might be, but in context of education, it's about learning. Sense 3 is a report, not relevant. Sense 5 is a room. Sense 7 is a drawing. Sense 8 is cogitation/meditation. Sense 9 is a person who memorizes quickly. Sense 10 is a musical composition. So clearly sense 2 is the best. The examples even include "graduate study" which is similar to "further study". So index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enter
Target surface form: entering
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for <t>entering</t> the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enter%2:38:00:: | definition=to come or go into | synonyms=come in, get into, get in, go into, go in, move into | examples=the boat entered an area of shallow marshes
2. sense_key=enter%2:33:00:: | definition=become a participant; be involved in | synonyms=participate | examples=enter a race; enter an agreement
3. sense_key=enter%2:41:06:: | definition=register formally as a participant or member | synonyms=enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit | examples=The party recruited many new members
4. sense_key=enter%2:42:00:: | definition=be or play a part of or in | synonyms=figure | examples=Elections figure prominently in every government program; How do the elections figure in the current pattern of internal politics?
5. sense_key=enter%2:32:04:: | definition=make a record of; set down in permanent form | synonyms=record, put down
6. sense_key=enter%2:36:00:: | definition=come on stage
7. sense_key=enter%2:41:00:: | definition=take on duties or office | synonyms=accede | examples=accede to the throne
8. sense_key=enter%2:35:03:: | definition=put or introduce into something | synonyms=insert, infix, introduce | examples=insert a picture into the text
9. sense_key=enter%2:30:10:: | definition=set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) | synonyms=embark | examples=she embarked upon a new career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "entering" in the given context. The target lemma is "enter", and the surface form is "entering". The context is a passage discussing education, tracking, and preparing students for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The relevant sentence: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work."

We need to choose the best sense from the given candidate senses. The word "entering" here is used as a gerund, part of the phrase "for entering the modern world of work." It means something like "participating in" or "starting to be involved in" the modern world of work. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. to come or go into (physical movement into a place) – not fitting; it's not about physically entering a place.
2. become a participant; be involved in (e.g., enter a race, enter an agreement) – this seems plausible: entering the modern world of work means becoming a participant in it, getting involved in work.
3. register formally as a participant or member (enroll, inscribe, recruit) – not fitting; no formal registration implied.
4. be or play a part of or in (figure) – not quite; it doesn't mean "figure in" but rather actively joining.
5. make a record of; set down in permanent form – no, not relevant.
6. come on stage – no.
7. take on duties or office (accede) – this is more formal, like acceding to a throne, not starting a job in general.
8. put or introduce into something (insert) – no.
9. set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) (embark) – this is very close: "embark upon a new career" – entering the world of work is similar to embarking on a career. But the specific phrase is "entering the modern world of work," which means starting to be part of that world. Both sense 2 and sense 9 seem possible. Sense 2: become a participant; be involved in. Sense 9: set out on (an enterprise or subject of study). The context says "for entering the modern world of work." It's about preparing the less gifted to be able to enter (participate in) the world of work. The examples for sense 2: "enter a race; enter an agreement" – these involve participating. For sense 9: "she embarked upon a new career" – that is more about beginning a career, but the world of work is broader. Both could work. However, note that "enter" when used with "the world of work" is idiomatic: "enter the workforce/world of work" typically means to begin working or join the workforce. That leans towards "become a participant" (sense 2) rather than "set out on an enterprise" (sense 9) which is more about starting a specific endeavor. Sense 2's examples are "enter a race; enter an agreement" – these are about becoming a participant in an event or arrangement. "Enter the world of work" is akin to joining or becoming involved in the workforce. Sense 9 is about embarking on a career or study. While entering the world of work could involve starting a career, the phrase "grounding for ... entering the modern world of work" suggests the ability to get involved in work, not specifically starting a new career. I think sense 2 is the better fit.

Additionally, check the note: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we must output {"sense_index": 2} if we select sense 2.

Thus, sense index 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern <t>world</t> of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context about educational performance and tracking. The target phrase is "the modern world of work." Let's analyze the senses.

Sense 1: "everything that exists anywhere" (universe, cosmos) – not appropriate, not about work.

Sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" – synonyms: domain. Example: "the Western world". This could apply: "world of work" suggests a distinctive group, a domain of work.

Sense 3: "all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you" – personal reality, too subjective.

Sense 4: "the planet Earth" – not specific to "work".

Sense 5: "people in general considered as a whole" (populace, public) – not necessarily domain-specific.

Sense 6: "a part of the earth that can be considered separately" – examples: "the outdoor world; the world of insects". This is a specific domain or realm. "World of work" fits perfectly as a separate realm or sphere.

Sense 7: "concerns of this life vs. afterlife" – not relevant.

Sense 8: "all living human inhabitants" – not specific.

Sense 6 seems best: "a part of the earth that can be considered separately" – "world of insects" parallels "world of work". The context says "entering the modern world of work", meaning the specific domain or sphere of work. Synonyms are not given but examples show "outdoor world" and "world of insects". So sense 6 is the most appropriate.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 6}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of <t>work</t>. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something | examples=she checked several points needing further work
2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing | synonyms=piece of work | examples=it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works; the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work
3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=employment | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=study | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force | examples=work equals force times distance
6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done | synonyms=workplace | examples=he arrived at work early today
7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it) | synonyms=oeuvre, body of work | examples=he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre; Picasso's work can be divided into periods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the target word "work" in the given context. The context is from a text discussing education, specifically about how the system works and then mentions "the modern world of work".

The sentence: "to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of <t>work</t>." Here, "work" refers to the occupation or employment world, i.e., jobs.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. activity directed toward making or doing something (general work)
2. a product produced (a piece of work)
3. occupation for which you are paid (employment)
4. studying (like academic work)
5. physics concept
6. workplace (place where work is done)
7. total output of a writer/artist

In context, "the modern world of work" clearly refers to the sphere of employment and careers, not the physical workplace, not general activity, not a product. So the best match is sense 3: employment.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The <t>notion</t> that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "notion" in the given context. The context is about education, tracking, and the idea that tracking is undemocratic. The sentence: "The notion that tracking is somehow 'undemocratic' is absurd." Here, "notion" refers to a belief or idea. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: a vague idea in which some confidence is placed; synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, opinion. Examples: his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense 2: a general inclusive concept
3. sense 3: an odd or fanciful or capricious idea; synonyms: whim, whimsy, whimsey. Examples: the theatrical notion of disguise...
4. sense 4: small personal articles (usually plural)

In context, "the notion that tracking is somehow 'undemocratic'" is an idea or belief that the author thinks is absurd. It is not a vague idea (sense 1) exactly, but sense 1 includes "belief" and "opinion", which fits. Sense 2: general inclusive concept could also fit, but sense 1 is more specific: it's a belief/opinion. Sense 3 is about odd or fanciful ideas; the author says it's absurd, but the notion itself might be considered fanciful? However, the emphasis is on it being a belief, not necessarily whimsical. Sense 1 seems the most direct: it's an idea/belief. The synonyms include "belief" and "opinion", which match the context of a contested idea. Sense 2 is also possible, but sense 1 is closer because it captures the aspect of confidence and belief. The example: "what are your feelings about the crisis?" shows it can be used for opinions. Thus, sense 1 is the best.

So, the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purpose
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The <t>purpose</t> of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "purpose", target surface form "purpose", context: "... The <t>purpose</t> of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. ..."

We need to choose the best indexed sense among three options.

Sense 1: an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions (intent, intention, aim, design)
Sense 2: what something is used for (function, role, use)
Sense 3: the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose (determination)

In the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." This phrase indicates that "purpose" here refers to the intended goal or aim of education. It's about the anticipated outcome that education is supposed to achieve. That aligns with Sense 1: an anticipated outcome that is intended. Sense 2 also deals with what something is used for, but Sense 1 specifically mentions "anticipated outcome that is intended", which fits exactly with the phrase "The purpose of education is to...". Sense 3 is about determination, which doesn't fit here. So Sense 1 is best.

Thus: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of <t>education</t> is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context about education, tracking, academic potential, and the purpose of education. The target word is "education" in: "The purpose of <t>education</t> is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

We need to pick the correct sense from the 6 provided WordNet senses.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" (synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity). Example: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed." This sense refers to the process or activities of teaching.

2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction." Example: "it was clear that he had a very broad education." This is about the body of knowledge one has.

3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge." Example: "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's." This is about the process of becoming educated.

4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: - "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)." This is about the job of a teacher.

5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: - "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)." Synonyms: training, breeding. Example: "a woman of breeding and refinement." This is about social manners and upbringing.

6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: - "the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979." This is the Department of Education.

In the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." This is a general statement about the purpose of education as a process/system. It is not about a specific department, nor about social breeding, nor the profession of teaching. It is about the goal of the educational process. Usually, the word "education" here refers to the system or process of educating people, which aligns with sense 1 (the activities of educating) or sense 3 (the gradual process of acquiring knowledge). Let's see the distinction.

Sense 1: activities of educating; the concrete actions of teaching.

Sense 3: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge. This is more abstract, the process of learning over time.

The sentence "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" suggests that education is something that helps people develop academically. It is about the process of being educated, not merely the activities of teaching (which is more from the teacher's perspective). However, both are close.

Look at examples: Sense 3 example: "education is a preparation for life" - that matches the idea of purpose. Sense 1 example: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed" - that is about the instruction received. But the purpose of education is more about the overall process of learning and development, not just the instruction. In the context, they talk about "students should move up the educational ladder" and "no student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's", which is about the system and what it should do. The phrase "purpose of education" often refers to the goals of the educational system as a whole, which is the process of acquiring knowledge and skills.

Also note the preceding: "The notion that tracking is somehow 'undemocratic' is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." This is in the context of a debate about tracking in schools. Education here is the school system's role.

Sense 3 explicitly says "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge," which is exactly the process that schools facilitate. Sense 1 is more about the activities of instructing. In many dictionaries, "education" in this sense is the process. For example, Merriam-Webster: "the process of educating or of being educated". So sense 3 is likely the best.

But hold on: WordNet splits "education" into multiple senses. Sense 1 is the activities of educating (the action). Sense 3 is the process of acquiring knowledge. The context: "The purpose of education..." The purpose of what? If it's "the activities of educating", then the purpose of those activities is to encourage realization of potential. That works. But it could also be "the process of acquiring knowledge." Both are very similar. Let's check the examples.

Sense 1 example: "he received no formal education..." Here "education" is what one receives, i.e., the instruction. "Our instruction was carefully programmed." So it's the teaching.

Sense 3 example: "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important..." Here "education" is the process she undergoes. "A girl's education" is the process of learning she experiences.

In the target sentence, "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." The subject is "education", and we're talking about its purpose. If "education" means the process of acquiring knowledge, then its purpose is that. It fits. But if it's the activities of educating, it also fits. Actually, the activities of educating have a purpose. However, in the context of the whole paragraph, they are talking about the system as a whole, not just the teaching. The "education" here is the system that encompasses both teaching and learning.

Let's see the broader context: "That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. ... The notion that tracking is somehow 'undemocratic' is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." The "system" and "educational ladder" are about the structure of schooling. So "education" here refers to the entire educational process/system. Sense 3 is the process of acquiring knowledge, which is the most generic. Sense 1 is the activities of educating, which is more about the instructor's action. But common usage of "purpose of education" usually refers to the purpose of the process of learning and development. For instance, John Dewey talks about education as a process of growth. So sense 3 is more likely.

Also sense 1's synonyms include "teaching, pedagogy, didactics" which are more about the art of teaching. The purpose of teaching might be to impart knowledge, but the purpose of education as a whole is broader: to develop potential.

Let's check if any other sense fits:
Sense 2: knowledge acquired. "The purpose of [knowledge acquired] is to encourage..." That doesn't make sense. The purpose of having knowledge? No.
Sense 4: the profession of teaching. The purpose of the teaching profession? Perhaps, but it's not about that. The context is about students and their potential.
Sense 5: good upbringing/social behavior. Clearly not.
Sense 6: the federal department. Clearly not.

So between 1 and 3, which is more accurate? Let's see the exact definitions:

- education%1:04:00:: : "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
- education%1:09:01:: : "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"

Note that "education" as the process of acquiring knowledge often is the more abstract, systemic sense. For instance, "higher education" is a level of the process, not just activities. In the sentence, "education" is the subject of "encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." That is the process itself. The activities of educating or instructing are what teachers do. But here the purpose is about the outcome for students. So the process of acquiring knowledge (the learner's side) is more aligned. However, both are intertwined. But the phrase "the purpose of education" in philosophical/policy contexts typically refers to the aims of the educational system, which is the process of developing individuals. WordNet likely intends sense 3 for that.

Checking the synset for sense 3: it's in the same file as sense 2 (knowledge acquired), but sense 3 is the process. Sense 1 is the activity. Could the sentence be: "The purpose of the activities of educating is to encourage..." That seems slightly off because the activities are the means, but the purpose of the activities is to impart knowledge or skill, which in turn helps realize potential. But the phrase "purpose of education" typically refers to the broader process.

In WordNet, the gloss for sense 3 is "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important..." That matches our sentence: "The purpose of education is to encourage..." The example "education is a preparation for life" is similar to "purpose of education". So I'm leaning toward sense 3.

One could argue that sense 1 is also possible. However, the training data for this kind of task often expects sense 3 when the context is about the overall process. Also, the context says "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish ... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work." Then: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." It's a statement about the goal of the system. The system of education is the process of acquiring knowledge, not just the activities of instructing. So sense 3.

Let's also check the sense keys: sense 1 is "04:00::" which might indicate a more concrete/action sense. Sense 3 is "09:01::" (09 is "knowledge, cognition" etc., 01 is a hyponym of 09:00?). Actually, in WordNet, the file numbers: 04 is "act, activity", 09 is "cognition, knowledge". So sense 1 is an activity, sense 2 is knowledge, sense 3 is a process. The process fits better.

I'll go with sense 3.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourage
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to <t>encourage</t> young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "encourage", target surface form "encourage", context: "The purpose of education is to <t>encourage</t> young men and women to realize their full academic potential." We have three candidate senses:

1. encourage%2:41:00:: | contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms: promote, advance, boost, further | example: "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom"
2. encourage%2:37:00:: | inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. encourage%2:32:00:: | spur on | example: "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife"

In the context, "encourage" takes an infinitive complement: "encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." This is a typical structure for sense 3: spur on, meaning to motivate or impel someone to do something. Sense 3's example shows "encouraged him to look for a wife" – similar structure. Sense 1 is about promoting or contributing to the progress or growth of something, often used with objects like "the use of computers". The context here is not about promoting the idea of realizing potential, but about spurring individuals to realize it. Sense 2 is about inspiring with confidence, giving hope or courage; that could also fit, but it often implies making someone feel more confident, not necessarily directly impelling them to take action. The phrase "encourage ... to realize their full academic potential" strongly indicates urging or spurring them on to achieve that goal. Thus sense 3 is most appropriate.

So answer: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage <t>young</t> men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target word "young" in the given context. The context is: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." The target is "young". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list. The senses are:

1. sense_index 1: (used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people

2. sense_index 2: (of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn

3. sense_index 3: suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age

4. sense_index 4: being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young

5. sense_index 5: not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

The target is "young men and women". Clearly, it refers to people in an early period of life. Sense 1 is exactly that: used of living things, especially persons, in an early period of life. The example: "young people". Sense 3 is "suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh" but it's more about a quality, like "he is young for his age" meaning youthful in appearance or behavior. In this context, it's about encouraging young men and women (i.e., people who are young in age) to realize their potential. That matches sense 1 best. Sense 5 could also apply to inexperienced people, but "young" here is more about age than lack of experience. The phrase "young men and women" directly parallels the example "young people". So sense 1 is the most straightforward.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young <t>men</t> and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

native_finish_reason: error


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young <t>men</t> and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 11. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "men" in the given context. The sentence: "The purpose of education is to encourage young <t>men</t> and women to realize their full academic potential." Using the context, we can see "young men and women" refers to people in general, specifically young male and female students. The phrase "young men and women" is used to refer to all students, not specifically male adults in a gender-specific way, but rather to human beings collectively. However, note that "men" here is paired with "women", so it likely refers to male individuals as opposed to female individuals. Sense 1: "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)" fits here. Sense 3 is "the generic use of the word to refer to any human being", but that would be "man" without "woman", like "every man for himself". Here, it's explicitly "young men and women", so it's specifying both genders. So sense 1 is more precise. Sense 6 is about manly character, not relevant. Sense 4 is the scientific human being, but too broad. So the best is sense 1.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and <t>women</t> to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "women" in context. The target lemma is "woman", but the surface form is "women". The context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." This is about young men and women as students, in the context of education and academic potential. The candidate senses:

1. adult female person (as opposed to man) — general sense.
2. female person who plays a significant role (wife/mistress/girlfriend) in a life of a particular man — relational.
3. human female employed to do housework — charwoman, cleaning lady.
4. women as a class (womanhood, fair sex) — collective.

In the sentence, "young men and women" clearly refers to young male and female individuals, students. It's not about a specific man's partner, nor a houseworker, nor women as a class in an abstract collective sense. It's simply contrasting with "young men", so it's the general sense of adult female persons. However, note the target form is plural "women", but sense 1 is defined as "an adult female person" singular. But WordNet often uses singular for lemma, and the plural is the same sense. The examples: "the woman kept house while the man hunted" uses singular, but it's the general sense. Sense 4 is "women as a class", which might be tempting because it's plural, but the context is about individual young men and women, not the class of women. It's "young men and women" as individuals. So sense 1 is the most appropriate.

Thus, sense_index: 1.

provider: AtlasCloud