[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: opinion
Target surface form: opinion
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good <t>opinion</t> of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=opinion%1:09:00:: | definition=a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty | synonyms=sentiment, persuasion, view, thought | examples=my opinion differs from yours; I am not of your persuasion
2. sense_key=opinion%1:10:01:: | definition=a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof | synonyms=view | examples=his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page
3. sense_key=opinion%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people | synonyms=public opinion, popular opinion, vox populi | examples=he asked for a poll of public opinion
4. sense_key=opinion%1:10:00:: | definition=the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision | synonyms=legal opinion, judgment, judgement | examples=opinions are usually written by a single judge
5. sense_key=opinion%1:04:01:: | definition=the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself) | synonyms=ruling
6. sense_key=opinion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, notion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "opinion" in context: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good <t>opinion</t> of themselves." The phrase is "good opinion of themselves." We need to pick the best sense from the six options.

Analyze the context: The sentence talks about young people having a good opinion of themselves, meaning they think highly of themselves. It's about self-perception, self-esteem. So it's a personal belief or judgment about themselves that is not based on proof—since they are described as ignorant and incompetent, but they have a good opinion of themselves. That aligns with sense 1: "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty" with synonyms sentiment, persuasion, view, thought, and example "my opinion differs from yours; I am not of your persuasion". It's about one's personal estimation. Sense 2 is about expressing a belief; not about self-assessment. Sense 3 is about public opinion, shared belief; not personal. Sense 4 and 5 are legal senses. Sense 6 is about a vague idea or impression, with synonyms like feeling, belief, but it's more general. Sense 1 specifically mentions "personal belief or judgment" and is used for one's own view of something. "Good opinion of themselves" means a favorable personal judgment. So sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: whole
Target surface form: whole
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The <t>whole</t> notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=whole%3:00:00:: | definition=including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete | examples=gave his whole attention; a whole wardrobe for the tropics
2. sense_key=whole%3:00:02:: | definition=(of siblings) having the same parents | examples=whole brothers and sisters
3. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:uninjured:00 | definition=not injured | synonyms=unharmed, unhurt, unscathed
4. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health | synonyms=hale | examples=hale and hearty; whole in mind and body
5. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:undiversified:00 | definition=acting together as a single undiversified whole | synonyms=solid, unanimous | examples=a solid voting bloc

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "whole" in the context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion..." The target word is "whole" as an adjective modifying "notion". Let's examine the candidate senses.

Sense 1: "including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete". Examples: "gave his whole attention; a whole wardrobe for the tropics". This sense refers to something being entire or complete. In the context, "the whole notion" means the entire concept, not just a part. This seems plausible.

Sense 2: "(of siblings) having the same parents". Clearly not relevant.

Sense 3: "not injured" (uninjured). Not relevant.

Sense 4: "exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health". Not relevant.

Sense 5: "acting together as a single undiversified whole". Synonyms: solid, unanimous. Example: "a solid voting bloc". This sense seems to describe a group acting as a unified entity. It might be used metaphorically, but "whole notion" doesn't imply a group acting together; it's an idea being considered in its entirety. Sense 5 is about collective unity, like a unanimous group. The phrase "a whole notion" is more about completeness (sense 1) than about acting together. Sense 1 fits perfectly: the entire notion, complete. So the best indexed sense is 1.

Thus, {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole <t>notion</t> of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate the word "notion". The target surface form is "notion" but it's in the context as "The whole <t>notion</t> of 'creativity' in education...". Likely a typo for "notion" -> "notion"? Actually the text shows: "The whole <t>notion</t> of 'creativity' in education..." so "notion" is in angle brackets, likely indicating the target word is "notion". But the lemma given is "notion". Wait, the lemma says "notion"? The surface form says "notion"? There's a mismatch. Actually, the instruction says: "Target lemma: notion", "Target surface form: notion". But the context has "<t>notion</t>" which is probably a typo for "notion"? Let's read: "The whole <t>notion</t> of 'creativity' in education..." Might be "notion" but it's likely "notion" is a misspelling of "notion"? No, the lemma is "notion". So the target word is "notion" as in "notion". But the text has "notion"? Possibly the text was mis-OCR'd: "The whole <t>notion</t> of..." It's probably "notion". But the lemma is "notion". So I'll proceed with "notion" as the target. However, the surface form in the text is "notion"? It's in angle brackets, so it's the target word. I'll assume it's "notion". The context: "The whole <t>notion</t> of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..." So the word is "notion". Actually, "notion" is the correct word; the angle brackets might have a typo "notion" but it's clearly "notion". I'll treat it as "notion".

Now, we need to choose among WordNet senses for "notion". The candidate senses are listed:

1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept

3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon

4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

The context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..." Here, "notion" refers to the concept or idea of "creativity" in education. It's a conceptual understanding, a general idea. Not a vague idea with confidence (sense 1), though it might be a belief. But the sentence is talking about the "notion" as a concept that is part of a rebellion. It's not an odd or fanciful idea (sense 3), though the author might think it's romantic and perhaps fanciful, but the word "notion" itself is used neutrally to denote the concept. It's not small articles (sense 4). The best fit is sense 2: "a general inclusive concept". That matches "the whole notion of 'creativity'" as a concept. Sense 1 is "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - it might be somewhat vague, but the emphasis is on the concept as a whole, not necessarily on the confidence placed. The phrase "the whole notion" suggests a general concept. So sense 2 is the most appropriate.

Let's check the examples: sense 2 does not have examples listed, but it's "a general inclusive concept". Sense 1 has "his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?" which are more about personal impressions/feelings, not a broad conceptual notion like "notion of creativity in education". Sense 3 is about whimsical ideas. The context treats "notion" as a concept that is part of a philosophical rebellion, so it's a general concept. Therefore, sense 2 is best.

Thus, the answer is sense_index = 2.

But we need to return only JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in <t>education</t> was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "education" and context. We need to perform Word Sense Disambiguation and choose the best indexed sense from the candidates.

The context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in <t>education</t> was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..."

Interpretation: Here, "education" refers to the system or activities of educating, the field, or the process. The phrase "in education" is discussing the concept of creativity within the educational system or practice.

Candidate senses:
1. activities of educating or instructing; imparting knowledge or skill. Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy. Example: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed." This fits the context of the educational system and practices.
2. knowledge acquired by learning and instruction. Example: "it was clear that he had a very broad education." This refers to the knowledge someone has, not the system.
3. the gradual process of acquiring knowledge. Example: "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's." This refers to the process, which is plausible but less specific than the activities/system.
4. the profession of teaching. Example: not given. This is narrower, referring to teaching as a profession.
5. the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior). Synonyms: training, breeding. Example: "a woman of breeding and refinement." This is about social refinement, not relevant.
6. the United States federal department. Obviously not.

In context, "in education" means within the field or system of education, the activities of educating. Sense 1 fits best: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill." The phrase "disciplined instruction" in the text contrasts with the romantic rebellion against such instruction, so the activities of instruction are central. Also, "in education" is commonly used to refer to the educational system or practice.

Thus, sense index 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: romantic
Target surface form: romantic
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a <t>romantic</t> rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=romantic%3:01:00:: | definition=belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts | synonyms=romanticist, romanticistic | examples=romantic poetry
2. sense_key=romantic%5:00:01:loving:00 | definition=expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance | synonyms=amatory, amorous | examples=her amatory affairs; amorous glances
3. sense_key=romantic%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic | synonyms=quixotic, wild-eyed | examples=as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood; a romantic disregard for money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "romantic" in the given context. The target is the adjective "romantic" in "romantic rebellion" and "romantic extravagance". The context talks about a rebellion against disciplined instruction, which is seen as authoritarian. It mentions that parents find this "romantic extravagance" attractive. The overall tone is critical of the idea of creativity being equated with self-expression that leads to ignorance, and this approach is described as part of a "romantic rebellion" against disciplined instruction. So "romantic" here means something like idealistic, unrealistic, impractical. Looking at the candidate senses:
1. Belonging to Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts. This could be relevant if the context is referring to the Romantic movement's ideas about natural expression and rebellion against strict forms. But the context is about education, not specifically arts. Although Romanticism did influence educational ideas, but the direct synonym here is "romanticist" or "romanticistic", which is more about a specific historical/cultural movement. The example is "romantic poetry". That doesn't quite fit.
2. Expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance. This seems unlikely; the context is about educational philosophy, not love or romance.
3. Not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic. Synonyms: quixotic, wild-eyed. Examples: "as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood; a romantic disregard for money". This fits perfectly: the "romantic rebellion" is an impractical, idealistic rebellion against disciplined instruction. And "romantic extravagance" means an impractical, unrealistic extravagance. So sense 3 is the best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rebellion
Target surface form: rebellion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic <t>rebellion</t> against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01:: | definition=refusal to accept some authority or code or convention | examples=each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue
2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00:: | definition=organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another | synonyms=insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "rebellion" in the given context. The target surface form is "rebellion" and it appears in the sentence: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic <t>rebellion</t> against disciplined instruction, ..."

The two candidate senses are:
1. sense 1: "refusal to accept some authority or code or convention" with examples: "each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue"
2. sense 2: "organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another" with synonyms: insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising

We need to choose the best sense based on the context. The context talks about a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction". This is more abstract, referring to a refusal or opposition to the authority or convention of disciplined instruction. It is not an organized, armed conflict trying to wrest control; rather, it's a cultural or philosophical rebellion. The example from sense 1: "each generation must have its own rebellion" fits this idea of a generational rejection of norms. Sense 2 is about literal uprisings like insurrections. The context is clearly metaphorical or ideological, so sense 1 is more appropriate.

Thus, sense_index: 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against <t>disciplined</t> instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "disciplined" in the given context. The target is "disciplined instruction". The context contrasts "disciplined instruction" with a romantic rebellion that sees it as authoritarian. So "disciplined" here likely means controlled, obeying rules, possibly rigid. The two candidate senses are: sense 1: obeying the rules; sense 2: trained mentally or physically by instruction. The example for sense 2 includes "a disciplined mind," but that might fit. However, the context refers to "disciplined instruction" itself, implying the instruction is disciplined, meaning it is controlled, rule-abiding, not free-form. Sense 1 is "obeying the rules," which directly applies to instruction that follows rules. Sense 2 is about being trained, but the examples show it modifying the person or thing that has undergone training (disciplined muscles, mind). Here, "disciplined instruction" is instruction that is characterized by discipline, i.e., controlled, orderly. I think sense 1 is better. Sense 2 would be if the instruction itself has been trained, which makes little sense. So I choose sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined <t>instruction</t>, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "instruction" in the given context. The target lemma is "instruction", surface form "instruction". Context: a passage about education, creativity, and a rebellion against disciplined instruction. The phrase is "a romantic rebellion against disciplined <t>instruction</t>". So we need to pick the best sense from the four candidates.

Let's analyze the context: The rebellion is against "disciplined instruction", which is regarded as authoritarian. Here "instruction" refers to the act of teaching or educating in a structured, disciplined manner. It's not about a specific message or direction, nor about the profession of a teacher, nor about computer code. So the sense should be about the activities of educating or instructing.

Sense 1: a message describing how something is to be done (e.g., directions). That doesn't fit the context of a rebellion against disciplined instruction in education.

Sense 2: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill. Synonyms: education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity. Example: "our instruction was carefully programmed." This fits perfectly: "disciplined instruction" means structured educational activities.

Sense 3: the profession of a teacher. That doesn't fit because the rebellion is not specifically against the profession, but against the act of disciplined teaching.

Sense 4: computer science term, obviously not.

Thus, sense 2 is the best.

Now, output as JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authoritarian
Target surface form: authoritarian
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "<t>authoritarian</t>, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:undemocratic:00 | definition=characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty | synonyms=autocratic, dictatorial, despotic, tyrannic, tyrannical | examples=an authoritarian regime; autocratic government
2. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:domineering:00 | definition=expecting unquestioning obedience | synonyms=dictatorial, overbearing | examples=the timid child of authoritarian parents; insufferably overbearing behavior toward the waiter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "authoritarian" with surface form "authoritarian" in context. We have two candidate senses. We need to pick the best indexed sense based on the context.

Context:
"The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as '<t>authoritarian</t>,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents..."

The word "authoritarian" here is used to describe disciplined instruction that is seen as repressive and strict, discouraging creativity and self-expression. It's about an educational approach that imposes rigid discipline and is considered oppressive.

Now, compare the two senses:

1. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:undemocratic:00 — characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty. Synonyms: autocratic, dictatorial, despotic, tyrannic, tyrannical. Example: "an authoritarian regime".

2. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:domineering:00 — expecting unquestioning obedience. Synonyms: dictatorial, overbearing. Example: "the timid child of authoritarian parents".

In the context, "authoritarian" is used to characterize "disciplined instruction" that is seen as repressive. It's about an approach that demands obedience and strict adherence to rules, not necessarily about absolute sovereignty of a ruler. It's more about a domineering style that expects unquestioning obedience. The word "disciplined" suggests a strict, controlling environment, and "authoritarian" is contrasted with a romantic notion of creativity and self-expression. So it's the sense of being overbearing, expecting obedience, like strict parenting, which aligns with sense 2.

Sense 1 is more about political systems, absolute power of a ruler. The context is about education, not politics. So sense 2 fits better.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: repression
Target surface form: repression
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a <t>repression</t> and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=repression%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of forcible subjugation | examples=the long repression of Christian sects
2. sense_key=repression%1:22:00:: | definition=(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious
3. sense_key=repression%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of repressing; control by holding down | examples=his goal was the repression of insolence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "repression" in the given context. The context talks about education, disciplined instruction, and a romantic rebellion against it. The phrase: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents..." So "repression" here is used as something that is considered authoritarian, stifling talents. It's about control or holding down, suppressing. The three candidate senses:
1. a state of forcible subjugation (like political repression of groups)
2. (psychiatry) defense mechanism preventing impulses from becoming conscious
3. the act of repressing; control by holding down (example: his goal was the repression of insolence)

The context uses it as a noun describing what disciplined instruction is seen as: a repression and frustration of talents. It's the act of repressing, controlling, holding down the expression of talents. Not a psychiatric defense mechanism, nor necessarily a state of subjugation of a group. So sense 3 seems most fitting: "the act of repressing; control by holding down." Example: "his goal was the repression of insolence" matches the idea of repressing something (creativity, talents). Sense 1 is about a state of forcible subjugation, often used for groups, not quite the same. So I'll choose sense_index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: frustration
Target surface form: frustration
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and <t>frustration</t> of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=frustration%1:12:00:: | definition=the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals | synonyms=defeat
2. sense_key=frustration%1:04:02:: | definition=an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts | synonyms=thwarting, foiling
3. sense_key=frustration%1:12:01:: | definition=a feeling of annoyance at being hindered or criticized | examples=her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "frustration" in the context. The target is "frustration" in the sentence: "... a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

We have three candidate senses:
1. sense_key=frustration%1:12:00:: | definition=the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals | synonyms=defeat
2. sense_key=frustration%1:04:02:: | definition=an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts | synonyms=thwarting, foiling
3. sense_key=frustration%1:12:01:: | definition=a feeling of annoyance at being hindered or criticized | examples=her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration

Now, examine the context. The sentence: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful... potentialities..." So "frustration" is used in parallel with "repression". It is describing disciplined instruction as being a repression and frustration of talents. So it is an act of hindering or thwarting, not primarily a feeling. The phrase "a repression and frustration" suggests these are actions or processes that hinder the talents. Sense 2 defines it as "an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts" with synonyms thwarting, foiling. That fits perfectly: the disciplined instruction is seen as an act that frustrates (thwarts) the latent talents. Sense 1 and 3 are about feelings, but here it's not explicitly about someone's feeling; it's about what disciplined instruction does to talents—it frustrates them (prevents them from developing). Thus sense 2 is best.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: latent
Target surface form: latent
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the <t>latent</t> talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=latent%5:00:00:potential:00 | definition=potentially existing but not presently evident or realized | examples=a latent fingerprint; latent talent
2. sense_key=latent%5:00:00:inactive:02 | definition=(pathology) not presently active | examples=latent infection; latent diabetes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "latent" in the given context. The candidate senses are two adjective senses from WordNet. We need to choose the single best indexed sense. The indexes are 1 and 2 as provided.

Let's examine the context: The text discusses creativity in education and a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction." It mentions "the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children." The key phrase is "latent talents." The meaning is that these talents exist potentially but are not currently evident or realized. This matches sense 1: "potentially existing but not presently evident or realized." Example given: "a latent fingerprint; latent talent." So "latent talent" is exactly the example. Sense 2 is about pathology, not presently active (like latent infection, diabetes). This is clearly irrelevant in this context. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: talent
Target surface form: talents
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent <t>talents</t> and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=talent%1:09:00:: | definition=natural abilities or qualities | synonyms=endowment, gift, natural endowment
2. sense_key=talent%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "talent" with surface form "talents" in the given context. We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=talent%1:09:00:: | definition=natural abilities or qualities | synonyms=endowment, gift, natural endowment
2. sense_key=talent%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity

The context is about creativity in education, a rebellion against disciplined instruction, and references "latent talents" and "potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children." The phrase is "the latent <t>talents</t> and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities". This clearly refers to the natural abilities or qualities of children, not to a person who possesses such abilities. The word "talents" is plural, which further suggests abilities rather than a person. Sense 1 is about natural abilities or qualities (endowment, gift), while sense 2 is about a person with such ability. In context, "talents" are things that are latent and inherent, matching sense 1.

Thus, the correct sense index is 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as <t>yet</t> undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." Target: "yet" in the phrase "as yet undefined". The context: "... if as yet undefined, potentialities ..." The phrase is "as yet". Looking at candidate senses:

1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

The target is in the phrase "as yet undefined". Sense 2 explicitly lists "as yet" as a synonym: "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time". The example: "So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet". The context: "... if as yet undefined, potentialities ..." This is a negative-like statement? "as yet undefined" means up to now, it hasn't been defined. That fits sense 2 perfectly. Sense 1 is "up to the present time" but its examples are "I have yet to see" which is a positive statement. Sense 2 includes negative contexts. Here, "as yet undefined" is a negative quality: not yet defined. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus answer: sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potentiality
Target surface form: potentialities
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, <t>potentialities</t> inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potentiality%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potential, potency
2. sense_key=potentiality%1:09:00:: | definition=an aptitude that may be developed | synonyms=capability, capableness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "potentialities" in the given context. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=potentiality%1:26:00:: definition: the inherent capacity for coming into being. synonyms: potential, potency.
2. sense_key=potentiality%1:09:00:: definition: an aptitude that may be developed. synonyms: capability, capableness.

Context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

The target word "potentialities" appears in the phrase "latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children." The word "latent" means existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden or concealed. The phrase emphasizes something inherent, existing within, but not yet realized. The word "inherent" also points to an existing but not yet manifest capacity. The synonyms for sense 1 are "potential, potency," which often refer to something that has the capacity to develop or come into being. Sense 2 is "an aptitude that may be developed," with synonyms "capability, capableness." Both senses are close, but the context emphasizes the idea of something inherent and latent, which aligns more with "the inherent capacity for coming into being" (sense 1). The phrase "latent talents" and "potentialities inherent in the souls" suggest that these potentialities are already present as capacities, not just aptitudes that can be developed. Sense 1 is about inherent capacity, while sense 2 is about an aptitude that may be developed. There is a subtle difference: sense 1 is more about something that exists as a potential for being, while sense 2 is about a skill or ability that can be developed. In the context, it's about a romantic idea that children have innate, wonderful potentialities inside them, waiting to come out, which fits sense 1 better. The rebellion is against the repression of these inherent potentialities. Thus, I choose sense 1.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherent
Target surface form: inherent
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities <t>inherent</t> in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherent%5:00:00:intrinsic:00 | definition=existing as an essential constituent or characteristic | synonyms=built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral | examples=the Ptolemaic system with its built-in concept of periodicity; a constitutional inability to tell the truth
2. sense_key=inherent%5:00:00:implicit:00 | definition=in the nature of something though not readily apparent | synonyms=implicit in, underlying | examples=shortcomings inherent in our approach; an underlying meaning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "inherent" in the given context. The target word is "inherent" in the phrase "the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children." We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: existing as an essential constituent or characteristic; synonyms: built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral. Examples: "the Ptolemaic system with its built-in concept of periodicity"; "a constitutional inability to tell the truth"

Sense 2: in the nature of something though not readily apparent; synonyms: implicit in, underlying. Examples: "shortcomings inherent in our approach"; "an underlying meaning"

Now, we need to decide which sense fits the context. The context discusses the romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, viewing creativity as a repression of latent talents and potentialities inherent in children's souls. The phrase "inherent in the souls" suggests that these potentialities are an essential part of the children's nature, something intrinsic. It's not about being not readily apparent; in fact, the context suggests these potentialities are considered wonderful and latent, but they are an essential characteristic. The word "latent" might suggest hidden, but "inherent" here means existing as a fundamental part. Sense 1 emphasizes "existing as an essential constituent or characteristic," which aligns with the idea that these potentialities are built-in or integral to the souls of children. Sense 2 emphasizes "not readily apparent," which might conflict with the romantic view that they are inherent but perhaps obvious? Actually, the context says "undefined potentialities," so they are not well-defined, but "inherent" is about being an essential part, not about being hidden. The example for sense 2 is "shortcomings inherent in our approach," meaning shortcomings that are part of the approach's nature but may not be immediately obvious. In the text, it's "potentialities inherent in the souls," so they are part of the soul's nature. It might fit both, but sense 1 seems more direct: essential constituent. The synonyms for sense 1 include "built-in" and "integral," which match the idea that these potentialities are integral to the souls. Sense 2's synonyms "implicit in, underlying" suggest something not stated or apparent. The phrase "inherent in" often connotes an essential quality, so I lean toward sense 1.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index: 1.

Response: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: soul
Target surface form: souls
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the <t>souls</t> of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=soul%1:18:00:: | definition=the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life | synonyms=psyche
2. sense_key=soul%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal | examples=there was too much for one person to do
3. sense_key=soul%1:12:00:: | definition=deep feeling or emotion | synonyms=soulfulness
4. sense_key=soul%1:04:00:: | definition=the human embodiment of something | examples=the soul of honor
5. sense_key=soul%1:10:00:: | definition=a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s | examples=soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "souls" in context. The context is about "creativity" in education, a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, and the "wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children." The word "souls" here refers to something inherent in children, their inner being, their immaterial essence. The synonyms provided for sense 1 are "psyche" and the definition is "the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life." That fits perfectly: the potentialities are inherent in the immaterial part, the psyche, of children. Sense 2 is "a human being" (synonyms: person, individual, etc.) but here it says "inherent in the souls" which suggests something inside the person, not the person themselves. Sense 3 is "deep feeling or emotion" which doesn't match "potentialities inherent in the souls." Sense 4 is "the human embodiment of something" like "the soul of honor," not applicable. Sense 5 is a musical genre, clearly not. So the best choice is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our <t>children</t>. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "children" in context. The sentence: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our <t>children</t>." The context is about education, parents, and children in schools. The target is "children" referring to young people in the context of elementary schools. The synonyms and examples help. Sense 1: a young person of either sex, examples: she writes books for children; they're just kids. Sense 2: a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age, examples: they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college. Sense 3: an immature childish person, examples: he remained a child in practical matters. Sense 4: a member of a clan or tribe, examples: the children of Israel.

Here, "all our children" likely refers to children as young persons in the context of education. It could be sense 1 (young person) or sense 2 (offspring). But the context is about "our children" meaning the parents' children, and they are in elementary schools. The phrase "all our children" could be interpreted as "our offspring" (sense 2) or as "the young people in our community" (sense 1). However, the example for sense 2: "they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college" fits well because parents send their children to school. Sense 1 example: "she writes books for children" is also about young people. The distinction: sense 1 emphasizes age (young person), sense 2 emphasizes the parent-child relationship (offspring). In context, "our children" clearly indicates the relationship between parents and their offspring. The earlier part asks American parents about their children in elementary schools. So "your children" means your offspring. Thus, sense 2 is more appropriate because it specifically denotes son or daughter. Sense 1 is broader and could include any young person, not necessarily one's own offspring. The possessive "our" tips it toward sense 2. Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parents
Context:
But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that <t>parents</t> find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "parent" with surface form "parents" in context. The context is about education, creativity, self-expression, and parents finding romantic extravagance attractive, but also wanting a decent education for their children. We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Clearly, the context refers to human parents, not organisms in a biological sense. The sentence: "It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education..." So "parents" here are the fathers and mothers of children. That matches sense 1.

The instruction says to return a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So we need to output the index of the chosen sense. The candidate senses are listed with numbers: 1 and 2. So we choose sense_index 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: find
Context:
But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents <t>find</t> this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive." The target lemma is "find", surface form "find". We need to choose the best WordNet sense from the list of 16 senses.

Let's analyze the sentence: "parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive." Here, "find" is used in a construction like "find something [adjective]". This is a common pattern where "find" means "consider" or "perceive as". For example, "I find him obnoxious" or "She found the movie boring." In the list, sense 5 is: "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious". That sense fits the pattern "find [something] [adjective]" meaning to have an opinion or feeling about something. Actually, the example "I find him to be obnoxious" (likely misspelled "obnoxious" as "obnoxious") but it shows the construction with an adjective complement. Another example: "I feel that he doesn't like me" uses "feel" as a synonym. So sense 5 is about forming an opinion or feeling. In our context, parents find this romantic extravagance attractive, meaning they consider it or feel it to be attractive. This is a subjective evaluation.

Check other senses: sense 13 is "perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place" with examples like "I found myself in a difficult situation" but that's about finding oneself in a situation, not about finding something else attractive. Sense 13 is reflexive. Sense 11 is "find someone guilty" which is a legal declaration, but here it's not that. Sense 2 is detect, observe, but that doesn't fit with "attractive" as an objective observation. Sense 1 is "come upon, as if by accident" (happen), but that doesn't fit the adjective complement. Sense 12 is "receive a specified treatment (abstract)" like "find expression" but that is different. So sense 5 is the best match: "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds" with synonym "feel". The example "I find him to be obnoxious" closely parallels "parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive" — both have a direct object and an adjective complement expressing a subjective judgment.

Thus, the correct sense index is 5.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 5}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: romantic
Target surface form: romantic
Context:
But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this <t>romantic</t> extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=romantic%3:01:00:: | definition=belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts | synonyms=romanticist, romanticistic | examples=romantic poetry
2. sense_key=romantic%5:00:01:loving:00 | definition=expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance | synonyms=amatory, amorous | examples=her amatory affairs; amorous glances
3. sense_key=romantic%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic | synonyms=quixotic, wild-eyed | examples=as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood; a romantic disregard for money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "romantic" in the sentence: "Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands." So the target is "romantic" in the phrase "romantic extravagance" earlier: "It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive." The context criticizes the modern educational emphasis on creativity, self-expression, self-esteem, linking it to a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction." This rebellion is described as viewing disciplined instruction as authoritarian and repressing latent talents. The overall tone is negative, portraying it as misguided and unrealistic. The word "extravagance" suggests excessive, impractical indulgence. In this context, "romantic" likely refers to an idealistic and unrealistic approach, not sensible about practical matters. Sense 3: "not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic" with synonyms "quixotic, wild-eyed" and example "a romantic disregard for money" fits perfectly. Sense 1 is about the Romantic Movement in arts, which could be a stretch but the context is about educational philosophy, not arts. Sense 2 is about sexual love or romance, which is irrelevant. So sense 3 is correct.

Thus, the output: {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance <t>so</t> attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "so" in the given context. The target lemma is "so", surface form "so". We need to choose the best sense from the provided list.

Let's read the context carefully:

"But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance <t>so</t> attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands."

The target word "so" appears in the sentence: "It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive." Here, "so" modifies the adjective "attractive". It means that parents find it attractive to a great extent or very attractive. The structure is "find X so attractive" meaning very attractive.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

We need the sense that matches "to a very great extent or degree" because "so attractive" means very attractive. Sense 1 fits perfectly: definition "to a very great extent or degree" with examples "the idea is so obvious; never been so happy". This is exactly the intensifier use.

Sense 7 is similar but it says "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" and the examples show a clause following ("he was so tired he could hardly stand"). In our sentence, there is no "that" clause; it's just "so attractive". So sense 1 is more direct.

Sense 4 is "to a certain unspecified extent or degree" but that often implies a limit, like "so far" or "so much", not really an intensifier like "very".

Thus, the correct sense index is 1.

Now, output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attractive
Target surface form: attractive
Context:
But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so <t>attractive</t>. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attractive%3:00:01:: | definition=pleasing to the eye or mind especially through beauty or charm | examples=a remarkably attractive young man; an attractive personality
2. sense_key=attractive%5:00:00:appealing:00 | definition=having power to arouse interest | examples=an attractive opportunity; the job is attractive because of the pay
3. sense_key=attractive%3:00:02:: | definition=having the properties of a magnet; the ability to draw or pull | examples=an attractive force

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "attractive" in context. The context is a critical passage about "creativity" in education, calling it a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction. It says: "It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive." So "attractive" modifies "this romantic extravagance". The romantic extravagance refers to the whole notion of creativity as self-expression that encourages self-esteem, leading to ignorance. Parents find it attractive. So what sense of attractive? Sense 1: pleasing to eye/mind, beauty/charm. Sense 2: having power to arouse interest, e.g., an attractive opportunity. Sense 3: magnetic properties. Obviously not sense 3. Between 1 and 2, the context suggests parents find this romantic extravagance appealing or interesting, likely in the sense of appealing. Sense 2 explicitly says "having power to arouse interest" with example "an attractive opportunity". Here, the romantic extravagance is something parents find appealing. It could fit both, but the gloss for sense 2 fits better: it is something that arouses interest, like an opportunity. The text says "parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive" meaning it appeals to them, it draws their interest. Sense 1 is more about beauty/charm, which is not the primary meaning here. So I'll go with sense 2.

Thus, sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these <t>same</t> parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "same" in the context: "Fortunately, these same parents do want their children..." The context indicates that the parents who find romantic extravagance attractive are also the parents who want a decent education. So "these same parents" refers to the identical set of parents, not just similar ones. The sense needed is identity, meaning the exact same group of parents mentioned before. Looking at the options: 1. same in identity (the same man, never wore the same dress twice) - fits exactly. 2. closely similar (curtains the same color) - not identity. 3. equal in amount/value (like amounts) - not applicable. 4. unchanged in character - not applicable here. So sense_index 1 is correct.