[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "labor" from the given candidates. The context is about immigration and labor market. The target word appears in: "local <t>labor</t>". The context: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor". So "labor" here refers to workers or the workforce, rather than the act of working, a social class, or other senses.

Let's evaluate each sense:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
   This could fit: "shortage of local labor" refers to a shortage of workers. The example even says "shortage of skilled labor". But the definition says "a social class", which might be broader than just workers in a specific context. However, in economics, "labor" often refers to the workforce. The example "shortage of skilled labor in this field" uses "labor" to mean workers collectively. So this sense is plausible.

2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
   This refers to the act of working, the effort. In the context, "local labor" is something that can be "attracted" to sectors, so it's the workers, not the work itself. "Shortage of local labor" means not enough local workers, not a shortage of work. So this doesn't fit as well.

3. sense: pregnancy. Not relevant.

4. sense: labor movement. Not relevant.

5. sense: British Labour Party. Not relevant.

6. sense: US Department of Labor. Not relevant.

7. sense: any piece of work undertaken. Not relevant; that's a task. Doesn't fit "shortage of local labor" meaning workers.

Between 1 and 2, sense 1 is clearly about the workforce as a class of people, and the example matches perfectly: "shortage of skilled labor in this field". The context has "shortage of local labor". So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for the target lemma "one" with surface form "ones" in the given context. The target is part of the phrase "the most highly skilled <t>ones</t>". So "ones" here refers back to a category of people: "skilled ones" meaning skilled workers or immigrants. In the context, it's talking about immigrants and their roles in the labor market. The specific sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors..." So "ones" refers to skilled immigrants.

Now look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Clearly, "ones" in this context is not a number. It refers to a person or thing. Sense 2 says "a single person or thing" and the examples show it used as a pronoun: "he is the best one". In our context, "the most highly skilled ones" is exactly that use: a pronoun referring to skilled immigrants. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, we return {"sense_index": 2

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "sector", surface form "sectors", in the given context. The context is about immigration and its economic effects. The target appears in: "... Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment." So "sectors" here clearly refers to parts of the economy, i.e., economic sectors. The candidate senses are:

1. geometrical sector (circle)
2. social group that forms part of the society or the economy (e.g., public sector)
3. a particular aspect of life or activity (synonyms: sphere)
4. computer storage sector
5. military position sector
6. measuring instrument

The context talks about "immigrants work in sectors" and "dynamic sectors", clearly referring to economic sectors or industries. Sense 2 is "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy" with example "the public sector". That fits perfectly. Sense 3 is "a particular aspect of life or activity" but the context specifically mentions "sectors, which do not attract local labor" and "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment" – these are clearly economic/employment sectors, not just any sphere of life. So sense 2 is the best.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "training" in a specific context. The context discusses immigration's impact on labor markets, specifically mentioning that immigrants work in sectors where "training does is not linked to offers of employment." There's a grammatical issue in the sentence: "training does is not linked" but it likely means "training is not linked to offers of employment." The context contrasts unskilled immigrants in sectors with local labor shortages and highly skilled immigrants in dynamic sectors where training isn't tied to job offers. The word "training" here refers to the process of acquiring skills or education for a job. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

We need to choose the best sense. Sense 1 is about activity leading to skilled behavior, which fits the context of job-related training. Sense 2 is about upbringing and social behavior, not relevant to employment training. The context mentions "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment" — meaning that in those sectors, the training (skill development) is not directly tied to job offers, perhaps because it's for highly skilled roles that are in demand anyway. So sense 1 is clearly correct.

We return JSON: {"sense_index": 1} because it's the first listed sense? The instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we need to output the index number. The sense keys are given with numbers 1 and 2. We choose sense 1.

Thus: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: offer
Target surface form: offers
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "offers" in the given context. The target surface form is "offers", which is a plural noun (likely the verb form? Wait, the context: "training does is not linked to offers of employment." It seems like "offers" is a noun here, meaning "offers of employment" i.e., job offers. The senses provided are all noun senses for "offer". We need to choose among three indexed senses.

Let's analyze the context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." The phrase is "offers of employment". This refers to job offers, opportunities to be employed. It's about something offered, like a proposal or bid for employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Sense 1 is "the verbal act of offering". That's more abstract: the act of making an offer. In context, "offers of employment" is not about the act of offering, but the actual thing offered (the job offers themselves). Sense 2 is "something offered (as a proposal or bid)". That fits perfectly: job offers are proposals of employment. Sense 3 is about an attempt, like "give it a whirl", which doesn't fit at all.

Thus, the best sense is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for "employment" in a given context. The target surface form is "employment". The context: "... Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages". The sentence seems to say that training is not linked to offers of employment. So "employment" here refers to job opportunities or the state of having a job. We need to choose the best sense among four candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

In context: "offers of employment" — this typically means job offers, i.e., the act of giving someone a job? But "employment" can also refer to the state of having a job. Sense 3 is "the act of giving someone a job" (engagement). However, in this phrase "offers of employment", it's about offering jobs, so the act of employing. But note: Sense 2 is "the occupation for which you are paid" and sense 1 is "the state of being employed". The phrase "offers of employment" could be interpreted as offers of jobs (work). But "employment" as a noun often means the state of having work (sense 1) or the work itself (sense 2). Let's check the examples: Sense 1 examples: "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city" — "looking for employment" means looking for a job, state of being employed. Sense 2: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work" — similar, but it's "the occupation for which you are paid". Actually WordNet often splits these. Sense 2 is more the work itself, the job position. Sense 1 is more the state. Sense 3 is the act of giving a job (like hiring). In "offers of employment", it's offers of jobs, so it's like offering someone a job, which aligns with sense 3? But often "employment" in such contexts refers to the state or the job. Consider: "offers of employment" could be "job offers", which is about the act of offering a job. But the target word is "employment", not "offers of employment" as a whole. The sentence: "training does is not linked to offers of employment" — it might mean that training is not linked to job availability or job offers. In that context, it's about the availability of jobs, the state of being employed, or the jobs themselves. Which sense is more fitting? If we think about the overall context: they discuss immigration, employment, wages, etc. The word "employment" appeared earlier: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment." There, "harms employment" probably means harms the state of employment or job market. Then later: "offers of employment" — likely means job offers. So it's about the act of giving someone a job? But in economics, "offers of employment" might mean job openings. Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" (engagement). Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" (work). Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job". The phrase "offers of employment" is a bit idiomatic: you could say "offers of work" or "offers of employment". In the broader context, it's about the labor market. The earlier sentence: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment" — there "employment" likely means the level of employment, the state of people having jobs. So sense 1 is common in economic contexts. Then "harms employment" is also sense 1. Then "offers of employment" could be seen as offers of jobs, which is more like the act of offering a job, but the "employment" itself might just mean "jobs" (sense 2). For example: "he is looking for employment" (sense 1 or 2). In WordNet, sense 1 and sense 2 are very close, with examples overlapping. Actually, WordNet 3.0 has:
- Sense 1: employment%1:26:00:: (the state of being employed or having a job) - this is a noun.state
- Sense 2: employment%1:04:00:: (the occupation for which you are paid) - this is a noun.act? Actually the second sense is a noun.act? Let's check: The synset for sense 2 is "work", examples: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work". So it's the occupation. Sense 1 is the state. The difference is subtle: "looking for employment" could be either. In context, "offers of employment" - offers of what? Offers of a state? No, offers of an occupation or a job. So it's more like offers of work/jobs. But sense 3 is specifically "the act of giving someone a job". That might be too narrow, as it focuses on the act of hiring. "Offers of employment" could be synonymous with "job offers", which are about giving someone a job. But is the word "employment" itself in that phrase meaning the act? If someone says "I received an offer of employment", that means I got a job offer, an offer to be employed. So it's an offer of the state of being employed? Actually, it's an offer of a job. So it might be the act of giving a job (sense 3) but also can be seen as the job itself (sense 2). How to disambiguate? Let's see the examples for sense 3: it doesn't have examples given explicitly; just "engagement" as synonym. "Engagement" means the act of engaging someone for work. So "offer of employment" is like "offer of engagement"? Possibly. But in common usage, "employment" in "offer of employment" is often just the job. For example, "letter of employment" means a job letter. I'd lean towards sense 2 because it's the occupation. However, in many contexts, "employment" as used in the passage is about the overall labor market situation ("employment" meaning jobs in general). And the phrase "offers of employment" is about job offers. Which sense is more appropriate? Let's see the sentence again: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." There's a typo: "training does is not linked" probably "training does not is linked"? Anyway, it means training is not connected to job offers. So they are talking about the availability of jobs for highly skilled workers. So "employment" here refers to the jobs that are offered. That is the occupation/job sense (sense 2). Sense 1 is the state, which is more abstract. Sense 3 is the act of giving a job, which could be, but then "offers of employment" would be "offers of the act of giving a job", which is a bit redundant: the offer itself is the act. So more likely it's the job itself. For example, WordNet gives "he is looking for employment" for sense 2. So when one looks for employment, they are looking for a job. Similarly, "offers of employment" are offers of jobs. So I think sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's double-check: Sense 2 definition: "the occupation for which you are paid", synonyms: "work". Examples: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work". This matches. Sense 1: "the state of being employed" - but you wouldn't say "offers of state", so sense 1 is less likely. Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" - if you say "offers of employment", the offer itself is the act, so the "employment" part might be the job, not the act. So I'll go with sense 2.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 2.

But let's confirm: In the first part of the context, "employment" is used: "positive impact ... on economic growth, wages and employment" - there "employment" likely means the state of being employed (sense 1) or the number of jobs (sense 2). Actually economists often use "employment" to mean the state of having jobs, aggregate employment. But in "offers of employment", it's more specific to job offers, so it's the occupation/job sense.

I'll select sense 2.

JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "effect" in the given context. The target word appears in the phrase "a positive <t>effect</t> on wages". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list provided.

Let's analyze the context: "the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals." The word "effect" here clearly refers to a consequence or outcome. The sense that matches this is the first one: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" with synonyms like "consequence, outcome, result". That is sense index 1.

All other senses are not fitting: sense 2 and 3 are about appearance or impression; sense 4 is about the essence of a speech; sense 5 is about legal validity; sense 6 is about a symptom. None of those fit the context of a positive impact on wages.

Therefore, the answer should select sense index 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "way" in the given context. The context is: "In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals." So the phrase "in the same way as..." introduces a comparison. "Way" here refers to manner or method of comparison. Let's look at candidate senses.

1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking

This sense is about manner, how something is done. "In the same way as" means in the same manner as. This fits: the comparison is about how a surgeon would find it difficult in that situation, similarly, complementarities have a positive effect. It's about the manner in which something happens.

2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction

This is about a means or method to an end. "In the same way as" could be interpreted as "by the same means", but the sentence is not describing a method to achieve something, but rather drawing an analogy between two scenarios in terms of how they work. It's more about the manner in which something occurs, not a deliberate means.

3. direction, not relevant.
4. condition of things: "that's the way it is", not relevant.
5. course of conduct: not relevant.
6. artifact road/path: not relevant.
7. journey: not relevant.
8. space for movement: not relevant.
9. distance: not relevant.
10. doing as one pleases: not relevant.
11. category: not relevant.
12. portion: not relevant.

Between sense 1 and 2, "in the same way as" is used to compare manners, not means. The example: "her dignified manner" shows manner. The definition: "how something is done or how it happens". The sentence says: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult...". That's describing a situation, how something is. So it's manner. Sense 1 is the best.

Thus, answer: sense_index: 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "country" and the target surface form "country" in a specific context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the five candidates. The sentence is: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals." So the phrase "in a country" refers to a geographic or political entity where a surgeon might work. Let's examine each sense:

1. sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation, land, etc.). Example: "the state has elected a new president". This sense emphasizes the political entity, the government and the people as a body politic.
2. sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation (state, land). Example: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries". This sense is about the physical territory of a nation.
3. sense 3: the people who live in a nation or country (nation, land). Example: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation". This sense is about the populace.
4. sense 4: an area outside of cities and towns (rural area). This is a different sense, "country" as opposed to city. Example: "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country". This doesn't fit the context because we are talking about a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, clearly a nation-state, not a rural area.
5. sense 5: a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (area). Example: "it was a mountainous area; Bible country". This is a more generic sense of a region, not specifically a nation.

In the context, "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" refers to a nation-state that has a shortage. It could be sense 1 (political entity) or sense 2 (territory). The phrase "work in a country" suggests the geographical location where one works, so it's likely the territorial sense. But sense 2 is explicitly "the territory occupied by a nation", with examples like "he visited several European countries". That fits well because a surgeon works in a geographical area. Sense 1 is more about the political body; one might say "the country has a shortage" meaning the government or political entity, but "work in a country" is more about the location. The examples for sense 2 include "visited several European countries", which is similar to "work in a country". The examples for sense 1 are about political actions like "the state has elected a new president". So sense 2 seems more appropriate.

Sense 3 is about the people, not about the location. Sense 4 and 5 are clearly wrong.

Thus, I'll choose sense 2.

The answer should be a JSON object with "sense_index": 2.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "shortage" in the given context. The target word appears in: "A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists..." So it's about a lack of anaesthetists.

We have two candidate senses:
1. shortage%1:07:00:: definition: the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required. Synonyms: deficit, shortfall. Example: new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit.
2. shortage%1:26:00:: definition: an acute insufficiency. Synonyms: dearth, famine.

In the context, "a shortage of anaesthetists" means there are not enough anaesthetists. This is a general lack or insufficiency. Both senses might apply, but sense 2 explicitly says "an acute insufficiency" with synonyms dearth, famine. Sense 1 is about the property of being an amount by which something falls short. The example for sense 1 is about a "nutritional deficit" which is more about a measurable gap. Here, "shortage of anaesthetists" is an insufficiency. Sense 2 seems more direct: acute insufficiency. Sense 1 is defined as the property, which might be a more abstract concept of the amount of shortfall. Typically, "shortage of something" refers to the state of not having enough, which aligns with "an acute insufficiency". I'll check if WordNet has other senses, but only these two are given. I think sense 2 is the better fit because it's about insufficiency, and the phrase "shortage of X" is exactly that. Sense 1 might be used in specific contexts like "budget shortfall" but here it's a general lack. Also, the example for sense 2 would be "a famine" or "dearth of food", which parallels "shortage of anaesthetists". So I'll choose sense 2.

Thus, {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complementarity
Target surface form: complementarities
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "complementarities" in context. The target lemma is "complementarity" (plural "complementarities"). We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01: definition: a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities.
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02: definition: the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other; example: the complementarity of the sexes.

Context: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth... immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor... the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

The context emphasizes that immigrants and locals are not in direct competition but rather complement each other. They work in different sectors or trades where there is a shortage, and their presence has a positive effect on wages. This fits the idea of reciprocity and supplementation: one supplements the other, they depend on each other. That matches sense 2: "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other." Sense 1 is about opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities, which is more philosophical (like yin and yang, perhaps). The context does not suggest opposites but rather mutual supplementation. So I'll choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arrival
Target surface form: arrival
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "arrival" in the given context. We have three candidate senses from WordNet:

1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

We need to choose the best sense based on the context. The target surface form is "arrival" and the target lemma is "arrival". The context is:
"the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

We should examine the context: "the arrival of immigrants" refers to the act of immigrants coming to a place (likely the host country). It does not refer to an individual person (sense 3: someone who arrives) because the phrase "arrival of immigrants" uses "arrival" as a noun describing the event or process of immigrants arriving, not a specific person who has arrived. It also does not refer to "accomplishment of an objective" (sense 1) because the context is about immigration flows and their economic impact, not about achieving a goal. Sense 2 is "the act of arriving at a certain place," which fits perfectly: the act of immigrants arriving in the country.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 2.

We return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "effect" in the given context. The context is about immigration and its impact on wages. The target is "a positive effect on the pay of locals." So we need the sense of "effect" meaning a consequence or result. Look at the candidate senses: sense 1 is "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" with synonyms consequence, outcome, result, etc. That fits perfectly. The other senses: 2 is outward appearance, 3 is contrived impression, 4 is central meaning, 5 is legal validity, 6 is symptom. None of these fit the context of a positive result on wages. So the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rise
Target surface form: rise
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "rise" in the sentence: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

We need to select the best sense from the provided list of 10 candidate senses. The context clearly talks about a "rise of 1% in the migratory flow", meaning an increase in the proportion or volume of immigration. This is a quantitative increase. Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance. This fits: a rise in migratory flow is a growth in number/flow.

2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction. This is about physical movement upward, not appropriate.

3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road). Not relevant.

4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward. This is physical movement, not suitable.

5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased. This is specifically about salary increase, but the context is about migratory flow increase, not salary. However, the sentence also mentions pay increase, but the rise itself is of migratory flow.

6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground. Not relevant.

8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | theological, not relevant.

9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost. Could be an increase, but this is specifically about cost. The rise in migratory flow is not a cost increase.

10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value. This is about price/value, not migratory flow.

Sense 1 is "a growth in strength or number or importance". The phrase "rise of 1% in the migratory flow" indicates a numerical increase in flow, so it's a growth in number. This seems the best fit. Sense 5 is about salary increase, but the direct rise is in migratory flow, not salary. Sense 9 is about cost increase, but migratory flow isn't a cost. So sense 1 is the most general and appropriate.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 1.

Output: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flow
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "flow" in the given context. The context is: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay." So "migratory flow" refers to the movement or stream of immigrants. Among the candidate senses, we need to choose the best one.

Let's evaluate each candidate:

1. "the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)" - This is literal fluid flow, not appropriate here as it's metaphorical about people.
2. "the amount of fluid that flows in a given time" - Also fluid-specific, not about people.
3. "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression" - This is a general sense. "Continuous progression" could apply to a migratory flow as a movement of people. But it's fairly broad.
4. "any uninterrupted stream or discharge" - Again, general, but "discharge" might be less fitting.
5. "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" with example "a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors" - This sense explicitly includes people movements: "stream of people", "flow of visitors". This fits perfectly with "migratory flow" which is a flow of immigrants, a stream of people.
6. "dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas" - This is more about events or ideas, like "stream of consciousness", not about people moving.
7. "menstruation" - clearly not.

Sense 5 seems most appropriate as it specifically includes examples with people and the word "stream" as a synonym. The sense definition is "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously", and the examples are about people flowing. "Migratory flow" is indeed a stream of migrants.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 5.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 5}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "increase" from the given candidate senses. The context: "...causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay." Here, "increase" refers to a quantitative change in pay, specifically a rise. It's a change resulting in an increase, but more specifically, it's the amount by which pay increases (a percentage). Looking at the senses:

Sense 1: "a quantity that is added" (addition, gain). Example: "there was an addition to property taxes this year." That seems like an added quantity, but the context is a percentage increase, not necessarily an addition of a fixed quantity. It's a rise of 0.6-0.9%, which is a proportional increase, not an addition of a fixed amount. So not ideal.

Sense 2: "a change resulting in an increase". Example: "the increase is scheduled for next month." This is a bit vague; it could refer to an event or change. But the context says "causes an increase of between 0.6 and 0.9%", which seems like it's talking about the magnitude of the change, not the change event itself. The phrase "an increase of X%" typically denotes the amount.

Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger..." (increment, growth). Example: "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population." That's a process, but here we have a specific numeric increase, not a process.

Sense 4: "the amount by which something increases" (increment). Example: "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare." This directly matches the pattern "an increase of X%". The example uses exactly the same structure. So this sense fits perfectly.

Sense 5: "the act of increasing something" (step-up). Example: "he gave me an increase in salary." That's more about the act of giving a raise, not the numerical amount.

Given the context "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%", it's clearly a specific amount, so sense 4 is the best. Sense 4's definition: "the amount by which something increases", with the example "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare". So I'll choose sense 4.

Thus, the answer: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the lemma "fact", surface form "fact", and the context. The word "fact" appears in: "...without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..." So here, "the fact that" introduces a clause that is being asserted as true. We need to choose the best sense among the four options.

Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" – Example: "first you must collect all the facts of the case." This is about individual pieces of information. The usage here is "the fact that...", which is more about a state of affairs being true, not a discrete piece of information. Not a perfect fit.

Sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" – Example: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts." This is about a statement or assertion. Here, "the fact that" is not about an assertion, but the thing itself that is the case. The phrase "the fact that" typically refers to the truth of the proposition, not the statement of it. So not ideal.

Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" – Example: "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell." This sense is about reality, truth, as opposed to fiction. It is often used in phrases like "in fact", "the fact that". When we say "the fact that X", we mean the actual occurrence or truth of X. This fits: the diversity contributed by immigrants is a known fact, a reality that contributes to growth. This sense captures the notion of "something known to have existed" or "a state of affairs that is true". The example "your fears have no basis in fact" aligns with "fact" as truth/reality. So this is strong.

Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved" – Example: "scientific hypotheses are not facts." This is about provable truth. The context doesn't emphasize provability, just that it's a fact (true). It's more general. Sense 3 is broader and more common for "the fact that".

Thus, sense 3 seems best. I'll return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diversity
Target surface form: diversity
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "diversity" in the context. The target is "diversity" and the context is: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth". We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: noticeable heterogeneity (diverseness, multifariousness, variety). Example: "a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing"
Sense 2: the condition or result of being changeable.

In context, "diversity contributed by immigrants" refers to the variety of backgrounds, cultures, skills, etc. that immigrants bring. That aligns with "noticeable heterogeneity" – a mix of different elements, not changeability. Changeability would be about things changing over time, but the context talks about the positive effect of diverse people contributing to ideas and growth. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: creation
Target surface form: creation
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "creation" in the context: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth". We need to choose among the given senses. Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
   - This refers to the general human act of creating something.

2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
   - This is the result of creating, i.e., a created object.

3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
   - This refers to the beginning or origin of something, like the creation of a plan.

4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
   - This emphasizes the act of starting something new, founding or initiating.

5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
   - Clearly religious/theological, not applicable here.

6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm
   - Refers to the entire universe, not relevant.

In the context: "contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth". Here, "creation" is linked to "ideas". It is about generating or producing ideas. It is an act of creating ideas. This is a human act of creating something intangible (ideas). Sense 1 is "the human act of creating" with synonym "creative activity". That fits well: the diversity contributes to the creative activity of generating ideas. Sense 3 is about the beginning of something, but "creation of ideas" likely refers to the ongoing generation of new ideas, not just the initial conception. Sense 4 is about starting something for the first time, founding, innovating. It could also fit, but sense 4 has synonyms like "initiation, founding" which are more about founding organizations or initiating processes. "Creation of ideas" is more about the creative act of producing ideas, not necessarily founding something. Sense 2 is about a created artifact, but ideas are not artifacts per se (though they could be seen as products, but typically "creation of ideas" uses the act sense). Sense 1 is straightforward: the human act of creating. It is broad and covers creative activity. I think sense 1 is the best.

Check the examples: Sense 4 has examples: "she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society" – these are about initiation into a group or founding an institution. Not about generating ideas. Sense 3 has "from its creation the plan was doomed to failure" – that's about the inception of a plan. But here we are talking about diversity contributing to the creation of ideas, meaning the ongoing process of coming up with ideas, not just the moment they first appear. So sense 1 seems most appropriate.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: ideas
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "idea" in the context. The target surface form is "ideas" (plural), but the lemma is "idea". Context: "... the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth ..."

Let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" (syn: thought). Example: "it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind." This sense is about a thought or concept. In context, "creation of ideas" suggests generating new thoughts or concepts, which could fit sense 1.

2. sense 2: "your intention; what you intend to do" (syn: mind). Example: "he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces." This sense is about purpose or plan. In context, "creation of ideas" probably refers to new concepts or innovations, not intentions. Immigrants contribute to diversity, leading to new ideas (like inventions, Nobel prizes, founding companies). So sense 2 is less likely.

3. sense 3: "a personal view". Example: "he has an idea that we don't like him." This sense is like an opinion or belief. Again, "creation of ideas" in the context of economic growth and innovation (Google, Intel, etc.) suggests more than personal views; it's about creative thoughts, inventions, etc.

4. sense 4: "an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth" (syn: estimate, estimation, approximation). Example: "an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take." This is about a rough calculation. This doesn't fit the context of creation of ideas.

5. sense 5: "(music) melodic subject of a musical composition" (syn: theme). This is a specialized musical sense. Not relevant here.

The context mentions "diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth" and then gives examples of naturalized immigrants among Nobel prize winners and founders of tech companies. So "ideas" here means innovative thoughts, concepts, intellectual creations. Sense 1 is the most general and fits "thought" as content of cognition. It is the main thing you are thinking about, which can be creative ideas.

Checking: The example sentence for sense 1: "it was not a good idea" uses "idea" in a way similar to a thought. The phrase "creation of ideas" aligns with generating new thoughts or concepts.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match.

Output must be JSON like {"sense_index": 1}.