[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy <t>individual</t> is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "individual" in the given context. The two candidate senses are: sense 1: a human being; sense 2: a single organism. We need to choose the best one.

Context: "predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer." It's about a human getting cancer. So "individual" refers to a person. Sense 1 specifically says "a human being", while sense 2 is more general "a single organism" which could include animals or other organisms. In this context, it's used in a medical context about humans. So sense 1 is more appropriate.

I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: likely
Target surface form: likely
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is <t>likely</t> to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "likely" in: "can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer." The context: tests predict if someone is likely to get cancer. So "likely" means having a high probability. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget

This definition matches exactly: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about" fits perfectly with "is likely to get cancer" meaning has a good chance of getting cancer. The examples also use "likely to" construction.

2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss

This is an adjective, but used attributively (a likely result) rather than in a predicative "is likely to" construction. The definition says "likely but not certain" which is similar, but the syntactic usage differs. In context, "likely to get cancer" is a predicative adjective with an infinitive complement. Sense 1 explicitly has that construction in examples: "she is likely to forget". Sense 2's examples are "a likely result", "a probable loss". So sense 1 is more directly matching the predicate use.

3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients

This is a satellite adjective, related to "prospective". It means expected to become or be something, like "potential clients". In "likely to get cancer", it's not exactly "potential" in the sense of "expected to become". For instance, "potential clients" are people who might become clients. Here, "likely to get cancer" is about the probability of an event happening, not about someone being a potential something. So this sense doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

This means "credible" or "plausible", as in a likely story. Not applicable here.

The best match is sense 1. It matches the predicative adjective with infinitive pattern and the definition of having a good chance. Sense 2 is also possible but more attributive and the definition is "likely but not certain to be or become true or real" which is a bit more convoluted. But the examples show attributive use. In WordNet, sense 1 is the core sense for the probability sense. So I choose sense_index 1.

Thus JSON: {"sense_index":

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: get
Target surface form: get
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to <t>get</t> cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=get%2:40:00:: | definition=come into the possession of something concrete or abstract | synonyms=acquire | examples=She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet
2. sense_key=get%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=become, go | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
3. sense_key=get%2:30:02:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=let, have | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
4. sense_key=get%2:30:03:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
5. sense_key=get%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, come | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
6. sense_key=get%2:35:03:: | definition=go or come after and bring or take back | synonyms=bring, convey, fetch | examples=Get me those books over there, please; Could you bring the wine?
7. sense_key=get%2:39:00:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, have | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
8. sense_key=get%2:33:00:: | definition=take vengeance on or get even | synonyms=pay back, pay off, fix | examples=We'll get them!; That'll fix him good!
9. sense_key=get%2:40:01:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
10. sense_key=get%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
11. sense_key=get%2:35:09:: | definition=succeed in catching or seizing, especially after a chase | synonyms=catch, capture | examples=We finally got the suspect; Did you catch the thief?
12. sense_key=get%2:29:01:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, produce, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
13. sense_key=get%2:29:00:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, take | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia
14. sense_key=get%2:32:03:: | definition=communicate with a place or person; establish communication with, as if by telephone | examples=Bill called this number and he got Mary; The operator couldn't get Kobe because of the earthquake
15. sense_key=get%2:30:01:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=make | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
16. sense_key=get%2:32:08:: | definition=move into a desired direction of discourse | synonyms=drive, aim | examples=What are you driving at?
17. sense_key=get%2:31:09:: | definition=grasp with the mind or develop an understanding of | synonyms=catch | examples=did you catch that allusion?; We caught something of his theory in the lecture
18. sense_key=get%2:35:00:: | definition=attract and fix | synonyms=catch, arrest | examples=His look caught her; She caught his eye
19. sense_key=get%2:35:10:: | definition=reach with a blow or hit in a particular spot | synonyms=catch | examples=the rock caught her in the back of the head; The blow got him in the back
20. sense_key=get%2:31:03:: | definition=reach by calculation | examples=What do you get when you add up these numbers?
21. sense_key=get%2:40:14:: | definition=acquire as a result of some effort or action | examples=You cannot get water out of a stone; Where did she get these news?
22. sense_key=get%2:40:13:: | definition=purchase | examples=What did you get at the toy store?
23. sense_key=get%2:39:13:: | definition=perceive by hearing | synonyms=catch | examples=I didn't catch your name; She didn't get his name when they met the first time
24. sense_key=get%2:39:09:: | definition=suffer from the receipt of | synonyms=catch | examples=She will catch hell for this behavior!
25. sense_key=get%2:39:14:: | definition=receive as a retribution or punishment | synonyms=receive | examples=He got 5 years in prison
26. sense_key=get%2:38:15:: | definition=leave immediately; used usually in the imperative form | synonyms=scram, buzz off, fuck off, bugger off | examples=Scram!
27. sense_key=get%2:38:12:: | definition=reach and board | examples=She got the bus just as it was leaving
28. sense_key=get%2:37:12:: | definition=irritate | synonyms=get under one's skin | examples=Her childish behavior really get to me; His lying really gets me
29. sense_key=get%2:37:11:: | definition=evoke an emotional response | examples=Brahms's `Requiem' gets me every time
30. sense_key=get%2:36:14:: | definition=apprehend and reproduce accurately | synonyms=catch | examples=She really caught the spirit of the place in her drawings; She got the mood just right in her photographs
31. sense_key=get%2:36:00:: | definition=earn or achieve a base by being walked by the pitcher | synonyms=draw | examples=He drew a base on balls
32. sense_key=get%2:35:12:: | definition=overcome or destroy | examples=The ice storm got my hibiscus; the cat got the goldfish
33. sense_key=get%2:31:10:: | definition=be a mystery or bewildering to | synonyms=perplex, vex, stick, puzzle, mystify, baffle | examples=This beats me!; Got me--I don't know the answer!
34. sense_key=get%2:30:12:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
35. sense_key=get%2:29:11:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, have | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
36. sense_key=get%2:29:08:: | definition=make children | synonyms=beget, engender, father, mother, sire, generate | examples=Abraham begot Isaac; Men often father children but don't recognize them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to find the best sense for "get" in the context: "whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer." The target is "get" as in "get cancer" meaning to become afflicted with cancer, to contract the disease. Let's look at candidate senses. Sense 13: "be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness" with synonyms: contract, take. Example: "He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia." That matches perfectly: "get cancer" = "contract cancer." Sense 35: "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)" with synonyms: suffer, sustain, have. Example: "She suffered a fracture in the accident." That also could apply, but "get cancer" is more about contracting an illness, not just undergoing it. Sense 13 is specific to illness. Sense 13: "get%2:29:00::" is exactly "get" in the context of diseases. So I pick sense 13.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get <t>cancer</t>. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "cancer" and surface form "cancer". The context is about medical research on genes related to cancer development, testing, etc. Clearly, the word "cancer" here refers to the disease. We need to match with the candidate senses.

Candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - this fits the medical context.
2. Astrology - a person born under Cancer.
3. Constellation.
4. Zodiac sign.
5. Genus of crabs.

The context overwhelmingly points to sense 1. Therefore, sense_index = 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set
Target surface form: set
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting <t>set</t> of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used | examples=a set of books; a set of golf clubs
2. sense_key=set%1:14:02:: | definition=(mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols | examples=the set of prime numbers is infinite
3. sense_key=set%1:04:00:: | definition=several exercises intended to be done in series | synonyms=exercise set | examples=he did four sets of the incline bench press
4. sense_key=set%1:06:00:: | definition=representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production | synonyms=stage set | examples=the sets were meticulously authentic
5. sense_key=set%1:14:01:: | definition=an unofficial association of people or groups | synonyms=circle, band, lot | examples=the smart set goes there; they were an angry lot
6. sense_key=set%1:09:01:: | definition=a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way | synonyms=bent | examples=the set of his mind was obvious
7. sense_key=set%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting something in position | examples=he gave a final set to his hat
8. sense_key=set%1:28:00:: | definition=a unit of play in tennis or squash | examples=they played two sets of tennis after dinner
9. sense_key=set%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization | synonyms=hardening, solidifying, solidification, curing | examples=the hardening of concrete; he tested the set of the glue
10. sense_key=set%1:18:00:: | definition=evil Egyptian god with the head of a beast that has high square ears and a long snout; brother and murderer of Osiris | synonyms=Seth
11. sense_key=set%1:11:00:: | definition=the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon | examples=before the set of sun
12. sense_key=set%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way | synonyms=readiness | examples=the subjects' set led them to solve problems the familiar way and to overlook the simpler solution; his instructions deliberately gave them the wrong set
13. sense_key=set%1:06:01:: | definition=any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals | examples=the early sets ran on storage batteries

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, says Bert Vogelstein..." The target word is "set". The context is about medical discoveries related to genes and cancer. The phrase "set of discoveries" indicates a collection or group of discoveries. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used" - examples: a set of books, a set of golf clubs. This fits "set of discoveries" well.

Sense 2: (mathematics) abstract collection of numbers or symbols. Not about medical discoveries.

Sense 3: several exercises. Not relevant.

Sense 4: stage set. Not relevant.

Sense 5: unofficial association of people or groups (the smart set). Not relevant; here it's discoveries, not people.

Sense 6: inclination. Not relevant.

Sense 7: act of putting something in position. Not relevant.

Sense 8: unit of play in tennis/squash. Not relevant.

Sense 9: process of becoming hard. Not relevant.

Sense 10: Egyptian god. Not relevant.

Sense 11: descent of heavenly body. Not relevant.

Sense 12: psychology, temporary readiness. Not relevant.

Sense 13: electronic equipment. Not relevant.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1: a group of things of the same kind. The phrase "set of discoveries" is a common usage. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. [...] Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>,"says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer."

Target surface: discoveries (plural). In the phrase "a super-exciting set of discoveries". Referring to the findings of genes? The context: They uncovered genes, they say the discovery of these genes, they are developing tests based on the newly identified genes. Then Vogelstein says "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries". So "discoveries" here refers to the actual things that were discovered: the genes, or the findings about genes. That is, something that is discovered. So sense 2: "something that is discovered". Sense 1 is the act of discovering, but here "discoveries" plural, a set of them. Earlier they say "the discovery of these genes" – that could be sense 1 (the act) or sense 2 (the thing discovered). But "a set of discoveries" clearly refers to multiple things discovered, i.e., the genes or the fact that they are cancer-related. So sense 2 is best.

Sense 3: a productive insight (breakthrough, find). Could also be possible, as it's a set of insights. But WordNet sense 1:04:00 is act; sense 1:10:00 is something discovered; sense 1:09:00 is productive insight; sense 1:10:01 is legal. The example sentence for sense 2: "something that is discovered" would fit "a set of discoveries". The act sense would not typically be pluralized in that way: "a set of discoveries" meaning multiple acts of discovering? Unlikely. So sense 2.

Thus: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "<t>says</t> Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "says" in the context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein... This is a direct quotation where the speaker, Bert Vogelstein, is expressing his opinion about the discoveries. The context shows he is making a statement. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. express in words (state, tell) - He said that he wanted to marry her. This is very broad, simply putting words into speech.
2. report or maintain (allege, aver) - This suggests stating something as a fact, often with an implication of asserting something that might be contested. Example: He alleged that he was the victim...
3. express a supposition (suppose) - Let's say he didn't tell the truth. Hypothetical.
4. have or contain a certain wording or form (read) - What does the law say? Not applicable.
5. give instructions (order, tell) - I said to him to go home. Not applicable.
6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way - She pronounces French words... Not applicable.
7. communicate or express nonverbally - What does this painting say? Not applicable.
8. utter aloud - She said 'Hello' to everyone... This is simply uttering words aloud.
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - I say let's forget this whole business. This fits well: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein... is his opinion/judgment about the discoveries. He is declaring it.
10. recite or repeat a fixed text - Say grace. Not applicable.
11. indicate - The clock says noon. Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. The example "I say let's forget this whole business" is similar in function: expressing an opinion. Sense 1 is very broad, but sense 9 is more specific and captures the idea of giving a personal opinion, which is what Vogelstein is doing. Also, in the context of a quote in a news article, "says" often means "stated" but here it's clearly his own enthusiastic opinion.

I'll select sense_index 9.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just <t>found</t> a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "found" in the context: "Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer." This is a scientific discovery context. The researcher has identified a gene. So we need a sense that means discovered or identified something new, especially in a scientific context. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. come upon, as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump, encounter) - doesn't fit: a researcher deliberately looking for genes is not accidental.
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice) - fits well: "detected ... high levels ... found traces". Specifically scientific detection.
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain) - physical object finding, not scientific discovery.
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain) - also fits: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle". The example with physicist finding a particle is similar.
5. come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds (feel) - no.
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see) - no.
7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose (line up, get hold) - no.
8. make a discovery, make a new finding (discover) - "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - very similar: discovering a gene is a new finding.
9. make a discovery (discover) - "She found that he had lied to her" - more about finding out a fact, less about a physical object or entity like a gene. Might fit but sense 8 is more about a tangible discovery.
10. obtain through effort or management - no.
11. decide on and make a declaration about (rule) - no.
12. receive a specified treatment (abstract) - no.
13. perceive oneself in a condition - no.
14. get or find back; recover - no.
15. succeed in reaching; arrive at - no.
16. accept and make use of one's personality - no.

So the top contenders are 2, 4, and 8. Let's compare:

Sense 2: definition: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of. Examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint." This is more about detecting something present, not necessarily a new entity. In the context, the gene is pivotal to colon cancer, so it's a discovery of a gene's role. It could be considered detecting its existence.

Sense 4: definition: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study. Examples: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." The "elusive particle" example is very close: finding a particle after research.

Sense 8: definition: make a discovery, make a new finding. Synonyms: discover. Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This is directly about scientific discoveries of new things. The gene is being discovered as pivotal, so it's a new finding about a gene's role. The word "found" could be sense 8 as "make a discovery". But note sense 8 is a verb that seems intransitive? Actually the examples show transitive usage: "discovered X-rays", "found a new elementary particle" -> both have direct objects. So sense 8 fits perfectly.

Sense 4 also fits, but sense 8 is more specifically about a discovery of something new, rather than just ascertaining. Sense 2 is also about detecting existence.

Let's see the context: "has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer." This implies they identified the gene and its role. That is a new discovery. Sense 8 is explicitly "make a discovery, make a new finding" with the example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" – exactly analogous.

Sense 4 might also work, but the example "find the product of two numbers" is calculation; "the physicist who found the elusive particle" could be either sense. Often WordNet senses are close, but sense 8 is labeled as "discover" as a hyponym? Actually in WordNet, sense 8 is likely the "discover" sense that is a type of "find". The sense key find%2:36:00:: is the verb "find" meaning "discover". So I'll go with sense 8.

But let's double-check the sense indexing: The list provides numbers 1 through 16. Sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding". Yes.

I will return {"sense_index": 8}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: Only
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "<t>Only</t> a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context about cancer genes and the sentence: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level." The target word is "Only" and we need to choose the best sense among the candidate senses.

Let's analyze: "Only a decade ago" means as recently as a decade ago, or no more than a decade ago. It indicates a time that is relatively recent. Looking at the senses:

1. "and nothing more" - e.g., I was merely asking. This doesn't fit because "Only a decade ago" is not about limitation, it's about time.

2. "without any others being included or involved" - e.g., solely, entirely. Not about inclusion/exclusion.

3. "with nevertheless the final result" - e.g., He arrived only to find... This indicates an unexpected or ironic outcome. Not fitting.

4. "in the final outcome" - e.g., These news will only make you more upset. This is about a result that is inevitable or final, like "will only make it worse". Not about time.

5. "except that" - e.g., It was the same story; only this time she came out better. "Only" introduces an exception or contrast. Not fitting here.

6. "never except when" - e.g., call me only if. Conditional, not time.

7. "as recently as" - e.g., I spoke to him only an hour ago. This matches "Only a decade ago" perfectly. It means as recently as a decade ago, emphasizing that it was not long ago.

Thus, sense 7 is the best.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 7}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: decade
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "decade" in the given context. We have two candidate senses. The context is: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box..." Here, "decade" clearly refers to a period of ten years, not the number ten itself. Sense 1 is "a period of 10 years", synonyms: decennary, decennium. Sense 2 is "the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system", synonyms: ten, 10, X, tenner. In the sentence, "a decade ago" means ten years ago, so sense 1 fits perfectly. Therefore, the answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago <t>cancer</t> was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cancer" in the given context. The context is about scientific discoveries related to cancer development, genes, and molecular understanding. The target word appears in: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state." Clearly, this refers to the disease sense, not astrology or zodiac or a genus of crabs. So sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" is the correct one. The other senses are unrelated: astrology (2, 3, 4) and genus Cancer (5). So the best indexed sense is 1. Return JSON with sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for the word "knew" in the sentence: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level." The target lemma is "know", surface form "knew". The context is a scientist talking about how little was known about cancer at the molecular level before recent discoveries. The phrase "knew nothing" indicates a lack of knowledge or awareness of facts/information. Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: definition: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. synonyms: cognize, cognise. examples: I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game! This fits perfectly: "we knew nothing" means we possessed no knowledge or information about the molecular level of cancer.

2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: definition: know how to do or perform something. examples: She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook? This is about skills, not about factual knowledge. Not applicable.

3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: definition: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. examples: I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun. This is about believing something to be true. It overlaps with sense 1, but sense 1 is broader as "possess knowledge or information about". Sense 3 emphasizes truth and belief. The context is about having information, not necessarily a belief or truth claim. They had no information at all, so sense 1 is more direct.

4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: definition: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. examples: She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister? This is about familiarity with people/things. "knew nothing about the molecular level" is not about being familiar with an object, but about knowledge of facts. So no.

5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: definition: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. synonyms: experience, live. examples: I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger? This is about experiencing something. Not about factual knowledge of a scientific subject.

6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: definition: accept someone's authority. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: definition: have fixed in the mind. examples: I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs. This is about memorized knowledge, like knowing a language. But the context is about knowing facts about molecular biology, not rote memorization. It could fit loosely, but sense 1 is more precise for possessing information.

8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: definition: have sexual intercourse with. Not relevant.

9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: definition: know the nature or character of. examples: we all knew her as a big show-off. This is about knowing someone's character. Not about factual knowledge of a subject.

10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: definition: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different. examples: The child knows right from wrong. Not about possessing information.

11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: definition: perceive as familiar. examples: I know this voice! This is about recognizing something familiar. Not about factual knowledge.

Clearly, sense 1 is the best fit: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about". The context is "knew nothing" about a subject, meaning they had no information. The example "I know that the President lied" shows factual knowledge. So the answer is sense_index 1.

Output must be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: molecular
Target surface form: molecular
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the <t>molecular</t> level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=molecular%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules | examples=molecular structure; molecular oxygen
2. sense_key=molecular%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to simple or elementary organization; --G.A. Miller | examples=proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "molecular" in the context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level." The candidate senses are:

1. relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules; examples: molecular structure; molecular oxygen
2. relating to simple or elementary organization; --G.A. Miller; examples: proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception

In the context, "molecular level" refers to understanding cancer at the level of molecules, i.e., the genes and their alterations. It is about molecules, not about simple organizational structure in a psychological sense. The second sense is from G.A. Miller, likely a psychological or cognitive meaning (as in "molecular facts of perception"). The context is clearly about biology and genes, which are molecular entities. So the first sense is correct.

Thus, sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular <t>level</t>. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "level" in the given context. The context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..." Here, "molecular level" refers to a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series, especially in a process. It's about the scale of analysis, from molecular to something else. It's not about a position on a scale of intensity (sense 1), not a relative value in a graded group (sense 2), not a height (sense 4), not a tool (sense 5), not a flat surface (sense 6), not a level of a building (sense 8). Sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" with synonyms degree, stage, point. Examples: "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?" That fits "molecular level" as a stage or level of analysis. Sense 7: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" with layer, stratum. Could "molecular level" be a layer? Possibly, but sense 3 seems more direct: a position in a continuum. In scientific contexts, "at the molecular level" means at the scale or stage of molecules. Sense 7's example: "a good actor communicates on several levels" (like different layers of meaning). That is more metaphorical depth. But "molecular level" is not a layer of depth, it's a level of resolution or scale. Sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process". Biology: molecular level -> cellular level -> tissue level -> organ level. That's a continuum. So sense 3 is best.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: Today
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "today", surface form "Today", and context. We need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box ... <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer ..."

Here, "Today" is used to contrast with "a decade ago". It means "now", "at the present time", "in the current age", not specifically the exact day. Sense 1 is "the present time or age", example "the world of today; today we have computers". Sense 2 is "the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow)", example "Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?".

In the context, it's not referring to the specific calendar day, but to the current era in contrast to ten years ago. So sense 1 is the correct choice.

JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "know" with surface form "know" in the given context. We need to choose the single best indexed sense among 11 candidates. The target appears in the sentence: "Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

Let's analyze the context: The speaker is discussing scientific knowledge about cancer genes. He says, "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..." So here, "know" refers to having scientific knowledge, being aware of a fact as a result of research and discovery. It's about possessing knowledge or information about a specific fact.

Now, evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. Examples: "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!" This fits perfectly: "we know that the accumulation... can initiate a cancer" – we are aware of this fact, possess this information.

2. know how to do or perform something. Not relevant; we're not talking about a skill.

3. be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. Examples: "I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun." This also seems plausible, as scientists now regard it as true. But sense 1 is more general: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about." Sense 3 emphasizes belief or faith in the truth. In scientific context, "know" is about evidence-based knowledge, so both could apply. However, sense 1 specifically mentions "a specific piece of information" and the example "I know that the President lied" is similar to "we know that the accumulation...". Sense 3 includes "regard as true beyond any doubt", which is a stronger stance. Scientists might have confidence, but they'd still say "know" meaning they have information. Typically, in knowledge representation, sense 1 is the basic "know that" propositional knowledge. Sense 3 is more about conviction. The context: "we know that..." is simply stating we possess this knowledge now, not necessarily emphasizing the truth beyond doubt. I think sense 1 is more appropriate.

4. be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. No.

5. have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. Not about an emotion or sensation.

6. accept someone's power and authority. No.

7. have fixed in the mind (e.g., know Latin). Not relevant; not about memorizing information.

8. have sexual intercourse with. No.

9. know the nature or character of. Example: "we all knew her as a big show-off." Not relevant.

10. be able to distinguish. Not relevant.

11. perceive as familiar. Not relevant.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match. Note that sense 3 is also similar, but sense 1 is the most direct "know that" fact. I'll go with 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accumulation
Target surface form: accumulation
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accumulation%1:22:00:: | definition=an increase by natural growth or addition | synonyms=accretion
2. sense_key=accumulation%1:14:00:: | definition=several things grouped together or considered as a whole | synonyms=collection, aggregation, assemblage
3. sense_key=accumulation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of accumulating | synonyms=accrual, accruement
4. sense_key=accumulation%1:21:00:: | definition=(finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "accumulation", context: "... the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer ...". The candidate senses are:

1. sense 1: an increase by natural growth or addition (synonym: accretion)
2. sense 2: several things grouped together or considered as a whole (synonyms: collection, aggregation, assemblage)
3. sense 3: the act of accumulating (synonyms: accrual, accruement)
4. sense 4: (finance) profits not paid out as dividends but added to capital base.

In the context, the phrase "accumulation of several of these altered genes" refers to the gathering or coming together of multiple altered genes. It is not specifically about growth or natural increase (sense 1), nor about the act of accumulating (sense 3 focuses on the process, but here it seems more about the resultant group). Sense 2 defines "several things grouped together or considered as a whole", which matches the idea of several altered genes accumulated. Sense 3 is the act, but the phrase "the accumulation of several of these altered genes" could be interpreted as the result of accumulating, i.e., the collection itself, which is sense 2. Sense 4 is financial, not relevant. Between sense 1 and sense 2, sense 2 is more fitting: the genes are grouped together, not necessarily growing naturally. "Accumulation" here is used to describe the set of altered genes that can initiate cancer. Thus, I think sense 2 is the best.

But let's check examples: WordNet doesn't provide examples here, but we can infer. The synonyms for sense 2 are "collection, aggregation, assemblage", which directly fit "accumulation of genes". Sense 1's synonym is "accretion", which implies gradual growth, often by natural addition, like layers. That seems less appropriate for genes. Sense 3 is about the act, but the sentence says "the accumulation ... can initiate", focusing on the result/collection, not the process. So, sense 2.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: altered
Target surface form: altered
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these <t>altered</t> genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=altered%3:00:00:: | definition=changed in form or character without becoming something else; ; ; - Charles Dickens | examples=the altered policy promised success; following an altered course we soon found ourselves back in civilization
2. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:castrated:00 | definition=having testicles or ovaries removed | synonyms=neutered
3. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:modified:00 | definition=changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose | synonyms=adapted | examples=seeds precisely adapted to the area; instructions altered to suit the children's different ages

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "altered" in the context: "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer". Let's look at the three candidate senses.

Sense 1: "changed in form or character without becoming something else" - general alteration in form or character. Example: "the altered policy promised success". Could apply to genes that are changed but still genes.

Sense 2: specific to castration, having testicles/ovaries removed. That seems irrelevant to genes.

Sense 3: "changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose" – adapted, with examples like "instructions altered to suit the children's different ages". This implies intentional improvement or adjustment for a purpose. That doesn't fit well because altered genes in cancer are typically mutated, not adapted for a purpose; they are just changed in a way that leads to cancer. The context says "altered genes" meaning mutated genes. Sense 1 is more neutral: changed in form or character. It doesn't specify improvement. The definition "changed in form or character without becoming something else" seems to match the idea of a gene being mutated but still a gene. Sense 3 suggests adaptation, which might be more active. The context is about cancer-causing gene mutations, so they are simply changed, not necessarily adapted for a purpose. Therefore, I'd lean toward sense 1.

Sense key altered%3:00:00:: is for the adjective "altered" meaning simply changed. That fits here. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: initiate
Target surface form: initiate
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can <t>initiate</t> a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=initiate%2:36:01:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, start | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
2. sense_key=initiate%2:36:00:: | definition=take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of | synonyms=pioneer | examples=This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants
3. sense_key=initiate%2:41:01:: | definition=accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite | synonyms=induct | examples=African men are initiated when they reach puberty
4. sense_key=initiate%2:32:00:: | definition=bring up a topic for discussion | synonyms=broach
5. sense_key=initiate%2:30:00:: | definition=set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for | synonyms=lead up | examples=Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

Here, "initiate" means to start or bring about cancer. Synsets:

1. bring into being, originate, start – "He initiated a new program; Start a foundation" – this fits: genes start cancer.

2. take the lead or initiative in; pioneer – "This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants" – that's about being a pioneer, not about causing cancer.

3. accept people into an exclusive group – not relevant.

4. bring up a topic – not relevant.

5. set in motion, start an event – "Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II" – synonyms: lead up. This is about events leading to something, but here genes aren't leading up, they are directly initiating cancer. Sense 1 is more direct: bring into being. Sense 5 says "set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for", with example "Hitler's attack ... led up to World War II". That's a historical event where the attack led up to the war, but the phrasing "initiate a cancer" suggests causing it to start. Sense 1 is "originate, start". The context says "accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" – they cause cancer to begin. So sense 1 seems best.

Thus, answer index 1.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the given context. The context clearly discusses cancer as a disease: "colon cancer", "cancer treatment and prevention", "anti-cancer genes", etc. So the correct sense is the one about malignant growth or tumor. That is sense index 1. The other senses are about astrology (Cancer sign/constellation/person) or a genus of crabs. So we choose sense 1.

We must output JSON like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "then" in the given context. The context is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

We have three candidate senses:
1. subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors). Synonyms: so, and so, and then. Examples: then he left; go left first, then right.
2. in that case or as a consequence. Examples: if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to.
3. at that time. Examples: I was young then; prices were lower back then.

In the sentence: "the accumulation ... can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state." The word "then" is used to indicate a temporal sequence: first initiate cancer, and subsequently propel it into a deadly state. It is not used in a conditional sense ("in that case") or a past time sense ("at that time"). The sense of "subsequently or soon afterward" fits perfectly. The examples for sense 1 include "then he left; go left first, then right", which also show a sequence of actions. So sense index 1 is correct.

Thus, {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propel
Target surface form: propel
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, <t>propel</t> it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propel%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move forward with force | synonyms=impel | examples=Steam propels this ship
2. sense_key=propel%2:36:00:: | definition=give an incentive for action | synonyms=motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite | examples=This moved me to sacrifice my career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "propel", surface form "propel", context: "... Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propel%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move forward with force | synonyms=impel | examples=Steam propels this ship
2. sense_key=propel%2:36:00:: | definition=give an incentive for action | synonyms=motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite | examples=This moved me to sacrifice my career

We need to choose the best indexed sense.

In context, "propel it into a deadly state": This is metaphorical. The cancer is being propelled from a non-deadly to a deadly state. It is not physically moving with force (sense 1) but rather being driven, motivated, or moved in a figurative sense. Sense 2 is "give an incentive for action", with synonyms like motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite. The examples include "This moved me to sacrifice my career." That is a metaphorical use: "moved" meaning incited to action. Here, the cancer is being propelled into a deadly state, i.e., driven, moved forward, but it's not literal physical force. Sense 1 is more literal physical force: "cause to move forward with force". The example "Steam propels this ship" is physical. In the context, it's about cancer progressing to a deadly state due to genetic changes, so it's about causing a change in state or motivating/inciting a process. Sense 2 fits better: give an incentive for action. The altered genes provide the impetus or drive for the cancer to become deadly. So I'll choose sense 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}