[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendant
Target surface form: attendant
Context:
In every presidential election over the past half century, except for the Goldwater presidential candidacy, the GOP has captured a greater percentage of the major - party popular vote for president than it has of congressional seats or the popular vote for Congress. Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses <t>attendant</t> to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendant%5:00:00:present:02 | definition=being present (at meeting or event etc.) | examples=attendant members of the congreation
2. sense_key=attendant%5:00:00:subsequent:00 | definition=following or accompanying as a consequence | synonyms=consequent, accompanying, concomitant, incidental, ensuant, resultant | examples=an excessive growth of bureaucracy, with attendant problems; snags incidental to the changeover in management

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the word "attendant" in the given context. The target is "attendant" in the phrase "the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest". Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: being present (at meeting or event etc.). Example: attendant members of the congregation. This sense implies physical presence or attendance.

2. sense 2: following or accompanying as a consequence. Synonyms: consequent, accompanying, concomitant, incidental, ensuant, resultant. Example: an excessive growth of bureaucracy, with attendant problems; snags incidental to the changeover in management.

In the context, "excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest" means the excesses that accompany or result from the pursuit of private interest. It's about consequences or things that come along with that pursuit. So sense 2 is the appropriate one: following or accompanying as a consequence. Sense 1 doesn't fit because it's not about being present at a meeting/event.

Thus, the correct sense index is 2.

Now return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pursuit
Target surface form: pursuit
Context:
In every presidential election over the past half century, except for the Goldwater presidential candidacy, the GOP has captured a greater percentage of the major - party popular vote for president than it has of congressional seats or the popular vote for Congress. Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the <t>pursuit</t> of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pursuit%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture | synonyms=chase, pursual, following | examples=the culprit started to run and the cop took off in pursuit
2. sense_key=pursuit%1:09:00:: | definition=a search for an alternative that meets cognitive criteria | synonyms=pursuance, quest | examples=the pursuit of love; life is more than the pursuance of fame
3. sense_key=pursuit%1:04:02:: | definition=an auxiliary activity | synonyms=avocation, by-line, hobby, sideline, spare-time activity
4. sense_key=pursuit%1:04:01:: | definition=a diversion that occupies one's time and thoughts (usually pleasantly) | synonyms=pastime, interest | examples=sailing is her favorite pastime; his main pastime is gambling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "pursuit" with context. The target appears in the phrase: "the <t>pursuit</t> of private interest". We need to choose the best sense among the four candidates.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=pursuit%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture | synonyms=chase, pursual, following | examples=the culprit started to run and the cop took off in pursuit
This sense is about physically chasing or pursuing someone or something to capture or overtake. In context, "pursuit of private interest" is not about physically chasing something; it's about seeking or striving for private interest. So this sense is unlikely.

2. sense_key=pursuit%1:09:00:: | definition=a search for an alternative that meets cognitive criteria | synonyms=pursuance, quest | examples=the pursuit of love; life is more than the pursuance of fame
This sense involves a search or quest for something, like love, fame, etc. The examples show abstract pursuits: pursuit of love, pursuance of fame. In context, "pursuit of private interest" fits well: individuals seeking their own private interests, a quest for private interest. This seems metaphorical but fits the abstract nature.

3. sense_key=pursuit%1:04:02:: | definition=an auxiliary activity | synonyms=avocation, by-line, hobby, sideline, spare-time activity
This is about a hobby or side activity. Not fitting: "pursuit of private interest" isn't a hobby; it's a fundamental drive in economic theory.

4. sense_key=pursuit%1:04:01:: | definition=a diversion that occupies one's time and thoughts (usually pleasantly) | synonyms=pastime, interest | examples=sailing is her favorite pastime; his main pastime is gambling
Similar to 3, a pastime. Not relevant.

So sense 2 is the best: the pursuit of private interest is a quest or search for private interest, aligning with the abstract quest sense. Context: economic theory about voters choosing brands that believe in minimal state, private markets, vs. public intervention to remedy excesses of the pursuit of private interest. This refers to the general striving for self-interest.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: private
Target surface form: private
Context:
In every presidential election over the past half century, except for the Goldwater presidential candidacy, the GOP has captured a greater percentage of the major - party popular vote for president than it has of congressional seats or the popular vote for Congress. Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of <t>private</t> interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=private%3:00:00:: | definition=confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy | examples=a private place; private discussions
2. sense_key=private%5:00:02:personal:00 | definition=concerning things deeply private and personal | examples=private correspondence; private family matters
3. sense_key=private%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=individual | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath
4. sense_key=private%5:00:00:inward:00 | definition=not expressed | synonyms=secret | examples=secret (or private) thoughts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "private" in the given context. The context is: "and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest." Here, "private interest" is contrasted with public intervention. In economic and political contexts, "private interest" refers to self-interest or personal interest, as opposed to public interest. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy. Example: "a private place". This is about physical spaces or groups being restricted. Doesn't fit "private interest" which is about personal, self-interested motives.

2. concerning things deeply private and personal. Example: "private correspondence; private family matters". This is about intimate, personal matters, not economic self-interest.

3. concerning one person exclusively; synonyms: individual. Example: "we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath". This emphasizes exclusivity to one person. "Private interest" might be interpreted as individual interest, but the context is about the pursuit of self-interest in markets. Sense 3 says "concerning one person exclusively", which could align with "individual", but the example shows ownership of a car or bath. In economics, "private interest" is often synonymous with "self-interest" or "personal interest", not necessarily exclusive ownership. However, this sense is more about something being for one person's use, not about one's personal benefit or interest.

4. not expressed; synonyms: secret. Example: "secret (or private) thoughts". This sense is about something being kept hidden, not about self-interest. That doesn't fit.

We need to find the sense that best matches "private interest" in the context of contrasting with public action. The text says: "Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action" and "private interest". The phrase "private interest" is commonly understood as the interest of individuals, often selfish, as opposed to the common good. In WordNet, there might be a specific sense related to this economic concept. But among the options, sense 3 ("concerning one person exclusively") is the closest because "private interest" is the interest of a private individual, as opposed to the public. However, sense 3 focuses on exclusivity (one person) rather than personal benefit. Sense 2 is about deeply personal matters, which might be a bit close, but "private interest" isn't necessarily deeply personal; it's more about self-interest. Sense 1 is about privacy or restricted access, which doesn't fit. Sense 4 is about secrecy.

Given the options, sense 3 ("concerning one person exclusively") is the best match because "private interest" is the interest of an individual person, as opposed to the public. The synonym "individual" also aligns. So I'll choose sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interest
Target surface form: interest
Context:
In every presidential election over the past half century, except for the Goldwater presidential candidacy, the GOP has captured a greater percentage of the major - party popular vote for president than it has of congressional seats or the popular vote for Congress. Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private <t>interest</t>. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interest%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=involvement | examples=an interest in music
2. sense_key=interest%1:07:01:: | definition=a reason for wanting something done | synonyms=sake | examples=for your sake; died for the sake of his country
3. sense_key=interest%1:07:02:: | definition=the power of attracting or holding one's attention (because it is unusual or exciting etc.) | synonyms=interestingness | examples=they said nothing of great interest; primary colors can add interest to a room
4. sense_key=interest%1:21:00:: | definition=a fixed charge for borrowing money; usually a percentage of the amount borrowed | examples=how much interest do you pay on your mortgage?
5. sense_key=interest%1:21:03:: | definition=(law) a right or legal share of something; a financial involvement with something | synonyms=stake | examples=they have interests all over the world; a stake in the company's future
6. sense_key=interest%1:14:00:: | definition=(usually plural) a social group whose members control some field of activity and who have common aims | synonyms=interest group | examples=the iron interests stepped up production
7. sense_key=interest%1:04:01:: | definition=a diversion that occupies one's time and thoughts (usually pleasantly) | synonyms=pastime, pursuit | examples=sailing is her favorite pastime; his main pastime is gambling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "interest" with the surface form "interest" in the given context. The context is:

"... a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private <t>interest</t>."

The word "interest" appears in "pursuit of private interest". This phrase is contrasted with public intervention. The context discusses political brands: Republican (minimalist state, private markets) and Democratic (big government, public intervention). The phrase "pursuit of private interest" suggests self-interest or individual benefit, as opposed to public good. The surrounding text: "remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest" implies that private interest can lead to excesses that need public intervention.

Now, we examine candidate senses:

1. sense_key=interest%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=involvement | examples=an interest in music
2. sense_key=interest%1:07:01:: | definition=a reason for wanting something done | synonyms=sake | examples=for your sake; died for the sake of his country
3. sense_key=interest%1:07:02:: | definition=the power of attracting or holding one's attention (because it is unusual or exciting etc.) | synonyms=interestingness | examples=they said nothing of great interest; primary colors can add interest to a room
4. sense_key=interest%1:21:00:: | definition=a fixed charge for borrowing money; usually a percentage of the amount borrowed | examples=how much interest do you pay on your mortgage?
5. sense_key=interest%1:21:03:: | definition=(law) a right or legal share of something; a financial involvement with something | synonyms=stake | examples=they have interests all over the world; a stake in the company's future
6. sense_key=interest%1:14:00:: | definition=(usually plural) a social group whose members control some field of activity and who have common aims | synonyms=interest group | examples=the iron interests stepped up production
7. sense_key=interest%1:04:01:: | definition=a diversion that occupies one's time and thoughts (usually pleasantly) | synonyms=pastime, pursuit | examples=sailing is her favorite pastime; his main pastime is gambling

Our target: "pursuit of private interest". Here, "interest" is something that is pursued privately, often meaning self-interest or personal gain. Which sense matches? Sense 1: curiosity or concern, like an interest in music, not quite. Sense 2: a reason for wanting something done, e.g., for your sake. That could fit: "private interest" might mean for one's own sake. Sense 3: interestingness, not applicable. Sense 4: financial charge, not. Sense 5: a right or legal share, financial involvement; could be a stake, but in context it's about excesses of private interest, may be broader than just financial stake. It could be interpreted as someone's private interests (their financial or personal stakes). Sense 6: social group with common aims, usually plural "interests", but here it's singular "interest" in a mass sense. Sense 7: a hobby or pastime; "pursuit" in that sense is like an activity, but "pursuit of private interest" wouldn't mean hobby here.

The idiomatic expression "pursuit of one's own interest" or "private interest" is a common phrase meaning self-interest, personal advantage, or benefit. Synsets: Look at WordNet 3.0 for "interest". The sense for self-interest is not explicitly listed here. Usually, "self-interest" would be "concern for your own interests and welfare" under "interest". But the given options don't include that exact definition. Option 5: stake or financial involvement is close, but the word "private interest" can be broader.

Let's think: In the context of political economy, "private interest" is often contrasted with "public interest". It means personal or private gain. It aligns with sense 5: "a right or legal share of something; a financial involvement with something". The examples: "they have interests all over the world; a stake in the company's future". That implies having a stake, which can be financial. But "private interest" can also be non-financial. Sense 2: "a reason for wanting something done" with synonym "sake". Example: "for your sake". That could mean "for your interest/benefit". In older usage, "interest" can mean advantage, benefit. Actually, WordNet has a sense for "interest" as "a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something" (1), which is about curiosity. Another sense: "the power of attracting or holding one's attention" (3). Not these.

We need the best fit. The phrase "pursuit of private interest" suggests that individuals act in their own self-interest. This is akin to "pursuing their own stake" or "their own advantage". Sense 5 is "a right or legal share of something; a financial involvement with something". While it mentions financial involvement, it's not exclusively financial; the definition says "a right or legal share of something", which could be any kind of interest (one's interest in a property, etc.). The example "they have interests all over the world" suggests having business interests. That is close to "private interests" meaning personal economic interests. So sense 5 is likely.

But let's check if any other sense fits. Sense 2: "a reason for wanting something done" with synonym "sake". For example, "for the sake of private interest" would be odd. But "pursuit of private interest" could mean pursuing things for one's own sake. That sense is more abstract. However, the given example "for your sake" shows a specific construction. It's less likely to be used in the phrase "private interest" without a possessive like "one's own interest". Typically, "interest" as in "self-interest" is covered under a different sense in WordNet: "concern for your own interests and welfare" — but that's not listed. Among the given, sense 5 seems the most plausible because it involves having a stake, which is a common meaning in political contexts (special interests, private interests). Also, note the context: "excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest" — reminiscent of discussions about capitalism and self-interest (e.g., Adam Smith's invisible hand where pursuit of private interest leads to public good). "Private interest" here is the individual's own economic interest. So I think sense 5 is correct.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 5.

Now, format as JSON: {"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: representative
Target surface form: representatives
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional <t>representatives</t> have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=representative%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who represents others
2. sense_key=representative%1:18:02:: | definition=an advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose | synonyms=spokesperson, interpreter, voice | examples=the meeting was attended by spokespersons for all the major organs of government
3. sense_key=representative%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the United States House of Representatives | synonyms=congressman, congresswoman
4. sense_key=representative%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=example, illustration, instance | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "representatives" in the context. The target lemma is "representative", surface form "representatives". The context is about Congressional representatives, clearly referring to members of Congress. The text mentions "Congressional representatives" and "Republican congressional representatives". So the sense is specifically a member of the United States House of Representatives. That matches sense 3: "a member of the United States House of Representatives". The other senses are more general (person who represents others, advocate/spokesperson, or example/instance). In this political context, it's clearly the congressional meaning. So the answer should be sense index 3.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: have
Target surface form: have
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives <t>have</t> two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France
3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?
5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant
8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left
10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess
11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up
12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis
13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift
16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "have" and target surface form "have". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list. The context is: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues ... and attending to local issues ...". The verb "have" here means they possess or hold these responsibilities. It's about having duties or roles.

Let's examine each sense:

1. have%2:40:00:: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense" – synonyms: have got, hold. Examples: She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters. This fits: they possess (abstractly) two responsibilities.

2. have%2:42:00:: "have as a feature" – synonyms: feature. Example: This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France. This could also work if we think responsibilities are features of the role, but typically we say "have responsibilities" as possession, not feature.

3. have%2:39:06:: "go through (mental or physical states or experiences)" – synonyms: experience, receive, get. Not appropriate; responsibilities aren't experiences.

4. have%2:40:04:: "have ownership or possession of" – synonyms: own, possess. Example: He owns three houses. Could fit, but "ownership" of responsibilities is less natural; they aren't owned property.

5. have%2:30:00:: "cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition" – not relevant.

6. have%2:34:00:: "serve oneself to, or consume regularly" – not relevant.

7. have%2:41:00:: "have a personal or business relationship with someone" – not relevant.

8. have%2:36:00:: "organize or be responsible for" – synonyms: hold, throw, make, give. Example: hold a reception; have a party. Here "have" could mean "hold" (they hold responsibilities). But sense 8 is more about organizing events. The example: "have, throw, or make a party" etc. It doesn't specifically mean "be responsible for" in the sense of duties. The synonyms include "hold" but in the context of "hold a reception". However, "hold" can also mean "possess" as in "hold a title". But the indexed sense 8 is about organizing. Let's check the definition: "organize or be responsible for" – if we take "be responsible for", then "have two basic responsibilities" could be rephrased as "are responsible for two basic responsibilities"? That's awkward. They have the responsibilities, meaning they possess them, not that they organize them. So sense 1 seems better.

9. have%2:40:01:: "have left" – not relevant.

10. have%2:42:12:: "be confronted with" – not relevant.

11. have%2:30:01:: "undergo" – not relevant.

12. have%2:29:02:: "suffer from; be ill with" – not relevant.

13. have%2:32:00:: "cause to do" – not relevant.

14. have%2:40:05:: "receive willingly something given or offered" – not relevant.

15. have%2:40:03:: "get something; come into possession of" – similar but they don't come into possession; they simply have them.

16. have%2:29:05:: "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)" – not relevant.

17. have%2:40:02:: "achieve a point or goal" – not relevant.

18. have%2:29:00:: "cause to be born" – not relevant.

19. have%2:35:00:: "have sex with" – not relevant.

Thus, the most appropriate is sense 1: have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense. The responsibilities are abstract possessions. The example "She has $1,000" is concrete, but also "two beautiful daughters" is abstract relationship? Actually daughters are concrete but the sense includes both. So sense 1 fits.

Sense 2 "feature" might be possible but usually we don't say "representatives feature responsibilities"; that would be unnatural. Sense 8's "be responsible for" is tempting because it directly mentions "responsible", but if we substitute: "Congressional representatives are responsible for two basic responsibilities" – that is redundant and not the same as "have". The sentence uses "have" in a straightforward possessive sense.

Thus, choose sense 1.

Now output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: responsibility
Target surface form: responsibilities
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic <t>responsibilities</t> while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=responsibility%1:04:00:: | definition=the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr | synonyms=duty, obligation | examples=we must instill a sense of duty in our children; every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty
2. sense_key=responsibility%1:26:00:: | definition=the proper sphere or extent of your activities | synonyms=province | examples=it was his province to take care of himself
3. sense_key=responsibility%1:07:00:: | definition=a form of trustworthiness; the trait of being answerable to someone for something or being responsible for one's conduct | synonyms=responsibleness | examples=he holds a position of great responsibility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "responsibilities" in the given context. The target lemma is "responsibility", surface form "responsibilities". The context is from a text about political theory. The sentence: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues ... and attending to local issues ...". So "responsibilities" here refers to the duties or tasks that representatives have. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=responsibility%1:04:00:: | definition=the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr | synonyms=duty, obligation | examples=we must instill a sense of duty in our children; every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty
   This sense is about the abstract social force, the sense of duty or obligation. It fits: "responsibilities" are things they are obliged to do. But it's a bit abstract.

2. sense_key=responsibility%1:26:00:: | definition=the proper sphere or extent of your activities | synonyms=province | examples=it was his province to take care of himself
   This sense is about a domain or area of activity. "Province" is the synonym. The example: "it was his province to take care of himself". That doesn't fit well because here the responsibilities are specific tasks: dealing with national issues and attending to local issues. That is more like duties, not just a "province". It's not about a sphere of activity; it's about what they have to do.

3. sense_key=responsibility%1:07:00:: | definition=a form of trustworthiness; the trait of being answerable to someone for something or being responsible for one's conduct | synonyms=responsibleness | examples=he holds a position of great responsibility
   This sense is about the trait of being responsible, a characteristic. That doesn't fit because "responsibilities" here are concrete tasks they have to do, not a character trait. "Two basic responsibilities" are things they need to do, not a trait.

Between sense 1 and sense 2, sense 1 (duty, obligation) is more fitting because it refers to the things that someone is bound to do. The context says: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues ... and attending to local issues ..." That is a list of duties. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.

But we must return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: voting
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while <t>voting</t> in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%2:41:13:: | definition=express one's preference for a candidate or for a measure or resolution; cast a vote | examples=He voted for the motion; None of the Democrats voted last night
2. sense_key=vote%2:41:10:: | definition=express one's choice or preference by vote | examples=vote the Democratic ticket
3. sense_key=vote%2:41:11:: | definition=express a choice or opinion | examples=I vote that we all go home; She voted for going to the Chinese restaurant
4. sense_key=vote%2:41:09:: | definition=be guided by in voting | examples=vote one's conscience
5. sense_key=vote%2:41:12:: | definition=bring into existence or make available by vote | examples=They voted aid for the underdeveloped countries in Asia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "vote" with surface form "voting". The context is about congressional representatives and their responsibilities while "voting in office". The specific phrase is: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues ... and attending to local issues". Here, "voting" is part of a modifying phrase "while voting in office". This refers to the act of casting votes as part of their official duties. They are representatives who vote on legislation, etc. The WordNet candidate senses are:

1. sense 1: express one's preference for a candidate or for a measure or resolution; cast a vote. Example: "He voted for the motion; None of the Democrats voted last night". This seems directly applicable to voting on issues in office.

2. sense 2: express one's choice or preference by vote. Example: "vote the Democratic ticket". This is about expressing a choice by voting, often for a party ticket. This is less specific to representatives voting on issues; it's more about voters choosing a ticket.

3. sense 3: express a choice or opinion. Example: "I vote that we all go home; She voted for going to the Chinese restaurant". This is a more casual use of "vote" to express an opinion or preference, not necessarily in a formal voting context.

4. sense 4: be guided by in voting. Example: "vote one's conscience". This describes a basis for voting, not the act itself. The phrase "voting in office" doesn't fit.

5. sense 5: bring into existence or make available by vote. Example: "They voted aid for the underdeveloped countries". This is a transitive use where the object is something like "aid". In the context, "voting" is intransitive or used gerund with no object; "while voting in office" doesn't have an object.

The context is clearly about the act of casting votes as a representative. They are voting on legislation (roll call votes). So sense 1 fits best: "express one's preference for a candidate or for a measure or resolution; cast a vote". The example "He voted for the motion" matches the roll call votes on legislation.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

We must output JSON like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: office
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in <t>office</t> -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "office" in context: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in <t>office</t>". The context is about congressional representatives' responsibilities when they are in office, i.e., holding their position. The phrase "voting in office" likely means voting while they are in their official capacity, but note that "in office" is a phrase meaning holding a political position. Indeed, the target is "office" within the phrase "voting in office". But the phrase might be interpreted as "while voting in office", where "in office" means holding an official position. So, the meaning is about being in power, holding a political office. The senses provided:

1. physical place of business
2. an administrative unit of government (like an agency)
3. functions/activities assigned to a person/group
4. being in power (holding an office) — specifically government official in power.
5. office staff (like a group of workers) — but the context says "voting in office", not "the office". This sense "office%1:14:00::" is about staff, but the context is singular and about holding office.
6. religious rite — not applicable.
7. a job in an organization — "position, post". This is also a candidate. Note the difference between 4 and 7: sense 4 is about the abstract state of being in power, while sense 7 is about a specific job. The phrase "in office" typically uses sense 4 ("holding an office means being in power"). However, "voting in office" could mean while they are in their job. The synonyms for 4 include "power", example: "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage". For 7, it's a "position, post" like "he occupied a post". In this context, congressional representatives have responsibilities while they are in office (i.e., serving in their elected position). It's ambiguous, but "in office" is an idiomatic expression for being in power or holding that position. Sense 4 explicitly mentions "holding an office means being in power", which matches perfectly. Sense 7 is "a job in an organization", which could also work, but the phrase "in office" is more about the state of being in power, not just any job. Furthermore, in WordNet, "office" as a position (7) is distinct from "office" as being in power (4). The example for 4: "during his first year in office" is exactly the same phrasing. So sense 4 is the best.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 4.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: dealing
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- <t>dealing</t> with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%2:32:08:: | definition=act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression | synonyms=cover, treat, handle, plow, address | examples=This book deals with incest; The course covered all of Western Civilization
2. sense_key=deal%2:31:10:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, take, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
3. sense_key=deal%2:41:09:: | definition=take action with respect to (someone or something) | examples=How are we going to deal with this problem?; The teacher knew how to deal with these lazy students
4. sense_key=deal%2:41:00:: | definition=come to terms with | synonyms=cope, get by, make out, make do, contend, grapple | examples=We got by on just a gallon of gas; They made do on half a loaf of bread every day
5. sense_key=deal%2:40:01:: | definition=administer or bestow, as in small portions | synonyms=distribute, administer, mete out, parcel out, lot, dispense | examples=administer critical remarks to everyone present; dole out some money
6. sense_key=deal%2:40:00:: | definition=do business; offer for sale as for one's livelihood | synonyms=sell, trade | examples=She deals in gold; The brothers sell shoes
7. sense_key=deal%2:41:13:: | definition=be in charge of, act on, or dispose of | synonyms=manage, care, handle | examples=I can deal with this crew of workers; This blender can't handle nuts
8. sense_key=deal%2:41:04:: | definition=behave in a certain way towards others | examples=He deals fairly with his employees
9. sense_key=deal%2:40:02:: | definition=distribute cards to the players in a game | examples=Who's dealing?
10. sense_key=deal%2:41:02:: | definition=direct the course of; manage or control | synonyms=conduct, carry on | examples=You cannot conduct business like this
11. sense_key=deal%2:40:07:: | definition=give out as one's portion or share | synonyms=share, divvy up, portion out, apportion
12. sense_key=deal%2:40:06:: | definition=give (a specific card) to a player | examples=He dealt me the Queen of Spades
13. sense_key=deal%2:40:11:: | definition=sell | examples=deal hashish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context: "dealing with national issues". The target lemma is "deal" and the surface form is "dealing". We need to choose the best sense among the candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- <t>dealing</t> with national issues ... and attending to local issues ...". So "dealing with" here means handling, managing, or taking action regarding national issues. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression: "deal with" as in "This book deals with incest". That's about addressing a topic in a discussion or work. Not quite, because here it's about responsibilities, actions.

2. take into consideration for exemplifying purposes: "consider" etc. Not that.

3. take action with respect to (someone or something): "How are we going to deal with this problem?" This seems fitting: dealing with national issues means taking action with respect to them.

4. come to terms with: cope, get by. That's more about coping with a difficult situation. Not exactly.

5. administer or bestow: distribute, as in "deal out". Not.

6. do business; offer for sale: trade. Not.

7. be in charge of, act on, or dispose of: manage, care, handle. "I can deal with this crew". This is also similar: "dealing with national issues" could mean managing/handling them.

8. behave in a certain way towards others: "He deals fairly with his employees". Not this.

9. distribute cards: not.

10. direct the course of; manage or control: conduct. Possibly but "dealing with" is more common with sense 3 or 7.

11. give out as one's portion: not.

12. give a specific card: not.

13. sell: not.

Senses 3 and 7 are very close. Let's compare:

3. take action with respect to (someone or something): examples: "How are we going to deal with this problem?; The teacher knew how to deal with these lazy students". This is about addressing a problem or situation.

7. be in charge of, act on, or dispose of: manage, care, handle. "I can deal with this crew of workers; This blender can't handle nuts". This is about managing or handling something, often people or tasks.

In the context, "dealing with national issues" as a responsibility of congressional representatives, it implies they handle/manage/address these issues. Both senses could work, but which is more precise? Sense 3's definition "take action with respect to" and examples about problems/students suggest it's about confronting or addressing something. Sense 7 is "be in charge of, act on, or dispose of" with synonyms manage, handle. In political context, representatives "deal with" issues by addressing them, taking action on them. I think sense 3 is a common phrase: "deal with a problem/issue". Sense 7 often implies managing a person or a thing, like "deal with the crew" or "handle nuts". But "deal with national issues" is very much like "deal with this problem". So sense 3 fits better.

Also check the examples: sense 3: "How are we going to deal with this problem?" - that's almost identical to "dealing with national issues" (problems/issues). Sense 7: "I can deal with this crew of workers" is more about managing people. So I'd go with 3.

Thus, the best index is 3.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with <t>national</t> issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with choosing the best sense for "national" in the given context. The context discusses national issues versus local issues in the context of congressional representatives' responsibilities. The phrase is "dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large)". Here, "national" contrasts with "local" and refers to issues that affect the entire population or the country as a whole. The candidate senses:

1. of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country; examples: national hero, national anthem. This is a general sense of pertaining to a nation.

2. limited to or in the interests of a particular nation; examples: national interests, isolationism is a strictly national policy. This emphasizes restricted to a nation, often vs. international.

3. concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country; examples: the national government, national elections. This emphasizes whole nation, which fits the context of "national issues" as opposed to local issues. The example "national elections" is about nationwide matters.

4. owned or maintained for the public by the national government; examples: national parks. This is about public ownership, not directly fitting "issues".

5. inside the country; synonyms: home, interior, internal; examples: the British Home Office... the nation's internal politics. This could contrast with international/foreign, but here contrast is with local, not foreign. "Internal politics" could be national vs. local? Actually, "internal" as opposed to external, but the context is national vs. local (constituency service). So "national issues" here means issues that affect the whole country, not just local districts.

6. characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation; examples: a national trait. This is about characteristic, not about issues affecting the whole country.

7. of or relating to nationality; examples: national origin. This is about legal/personal nationality status.

The best fit is sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country". In the context, "national issues" are those that affect the population at large, i.e., the entire nation, as opposed to local issues that affect only a district. Sense 3 explicitly mentions "national government; national elections" which are matters of the whole country. Sense 1 is too broad; sense 2 emphasizes "limited to a particular nation" which is more about national vs. international, but here the contrast is national vs. local, so sense 3 is more precise. Sense 5 (inside the country) could also work, but it emphasizes internal vs. external, and the examples are about internal politics, but the context clarifies "national issues" as programmatic actions that affect the population at large (everyone), not just internal to the country. The phrase "national issues" is often used to mean issues of nationwide scope. Sense 3 is the best match.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: issue
Target surface form: issues
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national <t>issues</t> -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition=an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples=the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
4. sense_key=issue%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity) | synonyms=issuing, issuance | examples=a new issue of stamps; the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago
5. sense_key=issue%1:21:01:: | definition=supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government | synonyms=military issue, government issue
6. sense_key=issue%1:21:00:: | definition=the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property | synonyms=return, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff | examples=the average return was about 5%
7. sense_key=issue%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
8. sense_key=issue%1:18:00:: | definition=the immediate descendants of a person | synonyms=offspring, progeny | examples=she was the mother of many offspring; he died without issue
9. sense_key=issue%1:11:00:: | definition=the becoming visible | synonyms=emergence, egress | examples=not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins
10. sense_key=issue%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening that permits escape or release | synonyms=exit, outlet, way out | examples=he blocked the way out; the canyon had only one issue
11. sense_key=issue%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of issuing printed materials | synonyms=publication

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: issue", "Target surface form: issues", and the context. The context is about political theory, discussing "national <t>issues</t> -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB-". So "issues" here refers to topics or questions of national importance that need to be addressed, likely in the political sense. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition=an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples=the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues. This fits perfectly: "national issues" are important questions in dispute (political issues).

2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room. This is about magazines, not relevant.

3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years. This is a broader sense of "topic" but lacks the "important question in dispute" nuance. The context talks about national issues with programmatic actions, which are clearly political issues that are disputed. Sense 1 is more specific.

4-11 are clearly not appropriate: issuance, government issue, proceeds, consequence, offspring, emergence, opening, publication. None fit.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: actions
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic <t>actions</t> such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "actions" in the given context. The context is: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large) and attending to local issues (constituency service and pork barrel)."

Here, "actions" refers to things that representatives do: casting roll call votes on legislation. These are acts or deeds performed by representatives. Let's examine the candidate senses.

Sense 1: something done (usually as opposed to something said). Examples: "there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions". This fits: casting votes is something done, an action. It's a deed, not just talk. The context explicitly says "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes". That seems like a perfect match.

Sense 2: the state of being active. Synonyms: activity, activeness. Example: "his sphere of activity; he is out of action". This is more about the state of being active, not a specific deed. The context is about specific actions (votes), so not this.

Sense 3: military engagement. No.

Sense 4: natural process, not human intent. No.

Sense 5: plot events. No.

Sense 6: trait of being energetic. No.

Sense 7: mechanism part. No.

Sense 8: legal action. Could be, since they are voting on legislation, but the context doesn't specifically say they are bringing a judicial proceeding. They are casting votes as representatives, which is a legislative action, not necessarily a judicial proceeding. Sense 8 is specifically "a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another". That's a lawsuit. The context is about voting on legislation, which is a political act, not necessarily a legal action in the sense of a lawsuit. However, legislative actions can be considered "actions" in a broad sense. But sense 1 is more general: "something done". Also, there is sense 9: an act by a government body or supranational organization. Example: "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position". That could also fit. Sense 9 is about governmental acts. Casting roll call votes is an act by a government body (Congress). So we need to decide between sense 1 and sense 9.

Sense 9 definition: "an act by a government body or supranational organization". The example: "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues". This is specifically about government actions. The context: "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation" — that is clearly an act by a government body (Congress). So sense 9 seems very appropriate.

Sense 1 is "something done (usually as opposed to something said)". That is too general. While it could fit, sense 9 is more specific and directly applicable to the context of congressional representatives and their legislative actions.

But note: the context says "programmatic actions" and then defines them as "casting roll call votes on legislation". This is a specific type of action done by representatives. The phrase "programmatic actions" suggests actions related to programs, policy, national issues. That aligns with government acts.

Also, consider the surrounding text: "Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action" — here "public action" is used. So "action" in this text is often used in the sense of government intervention. So sense 9 seems to be the intended sense.

Let's check WordNet hierarchy for sense 9: action%1:04:04::. That is a hyponym of sense 1? Sense 1 is action%1:04:02:: (something done). Sense 9 is a more specific type of action: an act by a government body. So in context, it's clearly a governmental action. The examples for sense 9 include "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position" which is similar to legislative actions.

Therefore, I think sense 9 is the best match.

But careful: the target word is "actions" plural. The phrase "programmatic actions" is directly glossed as "casting roll call votes on legislation". That is an activity of a government body. So I'll choose sense 9.

There's also sense 10: the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area. That doesn't fit.

Thus, the answer is sense 9.

Now, we must output JSON like {"sense_index": 9}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cast
Target surface form: casting
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as <t>casting</t> roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cast%2:36:02:: | definition=put or send forth | synonyms=project, contrive, throw | examples=She threw the flashlight beam into the corner; The setting sun threw long shadows
2. sense_key=cast%2:40:13:: | definition=deposit | examples=cast a vote; cast a ballot
3. sense_key=cast%2:36:01:: | definition=select to play,sing, or dance a part in a play, movie, musical, opera, or ballet | examples=He cast a young woman in the role of Desdemona
4. sense_key=cast%2:35:00:: | definition=throw forcefully | synonyms=hurl, hurtle
5. sense_key=cast%2:41:14:: | definition=assign the roles of (a movie or a play) to actors | examples=Who cast this beautiful movie?
6. sense_key=cast%2:38:01:: | definition=move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment | synonyms=roll, wander, swan, stray, tramp, roam | examples=The gypsies roamed the woods; roving vagabonds
7. sense_key=cast%2:36:00:: | definition=form by pouring (e.g., wax or hot metal) into a cast or mold | synonyms=mold, mould | examples=cast a bronze sculpture
8. sense_key=cast%2:35:01:: | definition=get rid of | synonyms=shed, cast off, shake off, throw, throw off, throw away | examples=he shed his image as a pushy boss; shed your clothes
9. sense_key=cast%2:33:00:: | definition=choose at random | synonyms=draw | examples=draw a card; cast lots
10. sense_key=cast%2:32:00:: | definition=formulate in a particular style or language | synonyms=frame, redact, put, couch | examples=I wouldn't put it that way; She cast her request in very polite language
11. sense_key=cast%2:29:00:: | definition=eject the contents of the stomach through the mouth | synonyms=vomit, vomit up, purge, sick, cat, be sick | examples=After drinking too much, the students vomited; He purged continuously

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "cast" with surface form "casting" in the given context. We have 11 candidate senses with their definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to choose the single best indexed sense based on the context.

Context: "Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as <t>casting</t> roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress."

The target word is "casting" in the phrase "such as <t>casting</t> roll call votes". The sense used here is clearly related to the act of voting, specifically "casting a vote". Looking at the candidate senses, sense 2 is: "cast%2:40:13:: | definition=deposit | examples=cast a vote; cast a ballot". The definition "deposit" and the examples exactly match "cast a vote" or "cast a ballot". This is the idiomatic usage of "cast" with vote/ballot.

Sense 4 is "throw forcefully", but that doesn't fit. Sense 1 is "put or send forth" with examples about light or shadows, not votes. The other senses are about selecting actors, forming metal, wandering, vomiting, etc., which are irrelevant.

Thus, the correct sense index is 2.

Now, the instructions say: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" where the number corresponds to the index in the candidate list. The candidate list is numbered from 1 to 11. So we output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call <t>votes</t> on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: vote. Target surface form: votes. Context: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call <t>votes</t> on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the five options. The target "votes" is within the phrase "casting roll call votes on legislation". This refers to the actual act of voting, specifically the recorded votes in a legislative context. Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
   This sense refers to the act or process of voting, where choices are made by counting. It fits "roll call votes" as individual votes cast on legislation.

2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
   This is more about the collective decision, like "putting to a vote". Not directly "cast votes".

3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage
   This is the right to vote, not relevant.

4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
   This is a group of voters, not individual instances.

5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote
   This is about turnout, not the actual votes cast on legislation.

The phrase "casting roll call votes" refers to the instances of voting, the recorded choices. Sense 1 explicitly includes "ballot" and "voting", and the example "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion" closely matches "votes on legislation". Sense 2 is about the opinion as determined by voting, but "casting votes" suggests the individual acts rather than the collective opinion. Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

I will output a JSON object with the sense_index as 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: legislation
Target surface form: legislation
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on <t>legislation</t> that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=legislation%1:10:00:: | definition=law enacted by a legislative body | synonyms=statute law
2. sense_key=legislation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of making or enacting laws | synonyms=legislating, lawmaking

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "legislation" in the given context. The target word appears in: "casting roll call votes on <t>legislation</t> that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large". The two candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=legislation%1:10:00:: | definition=law enacted by a legislative body | synonyms=statute law
2. sense_key=legislation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of making or enacting laws | synonyms=legislating, lawmaking

We need to choose the best sense. The context says "votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits". This refers to the actual laws or bills that are being voted on, not the process of making laws. They are voting on specific pieces of legislation (i.e., statutes or proposed laws). So sense 1, the product (law enacted), fits better than sense 2, the process (act of making laws). The phrase "legislation that imposes costs" suggests a tangible law, not the act of legislating. Thus, sense_index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}