[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the <t>academic</t> performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "academic" in the given context. The context is: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". Here, "academic performance" clearly refers to performance in school or education. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns. This sense means relating to education, schools, colleges, etc. "Academic performance" means performance in educational settings. This seems fitting.

2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question. This sense means not practical, just theoretical. That doesn't fit "academic performance" because performance in school is practical, not theoretical.

3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic. This sense means overly scholarly or pedantic. "Academic performance" does not imply pedantry; it's a standard term.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit. The output should be a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic <t>performance</t> of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "performance" in context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic <t>performance</t> of the pupils". The word is used as "academic performance", referring to how well pupils do in school. Let's evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: a dramatic or musical entertainment. Clearly not about academic performance.

2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: the act of presenting a play or music. Not applicable.

3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it. Examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance". This fits "academic performance" as the act of performing academically. Synonyms: execution, carrying out, carrying into action. It emphasizes doing something successfully using knowledge. In education, academic performance refers to how well students carry out academic tasks.

4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: any recognized accomplishment. Examples: "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe". This might fit, but "academic performance" is a broader concept about ongoing performance, not just a single recognized accomplishment. Sense 3 seems more about the act of performing rather than the accomplishment itself. However, "any recognized accomplishment" could also work, but sense 3's example "experience generally improves performance" matches better with the idea that smaller classes don't affect performance. Also, the phrase "academic performance" is typically about the level of achievement, but it is an ongoing process. Sense 3 is more general about the act of performing, which includes academic tasks. Sense 4 is about specific accomplishments. I think sense 3 is better because it's about the act of doing something, and "academic performance" is the execution of academic work.

5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: process or manner of functioning or operating. This is more about how a machine or system operates. Example: "the power of its engine determines its operation". Not applicable.

Thus, the best sense is 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Fireworks

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupils
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the <t>pupils</t> -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "pupils" in the context. The context is about education, classrooms, academic performance, etc. The sentence is: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". So clearly, pupils refers to students in school. The senses:
1. a learner enrolled in an educational institution, synonyms: student, educatee.
2. the contractile aperture in the eye.
3. a young person attending school (up through senior high school), synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child.

Both 1 and 3 are possible. But sense 1 is broader: any learner enrolled. Sense 3 specifies young person up through senior high school. In the context, "academic performance" could apply to any students, but given the mention of "classroom" and "school" references, it's likely school children. However, the context doesn't specify age. But the word "pupils" often is used for children in school. However, both 1 and 3 are very close. We need to see which is the best indexed sense. Typically, WordNet has multiple senses. Sense 1 is more general, sense 3 is more specific. In the context, it's about education in schools, likely K-12 because they talk about "smaller classes" and "teachers" and "school boards". It could be any educational institution, but the mention of "school" in "school boards" and "school governance" suggests primary/secondary education. Sense 3 says "young person attending school (up through senior high school)". So that seems fitting. Also, the synonym "schoolchild" is very apt. Therefore, I'll pick sense 3.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be <t>desirable</t> for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "desirable" and its context. We need to choose the best sense from the two candidates. The context: "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be <t>desirable</t> for other reasons." Here, "desirable" means something like "worth having or seeking" even if not for academic performance. It is not about choosing a spouse. Sense 1 is broad: "worth having or seeking or achieving". Sense 2 is specific: "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse", with synonyms suitable, worthy. Example: "the parents found the girl suitable for their son". Clearly, the context is not about marriage. So sense 1 fits best.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for <t>other</t> reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "other" in the context: "though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." The sentence is discussing that even smaller classes have zero effect on academic performance, but they might be desirable for other reasons. So "other" here means reasons that are not the academic performance ones, i.e., different or additional reasons.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: definition: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied. Examples: today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works. This sense is about being different or additional.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 definition: recently past. Example: the other evening. This is about time.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 definition: belonging to the distant past. Synonyms: early, former. Example: the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 definition: very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected. Example: a strange, other dimension.

In the context, "other reasons" means reasons besides the academic performance reason. It's clearly sense 1: not the same one already mentioned. The sentence says "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." Here, "other" contrasts with the academic performance reason. So it's the first sense, meaning different or additional.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

We output: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other <t>reasons</t>. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with choosing the best indexed sense for the target word "reasons" in the given context. The context is: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other <t>reasons</t>." The word is in the phrase "for other reasons", meaning there are other justifications or grounds for desiring smaller classes besides academic performance.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

In the phrase "for other reasons", it means "for other justifications or grounds". The word is used to express that there are other considerations that justify smaller classes, even if academic performance isn't one of them. That aligns with a sense that indicates a justification or a rational motive.

Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" — This could fit: other reasons (other motives) for desiring smaller classes. Synonyms: ground. Example: the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration. Here, "reasons" are the grounds for desiring smaller classes.

Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" — synonyms: cause, grounds. Example: "they had good reason to rejoice". This also fits: "for other reasons" means for other justifications.

Sense 6: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" — example: "there is reason to believe he is lying" — This is like a piece of evidence that justifies a belief. "For other reasons" could be other facts that justify the desirability of smaller classes.

Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" — This is more about causal explanation. The example is about a steady state not being reached because of back pressure. Here, "reasons" in "for other reasons" is not an explanation of a cause, but rather a justification or ground.

Sense 1 and sense 5 are very close. Note the synonyms: sense 1 has "ground", sense 5 has "cause, grounds". The context is "for other reasons" meaning for other grounds/justifications. Often "reason" in such phrases is sense 1 or sense 5. Let's check the distinction: sense 1 is "a rational motive for a belief or action", while sense 5 is "a justification for something existing or happening". In the context, "other reasons" are why smaller classes might be desirable — they are justifications for the desirability (a belief or action? Possibly the action of implementing smaller classes? Or the belief that they are desirable). So it could be either. However, the phrase "for other reasons" is very similar to the example in sense 5: "they had good reason to rejoice" — which is a justification for a state of rejoicing. The example in sense 1: "the reason that war was declared" — that's a motive for an action (declaring war). Which is more fitting? The text says "smaller classes have zero effect on academic performance ... though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." Desiring smaller classes is a belief/attitude that they are desirable. So it's a motive or ground for the belief that they are desirable, or a justification for their being desirable. But it's not an action per se; it's a state of being desirable. Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" — the something is the desirability (small classes being desirable). Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" — the belief is that small classes are desirable. So both could work. Typically, in WSD, sense 5 is often used for "reason" as in "there is reason to believe", but note that sense 6 is specifically about a fact logically justifying a premise. The phrase "for other reasons" might be more like "other grounds". Let's look at the examples: Sense 1: "the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration" — here "reason" is the grounds for an action. Sense 5: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice" — "good reason" is a justification for an emotional state or action. In our text, "for other reasons" is a plural, like "other justifications".

Also consider that earlier in the text, there is "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." That use of "reason" is an explanation of a cause or a justification for why increasing expenditures will make things worse. That might be sense 2 or 5. But the target is "reasons" in "for other reasons".

Given that "reasons" is plural and means other considerations that justify the desirability, I think sense 5 (justification) or sense 1 (rational motive) are strong. However, in standard WordNet disambiguation tasks, "reason" in "for ... reasons" often maps to sense 1 or sense 5. Let's check the definition of sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" — here it's for a belief that smaller classes are desirable. Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" — the something existing is the state of being desirable. Which is more precise? Motive vs justification. The word "grounds" is a synonym for both (sense 1 has "ground", sense 5 has "grounds"). In the examples, sense 1: "the reason that war was declared" — that is a motive for action. Sense 5: "they had good reason to rejoice" — that is a justification for a feeling/state. In our text, "desirable for other reasons" indicates other reasons that justify the desirability. So it's a justification. I lean towards sense 5.

Sense 6: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" — that might be too specific, like a piece of evidence. "There is reason to believe he is lying" — here reason is a fact. In "for other reasons", it's not necessarily a single fact, but more general grounds.

Let's see the context: "though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." It's like "for other grounds". So it aligns with "grounds" (sense 5). Sense 5's example: "they had good reason to rejoice" parallels "they may be desirable for other reasons" — good reason to rejoice vs other reasons to be desirable.

Given that, I'll select sense 5.

But I must be sure: is there any other sense? No.

So the best indexed sense is 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The <t>new</t> money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "new" and the context. The target surface form is "new". We need to choose the best WordNet sense from the 11 candidates. Let's analyze the context.

Context: "... The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."

The target is "new" modifying "money". The phrase is "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..." Here, "new money" refers to the increased educational expenditures just mentioned. It is money that is being added, fresh, not previously existing. It is not about something novel, inexperienced, unprecedented, different, unaffected by use, newfangled, medieval, modern, young crops, or unfamiliar. It is simply money that has recently come into being or been made available. Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" with examples "a new law; new cars". That fits perfectly: "the new money" is money that is newly coming into the system, just made available.

Other senses:
2. original and of a kind not seen before (novel) - money isn't novel, it's just additional funding.
3. lacking training or experience - doesn't fit money.
4. unprecedented - not really unprecedented.
5. other than the former one(s); different - not a different kind of money, just additional funds.
6. unaffected by use or exposure - "looks like new" doesn't fit money.
7. gratuitously new (newfangled) - not appropriate.
8. medieval use - no.
9. modern language - no.
10. young crops - no.
11. unfamiliar - no.

So sense 1 is the best. Index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new <t>money</t> flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "money" in the given context. The context discusses increasing expenditures on education and how money is flowing into administrative structures. The phrase "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" indicates that "money" here refers to funds or financial resources being allocated. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender. This is the general concept of money as currency.
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money. This refers to total financial assets or wealth.
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank. This is more specific to currency.

In the context, "money" is not being used as legal tender per se, nor as a specific currency, but as financial resources or funds that are being spent. The phrase "new money" here refers to additional funds or increased expenditure. Sense 2, wealth reckoned in terms of money, fits best because it describes money as a measure of wealth or financial resources being allocated. The examples for sense 2: "all his money is in real estate" shows that it's about the abstract concept of wealth, not physical currency. Similarly, in the text, "money flows" implies financial resources being directed somewhere.

Thus, sense index 2 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money <t>flows</t> into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%2:38:01:: | definition=move or progress freely as if in a stream | synonyms=flux | examples=The crowd flowed out of the stadium
2. sense_key=flow%2:38:00:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=run, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
3. sense_key=flow%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to flow | examples=The artist flowed the washes on the paper
4. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: | definition=be abundantly present | examples=The champagne flowed at the wedding
5. sense_key=flow%2:35:04:: | definition=fall or flow in a certain way | synonyms=hang, fall | examples=This dress hangs well; Her long black hair flowed down her back
6. sense_key=flow%2:30:00:: | definition=cover or swamp with water
7. sense_key=flow%2:29:00:: | definition=undergo menstruation | synonyms=menstruate | examples=She started menstruating at the age of 11

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "flow" and target surface form "flows". The context is about education spending and administrative structures. The sentence: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers." The sense is about money moving into an administrative structure. It's a metaphorical movement of money, like a flow of resources.

We look at the candidate senses:

1. move or progress freely as if in a stream | The crowd flowed out of the stadium. This is about movement of people or things smoothly. Could apply metaphorically to money moving.

2. move along, of liquids | Water flowed into the cave. This is literal liquid flow.

3. cause to flow | The artist flowed the washes on the paper. This is transitive, causing something to flow.

4. be abundantly present | The champagne flowed at the wedding. This is about abundance, like drinks flowing freely.

5. fall or flow in a certain way | hang, fall | This dress hangs well; Her long black hair flowed down her back. This is about hair or fabric hanging.

6. cover or swamp with water

7. undergo menstruation

In context, "the new money flows into the ... administrative structure" describes money moving into the structure. It’s not literal liquid, but metaphorical. Sense 1: move or progress freely as if in a stream. That fits: money is moving like a stream into the structure. Sense 4: be abundantly present, like champagne flowing, could also fit because money is abundant and flowing into the system. But sense 1 emphasizes movement, while sense 4 emphasizes abundance. The context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" – it's about the direction of the money, not just its abundance. It's about where the money goes. So sense 1 is more about movement. The example for sense 4 is "The champagne flowed at the wedding" meaning there was plenty of champagne. But here, it's "flows into", which is directional. That suggests sense 1 is better because it specifically mentions "move ... as if in a stream" and the example "The crowd flowed out of the stadium" shows directional movement. So sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, sense_index = 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pile
Target surface form: piling
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself <t>piling</t> more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pile%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
2. sense_key=pile%2:38:00:: | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
3. sense_key=pile%2:35:03:: | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "piling" in the context. The sentence: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers." So the administrative structure is piling paperwork on the teachers. This is not literally stacking physical objects, but metaphorically assigning a lot of paperwork. The definitions:

1. arrange in stacks, e.g., heap firewood, stack books.
2. press tightly together or cram, e.g., crowd packed the auditorium.
3. place or lay as if in a pile, e.g., The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested.

Sense 3 fits perfectly: "The teacher piled work on the students" is exactly parallel: piling paperwork on the teachers. The sense is metaphorical: imposing a burden of work. Sense 1 is literal stacking. Sense 2 is about crowding people. So sense 3 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense index for "more" in the context. The two candidate senses:

Sense 1: (comparative of 'much' used with mass nouns) quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree. Examples: more land; more support.

Sense 2: (comparative of 'many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number. Examples: a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas.

In the context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

"paper work" is a mass noun (uncountable), so "more" here is used with a mass noun. Therefore, sense 1 is appropriate. Also, the phrase "more and more paper work" indicates increasing amount. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "more" in the phrase "piling more and more paper work on the teachers." The target is "more" and it appears twice in "more and more". We need to decide which sense fits.

First, look at the candidate senses:
1. more%3:00:01:: – comparative of 'much', used with mass nouns, meaning greater in size/amount/extent/degree. Example: "more land; more support"
2. more%3:00:02:: – comparative of 'many', used with count nouns, meaning greater in number. Example: "a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas"

Now, the context: "piling more and more paper work on the teachers." The noun is "paper work" (paperwork). Is "paperwork" a mass noun or count noun? Paperwork is typically uncountable, like "work" in general. We say "more paperwork," not "more paperworks." It refers to a quantity of work, not individual countable items. So it is a mass noun. Therefore, sense 1, derived from "much," is appropriate. Sense 2 is for count nouns, like "more bananas." So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the <t>teachers</t>. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "teachers" in the given context. The two candidate senses are:
1. teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Context: The text discusses education, classrooms, money, administrative structures, and paperwork burdening teachers. It says "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers." Clearly, "teachers" here refers to actual human beings working in classrooms, not abstract personified concepts. So sense 1 is correct.

I need to output a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mystery
Target surface form: mystery
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither <t>mystery</t> nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: | definition=something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained | synonyms=enigma, secret, closed book | examples=how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets
2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: | definition=a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie | synonyms=mystery story, whodunit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "mystery" and its surface form "mystery" in the context: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures... have increased sharply... educational performance has declined." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: | definition=something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained | synonyms=enigma, secret, closed book | examples=how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets
2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: | definition=a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie | synonyms=mystery story, whodunit

We need to pick the best sense. The context says: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact..." Here, "mystery" refers to something that is inexplicable or puzzling. The fact that educational performance declines as spending increases is not mysterious; it's explained by the system. So sense 1 fits perfectly, as it means something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained. Sense 2 is about a genre of story, which is irrelevant here.

Thus, the correct sense index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the <t>fact</t> that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "fact" with the surface form "fact" in the given context. The context is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the <t>fact</t> that as educational expenditures ... have increased sharply ... educational performance has declined." We need to choose the best indexed sense from four candidates.

Let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

In the context, "fact" is used in the phrase "the fact that ...". This construction introduces a clause that is presented as a true state of affairs. It's not just a piece of information (sense 1) or a statement/assertion (sense 2), but more fundamentally the reality of the situation. The phrase "the fact that" often means "the reality that" or "the truth that". Sense 3 defines it as "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed", which fits because the increase in expenditures and decline in performance are events that have occurred and are known to have happened. The example for sense 3: "your fears have no basis in fact" uses "fact" to mean reality, and "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction" contrasts fact with fiction, meaning actual events. Here, the clause after "the fact that" presents something that actually happened, not just a piece of information or an assertion. Sense 4 is about provable truth, but the context is about a historical observation, not a scientific hypothesis. Sense 1 is about pieces of information (like facts of a case), but here it's not collecting pieces; it's the reality of the situation. Sense 2 emphasizes a statement or assertion, but "the fact that" is not asserting a statement; it's referring to the actual state of affairs. So sense 3 seems most appropriate: an event known to have happened (the increase in expenditures and decline in performance are events that occurred).

Thus, the best indexed sense is 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as <t>educational</t> expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "educational" in the given context. The target word appears as "educational" in the phrase "educational expenditures" and later "educational performance". Let's look at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" with example "educational psychology". This sense is about something being connected to education itself as a field or process.

Sense 2: "providing knowledge" with example "an educational film". This sense is about something that educates or informs.

In the context: "educational expenditures" means spending on education. That is clearly "relating to the process of education". Also "educational performance" means performance in the education system. So the word is used as an adjective relating to education, not as "providing knowledge". The example "educational psychology" is about psychology related to education, which is similar. Sense 2 would be used for something like "an educational experience" meaning it taught you something. Here it's not about expenditures that are themselves providing knowledge, but expenditures in the field of education. Hence, sense 1 is correct.

Instructions: Return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So we need to output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational <t>expenditures</t> (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "expenditures" in the given context. The target lemma is "expenditure" and the surface form is "expenditures". The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms: outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms: expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | the act of consuming something | synonyms: consumption, using up

Context: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational <t>expenditures</t> (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works."

We need to determine the correct sense. The word "expenditures" here refers to money spent on education. The phrase "increasing expenditures on education" and later "as educational expenditures ... have increased sharply" and "we now spend more per pupil" all indicate the amount of money paid out. So it's about "money paid out; an amount spent." The act of spending (sense 2) is the process, but here they're talking about the actual sums of money. Sense 3 is about consumption of something (not necessarily money). In this context, it's clearly the financial meaning of money spent on education. Sense 1 fits as it denotes the amount spent, which is a noun referring to the money itself. Sense 2 is the act, but when we say "expenditures have increased", we refer to the amounts, not the act of spending. So I'd choose sense 1.

Thus the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: real
Target surface form: real
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in <t>real</t> terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=real%3:00:00:: | definition=being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory; ; ; ; ; ; - Longfellow | synonyms=existent | examples=real objects; real people; not ghosts
2. sense_key=real%3:00:02:: | definition=no less than what is stated; worthy of the name | examples=the real reason; real war
3. sense_key=real%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=not to be taken lightly | examples=statistics demonstrate that poverty and unemployment are very real problems; to the man sleeping regularly in doorways homelessness is real
4. sense_key=real%5:00:00:concrete:00 | definition=capable of being treated as fact | synonyms=tangible | examples=tangible evidence; his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor
5. sense_key=real%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something; ; - G.K.Chesterton | synonyms=actual, genuine, literal | examples=her actual motive; a literal solitude like a desert
6. sense_key=real%3:00:01:: | definition=of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation | examples=real prices; real income
7. sense_key=real%3:00:03:: | definition=having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary; ; ; - Shakespeare | synonyms=substantial, material | examples=the substantial world; a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical
8. sense_key=real%5:00:00:tangible:02 | definition=(of property) fixed or immovable | examples=real property consists of land and buildings
9. sense_key=real%5:00:02:realistic:00 | definition=coinciding with reality; - F.A.Olafson | synonyms=veridical | examples=perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "real" in a sentence. Let's read the context: "as educational expenditures (in <t>real</t> terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century". The phrase is "in real terms", which is a common economic term meaning adjusted for inflation. So the sense is about inflation-adjusted value. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory
2. no less than what is stated; worthy of the name
3. not to be taken lightly
4. capable of being treated as fact; tangible
5. being or reflecting the essential or genuine character
6. of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation (real prices; real income)
7. having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary
8. (of property) fixed or immovable
9. coinciding with reality

Sense 6 explicitly says "corrected for inflation" and gives examples "real prices; real income". The phrase "in real terms" is exactly that. So sense 6 is the correct one.

Thus, we return {"sense_index": 6}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have <t>increased</t> sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "increase" with surface form "increased" in the given context. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

The context: "... as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century ..." Here, "increased" is used intransitively: expenditures have increased. There is no agent doing the increasing; it's just becoming bigger in amount. So sense 1 (intransitive) fits. Sense 2 is transitive (make bigger or more), which would require an object, but here it's just the expenditures that have increased.

Thus, the best sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sharply
Target surface form: sharply
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased <t>sharply</t> in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sharply%4:02:00:: | definition=in an aggressive manner | synonyms=aggressively | examples=she was being sharply questioned
2. sense_key=sharply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a well delineated manner | synonyms=crisply | examples=the new style of Minoan pottery was sharply defined
3. sense_key=sharply%4:02:02:: | definition=changing suddenly in direction and degree | synonyms=sharp, acutely | examples=the road twists sharply after the light; turn sharp left here
4. sense_key=sharply%4:02:03:: | definition=very suddenly and to a great degree | synonyms=precipitously | examples=conditions that precipitously increase the birthrate; prices rose sharply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context. ... Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

Target lemma: sharply. Context: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century ..." So "sharply" modifies "increased". We need to find which sense fits best.

Candidate senses:
1. in an aggressive manner (e.g., she was being sharply questioned)
2. in a well delineated manner (e.g., sharply defined)
3. changing suddenly in direction and degree (e.g., the road twists sharply; turn sharp left)
4. very suddenly and to a great degree (e.g., prices rose sharply)

In context, "increased sharply" means increased by a large amount or suddenly to a great degree. Sense 4 says "very suddenly and to a great degree" with examples "conditions that precipitously increase the birthrate; prices rose sharply". That fits perfectly: prices rose sharply -> expenditures increased sharply. Sense 3 is about changing direction, not about magnitude. Sense 1 is about manner (aggressive questioning). Sense 2 is about clarity of definition. So sense 4 is the best.

Thus return {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "past" in the given context. The target is "past" as used in the phrase "in the past quarter-of-a-century". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the two candidates.

Let's examine the context: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century ... educational performance has declined."

Here "past" modifies "quarter-of-a-century" meaning the most recent 25 years leading up to the present. It refers to a time period that is prior to now but not necessarily disconnected from the present; it's a recent past.

Now, candidate senses:

1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past

2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Clearly, sense 2 is about a person holding a former position, which does not fit here. "Past" in our context describes a time period. Sense 1 directly matches: "earlier than the present time; no longer current." The example "time past" aligns with "past quarter-of-a-century". So sense 1 is the correct one.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.

The JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "now" and the context: "we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". The context is discussing current educational expenditures and comparing them to the past. The phrase "we now spend" indicates the present time, contrasting with past spending. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Historical present (narration of past events). This doesn't fit because the context is describing the current situation, not narrating past events.

2. "in these times; nowadays, today". This fits well: "we now spend" means nowadays we spend. The example "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" is similar.

3. Preface to command/reproof/request. Not applicable.

4. "at the present moment". Also possible, but sense 2 (nowadays) seems more appropriate for a general statement about current spending levels compared to past, rather than a specific momentary action.

5. "without delay; immediately". Not applicable.

6. Transitional. Not applicable.

7. "in the immediate past". Not applicable; it's about present spending.

The distinction between sense 2 and sense 4: sense 4 is "at the present moment", often used for something happening now (e.g., "goods now on sale"). Sense 2 is "in these times; nowadays", used for general trends. The context says "we now spend more per pupil than any other country", which is a general fact about the current era, not a momentary event. The example for sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" is very similar. Thus, sense 2 is the best fit.

Choose sense index 2.

Return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spend
Target surface form: spend
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spend%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=pass | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
2. sense_key=spend%2:40:00:: | definition=pay out | synonyms=expend, drop | examples=spend money
3. sense_key=spend%2:40:01:: | definition=spend completely | examples=I spend my pocket money in two days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "spend" in the context: "we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world". The context is about educational expenditures, money per pupil. So "spend" here means paying out money. The senses:

1. pass time (e.g., spend vacation)
2. pay out money (synonyms: expend, drop, examples: spend money)
3. spend completely (example: I spend my pocket money in two days)

Sense 2 fits perfectly: we spend (expend) more money per pupil. Sense 3 is about spending completely, which isn't the emphasis here. So sense_index=2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: Choose the best indexed sense for "more" in the context: "we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world". The two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

We need to pick one. In context, "spend more per pupil" means spend a greater amount of money per pupil. "More" modifies the verb "spend"? Actually, "more" here is an adverb modifying "spend"? Or is it a quantifier? It means spend a larger amount. Sense 2 says "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" with examples like "he works more now". That fits: spend more = spend to a greater degree/extent. Sense 1 is specifically "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" like "more interesting". That is a different usage: making comparative forms. In "spend more", "more" is not forming a comparative adjective/adverb; it's a standalone adverb meaning "to a greater degree". Thus, sense 2 is correct.

So answer: {"sense_index": 2}