[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: away
Target surface form: away
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift <t>away</t>. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=away%4:02:00:: | definition=from a particular thing or place or position (`forth' is obsolete) | synonyms=off, forth | examples=ran away from the lion; wanted to get away from there
2. sense_key=away%4:02:01:: | definition=from one's possession | synonyms=out | examples=he gave out money to the poor; gave away the tickets
3. sense_key=away%4:02:03:: | definition=out of the way (especially away from one's thoughts) | synonyms=aside | examples=brush the objections aside; pushed all doubts away
4. sense_key=away%4:02:04:: | definition=out of existence; ; - H.E.Scudder | examples=the music faded away; tried to explain away the affair of the letter
5. sense_key=away%4:02:08:: | definition=at a distance in space or time | synonyms=off | examples=the boat was 5 miles off (or away); the party is still 2 weeks off (or away)
6. sense_key=away%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating continuing action; continuously or steadily | examples=he worked away at the project for more than a year; the child kept hammering away as if his life depended on it
7. sense_key=away%4:02:09:: | definition=so as to be removed or gotten rid of | examples=cleared the mess away; the rotted wood had to be cut away
8. sense_key=away%4:02:10:: | definition=freely or at will | examples=fire away!
9. sense_key=away%4:02:07:: | definition=in or into a proper place (especially for storage or safekeeping) | examples=put the toys away; her jewels are locked away in a safe
10. sense_key=away%4:02:06:: | definition=in a different direction | synonyms=aside | examples=turn aside; turn away one's face
11. sense_key=away%4:02:02:: | definition=in reserve; not for immediate use | synonyms=aside, by | examples=started setting aside money to buy a car; put something by for her old age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "away" with surface form "away" in the context: "they just drift <t>away</t>." The sentence is about youngsters who drift away from bell-ringing. The context: the group tries to train youngsters, but they have their discos and dances, and they just drift away. So "drift away" means they gradually leave or stop participating. So we need to choose the best sense for "away" as an adverb.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=away%4:02:00:: | definition=from a particular thing or place or position (`forth' is obsolete) | synonyms=off, forth | examples=ran away from the lion; wanted to get away from there
This is about physical movement from a place. "Drift away" could be metaphorical, but it's about leaving the activity, not necessarily a physical position. Could fit.

2. sense_key=away%4:02:01:: | definition=from one's possession | synonyms=out | examples=he gave out money to the poor; gave away the tickets
This is about giving something away, not relevant.

3. sense_key=away%4:02:03:: | definition=out of the way (especially away from one's thoughts) | synonyms=aside | examples=brush the objections aside; pushed all doubts away
"Drift away" could mean they put it out of their thoughts, but the phrase "drift away" typically means to gradually leave or disappear.

4. sense_key=away%4:02:04:: | definition=out of existence; ; - H.E.Scudder | examples=the music faded away; tried to explain away the affair of the letter
This sense is about disappearing or ceasing to exist. "Faded away" is similar to "drift away" – they gradually disappear from the activity. "Drift away" could mean they gradually stop participating, thus out of existence from that context. This seems plausible.

5. sense_key=away%4:02:08:: | definition=at a distance in space or time | synonyms=off | examples=the boat was 5 miles off (or away); the party is still 2 weeks off (or away)
"Drift away" might imply drifting to a distance, but the adverb in "drift away" is not describing distance; it's more about process.

6. sense_key=away%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating continuing action; continuously or steadily | examples=he worked away at the project for more than a year; the child kept hammering away as if his life depended on it
"Drift away" doesn't imply continuous drifting; "away" here isn't describing the manner of drifting. So no.

7. sense_key=away%4:02:09:: | definition=so as to be removed or gotten rid of | examples=cleared the mess away; the rotted wood had to be cut away
"Drift away" could mean they are removed from the group. This is similar: they get removed by drifting. But sense 4 is "out of existence" and might be closer.

8. sense_key=away%4:02:10:: | definition=freely or at will | examples=fire away!
Not relevant.

9. sense_key=away%4:02:07:: | definition=in or into a proper place (especially for storage or safekeeping) | examples=put the toys away; her jewels are locked away in a safe
Not relevant.

10. sense_key=away%4:02:06:: | definition=in a different direction | synonyms=aside | examples=turn aside; turn away one's face
"Drift away" could imply drifting in a different direction, but it's more about leaving.

11. sense_key=away%4:02:02:: | definition=in reserve; not for immediate use | synonyms=aside, by | examples=started setting aside money to buy a car; put something by for her old age
Not relevant.

Now, compare sense 1, sense 4, and sense 7. Sense 1: "from a particular thing or place or position" – "drift away from bell-ringing" could be metaphorical: from that activity. Sense 4: "out of existence" – "faded away" is a similar phrasal verb meaning to gradually disappear. Sense 7: "so as to be removed or gotten rid of" – "cleared the mess away" – the mess is removed.

Often in WordNet, "fade away" and "drift away" might fall under sense 4 because they denote a gradual disappearance. The example "the music faded away" directly matches the pattern. Also, "drift away" in the context of people leaving a group tends to mean they gradually disappear from the scene. Sense 4 seems the best fit because it's about vanishing or ceasing to be present.

Let's double-check: In WordNet, the adverb "away" has many senses. The phrasal verb "drift away" typically uses "away" to indicate gradually becoming less involved or disappearing. This aligns with "out of existence" as in "faded away". Sense 1 is more about physically moving away from a point, while sense 4 is metaphorical disappearance. Since the context is about youngsters leaving the activity and no longer participating, they are effectively disappearing from the group. So I'll go with sense 4.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 4}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worry
Target surface form: worries
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond <t>worries</t> that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worry%2:37:00:: | definition=be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy | examples=I worry about my job
2. sense_key=worry%2:37:12:: | definition=be concerned with | synonyms=care | examples=I worry about my grades
3. sense_key=worry%2:37:01:: | definition=disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress | synonyms=vex | examples=I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me
4. sense_key=worry%2:42:00:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, occupy | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
5. sense_key=worry%2:35:00:: | definition=lacerate by biting | examples=the dog worried his bone
6. sense_key=worry%2:35:01:: | definition=touch or rub constantly | examples=The old man worried his beads

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate the word "worries" in the sentence: "Mr. Hammond <t>worries</t> that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

Let's examine the context: Mr. Hammond is concerned about the future of the bell-ringing group, fearing that older members will age out and youth will leave due to other interests (discos, dances). So he is worried, anxious, troubled about this potential decline.

Candidate senses:
1. be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy. Example: I worry about my job. This fits perfectly: he is anxious/troubled about the diminishing ranks.
2. be concerned with. Synonyms: care. Example: I worry about my grades. This is similar but more like "care about" – but the context shows he is anxiously concerned, not just caring. Sense 1 specifically includes "anxious, troubled, uneasy", which matches "worries that ... will diminish". Sense 2 might be less intense. However, "be concerned with" can also fit, but sense 1 is more precise given the emotional tone of the context (exhausting effort, flightiness, old age, history not on his side).
3. disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress. Synonyms: vex. Example: I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me. Here the subject is the thing that causes worry. In our sentence, "Mr. Hammond worries that ..." – the subject is the person experiencing the worry, not the cause. The syntax is "Mr. Hammond worries (about something)". That's intransitive. Sense 3 is transitive: something worries someone. So it doesn't match the structure "He worries that...". So sense 3 is wrong.
4. be on the mind of. Synonyms: concern, interest, occupy. Example: I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift. This is like "be on one's mind". Again, the syntax is "something worries someone" (transitive) or "I worry about something"? The example "I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift" uses the same intransitive construction? Actually, the example: "I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift" is ambiguous; it could be sense 4: "be on the mind of" – but the gloss says "be on the mind of" which is intransitive? Let's check: WordNet sense keys: worry%2:42:00:: is probably intransitive? The definition: "be on the mind of" – like "This problem worries me." That's transitive. The example "I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift" is actually ambiguous: it might be that the shift "worries me", but the example is phrased as "I worry about...". However, sense 4's examples: "I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift" seems like the subject is "I". In WordNet, this sense is often for the transitive "concern" meaning, e.g., "The problem worries me". But the example given might be a conversion. Let's see: sense_key=worry%2:42:00:: has synonyms: concern, interest, occupy. In WordNet, "worry" sense 4: "be on the mind of; 'I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift'". It is listed as a verb, and the example uses "I worry about...". That is intransitive construction. But the definition "be on the mind of" suggests the subject is the thing. However, WordNet often uses examples like that. I need to see the actual WordNet data. I recall that WordNet has multiple senses for "worry". The intransitive "be anxious" is sense 1, 2. Sense 4 is "be on the mind of; 'I worry about...'". Sometimes it's like "This problem worries me", but the example shows intransitive. However, sense 4 is less specific to emotional distress; it's more about preoccupation. The context clearly is emotional distress about the future, so sense 1 is better.
5,6: about biting or rubbing, not applicable.

Thus sense 1 is best. Sense 2 is similar but lacks the emotional distress component. The context says "worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks" – this is a clear expression of worry, anxiety, concern.

Thus I pick sense 1.

But let's double-check sense indexing: we have 1 through 6 as list above. My answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Wafer

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: youth
Target surface form: youth
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of <t>youth</t> will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=youth%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person (especially a young man or boy) | synonyms=young person, younker, spring chicken
2. sense_key=youth%1:14:00:: | definition=young people collectively | synonyms=young | examples=rock music appeals to the young; youth everywhere rises in revolt
3. sense_key=youth%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of life between childhood and maturity
4. sense_key=youth%1:26:00:: | definition=early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced
5. sense_key=youth%1:28:01:: | definition=an early period of development | synonyms=early days | examples=during the youth of the project
6. sense_key=youth%1:07:00:: | definition=the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person | synonyms=youthfulness, juvenility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best indexed sense for the word "youth" in the given context. The target word appears in the sentence: "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of <t>youth</t> will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

We have six candidate senses. Let's analyze each:

Sense 1: a young person (especially a young man or boy). Synonyms: young person, younker, spring chicken. This refers to an individual young person. In the context, "youth" is used in a general sense contrasting with "old age". The phrase "flightiness of youth" suggests a characteristic of young people collectively, not a specific individual.

Sense 2: young people collectively. Synonyms: young. Examples: rock music appeals to the young; youth everywhere rises in revolt. This sense fits well because "flightiness of youth" implies the tendency of young people as a group to be flighty. The earlier mention: "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away" talks about young people in general drifting away. So "youth" here likely means the collective group of young people, and their characteristic of being flighty.

Sense 3: the time of life between childhood and maturity. That would refer to a period in life. Not directly applicable; "flightiness of youth" doesn't mean the flightiness of that time period, but rather of the people.

Sense 4: early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced. This is a state or quality. "Flightiness of youth" could be interpreted as flightiness that comes from being young. But the context emphasizes the young people themselves drifting away. It's not just an abstract quality, but the collective group's behavior. Still, "youth" as a state could work, but sense 2 seems more direct: "young people collectively".

Sense 5: an early period of development. Example: during the youth of the project. This is metaphorical, like the early stage. Not applicable.

Sense 6: the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person. Synonyms: youthfulness, juvenility. This is a quality. "Flightiness of youth" might be interpreted as flightiness that is a characteristic of youth, but "flightiness" is already a characteristic. It says "old age and the flightiness of youth" where "old age" is a state/condition, so "youth" could be a parallel state. However, the preceding sentences talk about specific young people (youngsters) drifting away, so the flightiness is attributed to the young people themselves, not just the abstract state. The phrase "the flightiness of youth" is a common expression meaning young people are flighty. So I think sense 2 is the best.

Sense 2: "young people collectively". That fits perfectly.

Thus, I choose sense_index 2.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rank
Target surface form: ranks
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the <t>ranks</t> of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rank%1:14:00:: | definition=a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another | examples=the entrance was guarded by ranks of policemen
2. sense_key=rank%1:26:00:: | definition=relative status | examples=his salary was determined by his rank and seniority
3. sense_key=rank%1:14:01:: | definition=the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army) | synonyms=rank and file | examples=the strike was supported by the union rank and file; he rose from the ranks to become a colonel
4. sense_key=rank%1:26:01:: | definition=position in a social hierarchy | synonyms=social station, social status, social rank | examples=the British are more aware of social status than Americans are
5. sense_key=rank%1:14:02:: | definition=the body of members of an organization or group | synonyms=membership | examples=they polled their membership; they found dissension in their own ranks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "rank" and its surface form "ranks" in a sentence: "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the <t>ranks</t> of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing." The context is about ringers (bell ringers), a group of 15 ringers who travel to keep bells sounding. The phrase "diminish the ranks" refers to reducing the number of members in the group.

Now, look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=rank%1:14:00:: definition: a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another. Example: "the entrance was guarded by ranks of policemen". This is literal rows, not metaphorical.
2. sense_key=rank%1:26:00:: definition: relative status. Example: salary determined by rank. Not about membership numbers.
3. sense_key=rank%1:14:01:: definition: the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army). Synonyms: rank and file. Example: "the strike was supported by the union rank and file; he rose from the ranks to become a colonel". This refers to the ordinary members as opposed to leaders, and often used in phrases like "rank and file". In the context, "diminish the ranks" could mean reduce the number of ordinary members? But the group of ringers is not specifically described as having a hierarchy; they are just members. The phrase "the ranks" often means the membership, but "rank and file" typically contrasts with leaders. Here, it's just the group's membership.
4. sense_key=rank%1:26:01:: definition: position in a social hierarchy. Not about group membership count.
5. sense_key=rank%1:14:02:: definition: the body of members of an organization or group. Synonyms: membership. Example: "they polled their membership; they found dissension in their own ranks". This sense directly fits the meaning of "ranks" as the membership body. "Diminish the ranks" means reduce the membership numbers. The example "they found dissension in their own ranks" shows usage similar to the context: "ranks" meaning members. This is the most appropriate sense.

Thus, sense 5 is the best match. Note: sense 3 is close but specifically "ordinary members" with synonym "rank and file", which implies a distinction from leaders. The group here likely doesn't have such a distinction; they are all ringers. But sense 5 is more general: the body of members. So sense 5 is better.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 5}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian <t>group</t> that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "group" in the given context. The context is about a group of bell ringers in East Anglia. They are a collection of people who ring bells. The target word is "group" as in "the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. Sense 1: "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit" with synonym "grouping". This fits perfectly for a group of people.
2. Sense 2: chemistry sense, atoms bound together. Not applicable.
3. Sense 3: mathematical group. Not applicable.

Thus, sense 1 is the best.

Output should be JSON: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: keep
Target surface form: keeps
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that <t>keeps</t> the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools?
19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry
20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips
21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school
22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: find the best sense for "keeps" in "the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing". The context: a group of ringers drives to churches to keep the bells sounding. Here "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" means they ensure the bells continue to ring/peal. So it's about causing or maintaining an activity: they keep the bells pealing. The verb is transitive: the group keeps the bells pealing. So the sense is "cause to continue in a certain state". Look at candidate senses:

1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
That fits: "keep the bells pealing" = keep them in the activity of pealing. Synonym: maintain. Example: keep clean, hold in place. This is exactly "keep + object + complement" (an adjective or present participle). So sense 1 seems perfect.

2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
This is intransitive or with "on": keep on working, continue. That doesn't take an object like "the bells". Context has an object: group keeps the bells pealing. So not this.

3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
Not applicable.

4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
"keep from" structure. Not here. "keeps the bells pealing" is not preventing.

5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
Not.

6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
Not.

7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
Doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
No.

9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
No.

10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
This might be similar: "allow to remain in a place or position". "keep the bells pealing" - allowing them to continue pealing? But the example "retains a lawyer" is about keeping someone in service. The definition is "allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature". Could be interpreted as "keep the bells in a pealing state". But the examples are about retaining something like servants, lawyer, which doesn't quite match an activity. Sense 1 is more directly "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" with examples "keep clean" (state), "hold in place" (position). "Keep the bells pealing" is exactly keeping them in the activity of pealing. Sense 10's examples involve nouns that are persons or things, not a participle. So sense 1 is better.

11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
No.

12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
Intransitive.

13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
No.

14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
No.

15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
No.

16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
No.

17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
No.

18, 19, 20, 21, 22: not.

Thus sense 1 is the best. Output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton <t>bells</t> pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "bell" and the surface form "bells" in the context: "...that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing." The context is about church bell ringing, with ringers traveling to keep bells sounding in belfries. The specific phrase is "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing." "Pealing" means ringing loudly, typically in a peal of bells. So the sense is clearly the physical bell that makes a ringing sound. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00::: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. This fits perfectly: church bells are metal devices that are struck.
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02::: doorbell, buzzer — not relevant.
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00::: the sound of a bell — but the phrase is "bells pealing," so the subject is the bells themselves, not just the sound. The word "bells" is the noun, and they are pealing (making sound). The sense is the object, not the sound.
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00::: nautical time units — not relevant.
5. bell shape — no.
6-8: persons — no.
9. chime, gong: a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells. In a church belfry, there are typically multiple bells, so it could be a set of bells. But the context says "bells" plural, and "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" refers to the bells in the belfry. It might be a set of bells rung by ringers. However, sense 1 is the generic hollow device, while sense 9 is specifically a set of tuned bells used as an orchestral instrument. In a church tower, the bells are typically a ring of bells used for change ringing, which are indeed a set of tuned bells, but they are not "orchestral" in the typical sense. The gloss for sense 9 says "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument." The church bells are rung by ringers pulling ropes, not necessarily struck with a hammer (though they are struck by clappers). But sense 1 is more general and includes any ringing device. The examples for sense 3 mention "church bells." But that's the sound sense. Actually, sense 1 is the most straightforward: a hollow device that makes a ringing sound. That is what a church bell is. Sense 9 might be too specific to orchestral chimes. So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: history
Target surface form: History
Context:
The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. <t>History</t>, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=history%1:28:00:: | definition=the aggregate of past events | examples=a critical time in the school's history
2. sense_key=history%1:10:00:: | definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=account, chronicle, story | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president
3. sense_key=history%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings | examples=he teaches Medieval history; history takes the long view
4. sense_key=history%1:28:02:: | definition=the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future | examples=all of human history
5. sense_key=history%1:09:01:: | definition=all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge | examples=the dawn of recorded history; from the beginning of history

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best WordNet sense for the word "History" in the given context. The context is: "History, after all, is not on his side." This follows a discussion about the decline of bell ringers, with Mr. Hammond worrying that old age and youth's flightiness will diminish the ranks. "History" here seems to refer to the trend or pattern of past events, suggesting that the course of events (the past record or the general experience) does not favor his hopes. It's not about a narrative account, nor the discipline, nor the continuum per se. It's the aggregate of past events that show a pattern or tendency. Sense 1: "the aggregate of past events" with example "a critical time in the school's history" fits well: the pattern of past events (here, the decline of bell ringing) is not encouraging. Sense 4 "the continuum of events" is similar but more about the ongoing flow, while sense 1 emphasizes the aggregate of what has happened. The phrase "history is not on his side" usually means the past record shows a trend against someone. That's sense 1. So index 1.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: side
Target surface form: side
Context:
The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his <t>side</t>. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=side%1:15:02:: | definition=a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location | examples=they always sat on the right side of the church; he never left my side
2. sense_key=side%1:14:00:: | definition=one of two or more contesting groups | examples=the Confederate side was prepared to attack
3. sense_key=side%1:08:00:: | definition=either the left or right half of a body | examples=he had a pain in his side
4. sense_key=side%1:15:00:: | definition=a surface forming part of the outside of an object | synonyms=face | examples=he examined all sides of the crystal; dew dripped from the face of the leaf
5. sense_key=side%1:06:00:: | definition=an extended outer surface of an object | examples=he turned the box over to examine the bottom side; they painted all four sides of the house
6. sense_key=side%1:09:00:: | definition=an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect) | examples=he was on the heavy side; he is on the purchasing side of the business
7. sense_key=side%1:15:01:: | definition=a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure | examples=the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side
8. sense_key=side%1:14:01:: | definition=a family line of descent | examples=he gets his brains from his father's side
9. sense_key=side%1:13:00:: | definition=a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food | synonyms=side of meat
10. sense_key=side%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=position | examples=there are two sides to every question
11. sense_key=side%1:17:01:: | definition=an elevated geological formation | synonyms=slope, incline | examples=he climbed the steep slope; the house was built on the side of a mountain
12. sense_key=side%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=English

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "side", surface form "side". The context is: "History, after all, is not on his <t>side</t>." Wait, the context given: "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks ... History, after all, is not on his <t>side</t>."

So the phrase is "not on his side". Meaning: history is not supporting him, not favoring his cause. The sense is like taking a position in a conflict or supporting someone. The candidate senses include:

1. a place relative to a center (e.g., right side of the church) - no.
2. one of two or more contesting groups (e.g., the Confederate side was prepared to attack) - this is about taking a side in a contest. "on his side" meaning on his team? Could be a figurative extension: being on someone's side means supporting them. But sense 2 is specifically "one of two or more contesting groups". "History is not on his side" means history is not supporting his cause, not that history is literally a contesting group. However, it is metaphoric: history as a force that can be for or against someone. Could also be sense 10: "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute" (there are two sides to every question). But that is about opinions, not about supporting a person.

Let's examine sense 2: "one of two or more contesting groups". Example: "the Confederate side was prepared to attack". This is a literal group. In "on his side", if we say "I'm on your side", it means I'm supporting you, I'm part of your group in a conflict. That aligns with sense 2: being on the same side as someone. The phrase "on his side" here means supporting him. So sense 2 fits: history is not on the side (the group) that supports him; i.e., history is not supporting him.

Sense 10: "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute". That is more abstract: "side" as a position in an argument. "There are two sides to every question." But here it's not about an opinion or argument; it's about fortune/support. So sense 2 seems better.

Sense 6: "an aspect of something" (he was on the heavy side) - no.

Sense 1: "a place within a region" (he never left my side) - that's physical, but here it's metaphorical.

Sense 4 and 5: surfaces - no.

Thus, sense 2 is the best. Let's double-check: WordNet sense 2 definition: "one of two or more contesting groups". Could be extended metaphorically to any alignment. The example they gave is about a literal group, but the sense is still the core meaning. This is typical: "on someone's side" means supporting that person in a contest. The context: he worries that old age and youth flightiness will diminish ranks; history is not on his side, meaning the trend of history is against his effort to keep the bells ringing. So history is like an opposing force, not taking his side. So it's about allegiance/support in a conflict. Sense 2 seems correct.

Therefore, choose sense_index


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survey
Target surface form: survey
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide <t>survey</t> taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=study
2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: | definition=short descriptive summary (of events) | synonyms=sketch, resume
3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of looking or seeing or observing | synonyms=view, sight | examples=he tried to get a better view of it; his survey of the battlefield was limited

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "survey", surface form "survey". Context: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=study
2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: | definition=short descriptive summary (of events) | synonyms=sketch, resume
3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of looking or seeing or observing | synonyms=view, sight | examples=he tried to get a better view of it; his survey of the battlefield was limited

We need to pick the best sense. In context, "survey" refers to a systematic collection of data, like an opinion poll or a census. It's not just looking; it's a detailed study. Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" and synonym "study" fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about a summary, which doesn't fit. Sense 3 is about the act of looking, which is not specific enough. The survey here gathered information about bells ringing. So sense 1 is best.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey <t>taken</t> a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "According to a nationwide survey <t>taken</t> a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them." The target lemma is "take", surface form "taken". We need to pick the best indexed sense from the list.

The phrase "survey taken" means the survey was conducted or carried out. The sense that fits is 'carry out' (sense 1: take%2:41:04:: | carry out | examples: take action; take steps). A survey is taken, meaning it is performed or executed. Other senses like 'get into one's hands' or 'require' don't fit. Check sense 24: ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial. But a survey is not a measurement like a reading; it's a poll. The primary sense here is to carry out the survey. So index 1.

I'll output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a <t>year</t> ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate "year" in the context. The sentence: "According to a nationwide survey taken a <t>year</t> ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them." The phrase "a year ago" means one year before the present time, a period of 365 days. So it's sense 1: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days. The other senses: 2 is a specific activity year (like school year), 3 is planetary revolution year (but that's not relevant in a human context), 4 is a class of graduates. The context is about a survey taken one year ago, so it's the standard calendar year. Sense 1 fits perfectly.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's <t>church</t> bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "church" in the given context. The target surface form is "church", so we need to choose the correct WordNet sense from the four candidates.

Context: "They belong to a group of 15 ringers ... who drive every Sunday from church to church ..." Later: "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them." In the first instance, "drive every Sunday from church to church" implies they travel from one church building to another. The second instance "church bells" clearly refers to bells belonging to church buildings. The word is used to refer to physical places of worship.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" (Christian church) - This is an organized religious group, like the Catholic Church. Not applicable here; they are driving from church to church, not from denomination to denomination.

2. Sense 2: "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" (church building). Example: "the church was empty." This fits perfectly: they drive from one church building to another to ring bells. Also "church bells" are bells of church buildings.

3. Sense 3: "a service conducted in a house of worship" (church service). Example: "don't be late for church." Could be possible: "drive every Sunday from church to church" might mean from service to service, but they are ringers who travel to ring bells, so they go to different church buildings to ring for services. However, they say "drive ... from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries." They are going to physical churches with belfries. Also "church bells" are physical bells, not service bells. So sense 2 is more direct.

4. Sense 4: "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church" - This is a congregation. Example: "our church is hosting a picnic next week." That doesn't fit "from church to church" or "church bells".

Thus, the best sense is sense_index 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church <t>bells</t> are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the target word "bell" in the given context. The target surface form is "bells", appearing multiple times. The context is about church bell ringers and the ringing of church bells. The candidate senses are listed with definitions. We need to choose the single best indexed sense (1 through 10). The context clearly refers to physical bells in church belfries that are rung. The phrase "church bells" is mentioned explicitly: "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays". So the sense is about the physical metal device that makes a ringing sound. Looking at the senses:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. This is the basic physical bell sense.

2. doorbell/buzzer - not church bells.

3. the sound of a bell being struck - this is the sound, not the physical object. But note the example: "saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells". The context is about the bells being rung, but the word "bells" itself refers to the objects, not merely the sound. However, the phrase "bells sounding" might be ambiguous. Let's read the context: "to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries" - "bells" here refers to the instruments. Then "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" - again, the bells are pealing. "church bells are no longer rung" - the bells are rung. So it's the physical bells. Sense 3 is the sound, but the target word is the noun "bells" not the sound. The example in sense 3 includes "church bells" as an example of the sound, but that might be a metonymy. Typically, in WSD, if the word refers to the object producing the sound, it's sense 1. Sense 3 might be used when we say "I heard the bells" meaning the sound. Here, "bells" are the objects being rung, kept sounding, etc. The action of ringing them implies physical objects.

4. nautical time - no.

5. shape - no.

6-8. people - no.

9. percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells - that's like a chime or orchestral bells. Church bells are typically cast bells, not a set struck with a hammer, but they are still bells. However, sense 1 is the broader category. Sense 9 is specifically a percussion instrument with tuned bells. Church bells are also tuned, but they are typically large bells in a belfry. The context mentions "bells" in churches, which are individual bells. The phrase "belfries" indicates the towers. Sense 1 is the general one. Sense 9 might be more specific to a musical instrument like a glockenspiel or chime. The context doesn't suggest that.

10. flared opening - no.

Thus, sense 1 is the best. But check if sense 3 might be more appropriate: "the sound of a bell being struck". In the sentence "keeps the bells sounding", the word "bells" is the subject of "sounding", meaning they are producing sound. It could be interpreted as the sound. However, typical WSD for such contexts: "church bells" as physical objects. Also, the phrase "no one to ring them" - you ring the physical bell, not the sound. So sense 1 is correct.

Given the instruction to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, we'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: no
Target surface form: no
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are <t>no</t> longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=no%4:02:02:: | definition=referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present | synonyms=no more | examples=he was no heavier than a child
2. sense_key=no%4:02:01:: | definition=not in any degree or manner; not at all | examples=he is no better today
3. sense_key=no%4:02:00:: | definition=used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement | examples=no, you are wrong

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "no" in the sentence: "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."

The target is "no" in the phrase "no longer". We need to choose among three senses:

1. sense_key=no%4:02:02: definition: referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present; synonyms: no more; examples: he was no heavier than a child.
2. sense_key=no%4:02:01: definition: not in any degree or manner; not at all; examples: he is no better today.
3. sense_key=no%4:02:00: definition: used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement; examples: no, you are wrong.

In the phrase "no longer", "no" is an adverb modifying "longer". "No longer" means "not anymore". This is an adverbial use indicating negation, similar to "not at all" in a temporal sense. Sense 2 seems to fit: "not in any degree or manner; not at all". The example "he is no better today" uses "no" similarly as a negator before a comparative adjective. "No longer" is like "no better" – it negates the comparative. Sense 1 is about degree with "no more", but "no longer" is exactly "no more" in temporal sense. However, sense 1's definition is "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present" and example "no heavier than a child" suggests a comparison of degree. "No longer" is about duration, not quality. Sense 3 is the standalone interjection "no" to express refusal. That doesn't fit because "no" here is part of a phrase, not a standalone expression.

Sense 2 is explicitly "not in any degree or manner; not at all". In "no longer", it means "not any longer", i.e., not at all from now on. So sense 2 is the best match.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: rung
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer <t>rung</t> on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "ring", target surface form "rung", and context about bell ringing. The context: "They belong to a group of 15 ringers ... who drive every Sunday ... to keep the bells sounding ... nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them." Clearly, this is about bells being rung. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

The context deals with church bells being rung by ringers. Sense 3 directly matches: "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification" and the example "Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church" fits perfectly with the activity of bell ringers. Sense 1 is about bells sounding (intransitive: the bells rang), but here we have "bells are no longer rung" (passive) which implies an agent causing them to ring. Sense 2 is about echoing sound, not specific to bells. Sense 4 is telephone. Senses 5 and 6 are completely different. So the best fit is sense 3.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sunday
Target surface form: Sundays
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on <t>Sundays</t> because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sunday%1:28:00:: | definition=first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians | synonyms=Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun
2. sense_key=sunday%1:18:00:: | definition=United States evangelist (1862-1935) | synonyms=Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "sunday", surface form "Sundays", context: "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=sunday%1:28:00:: | definition=first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians | synonyms=Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun
2. sense_key=sunday%1:18:00:: | definition=United States evangelist (1862-1935) | synonyms=Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday

The context clearly refers to the day of the week, as in church bells being rung on Sundays. Sense 2 is a person, which does not fit. Therefore, the correct sense is 1.

Answer: {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: ring
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to <t>ring</t> them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "ring" in a specific context. The context is about bell ringers, churches, and ringing bells. The sentence: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to <t>ring</t> them." The target is "ring" in "to ring them", referring to ringing church bells. The surrounding context mentions "ringers", "keep the bells sounding", "pealing", etc. So the meaning is clearly about causing bells to sound, specifically in a church context.

Now, examining the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: definition: sound loudly and sonorously; synonyms: peal; examples: the bells rang. This sense is about the sound itself, intransitive or transitive? "the bells rang" is intransitive. But in the context, "to ring them" is transitive: someone rings the bells. So it's about making the bells sound. Sense 1 seems more intransitive, focusing on the sound production by the bells themselves.

2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: definition: ring or echo with sound; synonyms: resound, echo, reverberate; examples: the hall resounded with laughter. This is intransitive, about a place echoing. Not about making bells ring.

3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: definition: make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification; synonyms: knell; examples: Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church. This perfectly matches: it is transitive (Ring the bells) and specifically about ringing bells for services, with an example "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church" which mirrors the context of church bell ringers.

4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: definition: get or try to get into communication by telephone. This is about calling on the phone. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: definition: extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: definition: attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify. Not relevant.

Clearly, sense 3 is the best match. The context is about people ringing church bells. The example "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church" matches the scenario of the ringers driving from church to church.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: easy
Target surface form: easy
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is <t>easy</t> to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=easy%3:00:01:: | definition=posing no difficulty; requiring little effort | examples=an easy job; an easy problem
2. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:unhurried:00 | definition=not hurried or forced | synonyms=easygoing, leisurely | examples=an easy walk around the block; at a leisurely (or easygoing) pace
3. sense_key=easy%3:00:02:: | definition=free from worry or anxiety | examples=knowing that I had done my best, my mind was easy; an easy good-natured manner
4. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=affording pleasure | examples=easy good looks
5. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:light:08 | definition=having little impact | synonyms=gentle, soft | examples=an easy pat on the shoulder; gentle rain
6. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:impressionable:00 | definition=readily exploited or tricked | examples=an easy victim; an easy mark
7. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:rich:00 | definition=in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich | synonyms=comfortable, prosperous, well-fixed, well-heeled, well-off, well-situated | examples=they were comfortable or even wealthy by some standards; easy living
8. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:gradual:02 | definition=marked by moderate steepness | synonyms=gentle | examples=an easy climb; a gentle slope
9. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:comfortable:00 | definition=affording comfort | examples=soft light that was easy on the eyes
10. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:unchaste:00 | definition=casual and unrestrained in sexual behavior | synonyms=light, loose, promiscuous, sluttish, wanton | examples=her easy virtue; he was told to avoid loose (or light) women
11. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:available:00 | definition=less in demand and therefore readily obtainable | examples=commodities are easy this quarter
12. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:abundant:00 | definition=obtained with little effort or sacrifice, often obtained illegally | examples=easy money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "easy" in the given context. The context is: "It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes." This means that it is not difficult to see; it's apparent or obvious. So the sense is "posing no difficulty; requiring little effort." That matches sense 1: "posing no difficulty; requiring little effort; examples: an easy job; an easy problem". The other senses don't fit: e.g., sense 2 unhurried, sense 3 free from worry, etc. So the correct index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}