[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speak
Target surface form: speaks
Context:
Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one <t>speaks</t>, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speak%2:32:00:: | definition=express in speech | synonyms=talk, utter, mouth, verbalize, verbalise | examples=She talks a lot of nonsense; This depressed patient does not verbalize
2. sense_key=speak%2:32:01:: | definition=exchange thoughts; talk with | synonyms=talk | examples=We often talk business; Actions talk louder than words
3. sense_key=speak%2:32:02:: | definition=use language | synonyms=talk | examples=the baby talks already; the prisoner won't speak
4. sense_key=speak%2:32:03:: | definition=give a speech to | synonyms=address | examples=The chairman addressed the board of trustees
5. sense_key=speak%2:39:00:: | definition=make a characteristic or natural sound | examples=The drums spoke

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "speaks" in the given context. The context describes a bell-ringing practice where no one speaks, and the ringers are focused. We must choose the best sense from the provided options.

Let's analyze each sense:

Sense 1: "express in speech" (synonyms: talk, utter, mouth, verbalize, verbalise). Examples: "She talks a lot of nonsense", "This depressed patient does not verbalize". This sense is about producing speech, articulating words. In context: "No one speaks" – it means no one is talking, they are silent. This fits well.

Sense 2: "exchange thoughts; talk with" (synonyms: talk). Examples: "We often talk business", "Actions talk louder than words". This implies a conversation or communication between people. In the context, "No one speaks" could mean no one is talking to each other; they are not exchanging words. However, the scene shows ringers fully absorbed and staring ahead, not communicating. This sense is plausible but might be too specific about exchange.

Sense 3: "use language" (synonyms: talk). Examples: "the baby talks already", "the prisoner won't speak". This sense is about the ability or act of using language. In context, "No one speaks" simply means they are not using language, they are silent. This is similar to sense 1 but possibly broader.

Sense 4: "give a speech to" (synonyms: address). Example: "The chairman addressed the board of trustees". This is about delivering a formal speech. Clearly not applicable here.

Sense 5: "make a characteristic or natural sound". Example: "The drums spoke". This is metaphorical, for sounds made by things like instruments. The bells might "speak" in a sense, but the target is "no one speaks", referring to the ringers. So this doesn't fit.

The most relevant senses are 1, 2, and 3. Sense 2 focuses on exchange of thoughts, which might be happening if they were talking business, but here it's simply absence of speech. Sense 1 is "express in speech", which is essentially producing spoken words. Sense 3 is "use language", which is the fundamental act of speaking. In many contexts, "speak" in the negative simply means remain silent, not use one's voice. Both sense 1 and 3 could apply, but we must pick the best indexed sense. Often, WordNet sense 1 is the most common usage. The context is "No one speaks" – it's a simple statement that nobody is talking. It doesn't specify an exchange or a speech. The example for sense 3: "the prisoner won't speak" is similar to "no one speaks" in that it's just the act of speaking. Sense 1 example: "She talks a lot of nonsense" also fits. The distinction between "express in speech" and "use language" is subtle. However, "No one speaks" is straightforward: they are not talking. In WordNet, sense 2 is "exchange thoughts; talk with" which requires an interlocutor or a conversational aspect. The ringers are not interacting verbally, so it's not about exchange. They are simply silent. That points to either sense 1 or 3. Sense 1 definition: "express in speech" – they are not expressing anything verbally. Sense 3: "use language" – they are not using language. I think sense 1 (express in speech) is more precise because "use language" could be interpreted more broadly, perhaps including writing, but "speak" primarily means oral expression. The synonyms for sense 1 include "utter, mouth, verbalize", which emphasize the production of speech. The example for sense 3: "the baby talks already" – here, "talks" means the baby is using language. The prisoner example: "the prisoner won't speak" means he refuses to say anything, which is also sense 1-ish. In many WordNet versions, the first sense for "speak" is "express in speech; talk" and it's the most general. The context: "No one speaks" clearly means no one says anything. I'll go with sense 1.

But let's check the candidate senses given: 1 is "express in speech". It is the most direct fit.

Therefore, I choose sense_index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rope
Target surface form: ropes
Context:
Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the <t>ropes</t> seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong line
2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, roofy, roach, forget me drug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We are given: target lemma "rope", surface form "ropes", context. Two candidate senses: 1) a strong line, 2) street names for a drug. In the context, they are pulling ropes that go through a hole to bells in a ringing chamber. So clearly it's physical ropes. Sense 1 is correct. So {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: GMICloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seems
Context:
Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes <t>seems</t> to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "seem" and surface form "seems" in the sentence: "No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling."

We need to choose the best sense from four candidates. The senses:

1. give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (synonyms: look, appear). Example: She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem.
2. seem to be true, probable, or apparent (synonym: appear). Example: It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad.
3. appear to exist. Example: There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now.
4. appear to one's own mind or opinion. Example: I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters.

In the context, "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves" – this is an impression or perception of the situation. It's about what the observer or the situation indicates. The phrase "seems to make" suggests an inference based on observation. It's not about a statement of fact but an impression.

Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" fits well: the snaking of the ropes gives the impression of making as much sound. The example "She seems to be sleeping" is similar: based on appearance, she appears to be sleeping. This is a direct perception or impression.

Sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" with examples like "It seems that he is very gifted" – this is more about a proposition being likely or apparent. In our sentence, the structure is "[subject] seems to [verb]" which aligns more with Sense 1. Sense 2 often uses "it seems that..." clause, indicating a conclusion about a truth. But here, it's directly about the event: the snaking of the ropes (an action) seems to make sound. It's a perception of the event, not a statement of probability of a fact.

Sense 3: "appear to exist" – this is typically for existential statements: "There seems no reason..." Not applicable.

Sense 4: "appear to one's own mind or opinion" – this emphasizes personal opinion or internal perception, like "I seem to be misunderstood." The example uses first-person perspective. In our sentence, it's a third-person observation, not necessarily the ringers' personal opinion. The narrator is describing what it seems like to an observer. So Sense 1 is broader.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best match.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: make
Context:
Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to <t>make</t> as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "make" with surface form "make" in a specific context. The context is about bell ringing. The sentence containing the target is: "No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to <t>make</t> as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling."

We need to choose the best sense from the list of 49 candidates. The sense numbers are given as sense keys, but we just need to output the index number (1-49) as in the list.

Let's analyze the context: "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves". Here, "make" is used in the sense of "produce" or "create" sound. The ropes make sound. So we need a sense related to producing sound.

Look through the candidates:

1. make%2:41:00:: | engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort — This is about engaging in an activity, not producing a sound.

2. make%2:30:00:: | give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly — This is about causing someone to have a property, not producing sound.

3. make%2:36:00:: | make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor — Could fit: "make a mess" is creating a mess. "make sound" could be creating sound.

4. make%2:32:00:: | cause to do; cause to act | synonyms=induce, etc. | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR — Not about making sound.

5. make%2:36:08:: | give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir — This could work: "make a stir" meaning cause a stir. "make sound" could mean cause sound to happen.

6. make%2:36:01:: | create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries — This is physical manufacturing, not sound.

7. make%2:31:00:: | make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion — Mental making, not sound.

8. make%2:36:15:: | compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat — Causative, not producing sound.

9. make%2:36:09:: | create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music — Creating art, could be sound if music, but here it's just sound, not necessarily artistic.

10. make%2:40:01:: | earn on some commercial transaction | synonyms=gain, earn | examples=How much do you make a month? — Not.

11. make%2:36:05:: | create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood — Not.

12. make%2:42:05:: | to compose or represent | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background; The branches made a roof — This is about constituting or forming something. "The snaking of the ropes makes as much sound" could be interpreted as "the snaking constitutes as much sound", but that seems a stretch.

13. make%2:38:02:: | reach a goal | examples=make the first team; We made it! — Not.

14. make%2:42:00:: | be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father — This is about suitability or role, not producing.

15. make%2:36:11:: | make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake — Physical making.

16. make%2:36:12:: | perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move — This is about performing an action. "make a decision" is performing an act of deciding. But "make sound" is not typically considered performing a decision. It could be performing the action of sound? No.

17. make%2:36:13:: | make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw — Construction.

18. make%2:30:15:: | change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold — Transformation.

19. make%2:29:08:: | act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies — Acquiring, not producing sound.

20. make%2:41:03:: | charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was made president of the club — Appointing.

21. make%2:40:02:: | achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals — Sports scores.

22. make%2:38:00:: | reach a destination | synonyms=reach, attain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon — Arriving.

23. make%2:31:13:: | institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws — Enacting.

24. make%2:41:13:: | carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas — Committing an act.

25. make%2:41:01:: | form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum — Forming a group.

26. make%2:36:04:: | organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party — Organizing.

27. make%2:30:02:: | put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed — Tidying.

28. make%2:38:05:: | head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=We made for the mountains — Moving towards.

29. make%2:29:00:: | defecate — Not.

30. make%2:42:09:: | undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater — Undergo, not producing.

31. make%2:42:13:: | be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture — Suitability.

32. make%2:42:12:: | add up to | examples=four and four make eight — Summing.

33. make%2:42:11:: | amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference — Amounting to.

34. make%2:42:15:: | constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man — Essence.

35. make%2:39:12:: | appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing — Pretending.

36. make%2:38:10:: | proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd — Making one's way.

37. make%2:38:15:: | reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane — Catching.

38. make%2:36:10:: | gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire — Building a fire.

39. make%2:36:07:: | prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook | examples=cook me dinner — Cooking.

40. make%2:35:13:: | induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce — Not.

41. make%2:32:14:: | assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play! — Success.

42. make%2:32:09:: | represent fictitiously | synonyms=pretend — Pretend.

43. make%2:31:10:: | consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it — Considering.

44. make%2:31:12:: | calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet — Estimating.

45. make%2:30:10:: | cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day — Making something enjoyable.

46. make%2:30:14:: | favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner — Developing.

47. make%2:30:12:: | develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father! — Becoming.

48. make%2:29:06:: | behave in a certain way | examples=make merry — Behaving.

49. make%2:29:01:: | eliminate urine — Not.

Now, focus on the sense of producing a sound. The phrase "make sound" refers to producing or creating sound. The most relevant senses are those that mean "produce" or "create". Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" fits well: cause sound to happen. Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become; create" also fits, as in "make a noise". Sense 6 is about manufacturing physical products, so not sound. Sense 5's examples: "cause a commotion; make a stir" — these are causing disturbances, often involving sound or noise. "Make a stir" can mean cause a commotion. "Make sound" is very similar to "make a noise". So sense 5 seems appropriate.

Sense 3's examples: "make a mess; create a furor" — "create a furor" is similar to causing a commotion. But sense 5 specifically says "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally", and sound happening is exactly that.

Sense 16: "perform or carry out" might also be considered because "make a sound" could be seen as performing the action of sounding. But typically, we don't say "perform a sound" unless it's musical. "Make a decision" is performing an act of deciding. "Make a sound" is more about producing or causing a sound to exist.

Let's check the definitions carefully. Sense 5: definition: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally". Synonyms: cause, do. Examples: "cause a commotion; make a stir". This is for events, often involving sound, like commotion. So "make sound" fits. Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" synonyms: create. Examples: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor". This seems more like causing a state or condition (a mess, a furor). "Sound" is not a state; it's an event. So sense 5 is better.

Also, note that in the sentence: "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves." The ropes are producing sound, almost as if the ropes themselves are causing sound. So "make" here means produce sound. The best match is sense 5.

Let's see if there's any other candidate that explicitly mentions sound. None do, but sense 5's "cause" and "make a stir" are closest.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much <t>sound</t> as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%1:07:00:: | definition=the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause | examples=the sound of rain on the roof; the beautiful sound of music
2. sense_key=sound%1:09:00:: | definition=the subjective sensation of hearing something | synonyms=auditory sensation | examples=he strained to hear the faint sounds
3. sense_key=sound%1:19:00:: | definition=mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium | examples=falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them
4. sense_key=sound%1:11:00:: | definition=the sudden occurrence of an audible event | examples=the sound awakened them
5. sense_key=sound%1:10:00:: | definition=the audible part of a transmitted signal | synonyms=audio | examples=they always raise the audio for commercials
6. sense_key=sound%1:10:01:: | definition=(phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language | synonyms=phone, speech sound
7. sense_key=sound%1:17:01:: | definition=a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water | synonyms=strait
8. sense_key=sound%1:17:00:: | definition=a large ocean inlet or deep bay | examples=the main body of the sound ran parallel to the coast

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "sound" in the given context. The target surface form is "sound", and it appears in the sentence: "No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much <t>sound</t> as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling."

We need to choose from the provided candidate senses. Let's analyze the context: The scene describes a bell-ringing practice. The rope movement makes noise, comparable to the bells themselves but muffled. So "sound" refers to the noise produced by the ropes and bells. It is an auditory effect. The candidate senses:

1. sound%1:07:00:: – "the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause". Examples: "the sound of rain on the roof; the beautiful sound of music". This fits well: the sound is produced by the ropes and bells.

2. sound%1:09:00:: – "the subjective sensation of hearing something". Synonyms: auditory sensation. Examples: "he strained to hear the faint sounds". This emphasizes the perception aspect (subjective sensation). In the context, it's more about the objective noise made, though it could be both. But sense 1 is more about the effect produced by a cause, which is directly stated ("make as much sound").

3. sound%1:19:00:: – "mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium". Example: "falling trees make a sound in the forest...". This is a very physical definition, focusing on vibrations. In everyday language, "sound" often just means noise, not necessarily focusing on the physical aspect. This is more scientific.

4. sound%1:11:00:: – "the sudden occurrence of an audible event". Example: "the sound awakened them". This emphasizes the event of a sound happening. In the sentence, it's about the ongoing production of sound, not a sudden occurrence.

5. sound%1:10:00:: – "the audible part of a transmitted signal". Synonyms: audio. Example: "they always raise the audio for commercials". This is about audio in broadcasting/recordings, not applicable.

6. sound%1:10:01:: – "(phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech..." Not applicable.

7. sound%1:17:01:: – "a narrow channel of the sea..." Not applicable.

8. sound%1:17:00:: – "a large ocean inlet..." Not applicable.

So between sense 1 and sense 2, which is more precise? Sense 1 emphasizes the effect produced by a cause ("the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause"). The context says "make as much sound" - they are producing sound. Sense 2 is about subjective sensation (hearing something). The sentence is not about someone straining to hear, but about the production of noise. So sense 1 is better. Sense 3 is about vibrations, but in common usage, sense 1 is the most typical meaning. WordNet's sense 1 is the most common, and the gloss fits. The example "the sound of rain on the roof" similarly describes the noise produced by rain. So I'll choose index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the <t>bells</t> themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "bell", surface form "bells", and a context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list.

Let's analyze the context: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the <t>bells</t> themselves, muffled by the ceiling."

The context describes bell ringers in a church (St. Mary Abbot church) pulling ropes to ring bells, which are in the ringing chamber. The bells are making sound, but it's muffled by the ceiling. The rope pulling makes as much sound as the bells themselves.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

In the context, "bells" refers to the actual objects that are being rung by the ringers pulling ropes. They are in a church tower, making sound. The sentence "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves" indicates that the bells are making sound. But are they the objects (sense 1) or the sound (sense 3)? The phrase "the bells themselves" suggests the physical instruments. Also, the ringers are pulling ropes connected to bells, so they are ringing actual bells. The sound is a property of the bells, but the word "bells" here refers to the physical objects. Moreover, the context says "muffled by the ceiling" – the sound is muffled, but it's the bells that produce sound. The phrase "the bells themselves" is contrasted with the sound of the ropes. So it's the physical bells. Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" fits perfectly. Sense 3 is the sound itself, but here they are talking about the objects producing sound. Also, in the examples for sense 3: "saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells" – "she heard the distant toll of church bells" could be about the sound, but in our context, they are not just hearing the sound; they are seeing the ringers pulling ropes that are attached to the bells. The phrase "the bells themselves" implies the physical entities.

Sense 9 is about a set of tuned bells as an orchestral instrument, but here it's a church bell setup, not an orchestral chime. But church bells are still individual bells, often in a set. However, sense 1 is more general: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. That is exactly what they are ringing. Sense 9 specifies "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument." That might be for carillons or tubular bells, but in this context, it's a traditional bell ringing practice with ropes and large bells in a tower. So sense 1 is the best.

Sense 2 is doorbell, which doesn't fit. Sense 4 is ship's bell, not relevant. Sense 5 is the shape, not relevant. Sense 6,7,8 are people, not relevant. Sense 10 is the flared opening of a tubular device, not relevant.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: muffle
Target surface form: muffled
Context:
Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, <t>muffled</t> by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=muffle%2:35:00:: | definition=conceal or hide | synonyms=smother, stifle, strangle, repress | examples=smother a yawn; muffle one's anger
2. sense_key=muffle%2:39:00:: | definition=deaden (a sound or noise), especially by wrapping | synonyms=mute, dull, damp, dampen, tone down

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "muffle" and target surface form "muffled" in the context. The sentence is: "No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling." So the bells are muffled by the ceiling, meaning the sound is deadened or made quieter. Candidate sense 1 is about concealing or hiding an emotion or expression (like smother a yawn, muffle one's anger). Sense 2 is about deadening a sound, especially by wrapping. The examples for sense 2 include synonyms like mute, dull, damp, dampen, tone down. This clearly fits the context where the sound of the bells is muffled by the ceiling. So sense 2 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ceiling
Target surface form: ceiling
Context:
Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the <t>ceiling</t>. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ceiling%1:06:00:: | definition=the overhead upper surface of a covered space | examples=he hated painting the ceiling
2. sense_key=ceiling%1:07:00:: | definition=(meteorology) altitude of the lowest layer of clouds
3. sense_key=ceiling%1:10:00:: | definition=an upper limit on what is allowed | synonyms=roof, cap | examples=he put a ceiling on the number of women who worked for him; there was a roof on salaries
4. sense_key=ceiling%1:07:01:: | definition=maximum altitude at which a plane can fly (under specified conditions)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: "Target lemma: ceiling. Target surface form: ceiling. Context: ... a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. ... muffled by the ceiling. ..." The word "ceiling" appears twice: first "high ceiling of the ringing chamber" and then "muffled by the ceiling". Clearly this is the physical overhead surface inside a room. So the correct sense is 1: "the overhead upper surface of a covered space". The examples fit: "he hated painting the ceiling" is about a physical ceiling. No other sense matches. The meteorology sense is about cloud altitude, the limit sense about restrictions, and the aviation sense about plane altitude. So answer: sense_index 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: absorbed
Target surface form: absorbed
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally <t>absorbed</t>, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=absorbed%5:00:00:attentive:00 | definition=giving or marked by complete attention to; ; ; - Walter de la Mare | synonyms=captive, engrossed, enwrapped, intent, wrapped | examples=that engrossed look or rapt delight; then wrapped in dreams
2. sense_key=absorbed%5:00:00:unreflected:00 | definition=retained without reflection | examples=the absorbed light intensity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "absorbed" and its surface form "absorbed" in a specific context. The context is: "Totally <t>absorbed</t>, the ringers stare straight ahead..." The word "absorbed" here describes the ringers' state: they are completely focused on the task. The candidate senses are two:

1. sense_key=absorbed%5:00:00:attentive:00 | definition=giving or marked by complete attention to; ...; synonyms=captive, engrossed, enwrapped, intent, wrapped; examples=that engrossed look or rapt delight; then wrapped in dreams

2. sense_key=absorbed%5:00:00:unreflected:00 | definition=retained without reflection; examples=the absorbed light intensity

Clearly, sense 1 fits perfectly: "giving or marked by complete attention to". The ringers are totally absorbed, meaning they are completely attentive. Sense 2 is about physical absorption of light, not applicable here.

Thus, the answer should be sense index 1. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the <t>ringers</t> stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "ringers" in context. The context is clearly about bell ringing in a church. The text describes "ringers" memorizing patterns, pulling ropes, and ringing church bells. Therefore, sense 1 fits: a person who rings church bells. The other senses are obviously incorrect: sense 2 is about a look-alike, sense 3 about a contestant under false pretenses, sense 4 about a horseshoe throw. So the correct indexed sense is 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stare
Target surface form: stare
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers <t>stare</t> straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stare%2:39:00:: | definition=look at with fixed eyes | synonyms=gaze | examples=The students stared at the teacher with amazement
2. sense_key=stare%2:29:00:: | definition=fixate one's eyes | examples=The ancestor in the painting is staring down menacingly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "stare" with surface form "stare" (likely a typo for "stare" maybe they meant "stare" but in context it's "stare"? Actually the context says "the ringers <t>stare</t> straight ahead" - probably "stare" is a misspelling of "stare"? Wait: it says "stare" in the target surface form, but in the context it's "stare" inside <t> tags. It's likely "stare" is a misspelling of "stare"? Actually, "stare" is not a word, but "stare" might be a typo for "stare"? Let's read: "Totally absorbed, the ringers <t>stare</t> straight ahead". That should be "stare" (stare). The target lemma is "stare", and surface form is "stare". But in the context it's "stare". Probably a typo: it's "stare" (stare). The correct word is "stare" (to look fixedly). So we'll assume the target is "stare" (verb). The senses given are for "stare%2:39:00::" and "stare%2:29:00::". Both are verbs.

Sense 1: definition=look at with fixed eyes, synonyms=gaze, example: The students stared at the teacher with amazement.
Sense 2: definition=fixate one's eyes, example: The ancestor in the painting is staring down menacingly.

In context: "Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it 'rope-sight') to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls." They are looking straight ahead with fixed eyes, not focusing on any particular object, but using peripheral vision. They are not necessarily fixating on something specific; they are just staring straight ahead. Sense 1 says "look at with fixed eyes" and the example has "stared at the teacher". Here, they are not staring at anything in particular; they are staring straight ahead, but that could still be considered "look at with fixed eyes". Sense 2 says "fixate one's eyes", which might imply focusing on something specific. The example "staring down menacingly" suggests a directional gaze. In the context, they are using peripheral vision, so they aren't fixating on a single point; they are looking ahead but using peripheral vision to watch other ropes. That suggests they are not fixating their eyes on a particular object; they are just staring straight ahead with a fixed gaze, possibly unfocused. Sense 2's definition "fixate one's eyes" might be more about focusing on something, whereas sense 1 is more general "look at with fixed eyes". The synonyms: gaze. Gaze typically means to look steadily at something. They are not looking at something specific; they are watching ropes with peripheral vision while staring straight ahead. So their eyes are fixed, but not necessarily on an object. The context: "stare straight ahead" - it's an intransitive use without an object. In sense 1, the definition "look at with fixed eyes" often takes an object (stare at something). In sense 2, "fixate one's eyes" can be used intransitively (e.g., staring into space). The example for sense 2 is "staring down menacingly" which also doesn't have an explicit object but implies a direction. In this context, they are staring straight ahead, not at a specific object. So sense 2 might be more appropriate because it emphasizes the act of fixing one's eyes, possibly without a specific target, whereas sense 1 typically involves looking at something. However, sense 1's example is "stared at the teacher", which is transitive with "at". The definition "look at with fixed eyes" suggests an object. The context says "stare straight ahead" - that could be interpreted as staring into space, not at a specific thing. Sense 2's definition is "fixate one's eyes", which is more about the action of the eyes themselves. I think sense 2 is a better fit. But let's check the examples: Sense 2 example: "The ancestor in the painting is staring down menacingly" - that's a directional stare, but still without a direct object. Sense 1 example: "The students stared at the teacher with amazement" - with an object. The context has "stare straight ahead" which is similar to "stare down" or "stare ahead". Actually, many uses of "stare" without an object still fall under sense 1 if we consider "stare at something" implied. But here, they are specifically using peripheral vision, not looking directly at the ropes they are watching. Their eyes are fixed straight ahead, but they are not focusing on what's ahead; they are using peripheral vision. That suggests they are not "looking at" something with fixed eyes; they are just keeping their eyes fixed in a direction while paying attention to the periphery. That is more like fixating one's eyes. So I'd lean toward sense 2.

However, WordNet senses: stare%2:39:00:: (look at with fixed eyes) and stare%2:29:00:: (fixate one's eyes). In some contexts, they might overlap. But given the instruction to choose the best indexed sense, and considering the context, I'll go with sense 2.

Let's double-check: Could they be staring at something? They are staring straight ahead, so they are looking ahead. But they are not focusing on anything directly ahead; they are using peripheral vision to watch other ropes. So their direct gaze is on nothing in particular; it's just fixed ahead. That aligns with "fixate one's eyes" (to direct one's eyes in a fixed manner). Sense 2 seems more appropriate for an intransitive use without a specific object of attention.

Thus, I choose sense_index: 2.

Return JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: straight
Target surface form: straight
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare <t>straight</t> ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=straight%4:02:05:: | definition=without deviation | synonyms=directly, direct | examples=the path leads directly to the lake; went direct to the office
2. sense_key=straight%4:02:04:: | definition=in a forthright manner; candidly or frankly | synonyms=directly, flat | examples=he didn't answer directly; told me straight out
3. sense_key=straight%4:02:00:: | definition=in a straight line; in a direct course | examples=the road runs straight

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target word "straight" in the given context. The context is: "Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it 'rope-sight') to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls." So the phrase is "stare straight ahead." This indicates the direction of their gaze: directly in front, without deviation. Let's examine the candidate senses.

Sense 1: "without deviation" synonyms: directly, direct. Examples: the path leads directly to the lake; went direct to the office. This sense is about doing something without deviating from a path or course, often used with movement verbs. But "stare straight ahead" is about looking directly forward, not deviating the gaze.

Sense 2: "in a forthright manner; candidly or frankly" synonyms: directly, flat. Examples: he didn't answer directly; told me straight out. This sense is about manner of speaking or communicating honestly, not about physical direction. Context is about staring, not speaking.

Sense 3: "in a straight line; in a direct course" Example: the road runs straight. This sense is about physical straightness, like a line. "Stare straight ahead" means to look in a straight line ahead, directly forward. This fits perfectly with the context of staring ahead without turning their eyes, using peripheral vision to watch other ropes. The sense is literal: staring straight ahead, meaning in a straight line.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3: Sense 1 is "without deviation" and is often used for paths or directions with movement verbs like "leads", "went". Sense 3 explicitly says "in a straight line; in a direct course" with the example "the road runs straight." The phrase "stare straight ahead" is a fixed phrase meaning to look directly forward, not deviating the line of sight. I'd say Sense 3 is more specific: "in a straight line; in a direct course." The word "straight" here describes the direction of staring, meaning directly ahead, in a straight line. It's spatial. Sense 1 is also about deviation, but its examples are about movement towards a destination. Sense 3 fits more naturally with "straight ahead".

Thus, the best indexed sense is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ahead
Target surface form: ahead
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight <t>ahead</t>, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ahead%4:02:00:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=in front, before | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy
2. sense_key=ahead%4:02:06:: | definition=toward the future; forward in time | synonyms=forward | examples=I like to look ahead in imagination to what the future may bring; I look forward to seeing you
3. sense_key=ahead%4:02:02:: | definition=in a forward direction | synonyms=onward, onwards, forward, forwards, forrader | examples=go ahead; the train moved ahead slowly
4. sense_key=ahead%4:02:01:: | definition=ahead of time; in anticipation | synonyms=in advance, beforehand | examples=when you pay ahead (or in advance) you receive a discount; We like to plan ahead
5. sense_key=ahead%4:02:05:: | definition=to a more advanced or advantageous position | examples=a young man sure to get ahead; pushing talented students ahead
6. sense_key=ahead%4:02:04:: | definition=to a different or a more advanced time (meaning advanced either toward the present or toward the future) | examples=moved the appointment ahead from Tuesday to Monday; pushed the deadline ahead from Tuesday to Wednesday
7. sense_key=ahead%4:02:03:: | definition=leading or ahead in a competition | synonyms=out front, in the lead | examples=the horse was three lengths ahead going into the home stretch; ahead by two pawns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the sentence: "Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight <t>ahead</t>, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls."

The target lemma is "ahead", but the surface form is "ahead" with the "<t>" and "</t>" tags indicating the word. The context is about ringers (bell ringers) staring straight ahead while using peripheral vision to watch ropes.

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list. The senses are:

1. at or in the front | synonyms: in front, before | example: I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy
2. toward the future; forward in time | synonyms: forward | example: I like to look ahead in imagination to what the future may bring; I look forward to seeing you
3. in a forward direction | synonyms: onward, onwards, forward, forwards, forrader | example: go ahead; the train moved ahead slowly
4. ahead of time; in anticipation | synonyms: in advance, beforehand | example: when you pay ahead (or in advance) you receive a discount; We like to plan ahead
5. to a more advanced or advantageous position | example: a young man sure to get ahead; pushing talented students ahead
6. to a different or a more advanced time (meaning advanced either toward the present or toward the future) | example: moved the appointment ahead from Tuesday to Monday; pushed the deadline ahead from Tuesday to Wednesday
7. leading or ahead in a competition | synonyms: out front, in the lead | example: the horse was three lengths ahead going into the home stretch; ahead by two pawns

In the context: "the ringers stare straight <t>ahead</t>". They are staring straight in a forward direction, literally looking ahead. They are not looking ahead in time, nor ahead in a competition, nor paying ahead, nor moving an appointment. They are staring straight forward, using peripheral vision. The sense here is physical direction: staring straight ahead, meaning in a forward direction.

Sense 1: "at or in the front" – example: "the road ahead is foggy". But that's more about a location ahead of you. Sense 3: "in a forward direction" – example: "go ahead; the train moved ahead slowly". Staring straight ahead is looking in a forward direction. Also, sense 1 synonyms: "in front, before". But "stare straight ahead" means looking in the direction they are facing, which is forward. Sense 3 captures that: "in a forward direction". The example "go ahead" is similar: move ahead. Here they are staring straight ahead, meaning forward.

Sense 1 might also work, but "ahead" as an adverb modifying "stare" – they stare straight ahead. "Straight ahead" is a fixed phrase meaning directly forward. Sense 3 is the most general for "in a forward direction". Sense 1 is more about position relative to something else: "the road ahead" means the road in front of you. But "stare straight ahead" doesn't imply a road or object; it's the direction of their gaze. So sense 3 is better.

Let's confirm: The ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other? That phrase "one foot ahead of the other" uses sense 1? Actually that's a different use: "one foot ahead of the other" means one foot placed forward relative to the other, but that's not our target. The target is "stare straight <t>ahead</t>". So sense 3.

Also, the context: "using peripheral vision ... to watch the other ropes" – they are looking forward but using peripheral vision, which is consistent with staring straight ahead (forward direction, not turning head).

Thus, the best sense is 3.

JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, <t>using</t> peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "use" with the surface form "using" in the provided context. We need to choose the best sense from the six candidate senses provided, based on the context, examples, and synonyms.

Let's analyze the context:

The text is about bell ringers (change ringers) practicing. The relevant sentence: "Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, <t>using</t> peripheral vision (they call it 'rope-sight') to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls."

Here, "using" means employing their peripheral vision for a purpose: to watch other ropes and time pulls. It's about putting something into service for a particular purpose.

Now, let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
   This fits perfectly: they are employing their peripheral vision for the purpose of watching ropes.

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
   This is about consuming substances habitually. Not relevant.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
   This is about depleting resources. Not relevant; they are not using up their peripheral vision.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
   This involves leveraging people or connections for advantage. While there is a purpose, the sense is more about exploiting something to achieve an end, often with a connotation of manipulation. The example with peripheral vision is straightforward employment of a faculty, not exploitation.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
   This is about putting into practice a principle or method. Could overlap with sense 1, but the examples are more abstract (apply a principle, practice a religion). The context is physically using vision.

6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall
   This is the "used to" construction, past habitual. Not applicable as it's present participle "using".

Clearly, sense 1 is the most appropriate: they are putting their peripheral vision into service for the purpose of watching ropes.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: call
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they <t>call</t> it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to identify the correct sense for "call" in the given context: "they <t>call</t> it 'rope-sight'". The phrase is: "Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it 'rope-sight') to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls." Here, "they call it 'rope-sight'" means they refer to this use of peripheral vision with a specific term, a name they give it. So the sense is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" or "give a name to". That matches sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader". The context is exactly about naming something: they call it "rope-sight". That is a name they assign to that technique. Sense 2 is about ascribing a quality or calling someone something like "bastard", not just naming. Sense 12 is about addressing with a title, but here it's not greeting; it's naming a practice. So sense 1 is best.

Check: "call%2:32:02::" definition: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to. Syn: name. Examples: They named their son David; The new school was named after... This fits perfectly.

We need to output only {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: watch
Target surface form: watch
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to <t>watch</t> the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=watch%2:39:00:: | definition=look attentively | examples=watch a basketball game
2. sense_key=watch%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=observe, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
3. sense_key=watch%2:39:05:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=view, see, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
4. sense_key=watch%2:39:02:: | definition=observe with attention | synonyms=look on | examples=They watched as the murderer was executed
5. sense_key=watch%2:39:01:: | definition=be vigilant, be on the lookout or be careful | synonyms=look out, watch out | examples=Watch out for pickpockets!
6. sense_key=watch%2:39:03:: | definition=observe or determine by looking | examples=Watch how the dog chases the cats away
7. sense_key=watch%2:32:09:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, see, ascertain, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "watch" in the given context. The target surface form is "watch". We have 7 candidate senses with definitions and examples. We need to choose the single best indexed sense.

Context: "Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it 'rope-sight') to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls."

The action: They use peripheral vision to watch the other ropes. The purpose is to time their pulls. They are not looking directly at the ropes but using peripheral vision to monitor the movement/position of the other ropes. The verb "watch" here implies observing something carefully to get information (timing). It's not about just looking attentively at a show or viewing something for entertainment. It's more about monitoring or observing to coordinate actions.

Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=watch%2:39:00:: | definition=look attentively | examples=watch a basketball game
   This is a general sense of looking attentively. But the context is more specific: they watch to time their pulls. It's not just passive viewing like a game; they are using the visual input to perform a task.

2. sense_key=watch%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=observe, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
   This implies following or monitoring something over time, often with care. "Keep an eye on" fits the context well: using peripheral vision to keep an eye on the other ropes. The example "Keep an eye on the baby" suggests monitoring to ensure safety or to be aware. Here, they monitor the ropes to time their pulls. This sense seems appropriate.

3. sense_key=watch%2:39:05:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=view, see, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
   This is about watching something as a spectator, like a TV show. That doesn't fit: they are not watching the ropes as a performance; they are actively using the visual information.

4. sense_key=watch%2:39:02:: | definition=observe with attention | synonyms=look on | examples=They watched as the murderer was executed
   "Observe with attention" similar to sense 1, but the example "look on" suggests being a spectator to an event. Again, not quite the active monitoring needed.

5. sense_key=watch%2:39:01:: | definition=be vigilant, be on the lookout or be careful | synonyms=look out, watch out | examples=Watch out for pickpockets!
   This is about being careful to avoid danger. Not applicable here.

6. sense_key=watch%2:39:03:: | definition=observe or determine by looking | examples=Watch how the dog chases the cats away
   This is close: "observe or determine by looking" - they are determining the timing by looking (using peripheral vision). The example: "Watch how the dog chases the cats away" implies observing to understand or learn. However, the ringers are not just observing to determine a general fact; they are using it to coordinate their actions in real time. But this sense could also work.

7. sense_key=watch%2:32:09:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty ... | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
   This is more about ascertaining a fact, often through inquiry. Not about visual observation.

Sense 2 and sense 6 seem the most plausible. Let's compare:

Sense 2: "follow with the eyes or the mind" - they are following the movement of the ropes with their peripheral vision. "Keep an eye on" is a perfect synonym for what they're doing: they keep an eye on the other ropes to time their pulls. They are not necessarily observing to determine something (like sense 6) but continuously monitoring to maintain awareness. The context says "using peripheral vision to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls." It's an ongoing monitoring activity.

Sense 6: "observe or determine by looking" - the example "Watch how the dog chases the cats away" implies that you watch in order to understand how it happens. But here, they already know the method; they are using vision to synchronize. It's more about maintaining awareness than determining something new.

Thus, sense 2 is the better fit. It captures the idea of following/monitoring with the eyes. Sense 2 also includes "observe" as a synonym, but with the nuance of keeping an eye on something. The definition "follow with the eyes or the mind" is appropriate for tracking the movement of ropes.

So I'll select sense index 2.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the <t>other</t> ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "other" in the context: "the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it 'rope-sight') to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls." The target word is "other" modifying "ropes". Let's examine the candidate senses.

Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen" with examples "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works". This is the common sense of "other" meaning "additional" or "different from the one(s) mentioned". In the context, the ringers are watching the other ropes (the ropes other than their own rope). They are focusing on their own rope, but using peripheral vision to watch the rest of the ropes. So "other" here means the ropes that are not the one they are directly using. That fits sense 1 perfectly.

Sense 2: "recently past" - example "the other evening". This is temporal and doesn't fit.

Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past" - synonyms early, former. Not applicable.

Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" - example "a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail". This sense implies something otherworldly or highly unusual. The ropes are just the other ropes in the chamber, nothing strange.

Thus, sense 1 is the correct choice.