[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "cancer" in the given context. The target is "cancer" in the sentence: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages." The context is clearly about the disease cancer. We look at the candidate senses: 1 is about malignant growth, medical disease; 2, 3, 4 are astrological; 5 is a genus of crabs. The context is biomedical research, so sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: killer
Target surface form: killer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=killer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who causes the death of a person or animal | synonyms=slayer
2. sense_key=killer%1:26:00:: | definition=the causal agent resulting in death | synonyms=cause of death | examples=heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States
3. sense_key=killer%1:09:00:: | definition=a difficulty that is hard to deal with | examples=that exam was a real killer
4. sense_key=killer%1:05:00:: | definition=predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas | synonyms=killer whale, orca, grampus, sea wolf, Orcinus orca

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "killer" in the context provided. The context is: "colon cancer, the second biggest killer in the U.S. after lung cancer." The candidate senses are:

1. killer%1:18:00:: someone who causes death of a person or animal (synonyms: slayer)
2. killer%1:26:00:: the causal agent resulting in death (synonyms: cause of death); example: "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States"
3. killer%1:09:00:: a difficulty that is hard to deal with; example: "that exam was a real killer"
4. killer%1:05:00:: killer whale

In context, "colon cancer, the second biggest killer in the U.S. after lung cancer" clearly refers to something that causes death. It is not a person, so sense 1 is less appropriate (though technically cancer could anthropomorphically "kill," the definition says "someone who causes the death of a person or animal," which typically implies a human or animate slayer). Sense 2 is explicitly "causal agent resulting in death" and the example is "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States," which is extremely similar to our context. Sense 3 is metaphorical, like an exam being a killer, but here it's literal death. Sense 4 is a whale, not relevant.

Therefore, sense 2 is the perfect match.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the target lemma "u.s." with surface form "U.S." in the given context. The two candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms: United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition: North American republic containing 50 states... | synonyms: United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

The context: "... the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer." Here, "U.S." is referring to the country, the geographical/political entity, not specifically the government branches. The sense "United States government" refers to the government structure, not the nation as a whole. In this context, "cancer killer in the U.S." clearly means within the country, the United States. So sense 2 is the appropriate one, the nation.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

We return JSON: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to determine the correct sense for "believed" in the sentence:

"He [Dr. Vogelstein] believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes..."

Context: Dr. Vogelstein is a molecular biologist who believed Dr. Knudson was right. He set out to repeat an experiment. Now he believes colon cancer might arise from multiple hits. This is a scientific hypothesis or a belief about a mechanism. It's not about accepting a report as true (sense 1: accept as true). It's not about judging someone's character (sense 2: judge or regard like "I think he is smart"). It's not about faith or religious belief (sense 4). It's not about trusting someone's veracity (sense 5: credit with veracity). The closest is either sense 1 (accept as true) or sense 3 (be confident about something). Let's check examples.

Sense 1: "I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War." This is about accepting something as factual truth based on someone's statement. Here, Dr. Vogelstein is not accepting a report; he is forming a hypothesis about how colon cancer arises. It's his own belief about a scientific mechanism.

Sense 3: "be confident about something. Examples: I believe that he will come back from the war. Synonyms: trust." This is about having confidence in a proposition or prediction. It can be used for scientific hypotheses: "I believe that this theory is correct." In the context, "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple hits..." is a confident expectation or hypothesis. This fits sense 3 better than sense 1 because it's not about accepting a report from someone else but about holding a belief about a future or hypothetical state of affairs. Sense 1 is more about taking someone's statement as true. Sense 3 emphasizes confidence in something being the case. The synonyms "trust" also suggest a confident expectation.

Sense 2 is about judging/considering people or things: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart." That is about evaluating someone's quality, not about a scientific hypothesis.

Thus, sense 3 is the best fit. So we return {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "arise" in the given context. The context is about cancers and how they might arise from multiple "hits" on cancer suppressor genes. Specifically: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: definition: come into existence; take on form or shape. synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow. examples: A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship.

2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: definition: originate or come into being. synonyms: come up, bob up. examples: a question arose.

3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: definition: rise to one's feet. synonyms: rise, uprise, get up, stand up. examples: The audience got up and applauded.

4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: definition: result or issue. synonyms: come up. examples: A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion.

5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: definition: move upward. synonyms: rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise. examples: The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire.

6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: definition: take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance. synonyms: rebel, rise, rise up.

7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: definition: get up and out of bed. synonyms: get up, turn out, uprise, rise. examples: I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early.

Context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes..." Here, "arise" means to come into existence, originate, or develop from certain causes. The phrase "arise from" indicates a causal origin. Sense 4 is "result or issue" with example "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion." That seems close: something arises as a result. But sense 1 and 2 are about coming into existence/originating. Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms like originate, develop, spring up. Sense 2: "originate or come into being" with example "a question arose." In the context, colon cancer arises from multiple hits, meaning it originates or comes into being due to those hits. It's not a physical movement (sense 3,5), not rebellion (6), not getting out of bed (7). Sense 4 "result or issue" could also work, as it often implies something arising from a situation. But let's look at the example for sense 4: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion." That is an abstract consequence. The context is about a disease originating from genetic damage. Typically, for diseases, we say they "arise" meaning originate. Sense 1 and 2 are very similar. Sense 1 has examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship." Sense 2: "a question arose." The context uses "arise from multiple hits". In scientific/medical contexts, "arise" meaning "originate" is common. Sense 1 includes "originate" as a synonym and has a broader "come into existence; take on form or shape". Sense 2 is also "originate or come into being". They are essentially synonymous. But we have to choose one indexed sense. Let's see the sense keys: they are different. Probably one is more appropriate. We need to use the context and examples. The phrase "cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits'" is similar to "a question arose" (sense 2) or "a love that sprang up from friendship" (sense 1). But "cancer" is a concrete disease entity. Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms like "develop". Cancer develops from hits. Sense 4: "result or issue" is also possible, but it's more about a consequence, often abstract. Actually, many senses overlap. The WordNet glosses are schematic. In this context, "arise" is used intransitively with "from" indicating source of origin. Sense 4 "result or issue" fits because it specifically mentions "arise from" in its example: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion." That example is very similar in structure: something arises from a discussion. Here, cancer arises from hits. So sense 4 seems to capture the "from" complement. Sense 1's example: "A new religious movement originated in that country" uses "in", not "from"; "a love that sprang up from friendship" uses "from", so it also can take "from". Sense 2's example: "a question arose" doesn't show a complement, but it could arise from something. Both sense 1 and 4 have examples with "from" (sense 1: sprang up from; sense 4: arose from). I think sense 4 is specifically "result or issue", which implies a causal outcome. In the context, cancer is the result of genetic hits. Sense 1 is more about coming into existence, which is also fine. However, the WordNet sense index for "arise%2:30:00::" is "result or issue", and that seems very fitting for "arise from" meaning "be the result of". Let's check if any other sense is more specific to living things? Not really. Sense 1: "originate" can be used for anything. I'd lean toward sense 4 because the context emphasizes a causal result: "arise from multiple hits" meaning result from. But also, "arise" in medical contexts often means "originate". Both are possible. I need to pick the single best. Let's see the exact wording: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages." The word "develop" is used later. Sense 1 includes "develop" as a synonym. That might be a clue: they use "develop" in the same sentence, so "arise" might be synonymous with "develop" or "originate". However, "develop" in stages is different from "arise from". They are not exactly paraphrasing "arise" with "develop"; they say "develop in stages" after "arise from hits". So "arise" is the initial coming into being. Sense 4: "result or issue" - issue isn't a common verb for this, but "result" is. The phrase "arise from" is often defined as "result from". In fact, many dictionaries give "arise from" as "result from". That's a strong indicator. Sense 4's example: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion" shows a result. So I think sense 4 is the best match. Sense 2: "a question arose" is more about simply coming up, not necessarily with a cause. Sense 1: "originate" is also good. But given the preposition "from", sense 4 explicitly highlights the result/issue aspect. Also, note that sense 4 is the only one that specifically defines "result or issue". The others define coming into existence without necessarily emphasizing the causal link. In the sentence, "arise from" clearly indicates causation. Therefore, sense 4 is most appropriate.

Thus, I select sense index 4.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "cancer" in the given context. The target surface form is "cancer", occurring in the phrase "cancer suppressor genes". The context discusses colon cancer, lung cancer, retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, and the idea that cancers may arise from multiple hits on "cancer suppressor genes". Clearly, the sense is related to the disease cancer, not astrology or the genus Cancer. The candidate senses include sense 1: any malignant growth or tumor; sense 2: astrology person; sense 3: constellation; sense 4: zodiac sign; sense 5: type genus of Cancridae (crabs). The context is entirely biomedical, so sense 1 is correct. Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "often" and its surface form "often" in a specific context. The context is a scientific/medical discussion about cancer research. The target sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..." The word "often" appears twice. The context indicates that colon cancer frequently develops in stages and is frequently preceded by polyps. So the meaning is something like "in many cases" or "frequently." Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee. This sense emphasizes frequency of occurrence at short intervals, like repeated actions over time.

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much. This sense is about quantity, like "a great deal," and the examples use "much" not "often." It seems this is the adverbial sense of "much" (like "I don't drink often" might be a paraphrase, but the definition says "frequently or in great quantities" and the synonyms are "much, a great deal." This sense appears to be for "often" when it means "frequently" but with a notion of quantity? Actually, this is sense 2, which might be less common. The examples don't use "often" but "much." So it might be a sense that applies when "often" is used in contexts like "I don't see him often" meaning not frequently in great quantity? But the example "I don't drink much" uses "much," not "often." There's a cross-reference, but this sense is labeled "often%4:02:01::" so it's a specific adverbial sense. WordNet sometimes has separate senses for "often" that correspond to "much" when used with negatives? Actually, WordNet 3.0 has often as an adverb with 2 senses. I recall that "often" has one main sense: "many times at short intervals" (frequently), and another sense "frequently or in great quantities" which is actually the sense for "much" when it means "often" or "a great deal"? Actually, checking WordNet: "often" adv. has 2 senses: 1. many times at short intervals; "we often met over a cup of coffee" (synonyms: frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes). 2. frequently or in great quantities; "I don't drink much"; "I don't travel much" (synonyms: much, a great deal). That second sense is odd because the example sentences use "much" not "often." In fact, this sense is for "much" as an adverb meaning "frequently" and is listed as a sense of "often" probably because "often" can replace "much" in those negative contexts? For instance, "I don't drink often" is equivalent to "I don't drink much." But the sense definition says "frequently or in great quantities," so it covers cases where "often" implies a large amount. So sense 2 is about quantity/frequency in a more quantitative way, often used with negatives. Finally, sense 3: "in many cases or instances" – this is a new sense? Wait, the provided candidate senses list three: 1, 2, and 3. But sense 3 has a sense_key=often%4:02:02::, meaning it's a third sense. WordNet 3.0 only has two senses for "often." Perhaps this is from a later version or extended? Sense 3: definition="in many cases or instances". That seems like a good fit for the context: "colon cancer often seems to develop in stages" – meaning "in many cases, it develops in stages." Also "It often is preceded by the development of polyps" – in many instances. This sense is more about typicality, not necessarily frequency at short intervals. So sense 3 seems to match better.

The context: "because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps..." Here, "often" means "in many cases" or "typically." It's not about the same event happening repeatedly at short intervals (sense 1) nor about quantity (sense 2). It's about a pattern observed across different patients. So sense 3 is the best.

Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" – that would imply a single person's colon cancer develops in stages many times, which is not the meaning. It's about the disease generally. Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" – doesn't fit because it's not about quantity. Therefore, sense 3 is the correct choice.

The instruction says: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we output just that.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seems
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "seem" with the surface form "seems" in the given context. The context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." The word "seems" appears in the phrase "because it often seems to develop in stages." So, "it" refers to colon cancer. The full phrase is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages." So the meaning is that colon cancer often appears to develop in stages.

We have four candidate senses:

1. give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect. Synonyms: look, appear. Examples: She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem. This sense is about outward appearance or impression.

2. seem to be true, probable, or apparent. Synonyms: appear. Examples: It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad. This sense is about something being probable or apparent, often with a that-clause or a proposition.

3. appear to exist. Examples: There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now. This sense is about existence, often with "there" constructions.

4. appear to one's own mind or opinion. Examples: I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters. This sense is about subjective opinion or personal experience.

In the context, "it often seems to develop in stages" - "it" is colon cancer. The phrase indicates that colon cancer often appears to develop in stages. This is an outward appearance or impression about how colon cancer develops. It's not about probability or truth (sense 2) because it's not saying "It seems that colon cancer develops in stages" (which would be a that-clause indicating a proposition). Instead, it's directly describing the cancer: "it seems to develop". Also, sense 3 is about existence, not relevant. Sense 4 is about one's own mind, like "I seem to be misunderstood" - first person. Here it's third person and objective. So sense 1 fits best: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect". The example "She seems to be sleeping" matches the structure "it seems to develop". So sense 1 is the correct choice.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "develop" in the given context. Let's analyze the sentence: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages." Here, the target word is "develop" and it describes how colon cancer progresses, i.e., it appears/grows in stages. The context mentions that colon cancer often seems to develop in stages, preceded by polyps becoming increasingly malignant. So, we need the sense of "develop" meaning to come into existence or to grow/progress, especially in a biological/medical context, like a disease manifesting or progressing.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. make something new (like a product) – not about disease.
2. work out (like a theory) – no.
3. gain through experience (like acquire an aversion) – not applicable.
4. come to have or undergo a change of physical features and attributes (e.g., patient developed abdominal pains, he grew a beard). This could work: "develop" a disease like abdominal pains. Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains." Colon cancer developing in stages fits this sense of coming to have a medical condition.
5. come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, arise). Example: "A new religious movement originated..." Also could apply to a disease originating. But sense 4 specifically includes medical symptoms (abdominal pains) which is very close.
6. change use of land/resources – no.
7. elaborate theories – no.
8. train someone – no.
9. be gradually disclosed (plot develops) – no.
10. grow, progress, unfold through natural growth (a flower develops; country develops into superpower). Not specifically about disease, but could work. However, sense 4 seems more precise for medical conditions.
11. become technologically advanced – no.
12. cause to grow and differentiate (climate develops grain) – transitive, not intransitive like here.
13. generate gradually (develop customers) – no.
14. grow emotionally or mature – no.
15. film development – no.
16. geometry – no.
17. chess – no.
18. chess – no.
19. music – no.
20. happen (news as it develops) – like events unfolding. Might work, but sense 4 is more specific to diseases.
21. expand in series – no.

Between 4 and 10 and 20: "develop" as in "the patient developed abdominal pains" is sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". The synonym "acquire" and example "The patient developed abdominal pains" matches perfectly: colon cancer developing in stages means the patient develops colon cancer, which is a disease. Sense 10 is broader natural growth, but sense 4 is specifically about physical features and attributes, including medical symptoms/diseases. Sense 20 "happen" is for news/events, not diseases.

Thus, sense 4 is the best fit.

Answer: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "stages" in the given context. The context discusses colon cancer developing in stages, with polyps becoming increasingly malignant in identifiable stages, progressing from less severe to deadly, as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. So "stages" here refers to phases or steps in a process of disease development. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage...
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=... at what stage are the social sciences?
3. platform sense
4. theater profession
5. stagecoach
6. leg of a journey
7. scene as a setting
8. microscope stage

Clearly sense 1 and 2 are close. Sense 1 focuses on a time period in a sequence. Sense 2 focuses on a position in a continuum/process with synonyms degree, level, point. In the context: "develop in stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly" suggests identifiable positions or degrees in a process. The phrase "identifiable stages" strongly aligns with sense 2's "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process". Sense 1's "distinct time period" is also plausible, but the emphasis on progression and identifiable steps fits better with sense 2, especially with synonyms like "degree, level, point". The example for sense 2: "at what stage are the social sciences?" is more about a level of development, similar to cancer staging. Sense 1 example: "transitional stage" implies a period. In medical contexts, "stages" of cancer are typically described as levels or degrees of progression, not just time periods. So I'll go with sense 2.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are to choose the best sense for "often" in the given context. The target word appears twice: once as "it often seems to develop in stages" and once as "tedious and often frustrating probing". We need to pick one of the three senses provided.

Sense 1: "many times at short intervals; synonyms: frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes; example: we often met over a cup of coffee." This sense emphasizes frequency and repetition.

Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities; synonyms: much, a great deal; examples: I don't drink much; I don't travel much." This sense is about quantity or degree, not just frequency.

Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" – this indicates that something is true in many situations, not necessarily with high frequency over short intervals, but rather that it happens in many instances.

Now, examine the context: "it often seems to develop in stages" – here, "often" modifies "seems", so colon cancer often appears to develop in stages. It's not about short intervals but rather that in many cases, it seems so. The second occurrence: "often frustrating probing" – meaning the probing is frequently frustrating, but again, not necessarily at short intervals, just that it happens many times. The overall context is about a characteristic of colon cancer: it is preceded by polyps, and often seems to develop in stages. That suggests a general tendency: in many cases, it develops in stages. Also, "often frustrating" means the probing sessions were frequently frustrating. Both uses seem to fit better with "in many cases or instances" rather than "many times at short intervals" because there's no indication of short intervals. The cancer development is a process, not something that occurs at short intervals. The probing was over months, so "often frustrating" means many of those times were frustrating, but not necessarily at short intervals. Sense 3 is broader: in many cases or instances. Sense 1 specifically says "at short intervals", which isn't implied here.

Sense 2 involves quantity, which doesn't fit: "often" here is not about quantity like "much", it's about frequency/instances.

Thus, sense 3 is the best fit.

Now, return JSON with sense_index: 3.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given:

Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context: "... It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant ..."

We need to choose among five candidate senses.

Sense 1: be earlier in time; go back further. Example: Stone tools precede bronze tools.
Sense 2: come before (spatially or in order). Example: Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify.
Sense 3: be the predecessor of. Example: Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands.
Sense 4: move ahead (of others) in time or space. Synonyms: lead.
Sense 5: furnish with a preface or introduction. Example: She always precedes her lectures with a joke.

The context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel" – "It" refers to colon cancer. So colon cancer is preceded by the development of polyps. That is, polyps occur before colon cancer. This is a temporal sequence: polyps come earlier in time relative to colon cancer. So it's about being earlier in time.

Sense 1: "be earlier in time; go back further" fits perfectly. The example: "Stone tools precede bronze tools" (stone tools are earlier in time than bronze tools). That matches: polyps development precedes colon cancer in time.

Sense 2: "come before" could also be temporal, but its definition says "come before" and the example shows a grammatical order (adjectives precede nouns). That's more about linear order, not necessarily temporal. But context is clearly temporal: happens before in time.

Sense 3: "be the predecessor of" uses "preceded" in the sense of a person preceding another in a role or position. That is about a series of people, not events in time. Not fitting.

Sense 4: "move ahead (of others) in time or space" – this is active "move ahead", but the context uses passive: "is preceded by". It's not about moving ahead, just being earlier.

Sense 5: introducing something with a preface. Not relevant.

Thus, sense 1 is the best. The definition explicitly says "be earlier in time". Example also temporal.

So I'll return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "development" in the given context. The context is about colon cancer developing in stages, and specifically "the development of polyps in the bowel". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 9 candidate senses provided.

Let's analyze the context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..." The word "development" here refers to the process of polyps forming or growing. It's a biological process, specifically the growth or formation of polyps. The context mentions "develop in stages" and "become increasingly malignant", indicating a progression.

Now, examine the candidate senses:

1. development%1:04:01:: (act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining) - examples: "he congratulated them on their development of a plan..." This is about improving or refining something, not a natural biological process.

2. development%1:22:02:: (a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage, especially a more advanced or mature stage) - synonyms: evolution. Examples: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization." This sense emphasizes a gradual progression, not specifically biological.

3. development%1:22:01:: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level - synonyms: growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis. Examples: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children." This sense is explicitly biological and refers to organic growth. In the context, "development of polyps" is certainly a biological growth process.

4. development%1:11:01:: (a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation) - examples: "recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!" This is about events or news, not applicable.

5. development%1:04:02:: (the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful) - synonyms: exploitation. Examples: "the development of Alaskan resources" - not relevant.

6. development%1:15:00:: (a district that has been developed to serve some purpose) - examples: "such land is practical for small park developments" - real estate, not relevant.

7. development%1:26:00:: (a state in which things are improving; the result of developing) - examples: "after he saw the latest development he changed his mind..." This is about a state of improvement, not a process of growth.

8. development%1:22:00:: (processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible) - photography, not relevant.

9. development%1:10:00:: (music) the section of a composition where themes are developed - not relevant.

The best match is sense 3: specifically the biological process of growth. Although sense 2 is about a process of passing by degrees, sense 3 is more precise because it is specifically biological, and the context is about polyps growing in the bowel, which is a biological growth process. Sense 3 explicitly mentions "the process of an individual organism growing organically" and includes synonyms like "growth". The polyps are abnormal growths, so it fits.

Thus, the answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "polyp" and the surface form "polyps" in a medical context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel." The candidate senses: sense 1 is a small vascular growth on a mucous membrane (like a polyp in the colon), sense 2 is a biological term for a form of coelenterate (like a coral). Clearly, in this medical context about colon cancer, the "polyps" are the abnormal growths. So sense 1 is correct.

Now, output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the surface form "cases" in the given context. The target lemma is "case". The context is about colon cancer, where polyps "in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant". We need to select the best sense from the provided list.

Let's analyze the context: "polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages". Here, "cases" refers to some instances or occurrences of polyps becoming malignant. It means "in some instances" or "in some examples", so the sense is "an occurrence of something". That matches sense 1: "case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example". The examples given: "it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday" align with this usage.

Thus, the correct index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "become" in the given context. The target surface form is "become" but note that in the context it appears as "become" – actually the text has "become" which is likely a typo for "become"? Let's check the context: "... which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant ..." So the target is "become" but the word is "become" (probably a misspelling of "become")? But the lemma is "become" and surface form is "become". We need to choose from the candidate senses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

We need to choose the best sense for "become" in the context: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The word "become" here is used as a verb indicating a change of state: the polyps become increasingly malignant. That means they enter or assume a more malignant state. So sense 1 seems appropriate: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" with synonyms "go, get" and example "He became annoyed". Sense 2 is "undergo a change or development" with example "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy". This also fits a change, but the nuance: sense 1 is more about entering a state, sense 2 is about a change/development. The context says "become increasingly malignant" – that's a gradual change, so it could be sense 2. However, note that the definition for sense 2 uses "turn" as synonym, and the example "The water turned into ice" is a change of substance, while "became her worst enemy" is a change in relationship. Sense 1 is more for states like "became annoyed". In our context, "malignant" is a state/condition. Often, "become + adjective" is typically sense 1. The WordNet examples for sense 1: "He became annoyed" – adjective. Sense 2 examples: "Her former friend became her worst enemy" – noun phrase? "The water turned into ice" – prepositional phrase? Actually, "became her worst enemy" is a noun phrase, not an adjective. In the context, "malignant" is an adjective. So sense 1 is more likely for adjectives. Also, the definition "enter or assume a certain state or condition" directly matches "become increasingly malignant". Sense 2 says "undergo a change or development" which is broader but might also fit. However, we need the best single sense. Given the WordNet glosses, sense 1 is for adjective complements typically, sense 2 is for other changes (e.g., "The water turned into ice" uses "become" as a linking verb with a noun phrase or adjective? Actually, "turn into ice" uses "turn", but "become" in that sense might be for "became ice"? But the example says "Her former friend became her worst enemy" – that's a noun phrase. In standard WordNet, sense 1 is for "become" with adjectives, sense 2 is for other changes. But in this context, "malignant" is an adjective, so sense 1 is clearly the most appropriate.

Sense 3: "come into existence" – that doesn't fit because polyps already exist; they are becoming malignant, not coming into existence. Sense 4: "enhance the appearance of" – not at all.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "stage" with surface form "stages" in the context. The context is about colon cancer developing in identifiable stages, progressing from less severe to deadly, as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. So "stages" here refers to phases or steps in a progression of a disease. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage... This fits: distinct time periods in a sequence. The word "phase" is a synonym. The context mentions "develop in stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly", which are phases.

2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences? This also could fit: stages of cancer are positions in a process. Synonyms like level, point. The context says "progressing from less severe to deadly" which implies levels.

We need to pick the best one. Sense 1 is about "distinct time periods" whereas sense 2 is about "specific identifiable position in a continuum". The examples for sense 2 include "at what stage are the social sciences?" which is about a point in development. The examples for sense 1 talk about a transitional stage. In medical contexts, cancer staging often refers to specific points/levels (stage I, II, etc.). The context says "develop in stages" and "progressing... through identifiable stages". "Identifiable" echoes "specific identifiable position" from sense 2. However, sense 1's definition "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" also fits. Let's look at the example for sense 2: "a remarkable degree of frankness" is somewhat different, but "at what stage are the social sciences?" is similar. The synonyms: phase (1) vs degree, level, point (2). In common usage, "stages of cancer" usually refer to stages like phase I, II, etc., but each stage is a distinct time period. I think sense 2 is more precise because it emphasizes a specific identifiable position in a process, which matches "identifiable stages" directly. Also, sense 1 is "any distinct time period" which is broader. The context says "identifiable stages" so sense 2's "specific identifiable position" seems tailored. The phrase "in stages" can go either way, but medical staging is about a continuum. I'll choose sense 2.

But let's verify: "it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". So these are levels or degrees of malignancy. They are points on a continuum. Sense 2 is better.

Thus, sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progress
Target surface form: progressing
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: progress, target surface form: progressing. Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage." The sentence with the target: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The target is "progressing" as a verb. We have three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Now, analyze the context: "progressing from less severe to deadly". This use of "progressing" indicates a change from one state to another, specifically worsening. The phrase "from less severe to deadly" indicates a progression along a scale of severity. Sense 1 is about developing in a positive way. Sense 2 is about moving forward, metaphorically. Sense 3 is about accumulating or building up steadily.

In medical contexts, disease progression is a common phrase, and it often means the disease advances or worsens. Here, the polyps become increasingly malignant in stages, progressing from less severe to deadly. That aligns with sense 2: move forward, also in the metaphorical sense (advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on). It doesn't necessarily have a positive connotation, so sense 1 is too positive. Sense 3 is about accumulation or buildup, which doesn't fit the context of worsening stages. The example "Time marches on" for sense 2 shows a metaphorical forward movement. Here, the polyps are moving forward in severity. So sense 2 seems best.

Thus, I choose sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "less" in the context: "progressing from less severe to deadly". The target is "less" as an adverb modifying "severe". The two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

In context, "less severe" uses "less" to form the comparative of the adjective "severe", meaning "to a lesser extent severe". That matches sense 1 exactly. Sense 2 is the comparative of "little" as in a smaller amount or frequency, like "walks less". Here it's not about frequency or quantity, it's modifying an adjective. So sense 1 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}