[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mental
Target surface form: mental
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mental%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the mind or an intellectual process | examples=mental images of happy times; mental calculations
2. sense_key=mental%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the mind | examples=mental powers; mental development
3. sense_key=mental%3:01:03:: | definition=of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks
4. sense_key=mental%3:01:04:: | definition=of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw | synonyms=genial
5. sense_key=mental%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=affected by a disorder of the mind | examples=a mental patient; mental illness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "mental" in the given context. We have five candidate senses with definitions and examples. We need to choose the best index (1-based) based on the context.

Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise... requires physical dexterity ... combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration."

So "mental" modifies "concentration". The phrase is "intense mental concentration". This clearly refers to concentration of the mind, an intellectual process. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=mental%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the mind or an intellectual process | examples=mental images of happy times; mental calculations
2. sense_key=mental%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the mind | examples=mental powers; mental development
3. about insects/mollusks
4. about chin/jaw
5. affected by a disorder of the mind

Sense 1 and 2 are both possible. Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process. Sense 2: of or relating to the mind. The difference is subtle: sense 1 is more about an activity that involves the mind (intellectual process), sense 2 is about the mind itself (e.g., mental powers). In the context, "mental concentration" means concentration that involves the mind, i.e., an intellectual process. The example for sense 1 includes "mental calculations", which is similar to "mental concentration". Sense 2 examples like "mental development" are more about the development of the mind, not an activity. The phrase "intense mental concentration" suggests concentration performed by the mind, so it's involving the mind in an activity. I think sense 1 is a better fit. Also, note that sense 2 is "of or relating to the mind" while sense 1 is "involving the mind or an intellectual process". The context emphasizes the exercise as mind-boggling, requiring mental concentration, so it's about the process of concentrating mentally. So I'll go with sense index 1.

The instruction says: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I'll output {"sense_index":


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concentration
Target surface form: concentration
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concentration%1:07:02:: | definition=the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
2. sense_key=concentration%1:07:03:: | definition=the spatial property of being crowded together | synonyms=density, denseness, tightness, compactness
3. sense_key=concentration%1:04:01:: | definition=strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
4. sense_key=concentration%1:11:00:: | definition=increase in density
5. sense_key=concentration%1:09:00:: | definition=complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion
6. sense_key=concentration%1:04:02:: | definition=bringing together military forces
7. sense_key=concentration%1:07:01:: | definition=great and constant diligence and attention | synonyms=assiduity, assiduousness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "concentration" with a context sentence about change-ringing requiring "intense mental concentration". Let's analyze the senses:

- Sense 1: strength of a solution (chemistry)
- Sense 2: spatial property of being crowded together (density)
- Sense 3: strengthening concentration by removing diluting material (chemistry process)
- Sense 4: increase in density
- Sense 5: complete attention; intense mental effort (synonyms: engrossment, absorption, immersion)
- Sense 6: bringing together military forces
- Sense 7: great and constant diligence and attention (assiduity, assiduousness)

The context says: "requires physical dexterity ... combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>." This clearly points to the mental effort sense, which is sense 5. Sense 7 is also about attention but more about diligence, while sense 5 specifically says "complete attention; intense mental effort" with synonyms like absorption. The example fits perfectly. So the best indexed sense is 5.

Now output JSON: {"sense_index": 5}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: NextBit

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "english" and surface form "English". Context: "Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in 'rounds'..." Here, "English" modifies "bells". The candidate senses: sense 1: of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people (e.g., English history); sense 2: of or relating to the English language. In the context, "English bells" refers to bells that are characteristic of England, part of English culture (change-ringing invented by the English). It's not about the language. So sense 1 is correct.{"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English <t>bells</t> are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "bells" (surface form: bells) in the given context. The context is about church bells, specifically about change-ringing in England. The text mentions "church bells", "ringing", "bells weigh more than a ton", "bells are started off in rounds", etc. It is clearly about the physical metal objects that make ringing sounds. Let's review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door (doorbell)
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=nautical time unit (ship's bell)
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician (Alexander Melville Bell)
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter Vanessa Bell
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of tuned bells (chime, gong)
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

In the context, "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds...'" refers to the physical bells in a church tower. The text is about the practice of change-ringing, where ringers manually swing the bells. So sense 1 "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" is perfect. Sense 3 is "the sound of a bell", but the text is talking about the bells themselves being started off and the order in which they sound. The phrase "bells are started off in 'rounds'" suggests the physical bells, not just the sound. Also, later "varying the order in which the bells sound" refers to the sequence of ringing, but the bells are the objects. Sense 9 is about a percussion instrument (orchestral chimes), but church bells are not struck with a hammer by ringers; they are swung. Sense 9 is more specific to a set of tuned bells used as an orchestral instrument. The context says "some bells weigh more than a ton", implying large church bells, not a set of tuned bells played with hammers. Sense 1 is the most general and correct. Sense 3 might be tempting because of "the sound", but the subject is the bells being started off, which are the objects. Moreover, the example in sense 3 includes "church bells" but as a sound. Here, it's clearly about the devices. So I'll choose sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: round
Target surface form: rounds
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "<t>rounds</t>, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=round%1:06:01:: | definition=a charge of ammunition for a single shot | synonyms=unit of ammunition, one shot
2. sense_key=round%1:28:01:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
3. sense_key=round%1:15:00:: | definition=a regular route for a sentry or policeman | synonyms=beat | examples=in the old days a policeman walked a beat and knew all his people by name
4. sense_key=round%1:04:00:: | definition=(often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order) | examples=the doctor goes on his rounds first thing every morning; the postman's rounds
5. sense_key=round%1:04:03:: | definition=the activity of playing 18 holes of golf | synonyms=round of golf | examples=a round of golf takes about 4 hours
6. sense_key=round%1:04:01:: | definition=the usual activities in your day | synonyms=daily round | examples=the doctor made his rounds
7. sense_key=round%1:28:00:: | definition=(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive | synonyms=turn, bout
8. sense_key=round%1:17:00:: | definition=the course along which communications spread | examples=the story is going the rounds in Washington
9. sense_key=round%1:13:01:: | definition=a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic) | synonyms=round of drinks | examples=he ordered a second round
10. sense_key=round%1:13:00:: | definition=a cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg
11. sense_key=round%1:10:00:: | definition=a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time | synonyms=troll | examples=they enjoyed singing rounds
12. sense_key=round%1:10:01:: | definition=an outburst of applause | examples=there was a round of applause
13. sense_key=round%1:06:03:: | definition=a crosspiece between the legs of a chair | synonyms=rung, stave
14. sense_key=round%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=circle | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "round" with surface form "rounds" in the given context. The context is about change-ringing of church bells. The sentence containing "rounds" is: "Proper English bells are started off in '<t>rounds</t>,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells." So "rounds" refers to a specific pattern or sequence in bell ringing. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list.

Let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=round%1:06:01:: | definition=a charge of ammunition for a single shot - Not relevant.
2. sense_key=round%1:28:01:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; synonyms=cycle, rhythm; example: the never-ending cycle of the seasons. This could relate to a sequence or cycle, but in bell ringing, "rounds" is a specific technical term: a descending scale. It is a sequence, but this definition is too generic. However, note the context: "a simple descending scale" is a specific pattern.
3. sense_key=round%1:15:00:: | definition=a regular route for a sentry or policeman; synonyms=beat. Not relevant.
4. sense_key=round%1:04:00:: | definition=(often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order); examples: doctor's rounds, postman's rounds. This could be plural "rounds" meaning a set of visits, but not about bells.
5. sense_key=round%1:04:03:: | definition=the activity of playing 18 holes of golf. Not relevant.
6. sense_key=round%1:04:01:: | definition=the usual activities in your day; daily round. Not specific.
7. sense_key=round%1:28:00:: | definition=(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive; turn, bout. Not relevant.
8. sense_key=round%1:17:00:: | definition=the course along which communications spread; going the rounds. Not relevant.
9. sense_key=round%1:13:01:: | definition=a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic); round of drinks. Not relevant.
10. sense_key=round%1:13:00:: | definition=a cut of beef. Not relevant.
11. sense_key=round%1:10:00:: | definition=a partsong in which voices follow each other; troll; they enjoyed singing rounds. This is about singing rounds (like "Row, row, row your boat"). Not about bells.
12. sense_key=round%1:10:01:: | definition=an outburst of applause; round of applause. Not relevant.
13. sense_key=round%1:06:03:: | definition=a crosspiece between the legs of a chair; rung, stave. Not relevant.
14. sense_key=round%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism; circle. Not relevant.

None of the given senses directly refer to bell ringing. However, contextually, "rounds" in change-ringing is a specific term: it refers to ringing the bells in order from highest to lowest (descending scale), repeatedly. This is a sequence or cycle. Among the given senses, the closest is sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs", with synonyms cycle, rhythm. The example "never-ending cycle of the seasons" suggests repetition, but here "rounds" is more about a specific sequence. However, note that the WordNet sense might be used metaphorically for any recurrent sequence. There is also sense 11 (singing rounds) but that is a different musical term, and here it's bells, not voices. Sense 11 specifically says "partsong in which voices follow each other", so it's vocal. The bell ringing "rounds" is not a round in the musical sense; a round in music is where voices enter at different times singing the same melody, producing harmony. In change-ringing, rounds is a simple scale, not a round. So sense 11 is incorrect.

Thus, the best match is sense 2, as it captures the idea of a recurring pattern. However, we should check if WordNet has a specific sense for bell ringing. Since it's not listed, we must choose among the given. Sense 2 is the only one that broadly fits a sequence or cycle.

But wait, the context says "rounds" is a plural noun, and the definition describes "a simple descending scale". This is a set order, like a sequence. Sense 4: "a series of professional calls (usually in a set order)" could also be loosely interpreted, but it's about visits, not bells. Sense 2 is more abstract and thus more appropriate.

Let's re-read sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs". The word "interval" might not be the best fit; it's about the time period, not the pattern itself. But "cycle, rhythm" are synonyms. In bell ringing, "rounds" is the sequence of notes, not an interval. However, it is a recurring sequence.

Sense 14: "any circular or rotating mechanism" - no.

Given the lack of a specific sense, sense 2 is the least bad. But maybe we can consider that "rounds" in this context is a jargon term, and WordNet might not cover it. The instruction says to use the given candidate senses. So I'll go with sense 2.

But wait, there's also sense 11: "a partsong in which voices follow each other... they enjoyed singing rounds". Could this be extended to bells? Rounds in bell ringing is not a musical round; it's different. The definition specifically mentions voices and partsong. So it's not a match.

Thus, I'll choose sense 2.

However, let's ensure the format: return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So for sense 2, index is 2. So {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high-pitched
Target surface form: highest-pitched
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high-pitched%3:00:00:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high
2. sense_key=high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01 | definition=set at a sharp or high angle or slant | examples=a high-pitched roof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Target lemma: high-pitched. Target surface form: highest-pitched. Context: ... Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds," from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=high-pitched%3:00:00:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high
2. sense_key=high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01 | definition=set at a sharp or high angle or slant | examples=a high-pitched roof

The target word is "highest-pitched", which is the superlative of "high-pitched". It is describing bells, specifically the highest-pitched bell in a descending scale. So it refers to the pitch of the sound produced by the bell. That clearly matches sense 1: used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency. Sense 2 refers to an angle or slant, like a roof, which doesn't fit at all.

Thus, the sense index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched <t>bell</t> to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "bell" and form "bell" in the given context. The context is about church bells and change-ringing. The sentence containing the target is: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells." Here, "bell" refers to the actual physical bells that are rung, not a button or sound or person. The candidate senses include: sense 1: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. This fits perfectly because the context is about ringing bells in a church tower. Sense 2 is a push button, not relevant. Sense 3 is the sound, but here it's clearly the physical bell being referred to as "highest-pitched bell". Sense 4 is nautical time, not relevant. Sense 5 is the shape, not relevant. Sense 6,7,8 are people, not relevant. Sense 9 is a percussion instrument with tuned bells struck by hammer, which might be close but context is about change-ringing with large bells, not orchestral chimes. Sense 10 is a flared opening, not relevant. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: low
Target surface form: lowest
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the <t>lowest</t> -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=low%3:00:02:: | definition=less than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=low prices; the reservoir is low
2. sense_key=low%3:00:01:: | definition=literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension | examples=low ceilings; low clouds
3. sense_key=low%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=very low in volume | synonyms=low-toned | examples=a low murmur; the low-toned murmur of the surf
4. sense_key=low%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=unrefined in character | examples=low comedy
5. sense_key=low%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency | synonyms=low-pitched
6. sense_key=low%5:00:00:contemptible:00 | definition=of the most contemptible kind | synonyms=abject, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy | examples=abject cowardice; a low stunt to pull
7. sense_key=low%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, lowly, modest, small | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
8. sense_key=low%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=no longer sufficient | synonyms=depleted | examples=supplies are low; our funds are depleted
9. sense_key=low%5:00:00:humble:00 | definition=subdued or brought low in condition or status | synonyms=broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated | examples=brought low; a broken man
10. sense_key=low%5:00:00:dejected:00 | definition=filled with melancholy and despondency | synonyms=gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down | examples=gloomy at the thought of what he had to face; gloomy predictions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "lowest" (superlative of "low") in the context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells." So the context is about bell ringing, specifically change-ringing, and the bells are arranged from highest-pitched to lowest-pitched. This clearly refers to pitch, not volume or other meanings. The target is "lowest" modifying the bell, meaning the lowest-pitched bell. So the sense should be about pitch (low in pitch or frequency). Looking at the candidates, sense 5: "used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency" with synonyms "low-pitched". That perfectly matches. Other senses like "less than normal in degree" (sense 1) might also be considered, but that is too general and doesn't specifically refer to pitch. Sense 1 gives examples: low prices, reservoir is low, so that's about quantity/degree. Sense 2 is about physical elevation. Sense 3 is volume (low in volume), but here it's pitch, not loudness. The context says "highest-pitched bell to the lowest", explicitly "pitched", so it's pitch. So I'll select sense 5.

Thus, the answer: {"sense_index": 5}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a <t>simple</t> descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "simple" in the context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

Context: The phrase "a simple descending scale" describes the initial order of bells, from highest to lowest pitch. It's a scale, and it's described as "simple." The surrounding text contrasts "less complicated version of playing tunes on bells" (carillons) with change-ringing, which is complex. So "simple" here likely means not complex, basic, straightforward. Among the senses:

1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms. This fits: a descending scale is not complex; it's just a straight sequence of notes.

2. easy and not involved or complicated: could also fit, but "easy" might not be the primary meaning here; it's more about the scale being straightforward.

3. apart from anything else; without additions or modifications: "bare, mere" – that doesn't fit "descending scale" perfectly; it's not about being mere.

4. childlike simplicity: no.

5. lacking mental capacity: no.

6. botany: no.

7. unornamented: could apply to "simple country schoolhouse" but for a scale, "unornamented" might work, but sense 1 seems more direct: not complex.

Between 1 and 2: sense 1 is about having few parts, not complex. Sense 2 is about being easy. In the context, they say "the less complicated version ... is considered childish" and change-ringing is complex. Then they describe the starting order as "a simple descending scale." It's simple in contrast to the complex patterns later. So "simple" here means not complex, basic. Sense 1 is the best match. Sense 2 emphasizes ease, but the contrast is with complexity, not difficulty. So I'd pick sense 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scale
Target surface form: scale
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scale%1:24:03:: | definition=an ordered reference standard | synonyms=scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series | examples=judging on a scale of 1 to 10
2. sense_key=scale%1:24:00:: | definition=relative magnitude | examples=they entertained on a grand scale
3. sense_key=scale%1:24:01:: | definition=the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it | examples=the scale of the map; the scale of the model
4. sense_key=scale%1:20:00:: | definition=a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin | synonyms=scale leaf
5. sense_key=scale%1:17:00:: | definition=a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin | synonyms=scurf, exfoliation
6. sense_key=scale%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) | synonyms=musical scale
7. sense_key=scale%1:06:02:: | definition=a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass | synonyms=weighing machine
8. sense_key=scale%1:06:00:: | definition=an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
9. sense_key=scale%1:06:03:: | definition=a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners) | synonyms=plate, shell
10. sense_key=scale%1:05:00:: | definition=a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "scale" in the context. The sentence: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

We need to select the best sense from the candidate list. The context is about bells and change-ringing. The phrase "simple descending scale" refers to the sequence of bell pitches from highest to lowest. That is a musical concept: a series of notes in descending order. Candidate 6: (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave). That matches perfectly. Other senses: sense 1 (ordered reference standard) could be plausible but the context explicitly mentions pitches and descending order, which is musical. Sense 8 (indicator with graduated marks) doesn't fit. So the best is sense 6.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 6}.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "use", surface form "using", and a context passage. We need to perform fine-grained WSD and choose the best indexed sense from the candidate list. The candidate senses are numbered 1 to 6. We must return a JSON object like {"sense_index": X}.

Let's examine the context: "Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

Here, "using" is a present participle that refers to the scale. The scale is using as many as 12 bells. It means employing or utilizing those bells to create the descending scale. The sense is about putting into service or employing something for a purpose. Check sense 1: definition: put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose. Synonyms: utilize, utilise, apply, employ. Example: "use your head!" This fits: using as many as 12 bells means employing 12 bells for the scale. Other senses: sense 2 is about habitual consumption (uses drugs), not applicable. Sense 3: use up, consume fully (expend), not about consuming the bells. Sense 4: seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage (using influential friends), not quite; here it's just employing the bells in the ringing. Sense 5: avail oneself to, practice, apply (practice a religion); not fitting because we are not practicing bells; we are using them in a performance. Sense 6: habitually do in past tense, not applicable because "using" is not past tense. So sense 1 is clearly the best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "church" and the surface form "churches". The context is: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds', from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells." Here, the word "churches" refers to physical buildings where bells are housed, specifically larger churches that can have up to 12 bells. The sentence discusses the bells in these churches. Let's review the senses:

1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church. This is a group or denomination, e.g., "the Catholic Church". Not applicable.

2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty. This refers to the physical building. In context, "in larger churches, as many as 12 bells" clearly refers to the building, as bells are in church buildings.

3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church. This is about the event/service, not the building. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week. This is the congregation. Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 2: the physical church building. So the index is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "bells" in the given context. The target lemma is "bell", surface form "bells". We need to choose the single best indexed sense from the candidate list.

Let's read the context carefully: "History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>."

The context is about church bells, ringing them, change-ringing, etc. The target is the last "<t>bells</t>" in "...as many as 12 bells." So it's clearly referring to the physical bells in a church tower, the hollow devices that ring.

Now let's examine candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
   - This is the classic church bell. Synonyms not given, but definition fits exactly.

2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
   - Not relevant; context is about church bells, not doorbells.

3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
   - This sense refers to the sound, not the physical object. In context, "as many as 12 bells" refers to the physical bells being rung, not the sound itself. So it's likely sense 1.

4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
   - Nautical time, not relevant.

5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
   - Shape; not relevant.

6-8 are person senses (Bell as a surname). Not relevant.

9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
   - This refers to a set of bells as an instrument (like a glockenspiel or tubular bells), but in the context, they are talking about individual church bells being rung in change-ringing, not an orchestral instrument. The phrase "as many as 12 bells" refers to individual bells in a tower, each a separate bell. Sense 9 is a single instrument composed of multiple bells, like a chime. That might be confused, but the context says "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds', from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells." Each bell is a separate entity, rung by a ringer. So it's not a set of bells played as one instrument; it's multiple individual bells. Sense 1 is more appropriate.

10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
   - Not relevant.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best match: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.

So index is 1.

Note: The instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "Then" in the given context. The target lemma is "then" and the surface form is "Then". We have three candidate senses:

1. subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms: so, and so, and then | examples: then he left; go left first, then right.
2. in that case or as a consequence | examples: if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to.
3. at that time | examples: I was young then; prices were lower back then.

Context: The text describes change-ringing. It says: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

So "Then" indicates a sequence of events: first they start in rounds, and then (subsequently) at a signal, they begin varying the order. It marks a temporal sequence, not a conditional consequence (sense 2) or a reference to a past time (sense 3). The sense 1 fits perfectly: subsequently or soon afterward. The example "go left first, then right" is similar: first do one thing, then another.

Thus, sense 1 is correct.

Now return JSON with sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: signal
Target surface form: signal
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "signal" with surface form "signal" in the given context. The context is about change-ringing of church bells. The sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." So, at a signal, they start changing the order. The signal is likely a nonverbal action or gesture (like a nod, hand signal, or some cue) that tells the ringers to start. There's no mention of electricity or modulation, so sense 3 is out. Sense 2 says "any incitement to action" with examples like "he awaited the signal to start" and "the victory was a signal for wild celebration." That seems plausible. Sense 1 says "any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message" with synonyms signaling, sign, and example "signals from the boat suddenly stopped." In the context, the signal is likely a specific gesture or action given to the ringers to begin. Both 1 and 2 could fit, but we must choose the single best indexed sense. Let's compare the WordNet definitions and examples. Sense 1 emphasizes "nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message." Sense 2 emphasizes "incitement to action." In the context, the signal is precisely to initiate action: varying the order. The example for sense 2 is "he awaited the signal to start" which matches perfectly: the ringers awaited the signal to start the changes. Sense 1's example is about signals from a boat stopping, which is more about conveying information (like a message) rather than just inciting action. The ringers are already in rounds, and then at a signal, they begin varying. That signal is a cue to start a specific action, not necessarily encoding a complex message. So sense 2 seems more specific. Also, the synonyms for sense 1 are "signaling, sign" which suggest a communicative aspect. The context does not emphasize communication of a message, just a prompt to start. Therefore, sense_index 2 is better.

Thus, {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "ringer" (plural "ringers") in the context of church bell ringing. The passage talks about church bells, change ringing, and the people who ring them. The context clearly refers to the people who ring church bells. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation). This matches exactly.
2. sense 2: a person who is almost identical to another (dead ringer). Not relevant.
3. sense 3: a contestant entered under false pretenses. Not relevant.
4. sense 4: (horseshoes) successful throw. Not relevant.

Thus, sense 1 is the correct one. We return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." The target word is "begin". We need to choose the best sense from the given list.

Context: The ringers begin varying the order. They start doing something. "Begin" is followed by a gerund "varying". They are initiating an action.

Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out. examples: We began working at dawn; Who will start? This fits: the ringers begin varying the order, they take the first step in carrying out the action of varying. The example "We began working at dawn" is parallel: "begin working" -> "begin varying". This seems like the primary sense for starting an action.

2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense. synonyms=start. examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro. This is intransitive, about something starting (like an event or location). Here, "begin" is used transitively with an object (varying), so this doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: definition=set in motion, cause to start. synonyms=lead off, start, commence. examples=The U.S. started a war; The Iraqis began hostilities. This is transitive with a noun object, meaning to cause something to start. In the sentence, the object is a gerund "varying", which is an action. "Begin hostilities" is a noun for an activity. But "begin varying" is more like sense 1 where the object is a gerund phrase indicating the action they undertake. Sense 3 is often used with a noun like "war", "hostilities", "proceedings", etc. But could it apply? The ringers are setting in motion the varying of the order? Possibly, but sense 1 explicitly includes "begin working" which matches "begin varying". Sense 1 is about taking the first step in carrying out an action, with the action expressed as an infinitive or gerund. "We began working" is exactly "begin + gerund". So sense 1 is a better fit.

4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: definition=begin to speak or say; he began. examples=Now listen, friends,. Obviously not.

5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series. examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event. examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month. Intransitive, not fitting.

7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way. synonyms=start. examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees. Intransitive.

8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object. synonyms=start. examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot. This is about starting to use or consume something, e.g., light a cigar, start eating soup. Doesn't fit.

9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative. examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem. Not applicable.

10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language. examples=She began Russian at an early age. Not applicable.

Thus, sense 1 is clearly the best: the ringers begin varying the order = they take the first step in carrying out the action of varying. The example "We began working" is a perfect match.

Therefore, answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vary
Target surface form: varying
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
2. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: | definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart
3. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: | definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather
4. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: | definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "varying" in context. The context describes change-ringing of church bells. The ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm. So "varying" means they change the order. We need to pick the best sense from the 4 candidates.

Let's examine each sense:

1. "become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence" – This is intransitive, focusing on a thing changing itself. Example: "The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season." Here, the selection itself changes. But in our context, the ringers are actively changing the order; they are making the order vary. So this sense is intransitive; the subject is the thing that changes. In our sentence, "the ringers begin varying the order", the subject is "ringers" and the object is "the order". So it's transitive. Sense 1 is intransitive (become different). So not a perfect fit.

2. "be at variance with; be out of line with" – Synonyms: deviate, diverge, depart. Example: not given explicitly, but meaning to differ or be inconsistent. In the context, they are varying the order, not saying the order is at variance. This is more about being different from a standard. Not fitting.

3. "be subject to change in accordance with a variable" – This is also intransitive: "Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather." The subject changes due to some factor. Again, intransitive.

4. "make something more diverse and varied" – Synonyms: variegate, motley. Example: "Vary the menu." This is transitive: someone varies something. That matches our context: ringers vary the order. They make the order diverse by changing which bell strikes when. The definition "make something more diverse and varied" works because they are altering the sequence to create different changes. The example "Vary the menu" is similar: you change the menu to make it diverse. So sense 4 is transitive, meaning to cause to become varied. That fits perfectly.

Sense 1 is intransitive. Sense 3 is intransitive. Sense 2 is stative intransitive. Only sense 4 is transitive, with a direct object "the order". So the best sense is 4.

Thus, output {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: order
Target surface form: order
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: | definition=(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed | examples=the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London
2. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: | definition=a degree in a continuum of size or quantity | synonyms=order of magnitude | examples=it was on the order of a mile; an explosion of a low order of magnitude
3. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: | definition=established customary state (especially of society) | examples=order ruled in the streets; law and order
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
5. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition of regular or proper arrangement | synonyms=orderliness | examples=he put his desk in order; the machine is now in working order
6. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: | definition=a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge) | synonyms=decree, edict, fiat, rescript | examples=a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there
7. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: | definition=a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities | synonyms=purchase order | examples=IBM received an order for a hundred computers
8. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, society, guild, gild, lodge | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
9. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: | definition=a body of rules followed by an assembly | synonyms=rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
10. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: | definition=(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy | synonyms=Holy Order | examples=theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order
11. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: | definition=a group of person living under a religious rule | synonyms=monastic order | examples=the order of Saint Benedict
12. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
13. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: | definition=a request for something to be made, supplied, or served | examples=I gave the waiter my order; the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle
14. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: | definition=(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "order" with the target surface form "order" in the given context. The context is: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided candidate senses (1-15). The target word is "order" in the phrase "varying the order in which the bells sound". This refers to the sequence or arrangement in which the bells are rung. The ringers change the order (sequence) of the bells sounding while maintaining the rhythm. So, "order" here means the sequential arrangement of elements (the bells). Let's review the candidate senses:

1. military command - not relevant.
2. degree in a continuum of size/quantity - "order of magnitude" - not relevant.
3. established customary state (e.g., law and order) - not relevant.
4. logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements, synonyms: ordering, ordination; example: "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation" - This seems to fit: the ringers vary the arrangement/ordering of the bells sounding. The sense is about a logical arrangement or sequence.
5. condition of regular or proper arrangement (orderliness) - e.g., "put his desk in order", "machine in working order". This is about tidiness or proper functioning, not about varying a sequence. Not quite.
6. legally binding command - not relevant.
7. commercial document (purchase order) - not relevant.
8. formal association (club) - not relevant.
9. body of rules (parliamentary procedure) - not relevant.
10. clerical status (Holy Order) - not relevant.
11. monastic order - not relevant.
12. taxonomic group - not relevant.
13. request for something to be supplied (e.g., restaurant order) - not relevant.
14. architectural style - not relevant.
15. act of putting things in a sequential arrangement, synonyms: ordering; example: "there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list". This also seems relevant. The phrase "varying the order" refers to the act of altering the sequence. But note: sense 15 is "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement" (which is a noun, but more like the action/process). In the context, "the order" is the arrangement itself, not the act. The ringers vary the order (the sequence). Sense 4 is "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements", which is the result of ordering. Sense 15 is the act of ordering. In the phrase "varying the order in which the bells sound", "order" refers to the arrangement (the pattern), not the act of putting them in order. They vary the arrangement. So sense 4 seems more appropriate. Sense 15 example: "mistakes in the ordering of items on the list" uses "ordering" (gerund), which is the action. Here, "the order" is the resulting sequence. Moreover, the synonyms for sense 4 are "ordering, ordination", but note that "ordering" can also be a noun meaning arrangement. The gloss for sense 4 is "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements", and example: "inverse order of their presentation". That matches: the bells are presented (sounding) in a certain order, and they vary that order. So sense 4 is best.

We'll choose sense 4. Return JSON with sense_index: 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "bells" in the context. The target lemma is "bell", surface form "bells". The context is about church bells, change-ringing, physical dexterity, weight, etc. The word is part of "the order in which the bells sound". The sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." So they are ringing bells, producing sound. The bells are physical objects that make a ringing sound when struck.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. This directly matches the object being rung.
2. doorbell/buzzer: not applicable, no doorbell context.
3. the sound of a bell: This could be a sense, but in context, they are varying the order in which the bells sound. Here "bells" refers to the objects, not the sounds themselves. They are ringing the bells, so the objects. The phrase "the bells sound" uses "sound" as a verb, indicating the bells produce sound. But the target is "bells" as a noun. It's the objects. Sense 3 is the sound itself, but they are not varying the order of sounds, they are varying the order of the bells (which ones sound). The bells are the instruments that produce the sound. So sense 1 is more appropriate.
4. nautical time: no.
5. shape: no.
6-8. people: no.
9. percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells: that sounds like a carillon or chimes, but here they are talking about individual bells rung by ringers. The context says "bells" as a set of individual bells, not a single instrument. Sense 9 is a "set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument" like a chime or gong. But here, the bells are rung by people pulling ropes, not struck with a hammer as a single instrument. So sense 1 is more directly the individual bell devices.
10. flared opening: no.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

Now, return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}