[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These <t>national</t> studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "national" in the given context. The target is in "These national studies will form the basis of a European report...". We have seven candidate senses from WordNet.

Let's analyze the context: The text discusses "national reports" that contain portfolios of initiatives, and then "These national studies" refer to the studies from each country. The studies are country-specific. The sentence contrasts "national studies" with a "European report" that synthesizes overall practices. So "national" here means relating to individual countries, as opposed to European. So it's about belonging to a particular nation. Which sense fits?

Sense 1: "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country". This is a general sense. Example: national anthem. That could fit: national studies are studies of or belonging to a nation. But is there a more specific one?

Sense 2: "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation". Example: isolationism is a strictly national policy. The context doesn't imply limitation or interests, just that these are studies from each country, i.e., country-specific.

Sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country". Example: national government. The studies are about the entire nation? Possibly not; they are studies about a country as a whole, so that could fit.

Sense 4: "owned or maintained for the public by the national government" – not about studies, no.

Sense 5: "inside the country" – synonyms: home, interior, internal. That could mean domestic. Is "national studies" meaning studies done domestically? Possibly, but the contrast with European suggests studies of each individual country, not necessarily inside the country, but belonging to each country.

Sense 6: "characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation" – example: a national trait. Not about studies.

Sense 7: "of or relating to nationality" – example: national origin. Not fitting.

The most fitting is likely sense 1: "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country". It's a broad relational sense. Sense 3 says "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country", which also fits, but "entire nation" might be more about scope (the whole nation) rather than simply belonging to a nation. In "national studies", it's studies about each country, so they are of or belonging to a nation. Sense 1 seems straightforward. Sense 2 emphasizes limitation to a particular nation, which could be implied in contrast to European, but the phrase "national studies" doesn't inherently mean "limited to a nation"; it just means "country studies". So I'd go with sense 1.

Let's check the examples: "national hero" (sense 1) is someone who belongs to a nation. "national anthem" (sense 1) is of a nation. So "national studies" would be studies belonging to each nation. Sense 3 examples: "national government" (the government of the whole nation), "national elections" (elections for the whole nation). That might be more about encompassing the entire nation rather than just relating to a nation. The studies are representative of the entire nation? They are "national reports" covering the country, so they are applicable to the entire nation. But sense 1 is broader and likely the base sense. Typically in WordNet, sense 1 is the most common. Given the context, I'd pick sense 1.

But let's see the distinction: Sense 1 is "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country", sense 3 is "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country". The difference is "entire" – sense 3 emphasizes the whole nation as a unit. In this context, the studies are country-wide, so they are "national" in the sense of the whole country. But the phrase "These national studies" simply means "the studies from each country". It's not emphasizing the entireness so much as the fact that they are country-specific. So I think sense 1 is safer.

Sense 5 "inside the country" could be a synonym for domestic, but "national studies" isn't typically "interior studies", it's "studies of a nation". So sense 5 is off.

Thus, I'll select sense 1.

But wait, the target is the word "national" in "These national studies". The context says: "Each national report contains a portfolio... For each country... These national studies will form the basis of a European report". So "national" is modifying "studies", and it clearly means "pertaining to each individual country". That aligns with sense 1.

Therefore, the answer is sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national <t>studies</t> will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "study" with surface form "studies" in a specific context. The context is about case studies in national reports, analyzing initiatives, etc. The sentence containing the target is: "These national <t>studies</t> will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices." So "studies" here refers to the case studies that were conducted, which are detailed analyses of initiatives. They are written documents that describe findings. The phrase "case studies" is used multiple times. The most appropriate sense is likely "a detailed critical inspection" (sense 1: survey) or "a written document describing the findings" (sense 3: report, written report). However, in this context, "national studies" are the case studies that have been analyzed and will form the basis of a report. They are more than just inspections; they are the documented results. The text says: "These case studies analysed... These national studies will form the basis of a European report..." So the "studies" are the written reports of the case studies. Therefore, sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" fits perfectly. Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" could refer to the act of studying, but here "studies" are the things that will form the basis of a report, so they are the documents. Sense 3 synonyms: report, written report. Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" – that is a study as a published document. In the context, they are national case studies, which are written reports. So sense_index 3 is the best.

Let's check other senses: sense 2 is about applying the mind to learning, not a document. Sense 4 is a state of absorption. Sense 5 is a room. Sense 6 is a branch of knowledge. Sense 7 is a preliminary drawing. Sense 8 is consideration. Sense 9 is a person who memorizes quickly. Sense 10 is a composition for technique. None of these fit the context of national case studies forming the basis of a report. So sense 3 is correct.

Thus, return {"sense_index": 3}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: NextBit

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will <t>form</t> the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%2:41:00:: | definition=create (as an entity) | synonyms=organize, organise | examples=social groups form everywhere; They formed a company
2. sense_key=form%2:42:00:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=constitute, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
3. sense_key=form%2:42:02:: | definition=develop into a distinctive entity | synonyms=take form, take shape, spring | examples=our plans began to take shape
4. sense_key=form%2:30:01:: | definition=give shape or form to | synonyms=shape | examples=shape the dough; form the young child's character
5. sense_key=form%2:36:00:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, work, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
6. sense_key=form%2:41:02:: | definition=establish or impress firmly in the mind | synonyms=imprint | examples=We imprint our ideas onto our children
7. sense_key=form%2:30:05:: | definition=assume a form or shape | examples=the water formed little beads

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "form" (surface form: "form") in the given context. The context is: "These national studies will <t>form</t> the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices." We need to pick the best indexed sense from the list of 7 candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context. The phrase is "will form the basis of a European report". Here, "form" means something like "constitute" or "make up" the basis. It is not about creating an entity from scratch, nor about shaping physically, nor about developing into a distinct entity, nor about imprinting. The sense of "form" here is: to serve as or to be the essential element that makes up something. The basis is being formed by these studies, meaning the studies constitute the basis.

Now, examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=form%2:41:00:: | definition=create (as an entity) | synonyms=organize, organise | examples=social groups form everywhere; They formed a company. This sense is about creating or organizing something like a group or company. "Form the basis" isn't about creating the basis as an entity; the studies don't organize the basis, they are the basis.

2. sense_key=form%2:42:00:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=constitute, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof. This sense fits perfectly. "These national studies will form the basis" means they will constitute or make up the basis. The examples show similar usage: "This wall forms the background" (the wall constitutes the background). The synonyms "constitute, make" align with this.

3. sense_key=form%2:42:02:: | definition=develop into a distinctive entity | synonyms=take form, take shape, spring | examples=our plans began to take shape. This is intransitive or about something taking form, but here "form" is used transitively: these studies will form the basis. Also, it's not about developing into something; they are not developing into a report, they serve as the basis.

4. sense_key=form%2:30:01:: | definition=give shape or form to | synonyms=shape | examples=shape the dough; form the young child's character. This is about shaping something physically or metaphorically, but "form the basis" isn't about shaping the basis; it's about being the basis.

5. sense_key=form%2:36:00:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, work, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough. This is about physically making something. Not applicable here.

6. sense_key=form%2:41:02:: | definition=establish or impress firmly in the mind | synonyms=imprint | examples=We imprint our ideas onto our children. This is about imprinting ideas, not about constituting a basis.

7. sense_key=form%2:30:05:: | definition=assume a form or shape | examples=the water formed little beads. This is intransitive: water forms beads, meaning it takes that shape. Here, "form" is transitive: studies form the basis. Not fitting.

Clearly, sense 2 (constitute, make) is the best match.

Thus, the sense index is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basis
Target surface form: basis
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the <t>basis</t> of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basis%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation that provides the foundation for something | synonyms=footing, ground | examples=they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis
2. sense_key=basis%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
3. sense_key=basis%1:24:01:: | definition=the most important or necessary part of something | synonyms=base | examples=the basis of this drink is orange juice

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "basis" in the given context. The context: "These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices." The meaning is that the national studies will serve as the foundation or starting point for a European report.

Now, look at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "a relation that provides the foundation for something" with synonyms footing, ground, and example "he worked on an interim basis". This sense emphasizes a relation or state of being, like "on a friendly footing" or "on a temporary basis". It seems more about a mode or condition.

2. sense 2: "the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained" with synonyms base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone. Example: "the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture". This sense is about underlying principles or assumptions that form the starting point.

3. sense 3: "the most important or necessary part of something" with synonym base, and example "the basis of this drink is orange juice". This sense is about the main ingredient or core component.

In the context, "form the basis of a European report", it means the national studies will be the foundation upon which the report is built. It is not about an interim manner (sense 1), nor about a main ingredient (sense 3). It is about the fundamental material from which the report is developed. Sense 2 fits best: the national studies will be the groundwork or foundation for the report. The synonym "foundation" appears in sense 2, and the example "rested on a basis" is similar. Sense 1 has "footing" which is more about a relational mode, and sense 3's example is about a physical mixture's main ingredient. Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European <t>report</t> which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "report" and the context. We need to find the best sense among the candidates. The context is about a European report that synthesises overall practices from national studies. It's a written document, a study. Sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "study, written report" and example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". That fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about verbal report, sense 3 about news report, sense 4 about sound, sense 5 about report card, sense 6 about essay assignment, sense 7 about reputation. So sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: overall
Target surface form: overall
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises <t>overall</t> practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=overall%5:00:00:general:00 | definition=involving only main features | examples=the overall pattern of his life
2. sense_key=overall%5:00:00:gross:00 | definition=including everything | examples=the overall cost

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose between two senses for "overall" in the given context. The target word is "overall" modifying "practices" in the phrase "synthesises overall practices."

Sense 1: involving only main features. Example: "the overall pattern of his life." This suggests a broad, general view, focusing on the main features rather than details.

Sense 2: including everything. Example: "the overall cost." This suggests a comprehensive, all-inclusive perspective.

In the context: "These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices." The report synthesises (combines) practices from various national studies. The word "synthesises" implies bringing together multiple elements into a coherent whole. It is likely that the report looks at the combined practices, perhaps summarizing or integrating them. But does "overall" mean "including everything" or "involving only main features"?

Looking at the broader context: They have a portfolio of 25-30 initiatives per country, and then selected 2-3 for in-depth case studies. Then the European report synthesises "overall practices." Does it mean it synthesises the practices as a whole (all the practices from the portfolios?) or just the main features? The phrase "overall practices" could be interpreted as the general, overarching practices across countries, i.e., the main features, not every single detail. Since they selected case studies, but the report is based on all national studies, it likely distills the key practices. The word "overall" often means "general" or "considering everything." Sense 2 "including everything" might be too absolute; sense 1 "involving only main features" is more about summarising the main points. In typical usage, "overall pattern" is about the general pattern, not every detail. "Overall cost" is the total cost including everything. Here, "overall practices" probably means the general practices across Europe, not every single practice from every initiative. So sense 1 seems more appropriate.

Also note: sense 1 is labeled as "general" in the sense key, sense 2 as "gross". "Overall" when meaning "general" is common. So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the answer is the first sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: practice
Target surface form: practices
Context:
Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall <t>practices</t>. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=practice%1:04:00:: | definition=a customary way of operation or behavior | synonyms=pattern | examples=it is their practice to give annual raises; they changed their dietary pattern
2. sense_key=practice%1:04:02:: | definition=systematic training by multiple repetitions | synonyms=exercise, drill, practice session, recitation | examples=practice makes perfect
3. sense_key=practice%1:04:04:: | definition=translating an idea into action | synonyms=praxis | examples=a hard theory to put into practice; differences between theory and praxis of communism
4. sense_key=practice%1:04:03:: | definition=the exercise of a profession | examples=the practice of the law; I took over his practice when he retired
5. sense_key=practice%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge of how something is usually done | examples=it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "practices" in the given context. The target word appears in the sentence: "These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices." The context is about a conference on social exclusion, case studies of national reports containing initiatives to improve recruitment, training, and development of ageing workers. The initiatives are policies and practices. "practices" here likely refers to the methods, procedures, or customary ways of doing things. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. A customary way of operation or behavior. Example: "it is their practice to give annual raises". This fits well because national studies contain initiatives that present policies and practices. "Overall practices" would mean the general customary ways of doing things across countries.

2. Systematic training by multiple repetitions (exercise, drill). This doesn't fit the context. The context is about policies and initiatives, not training drills.

3. Translating an idea into action (praxis). While related, the context is more about established practices, not just theory into practice. "Synthesises overall practices" - praxis could work but it's more about putting ideas into action, which might be too broad.

4. The exercise of a profession. Example: "the practice of the law". That seems specific to a profession, and here it's about general workplace and community initiatives, not a specific profession's practice.

5. Knowledge of how something is usually done. Example: "it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner". This is similar to sense 1 but more about knowledge/custom. Sense 1 focuses on the behavior itself, sense 5 on knowledge of it. In context, "practices" are the things they are synthesizing, i.e., the actual ways of operating, not just knowledge. Sense 1 seems more direct.

Thus, the best index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The <t>report</t> and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "report" in the given context. The target word appears in: "The <t>report</t> and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996..." We need to choose the best sense from the provided candidate senses (1 through 7).

Let's analyze the context: The text discusses "national report", "European report", and then says "The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996". The report is a document that synthesizes overall practices, based on case studies. It's a written document describing findings. There's also mention of "case studies", "national studies", etc. So the report is clearly a written document summarizing research or findings.

Now evaluate each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
   This fits perfectly: a written document describing findings. The context says "national report", "European report", and it contains a portfolio of initiatives, and will be published. It's a study/written report.

2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
   This is about verbal information, not a written document. The context mentions "published", so it's written. Not this.

3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
   This is a news report, typically short, and in media. The context describes a document containing many initiatives, not a short news story. It's a lengthy document with analysis. Not this.

4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
   Completely unrelated.

5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
   Not about student evaluation; the context is about employment practices and ageing workers.

6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
   This is a student essay/assignment. The context isn't about school assignments; it's a formal report by an organization (Foundation). Not this.

7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report
   This means reputation. Context doesn't fit.

Sense 1 is the best match: a written document describing findings of some individual or group. The context: "national report", "European report" that synthesizes practices, to be published. It's a study/report.

Thus, the sense index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: publish
Target surface form: published
Context:
Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be <t>published</t> in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=publish%2:36:01:: | definition=put into print | synonyms=print | examples=The newspaper published the news of the royal couple's divorce; These news should not be printed
2. sense_key=publish%2:32:00:: | definition=prepare and issue for public distribution or sale | synonyms=bring out, put out, issue, release | examples=publish a magazine or newspaper
3. sense_key=publish%2:36:00:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=write | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "published" in context. The sentence: "The report and a casebook of initiatives will be <t>published</t> in 1996..." They are talking about a report and a casebook being made available to the public. The three senses:

1. put into print (synonym: print). Examples: newspaper publishing news.

2. prepare and issue for public distribution or sale (synonyms: bring out, put out, issue, release). Examples: publish a magazine or newspaper.

3. have (one's written work) issued for publication (synonyms: write). Examples: How many books did Georges Simenon write? She published 25 books during her long career.

In this context, "the report and a casebook of initiatives will be published" means they will be prepared and issued for public distribution. This fits sense 2 best, as it emphasizes the act of issuing for public distribution/sale, and the object is a report and a casebook (like a publication). Sense 1 is specifically about putting into print, which is more of a physical printing step. Sense 3 is about an author having their work published, focusing on the author's act. Here the subject is not an author, but the organization (implied) preparing the report. The passive construction "will be published" aligns with sense 2: the report will be issued. The synonyms "issue, release" fit. So sense 2.

Answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conference
Target surface form: conference
Context:
Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a <t>conference</t> to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conference%1:14:00:: | definition=a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)
2. sense_key=conference%1:14:01:: | definition=an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members | synonyms=league
3. sense_key=conference%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic | synonyms=group discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "conference" in the given context. We have three senses:

1. sense_key=conference%1:14:00:: | definition=a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)
2. sense_key=conference%1:14:01:: | definition=an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members | synonyms=league
3. sense_key=conference%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic | synonyms=group discussion

Context: "These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996."

We need to choose the best sense. The context is about publishing a report and casebook, and then having a conference in Autumn 1996. The conference is "staged", which aligns with a planned event. The first sense is a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information, often with a formal agenda. That fits perfectly: a conference to discuss the report and casebook, likely with presentations and discussions. The second sense is a sports league, clearly irrelevant. The third sense is "a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic", which also could fit, but note that the first sense is specifically "a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)". The context mentions "staged" and "backdrop for a conference", indicating an organized event, not just any group discussion. The third sense is more general a discussion, but the first sense implies a larger, formal meeting. Given the context of reports, publications, and a conference being staged, the first sense is more appropriate. Also, typical usage: a conference in Autumn suggests an organized event. So I'll choose sense 1.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: staged
Context:
Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be <t>staged</t> in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%2:36:00:: | definition=perform (a play), especially on a stage | synonyms=present, represent | examples=we are going to stage `Othello'
2. sense_key=stage%2:36:01:: | definition=plan, organize, and carry out (an event) | synonyms=arrange | examples=the neighboring tribe staged an invasion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose between two senses for "staged" in the context: "the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996". The target word is "staged" as in to stage a conference. Looking at the options:

1. sense_key=stage%2:36:00:: | definition=perform (a play), especially on a stage | synonyms=present, represent | examples=we are going to stage `Othello' - This is specifically about theatrical performance.

2. sense_key=stage%2:36:01:: | definition=plan, organize, and carry out (an event) | synonyms=arrange | examples=the neighboring tribe staged an invasion - This is about organizing an event.

In the context, a conference is an event, not a play. So "staged" here means planned, organized, and carried out. Thus, sense 2 is the most appropriate.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foundation
Target surface form: Foundation
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The <t>Foundation</t> aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foundation%1:24:00:: | definition=the basis on which something is grounded | examples=there is little foundation for his objections
2. sense_key=foundation%1:14:00:: | definition=an institution supported by an endowment
3. sense_key=foundation%1:06:00:: | definition=lowest support of a structure | synonyms=base, fundament, foot, groundwork, substructure, understructure | examples=it was built on a base of solid rock; he stood at the foot of the tower
4. sense_key=foundation%1:09:01:: | definition=education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field of knowledge | synonyms=grounding | examples=he lacks the foundation necessary for advanced study; a good grounding in mathematics
5. sense_key=foundation%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=basis, base, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
6. sense_key=foundation%1:06:01:: | definition=a woman's undergarment worn to give shape to the contours of the body | synonyms=foundation garment
7. sense_key=foundation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, institution, origination, creation, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "foundation", surface form "Foundation", and the context. The capitalized "Foundation" suggests it refers to an organization. Let's examine the sentence: "The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes." This clearly refers to an institution or organization that is doing research. Among the candidate senses, sense 2 is "an institution supported by an endowment". That fits perfectly. Other senses are about basis, support structure, education, assumptions, undergarment, or act of starting. So sense index 2 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: aim
Target surface form: aims
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation <t>aims</t> to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=aim%2:33:00:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=take, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
2. sense_key=aim%2:31:01:: | definition=propose or intend | synonyms=purpose, purport, propose | examples=I aim to arrive at noon
3. sense_key=aim%2:32:09:: | definition=move into a desired direction of discourse | synonyms=drive, get | examples=What are you driving at?
4. sense_key=aim%2:31:02:: | definition=specifically design a product, event, or activity for a certain public | synonyms=calculate, direct
5. sense_key=aim%2:33:10:: | definition=intend (something) to move towards a certain goal | synonyms=target, place, direct, point | examples=He aimed his fists towards his opponent's face; criticism directed at her superior
6. sense_key=aim%2:32:00:: | definition=direct (a remark) toward an intended goal | examples=She wanted to aim a pun
7. sense_key=aim%2:31:00:: | definition=have an ambitious plan or a lofty goal | synonyms=draw a bead on, aspire, shoot for

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "aim" with surface form "aims" in the given context. We have 7 candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to choose the best sense index (1-based) and return a JSON object with the key "sense_index".

Context: "... The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes. ..."

We see "aims" followed by an infinitive: "to document ... and to analyse ...". This indicates an intention or purpose. Let's examine the senses:

1. aim%2:33:00:: pointing or directing something physical like weapons or cameras. Not applicable.
2. aim%2:31:01:: propose or intend, synonyms: purpose, purport, propose. Example: "I aim to arrive at noon." This exactly matches the construction: subject + aim + to-infinitive expressing intention. The definition: "propose or intend". Context: The Foundation intends to do something.
3. aim%2:32:09:: move into a desired direction of discourse, "What are you driving at?" Not relevant here.
4. aim%2:31:02:: specifically design for a certain public, synonyms: calculate, direct. This might be about targeting a product or event to an audience. Not quite right here; the Foundation is not designing a product but aiming to do something.
5. aim%2:33:10:: intend something to move towards a certain goal, synonyms: target, place, direct, point. Examples: "He aimed his fists...", "criticism directed at her superior". This is transitive, requiring an object. Here "aims" is used intransitively with an infinitive complement.
6. aim%2:32:00:: direct a remark toward an intended goal. Not relevant.
7. aim%2:31:00:: have an ambitious plan or lofty goal, synonyms: draw a bead on, aspire, shoot for. This sense is also about intending, but the gloss "ambitious plan or lofty goal" might be subtly different. The example: "aspire". However, the construction is often "aim to" with an infinitive. Sense 2 is more general: "propose or intend". Sense 7 might be for more aspirational contexts, but here it's a foundation documenting and analysing, which is ambitious but sense 2 seems more neutral and directly matches the pattern.

Comparing senses 2 and 7: Sense 2 example exactly matches the pattern "I aim to arrive at noon." Sense 7: "aspire" is less common in this exact pattern? But "aim to" is used in many contexts. The gloss for sense 7: "have an ambitious plan or a lofty goal." The Foundation's goals might be considered lofty, but sense 2 is simply "propose or intend" and fits perfectly. In WordNet, sense 2 is the most common and primary sense for this usage. Thus, sense index 2.

We output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: document
Target surface form: document
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to <t>document</t> the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=document%2:32:00:: | definition=record in detail | examples=The parents documented every step of their child's development
2. sense_key=document%2:31:00:: | definition=support or supply with references | examples=Can you document your claims?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target lemma "document" in the given context. The surface form is "document". The context is: "The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes." Candidate senses: 1. sense_key=document%2:32:00:: | definition=record in detail | examples=The parents documented every step of their child's development; 2. sense_key=document%2:31:00:: | definition=support or supply with references | examples=Can you document your claims?

We need to choose the single best indexed sense. The context says: "The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes." This means they want to record or detail the characteristics. It is about recording information, not about supporting claims with references. The phrase "document the characteristics" suggests they will systematically record or describe the characteristics. The first sense, "record in detail," fits perfectly. The second sense, "support or supply with references," implies providing evidence for a claim, which is not the case here. They are not making a claim that needs support; they are aiming to document (record) the characteristics. So sense 1 is correct.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: characteristic
Target surface form: characteristics
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the <t>characteristics</t> of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=characteristic%1:09:00:: | definition=a prominent attribute or aspect of something | synonyms=feature | examples=the map showed roads and other features; generosity is one of his best characteristics
2. sense_key=characteristic%1:07:00:: | definition=a distinguishing quality
3. sense_key=characteristic%1:10:00:: | definition=the integer part (positive or negative) of the representation of a logarithm; in the expression log 643 = 2.808 the characteristic is 2
4. sense_key=characteristic%1:07:01:: | definition=any measurable property of a device measured under closely specified conditions | synonyms=device characteristic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "characteristics" in context. The context is about a study of initiatives regarding employment patterns, work organizations, age barriers in job recruitment and training, etc. The sentence: "The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes." So "characteristics" refers to the features or attributes of age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=characteristic%1:09:00:: | definition=a prominent attribute or aspect of something | synonyms=feature | examples=the map showed roads and other features; generosity is one of his best characteristics
2. sense_key=characteristic%1:07:00:: | definition=a distinguishing quality
3. sense_key=characteristic%1:10:00:: | definition=the integer part (positive or negative) of the representation of a logarithm; in the expression log 643 = 2.808 the characteristic is 2
4. sense_key=characteristic%1:07:01:: | definition=any measurable property of a device measured under closely specified conditions | synonyms=device characteristic

Clearly, sense 3 is mathematical and not applicable. Sense 4 is technical about devices, not applicable. Sense 1 and 2 are similar. Sense 1 definition: a prominent attribute or aspect of something, with synonym "feature". Sense 2: a distinguishing quality. In context, "characteristics of age barriers" likely means the features or attributes of age barriers, not necessarily "distinguishing" in the sense of making them different from others, but simply the prominent aspects. However, both are plausible. The examples for sense 1: "the map showed roads and other features; generosity is one of his best characteristics" fit a general usage of features. For sense 2, "a distinguishing quality" might be used more to differentiate things. In the sentence, they want to document the characteristics of age barriers, which means to describe what age barriers are like, their attributes. I think sense 1 is broader and more appropriate. Also, sense 2 is a more abstract "distinguishing quality", but sense 1 explicitly mentions "prominent attribute or aspect". I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of <t>age</t> barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "age" with surface form "age" in the context. The context mentions "age barriers in job recruitment and training" and "proposals for removing age barriers". This refers to discrimination or barriers based on a person's age, likely in employment. The senses:

Sense 1: how long something has existed (e.g., it was replaced because of its age) – general age of objects.
Sense 2: an era of history having some distinctive feature (historic period) – e.g., we live in a litigious age.
Sense 3: a time of life at which some particular qualification or power arises; e.g., school age, tall for his eld. This relates to a specific stage in life, like being of a certain age for a qualification.
Sense 4: a prolonged period of time; e.g., we've known each other for ages.
Sense 5: a late time of life (old age); e.g., old age, geezerhood.

In the context, "age barriers" likely refer to discrimination based on a person's chronological age, particularly in employment. It might refer to being too young or too old. Sense 3 mentions "a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises" – this aligns with barriers that arise because someone is not of a certain age for a job or training (e.g., too young or too old to qualify). Sense 5 is specific to old age, but "age barriers" can be any age, not just old age. Sense 1 is too generic (age of objects). Thus, sense 3 is the most appropriate: age as a stage of life where certain qualifications exist. The example "she was now of school age" fits the idea of age-based qualifications. So I select sense_index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: barrier
Target surface form: barriers
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age <t>barriers</t> in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=barrier%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure or object that impedes free movement
2. sense_key=barrier%1:09:00:: | definition=any condition that makes it difficult to make progress or to achieve an objective | synonyms=roadblock | examples=intolerance is a barrier to understanding
3. sense_key=barrier%1:17:00:: | definition=anything serving to maintain separation by obstructing vision or access

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the target word "barriers" (lemma: barrier) in the given context. The context is about age barriers in job recruitment and training. We need to choose the best sense from the three candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. A structure or object that impedes free movement.
2. Any condition that makes it difficult to make progress or to achieve an objective (synonym: roadblock, example: "intolerance is a barrier to understanding").
3. Anything serving to maintain separation by obstructing vision or access.

The context mentions "age barriers in job recruitment and training" and "removing age barriers". This is clearly about a condition that hinders progress or achieving an objective, not a physical structure or something that maintains separation by obstructing vision. Age is not a physical barrier but a figurative one, similar to "intolerance is a barrier to understanding". Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

We output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: job
Target surface form: job
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in <t>job</t> recruitment and training and to analyse their causes. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=job%1:04:00:: | definition=the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money | synonyms=occupation, business, line of work, line | examples=he's not in my line of business
2. sense_key=job%1:04:01:: | definition=a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee | synonyms=task, chore | examples=estimates of the city's loss on that job ranged as high as a million dollars; the job of repairing the engine took several hours
3. sense_key=job%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace; as in the expression | examples=on the job
4. sense_key=job%1:06:01:: | definition=an object worked on; a result produced by working | examples=he held the job in his left hand and worked on it with his right
5. sense_key=job%1:04:04:: | definition=the responsibility to do something | examples=it is their job to print the truth
6. sense_key=job%1:04:05:: | definition=the performance of a piece of work | examples=she did an outstanding job as Ophelia; he gave it up as a bad job
7. sense_key=job%1:04:03:: | definition=a damaging piece of work | examples=dry rot did the job of destroying the barn; the barber did a real job on my hair
8. sense_key=job%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=problem | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
9. sense_key=job%1:18:00:: | definition=a Jewish hero in the Old Testament who maintained his faith in God in spite of afflictions that tested him
10. sense_key=job%1:18:01:: | definition=any long-suffering person who withstands affliction without despairing
11. sense_key=job%1:10:01:: | definition=(computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit
12. sense_key=job%1:10:00:: | definition=a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply | synonyms=Book of Job
13. sense_key=job%1:04:02:: | definition=a crime (especially a robbery) | synonyms=caper | examples=the gang pulled off a bank job in St. Louis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "job" in the context: "... The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes."

We need to choose the best sense from the candidate list. The context is about "job recruitment and training". Here "job" modifies "recruitment and training", meaning recruitment for jobs and training for jobs. It refers to employment, occupation. Sense 1: "the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money" with synonyms occupation, business, etc. That fits well: job recruitment is recruitment for occupations. Sense 2: "a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee" (task, chore) is more about a particular task rather than employment generally. Sense 3: workplace, as in "on the job" – not fitting. Sense 4: an object worked on – no. Sense 5: responsibility to do something – "it is their job to print the truth" – not about recruitment. Sense 6: performance of work – e.g. "did an outstanding job" – not recruitment. Others are irrelevant. So sense 1 is best.

But check: "age barriers in job recruitment" – they are documenting characteristics of age barriers when recruiting for jobs (employment). So indeed sense 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and <t>training</t> and to analyse their causes. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "training" in context. The context is about employment, job recruitment, and age barriers. The phrase is "age barriers in job recruitment and training". This is clearly about professional/job training, i.e., activity leading to skilled behavior. Sense 1 matches: "activity leading to skilled behavior". Sense 2 is about upbringing and social behavior, which does not fit. So sense index 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: analyse
Target surface form: analyse
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to <t>analyse</t> their causes. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=analyse%2:31:00:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, study, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=analyse%2:31:04:: | definition=break down into components or essential features | synonyms=analyze | examples=analyze today's financial market
3. sense_key=analyse%2:31:01:: | definition=make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of; break down into components or essential features | synonyms=analyze, break down, dissect, take apart | examples=analyze a specimen; analyze a sentence
4. sense_key=analyse%2:31:02:: | definition=subject to psychoanalytic treatment | synonyms=analyze, psychoanalyze, psychoanalyse | examples=I was analyzed in Vienna by a famous psychiatrist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "analyse" in the given context. The context: "The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes." So the object of "analyse" is "their causes" (the causes of age barriers). The word is used in a research report context, where they are studying age barriers in employment. The sense needs to be chosen from the four given senses.

Sense 1: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" (synonyms: analyze, study, examine, canvass, canvas). Example: analyze a sonnet, analyze evidence in a criminal trial. This is a general sense of examining something to understand it.

Sense 2: "break down into components or essential features" (synonyms: analyze). Example: analyze today's financial market. This is similar but emphasizes breaking down.

Sense 3: "make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of; break down into components or essential features" (synonyms: analyze, break down, dissect, take apart). Examples: analyze a specimen, analyze a sentence. This is more specific to technical or systematic analysis.

Sense 4: "subject to psychoanalytic treatment" (synonyms: analyze, psychoanalyze). Example: I was analyzed in Vienna by a famous psychiatrist. This is about psychoanalysis, which doesn't fit the context.

The context is analyzing causes of age barriers. It's not mathematical, chemical, grammatical, or psychoanalytic. It's a social science study, examining reasons. Sense 1 and Sense 2 are close. Sense 1 says "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" – this fits analyzing causes. Sense 2: "break down into components or essential features" – analyzing causes might involve breaking down the causes into components, but the emphasis is on discovering essential features. Sense 1 includes synonyms like "study, examine" which are common in such contexts. Sense 3 is more about formal breakdown, like a specimen or a sentence. The context does not have any indication of a formalistic analysis. Sense 2 lacks the broader "study" connotation. In WordNet, sense 1 is the most general and common sense for "analyze" in the sense of examining. The object is "causes" – you can break down causes, but you'd often study or examine them. Given the choice, sense 1 seems the best fit because it includes examining and discovering essential features, and the examples are about analyzing a sonnet or evidence, which is similar to analyzing causes. Sense 2 is more about breaking down, like analyzing a market into components. So I'll go with sense 1.

But let's check the instruction: "Choose the single best indexed sense." The index is 1, 2, 3, 4. I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: causes
Context:
For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study. These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their <t>causes</t>. The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%1:11:00:: | definition=events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something | examples=they are trying to determine the cause of the crash
2. sense_key=cause%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=reason, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
3. sense_key=cause%1:04:01:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, crusade, drive, movement, effort | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace
4. sense_key=cause%1:03:00:: | definition=any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results | synonyms=causal agent, causal agency
5. sense_key=cause%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, case, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "cause" appearing as "causes" in the context. The context is about a foundation documenting characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and analyzing their causes. The sentence: "The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their <t>causes</t>." Here, "causes" refers to the reasons or origins of age barriers. So it's about why age barriers exist, the factors that bring them about. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cause%1:11:00:: | definition=events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something | examples=they are trying to determine the cause of the crash. This fits well: analyzing the causes of age barriers means finding the events or factors that originate them.

2. sense_key=cause%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=reason, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice. This is about justification or reason in the sense of a basis for an action or belief, often subjective. In the context, "causes" is about analyzing the origins of age barriers, not justifications for them. The barriers exist, and we want to find what produces them, not a justification. So this is less likely.

3. sense_key=cause%1:04:01:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, crusade, drive, movement, effort. This is about a social movement or effort. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=cause%1:03:00:: | definition=any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results | synonyms=causal agent, causal agency. This is a very broad sense: anything that causes something. In philosophy, a causal agent. "Analyse their causes" could mean analyzing the causal agents (e.g., societal attitudes, institutional practices) that produce age barriers. This also seems plausible. It's a more general sense. But sense 1 is more specific to events. The example in sense 1: "determine the cause of the crash" is similar to "analyse the causes of age barriers". Both are about finding what brought about a phenomenon. Sense 4 is broader: entity that produces an effect. The word "causes" in context likely refers to the reasons or factors leading to age barriers. Both sense 1 and sense 4 could work, but sense 1 is explicitly "events that provide the generative force", and "causes" here might be concrete reasons or events. However, "age barriers" might have multiple causes including societal norms, policies, etc. Those are not necessarily "events" but could be conditions. Sense 4 includes any entity, including conditions, agents. So we need to see which sense is more commonly used in such a context. But WordNet senses are hierarchical: sense 1 is a hyponym of sense 4? Actually, check: sense 1 (cause%1:11:00) vs sense 4 (cause%1:03:00). In WordNet, "cause" as a noun has multiple senses. Sense 1 in the list given is sense 11? Wait, the sense keys: cause%1:11:00, cause%1:10:00, cause%1:04:01, cause%1:03:00, cause%1:04:00. The numbers after the colon indicate sense number? Typically, WordNet sense keys have a format like lemma%lex_filenum:lex_id:... For noun "cause", the sense numbers are like 01, 02, etc. Here, they've used 11, 10, 04, 03, 04. So they might be mapping to specific WordNet senses. I recall that WordNet's sense inventory for "cause" as a noun includes:

- S: (n) cause (events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something) "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash"
- S: (n) cause, reason, grounds (a justification for something existing or happening) "he had no cause to complain"; "they had good reason to rejoice"
- S: (n) campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement, effort (a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end) "he supported populist campaigns"; "they worked in the cause of world peace"
- S: (n) causal agent, cause, causal agency (any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results)
- S: (n) lawsuit, suit, case, cause, causa (a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy) "the family brought suit against the landlord"

So these are the standard senses. In this list, sense 4 (causal agent) is broader. But often when we say "analyze the causes of something", we typically mean the reasons or origins, which is sense 1. Sense 4 might be too abstract. For instance, "the cause of the crash" is an event, but sense 4 could also apply ("the entity that produced the crash" could be the driver, etc.). But in everyday language, "cause" in phrases like "determine the cause" usually refers to sense 1, the generative force/origin. And the context: "analyse their causes" parallels "determine the cause". So sense 1 is the best match.

Sense 2 (justification) doesn't fit because analyzing "reasons/grounds" for age barriers would be like analyzing justifications for them existing, but the foundation aims to document characteristics and analyze causes, meaning they want to find out why barriers occur, not justifications provided for them. So sense 1 is better than sense 4 because sense 1 is specifically about origin events, and the example is similar.

Thus, I'll select sense 1.

Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: perspective
Target surface form: perspectives
Context:
These case studies analysed the background of the initiatives, their impact on employment patterns and work organisations and assessed the benefits and problems of the initiative. Visits and interviews with key personnel were also undertaken. These national studies will form the basis of a European report which synthesises overall practices. The report and a casebook of initiatives will be published in 1996 and provide the backdrop for a conference to be staged in Autumn, 1996. The Foundation aims to document the characteristics of age barriers in job recruitment and training and to analyse their causes. The <t>perspectives</t> of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers. Thirdly, the project documents and assesses initiatives, in both the public and private sectors which combat age barriers, especially for older workers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=perspective%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=position, view | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
2. sense_key=perspective%1:07:00:: | definition=the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer | synonyms=linear perspective

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "perspectives" in the given context. The target lemma is "perspective", and the surface form is "perspectives". The context talks about a study on age barriers in employment. The specific sentence: "The perspectives of the social partners is also being examined, with particular attention paid to proposals for removing age barriers."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=perspective%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=position, view | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
2. sense_key=perspective%1:07:00:: | definition=the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer | synonyms=linear perspective

Clearly, sense 2 is about visual perspective (like in art), which doesn't fit the context. Sense 1 is about a way of thinking or viewpoint, which fits perfectly: "the perspectives of the social partners" means their views or positions on the issue of age barriers.

Thus, we choose sense index 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Together