[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "severe" and need to choose the best sense from the provided candidate senses. The context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Here, "severe" describes the stages of malignancy. It is used in a medical context, comparing "less severe" to "deadly." So we need a sense that fits "less severe" meaning less intense, less bad in degree or quality.

Let's examine the options:

1. severe%5:00:00:intense:00: definition: intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality. synonyms: terrible, wicked. examples: severe pain; a severe case of flu. This fits well: "less severe" would mean less intensely bad. The context talks about malignant stages, so it's about the degree of severity of cancer. "Severe" here modifies the condition, similar to "a severe case."

2. severe%5:00:00:strong:00: very strong or vigorous. examples: strong winds; a hard left to the chin. Not appropriate for a disease stage. We wouldn't say "less strong" in this context.

3. severe%5:00:00:plain:01: severely simple, austere. Not applicable.

4. severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00: unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment. This is about a person's demeanor. Not relevant.

5. severe%5:00:00:critical:03: causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm. synonyms: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening. This could work because a malignant stage could be life-threatening. But the phrase is "progressing from less severe to deadly." "Severe" is contrasted with "deadly," meaning not yet deadly. Sense 5 says "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm" which includes "life-threatening." If it's already life-threatening, then "severe" would already be deadly, but the progression is from less severe (not deadly) to deadly. So sense 5 might be too strong here. The definition says "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm," but that might be too close to "deadly." The context uses "less severe" to mean a less advanced, less bad stage. Sense 1: "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality" – here "bad" can encompass severity of illness. Examples include "severe pain; a severe case of flu" which are about intensity of a condition. So sense 1 seems a better fit.

6. severe%5:00:01:bad:00: very bad in degree or extent. examples: a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage. This also fits, meaning very bad. But note: the examples are about non-medical things. Sense 1 specifically says "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality" with medical examples. Sense 6 is more general "very bad in degree or extent." Both could work. Which one is more precise? Sense 1 has the synonyms "terrible, wicked" and examples "severe pain; a severe case of flu" – directly medical. Sense 6 has examples like "severe worldwide depression; severe damage." In context of a cancer stage, "severe" likely means "intense" as in a severe case of a disease. I think sense 1 is the best match.

Also note the sense keys: sense 1 is "intense", sense 6 is "bad". The WordNet index order likely reflects specificity. The prompt says "use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." The indexed senses are numbered 1 through 6 as given. So we need to return the sense_index that corresponds to the best fit. I'll choose sense_index 1.

Thus, JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense index for "deadly" in the given context. The context is about colon cancer progressing from less severe to deadly, implying a disease that can cause death. The sentence: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." Here, "deadly" describes the severe, malignant stage of cancer that can be fatal.

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: causing or capable of causing death (synonyms: deathly, mortal; example: a fatal accident; a deadly enemy). This is a general sense of causing death. Fits the context of a disease becoming deadly (fatal).

2. Sense 2: of an instrument of certain death (synonyms: lethal; examples: deadly poisons; lethal weapon). This is about instruments or substances that cause death, not about a disease state.

3. Sense 3: extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom (synonyms: venomous, virulent; examples: venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite). This focuses on poison/venom, not on cancer.

4. Sense 4: involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death (synonyms: mortal; example: the seven deadly sins). This is about sin, not physical death from disease.

5. Sense 5: exceedingly harmful (synonyms: baneful, pernicious, pestilent). This could apply to something harmful, but not necessarily causing death. However, in context of cancer, "deadly" likely means fatal.

6. Sense 6: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect. This is specifically about diseases with rapid, violent effect. The context is about cancer becoming deadly, which could mean it becomes aggressive and fatal. Sense 1 is more general: causing death. Sense 6 is more specific to diseases with rapid/violent course. In the context, the progression is from less severe to deadly, indicating a worsening to a life-threatening state. While colon cancer is a disease, the term "deadly" here is used to describe the malignant stage that can cause death. Sense 6 is a perfect fit because it's specifically about diseases. But note the definition: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect." The context mentions "increasingly malignant" and "deadly", implying it becomes very harmful and likely fatal. However, is colon cancer always rapid? It can be, but the sense 6 is about the disease itself having a rapid course. The word "deadly" is used as an adjective for the stage. Sense 1 (causing death) is more straightforward and commonly used for diseases. Let's compare examples and synonyms. Sense 6 has no explicit synonyms or examples in the provided snippet? It just says "virulent" as the sense key, but definition: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect". That is quite specific. Sense 1 has examples "a fatal accident; a deadly enemy", which are not disease-specific. Sense 5: exceedingly harmful, but not necessarily fatal. The best is likely sense 1 or sense 6. I need to pick one.

Re-reading: "progressing from less severe to deadly" - the word "deadly" here is the extreme end of severity, which in cancer means it becomes lethal, causing death. It doesn't necessarily emphasize rapid course, just that it becomes fatal. So sense 1 is more directly "causing death". Sense 6 is about the disease having rapid course; while that might be true, the focus is on the result (death) rather than the speed. Usually, when we say a disease becomes deadly, we mean it becomes fatal. Sense 1: "causing or capable of causing death" is the most common and fitting.

Index 1: deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 (causing death). Index 6: deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 (disease with rapid course). I think 1 is a better general fit. The context doesn't explicitly mention rapidity; it mentions stages and genetic damage, but "deadly" just means it leads to death. So I'll choose sense 1.

Thus output: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: NextBit

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "genetic" and the context is a passage about cancer research. The specific sentence with the target is: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." The target is "genetic" (misspelling of "genetic"? It says "genetic" but the target surface form is "genetic" – wait, the context says "a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage". In the passage, it's "genetic damage". Probably a typo? But the target is "genetic", but the candidate senses have "genetic" in the sense keys. I'll assume it's "genetic" meaning genetic.

The candidate senses:
1. familial, hereditary, occurring among members of a family usually by heredity.
2. of or relating to or produced by or being a gene; genic, genetical. Example: genetic code.
3. pertaining to or referring to origin. Example: genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work.
4. of or relating to the science of genetics; genetic research.

The context: "a cascade of genetic damage" in the context of cancer and genes. They are talking about cancer suppressor genes, chromosome losses, and genetic damage. So "genetic damage" most likely refers to damage to genes, i.e., relating to genes. It's not about family heredity (though cancer can be hereditary, but the focus is on the genetic material itself), not about origin, and not about the science of genetics but about the gene itself. Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". That fits: genetic damage means damage to genes. The synonyms: genic, genetical. Examples: genetic code. So sense 2 is best.

Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". The other senses: sense 1 is about hereditary transmission, which might be used in "genetic disease" but here "genetic damage" is about damage to the genes themselves. Sense 3 is about origin, like "genetic history", not applicable. Sense 4 is about the science of genetics, e.g., "genetic research", but here it's not about the science, it's about the actual gene damage.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

So output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "damage" (actually "damage" here, but likely "damage" is the target lemma, and the surface form is "damage"? The context shows "<t>damage</t>" but that might be a typo or tag, it says "genetic <t>damage</t>" and later "genetic damage"? Actually the text has "<t>damage</t>" in the first mention and then "genetic damage" in the second. So it's "damage". I'll assume it's "damage" as in damage. The target lemma is "damage". Let's read context carefully.

Context:
"It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits" on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

So "genetic damage" in both mentions. It's about genetic damage in cancer suppressor genes, leading to cancer. The term "damage" here means harm or impairment to the genes, a change for the worse. It's not about military equipment loss, not about price, not about legal injury. The act of damaging is possible, but here it's the occurrence of change for the worse (the result of damage). The context says "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" and "searching for signs of genetic damage." So it refers to the state of being damaged, the harm itself. So sense 1: the occurrence of a change for the worse. Synonyms: harm, impairment. That fits perfectly.

Sense 2: loss of military equipment - not relevant.
Sense 3: act of damaging - could be, but here they are looking for signs of genetic damage, meaning the harm that has occurred, not the act of damaging. The cascade is of damage occurring, meaning the events of damage, but it's the result. Typically in this context, "genetic damage" means mutations, deletions, etc., the harm to DNA. So it's the occurrence of change for worse.
Sense 4: amount of money - not relevant.
Sense 5: legal injury - not relevant.

Thus the best indexed sense is 1.

We must return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurring
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "occur" and the target surface form "occurring". The context is: "... as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>." We need to choose the best sense among the three provided.

Sense 1: occur%2:30:00:: "come to pass; synonyms: happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out" Example: "What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence". This sense is about events happening or taking place.

Sense 2: occur%2:31:00:: "come to one's mind; suggest itself; synonyms: come" Example: "It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her". This is about ideas coming to mind.

Sense 3: occur%2:42:03:: "to be found to exist" Example: "sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil". This sense is about existing or being present.

In the context: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." Here, "occurring" means happening or taking place, which matches sense 1. Sense 3 is about existing (like "sexism occurs in many workplaces" meaning it is found there), but here the focus is on an event (a cascade of damage) happening. The phrase "might be occurring" suggests an event happening. So sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose between two senses for "student" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious...".

Sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (pupil, educatee)
Sense 2: a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (scholar, scholarly person, bookman)

In context, Eric Fearon is a doctoral student working with Dr. Vogelstein. A doctoral student is indeed a learner enrolled in an educational institution (pursuing a PhD). Although a doctoral student is also engaged in deep study, sense 2 specifically emphasizes "a learned person... who by long study has gained mastery", which might fit a scholar but not necessarily a doctoral student still in training. The phrase "doctoral student" clearly indicates someone enrolled in a doctoral program, so sense 1 fits better. Sense 2 is more for someone already an established scholar. So index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to match "began" (typo for "began" but it's <t>began</t> in the text, actually "began" is probably a typo for "began"? Wait, the text says "began" but it's clearly a misspelling of "began"? Actually the given text: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering..." So the target surface form is "began" but it's clearly a misspelling of "began"? No, the tag says <t>began</t> and then "began" in the text. But the target lemma is "begin". So the surface form is "began". But in the sentence, it's "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious...". So the surface form intended is "began", but it's written as "began"? Let's read: "<t>began</t> months..." That's a typographical error. But for WSD, we treat it as "began" or "began"? Actually, the context says "began" but the tag may be a formatting error. Probably it's "began". The target word is "begin", surface form "began"? Wait, the target lemma is "begin", so the surface form is "began" or "began"? The text says: "<t>began</t>". That's likely a typo for "began". So the surface form is "began". But in any case, we need to choose the sense for "begin" used as "began" in this context.

The sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage." Then the next sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..." So both uses are "began" as the past tense of "begin".

Now, which sense? The context describes them starting a long effort of probing. They "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing". This is clearly sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". Synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out. Examples: "We began working at dawn; Who will start?" Here, the action is probing chromosomes. So sense 1 fits perfectly.

Sense 2: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" - e.g., "The DMZ begins right over the hill" - this is about something having a start point. Not actions taken by agents.

Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start" - e.g., "The U.S. started a war" - this is causing something to begin, but here they are not causing something else to start; they are themselves starting an activity. So it's not sense 3.

Sense 4: "begin to speak or say" - not applicable.

Sense 5: "be the first item or point..." - not.

Sense 6: "have a beginning, of a temporal event" - "WW II began in 1939" - this is about events starting, not people starting actions.

Sense 7: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" - e.g., "The novel begins with a murder" - not here.

Sense 8: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" - e.g., "begin a cigar" (start smoking a cigar), "She started the soup" (start eating/preparing?). That's for objects that imply a specific action. But "months of probing" is not a direct object that has an inherent function like a cigar or soup. It's a description of an action. So sense 8 is not a good fit.

Sense 9: "achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative" - e.g., "doesn't even begin to deal with" - not relevant.

Sense 10: "begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language" - e.g., "She began Russian" - not relevant.

Thus sense 1 is the best match.

So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "month" with surface form "months" in a context about molecular biology research. The context describes "months of tedious and often frustrating probing". We need to choose between two senses:
- Sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year"
- Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days"

The phrase "months of tedious and often frustrating probing" indicates a duration of time spent on an activity, not a specific calendar month. It refers to a period of time roughly measured in months. Sense 2 fits better as it refers to a time unit, not a specific part of the calendar. The example for sense 2: "he was given a month to pay the bill" also implies a time span. The context uses "months" to indicate how long the probing took. Therefore, the best sense is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tedious
Target surface form: tedious
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "tedious" in the given context. The target is "tedious" (surface form). Two candidate senses are provided, indexed 1 and 2. Sense 1: "so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness" (boring, dull, etc.). Sense 2: "using or containing too many words" (verbose, long-winded).

Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

Here, "tedious" describes the probing of chromosomes. It is a laboratory research task involving repetitive searching for genetic damage. The word is paired with "frustrating". The context suggests the work was long, repetitive, and mentally tiring, but not necessarily verbose. "Probing of the chromosomes" is a physical or experimental activity, not a verbal one. So sense 1 (causing mental weariness due to lack of interest, boring, dull) fits perfectly. Sense 2 (verbose, using too many words) does not match because there is no indication of speaking or writing. Therefore, sense 1 is correct. Output should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "often" in the given context. The target surface form is "often" and there are three candidate senses provided. We need to choose the single best indexed sense based on the sentence context, the definitions, synonyms, and examples.

First, analyze the target word in the context. The sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage." The word "often" is used as an adverb modifying "frustrating" (or really modifying the whole phrase "tedious and often frustrating"). It indicates that the probing was frequently frustrating, not necessarily in short intervals but rather that frustration occurred many times over the course of the months.

Now, examine the candidate senses:

- Sense 1: sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee. This sense emphasizes frequency with short intervals.

- Sense 2: sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much. This sense is more about quantity or extent, and the synonyms "much" and "a great deal" suggest it's used for mass nouns or activities, not countable occurrences.

- Sense 3: sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances. This sense suggests "often" as meaning "in many instances" or "frequently occurring" but without the "short intervals" specification. It's a more general sense of frequency.

In the context, "tedious and often frustrating probing" implies that the probing was tedious and also frequently frustrating, i.e., in many instances, it was frustrating. It does not necessarily imply that the frustration happened at short intervals (sense 1) nor does it imply quantity (sense 2). It's used to indicate that many times during the probing, it was frustrating. That matches sense 3: "in many cases or instances." Sense 1 specifies "at short intervals," which adds a nuance that the frequency is high and the intervals are short. That might be too specific; the context doesn't emphasize short intervals, just that it was often frustrating. Sense 3 is more neutral and fits well.

Also, the example for sense 1 is "we often met over a cup of coffee," which is about regular, frequent meetings. Sense 3 doesn't have an explicit example, but "in many cases or instances" is a common meaning of "often."

Therefore, the best indexed sense is sense 3.

The response format should be a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: searching
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
3. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "search" with surface form "searching" in a context about Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student probing chromosomes for signs of genetic damage. The context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage." So they are probing chromosomes, which means they are examining or investigating them, and the "searching" is for signs of genetic damage. It's a scientific investigation, looking for evidence.

Now, consider the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
   This sense is about seeking or looking for something, often physical searching.

2. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
   This seems similar to sense 1, but more generic "look" as an intransitive verb? The examples are about looking for something.

3. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
   This is about systematic investigation, research. The context is scientific research: probing chromosomes to find signs of genetic damage. That aligns with "inquire into" and "research".

4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys
   This is about physically searching a person or place, like frisking or ransacking. Not relevant here; they are not searching the chromosomes in that sense, they are probing (examining) them for signs.

Context: "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage" – they are investigating, researching the chromosomes to find signs. So sense 3 fits best: inquire into, research, explore. The example "He searched for information on his relatives on the web" is similar: searching for information, not physically looking. So I'll choose sense 3.

JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signs
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "signs" in the context: "searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage." The target lemma is "sign", surface form "signs". Let's examine the candidate senses.

The context: Dr. Vogelstein and Fearon are probing chromosomes looking for signs of genetic damage. They uncover genetic deletions, which are objective evidence of something (genetic damage). This is in a medical/biological context.

Sense 1: a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) – "he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring" – This is general.

Sense 6: (medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease – "there were no signs of asphyxiation" – This is specifically medical, objective evidence of a disease or disorder.

Sense 8: an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come – augury, foretoken – "it was a sign from God" – Not relevant.

Sense 3: any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message – signal, signaling – Not relevant.

Sense 2: a public display of a message – Not relevant.

Sense 4: structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted – Not relevant.

Sense 5: astrology – Not relevant.

Sense 7: polarity – Not relevant.

Sense 9: gesture in sign language – Not relevant.

Sense 10: linguistic unit – Not relevant.

Sense 11: mathematical sign – Not relevant.

We need the best indexed sense. The context is about searching for signs of genetic damage in chromosomes. This is a medical/biological context, looking for objective evidence (like deletions) that indicate a disorder or disease (cancer). Sense 6 is explicitly marked as (medicine) and defines as "any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease". The example "there were no signs of asphyxiation" matches the usage: looking for signs of a medical condition. Sense 1 is more general: a perceptible indication, but sense 6 is more specific to medicine and fits perfectly. Since the context is about genetic damage in cancer research, sense 6 is the most appropriate. Also note that WordNet often has domain labels; sense 6 is labeled (medicine). So the best indexed sense is sense 6.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 6}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "genetic" in context. The context is about Dr. Vogelstein researching colon cancer, looking at chromosome deletions, "genetic damage". The context mentions "multiple hits on cancer suppressor genes", and "cascade of genetic damage". So here "genetic damage" likely refers to damage to genes, thus relating to genes. The candidate senses:

1. hereditary (familial, inherited) - not about genes directly, but about inheritance. However, "genetic damage" in cancer could be somatic, not necessarily inherited. The context mentions "cancer suppressor genes", and the damage occurs in somatic tissues, not necessarily hereditary. The first sense is "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". The context doesn't specifically imply familial inheritance, but damage to genes. So likely not sense 1.

2. "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - this directly relates to genes. "genetic code", "genic combinations". In the text, "genetic damage" means damage to genes. So sense 2 seems fitting.

3. "pertaining to or referring to origin" - too broad, not correct.

4. "of or relating to the science of genetics" - the science, not the biological entity. "genetic research" would be about the science. Here, "genetic damage" is not about the science but about the actual genes. So sense 2 is better.

Thus, choose sense 2. Return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "damage" and its surface form "damage" in the given context. The target word appears in the context: "... searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>." So we need to assign the correct sense from the given candidate senses.

The candidate senses:
1. damage%1:11:00:: (noun.state): "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (synonyms: harm, impairment)
2. damage%1:11:01:: (noun.state): "loss of military equipment" (synonym: equipment casualty)
3. damage%1:04:00:: (noun.act): "the act of damaging something or someone" (synonyms: harm, hurt, scathe)
4. damage%1:21:00:: (noun.possession): "the amount of money needed to purchase something" (synonyms: price, terms) — this seems odd, probably not right for "genetic damage"
5. damage%1:04:01:: (noun.act): "any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right" (synonyms: wrong, legal injury)

Context: The text discusses genetic damage in the progression of colon cancer. Dr. Vogelstein is searching for signs of genetic damage, referring to harm or changes to the chromosomes/genetic material. The sense here is the result of the harmful process, i.e., the harm or impairment itself, not the act of damaging. It's describing the state of having damage in the genes. So it's a state rather than an action.

Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" — this fits well: genetic damage is a change for the worse in the genetic material. Synonyms: harm, impairment. "Impairment" is often used in genetics.

Sense 2: military equipment — no.

Sense 3: the act of damaging — not appropriate here because we're looking at the signs of damage (the result), not the act of causing it.

Sense 4: price — no.

Sense 5: legal injury — no.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit.

Output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "begin" and surface form "began". The context sentence is: "They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..." So, the phrase is "began uncovering". We need to disambiguate "began" here.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?

2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro

3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities

4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,

5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel

6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month

7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees

8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot

9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war

10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

In the sentence, "They began uncovering a confusing variety...", "began" is used as a catenative verb followed by a gerund "uncovering". This construction typically means they started the action of uncovering. So "begin" here is an auxiliary-like verb indicating the start of an action. This matches sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". The example "We began working at dawn" is perfectly parallel: began + gerund. Sense 1 also includes synonyms like "start out, set about", which fit.

Sense 3 is "set in motion, cause to start" but that typically takes a direct object that is a thing being started, like "began hostilities". Here, they began uncovering, not begun something as an object.

Sense 4 is "begin to speak", not applicable.

Sense 8 is "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" like "begin a cigar" meaning start smoking. Not applicable.

Other senses are intransitive or refer to temporal beginnings. So sense 1 is most appropriate.

Therefore, the answer is sense index 1.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confusing
Target surface form: confusing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a <t>confusing</t> variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:disorienting:00 | definition=causing confusion or disorientation | examples=a confusing jumble of road signs; being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child
2. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:unclear:00 | definition=lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity | synonyms=perplexing, puzzling | examples=sent confusing signals to Iraq; perplexing to someone who knew nothing about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the correct sense of "confusing" in the sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..." We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "causing confusion or disorientation" (like a confusing jumble of signs). This is more about physical disorientation.

Sense 2: "lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity" (synonyms: perplexing, puzzling). This is about mental confusion, perplexity.

In the context, the variety of genetic deletions is described as "confusing," meaning it's hard to make sense of, perplexing. It's not causing physical disorientation but rather mental perplexity because the deletions were complex and hard to understand. The scientists were trying to find a pattern, and the variety was puzzling. So Sense 2 fits better.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variety
Target surface form: variety
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variety%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection containing a variety of sorts of things | synonyms=assortment, mixture, mixed bag, miscellany, miscellanea, salmagundi | examples=a great assortment of cars was on display; he had a variety of disorders
2. sense_key=variety%1:07:00:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, diversity, multifariousness | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
3. sense_key=variety%1:14:00:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics | examples=varieties are frequently recognized in botany
4. sense_key=variety%1:10:00:: | definition=a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances | synonyms=variety show
5. sense_key=variety%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, form | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
6. sense_key=variety%1:07:01:: | definition=a difference that is usually pleasant | synonyms=change | examples=he goes to France for variety; it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "variety" and its context. We need to disambiguate using WordNet senses.

Context: They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

We need to see which sense fits. Sense 1: "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things", synonyms: assortment, mixture. Sense 2: "noticeable heterogeneity", synonyms: diverseness, diversity. Sense 3: taxonomic category in biology. Sense 4: variety show. Sense 5: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality", synonyms: kind, sort, form. Sense 6: "a difference that is usually pleasant", synonyms: change.

In the context, "a confusing variety of genetic deletions" means many different types/kinds of genetic deletions. It's not a collection of sorts (sense 1), but rather the existence of many differences (heterogeneity) or kinds? Sense 2 is about heterogeneity, diversity. Sense 5 is about categories like kinds. The phrase "a confusing variety" is similar to "a confusing assortment" or "a confusing diversity". But we need to pick the best indexed sense. Let's examine examples: Sense 1 example: "a great assortment of cars" - collection. Sense 2 example: "a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing" - that seems closer: the range and variety of his work. Here, "variety of genetic deletions" means many different kinds of deletions. Sense 5: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" - that would be like "sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?" In that sense, "variety" means a kind. But the phrase "a confusing variety of genetic deletions" uses "variety" as a noun that means the state or quality of being various, i.e., heterogeneity. For example, "a variety of options" often means many different options. That could be sense 2. Sense 1 also seems possible: "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things" - but the phrase "a confusing variety" seems to emphasize the diversity, not necessarily a collection. The deletions are not a collection assembled; they are found in different places. So I think sense 2 is more appropriate: noticeable heterogeneity. The example "the range and variety of his work is amazing" matches the usage. Sense 1 is more concrete collection like an assortment on display. Sense 5 is for when "variety" means a specific type, e.g., "a new variety of apple". In "a confusing variety of genetic deletions", the word "variety" is not a type itself, but the degree of diversity. So sense 2 is best.

Thus, sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of <t>genetic</t> deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "genetic" with the surface form "genetic" in the given context. The context discusses genetic damage, deletions, etc., in the context of cancer research, genes, chromosomes, etc. Let's analyze the senses:

Sense 1: familial, hereditary, inherited. This refers to diseases or traits passed down in families. The context mentions "genetic damage" and "genetic deletions" in cancer cells, which are not necessarily inherited in all cases; they are likely referring to mutations in genes, not necessarily familial.

Sense 2: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene. Synonyms: genic, genetical. Examples: "genic combinations; genetic code". This sense directly relates to genes. In the context, they are probing chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage, uncovering genetic deletions. "Genetic" here modifies "damage" and "deletions", which are damage or deletions in genes or chromosomes. This fits well: damage relating to genes.

Sense 3: pertaining to or referring to origin. Example: "genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work." Not relevant here.

Sense 4: of or relating to the science of genetics. Synonyms: genetical. Example: "genetic research". The context mentions research, but "genetic" is used to describe damage and deletions, not the science itself. So it's not about the science of genetics but the actual gene-related damage.

Given the context, the best sense is Sense 2: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene. The deletions are gene-related (genic). So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exist
Target surface form: existing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some <t>existing</t> only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exist%2:42:00:: | definition=have an existence, be extant | synonyms=be | examples=Is there a God?
2. sense_key=exist%2:42:01:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=survive, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "exist" with surface form "existing" in the given context. There are two candidate senses. We need to choose the single best indexed sense.

Context: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

Here, "existing" means being present or occurring. The genetic deletions are found in certain locations. The sense relates to having an existence, being extant. Sense 1 is: "have an existence, be extant" with example "Is there a God?" Sense 2 is "support oneself" (survive, live). Clearly, in this context, "existing" refers to the presence of genetic deletions, not supporting oneself. So sense 1 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

The target word is "only" modifying the phrase "existing only in benign polyps". We need to choose the best sense among the given ones.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. "and nothing more" synonyms: merely, simply, just, but. Example: "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time." This sense implies a limitation or reduction to the stated thing, often used to downplay.

2. "without any others being included or involved" synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone. Example: "was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children." This sense emphasizes exclusivity.

3. "with nevertheless the final result" example: "He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round." This indicates an unexpected or ironic result.

4. "in the final outcome" example: "These news will only make you more upset." This suggests that the only effect will be something.

5. "except that" example: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better." Used as a conjunction meaning "but" or "except".

6. "never except when" synonyms: only if, only when. Example: "call me only if your cold gets worse." Conditional.

7. "as recently as" example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago." Temporal, meaning no longer ago than.

In the context: "some existing only in benign polyps" means that these genetic deletions exist exclusively in benign polyps and not elsewhere. The sense is one of exclusivity: they are found in benign polyps and not in other types (malignant cells, etc.). So it matches sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" — exclusively, solely. Sense 1 could also be possible, but "only" here is not simply "and nothing more" in a minimizing way; it's specifying that they are found solely in that location. The phrase "some existing only in benign polyps" contrasts with "others in malignant cells" and "many in both". So it's about restricting the existence to that category. Sense 2 fits best.

Check examples for sense 2: "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children" — here "entirely" means exclusively. Similarly, "existing only in benign polyps" means existing exclusively in benign polyps. Sense 1 "merely" would not fit because it would downplay the significance, but here it's a factual restriction.

Thus, sense_index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign <t>polyps</t>, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "polyps" in the medical context. The sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells." Clearly this is about colon cancer and growths in the bowel. Sense 1 is "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" (polypus). Sense 2 is about coelenterates (like coral). Context is medical, talking about polyps in the bowel, which are abnormal growths. So sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.