[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupil
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "pupil" in the given context. The target surface form is "pupil", and we have three candidate senses. We need to choose the best indexed sense based on context.

Let's analyze the context: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world" — this is clearly about education spending per student. The context is about education, classrooms, academic performance, etc. So "pupil" here means a student.

Now, look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Sense 2 is about the eye, so it's clearly not that. Between sense 1 and sense 3, both refer to students. Sense 1 is a broader "learner enrolled in an educational institution" (synonyms: student, educatee), while sense 3 is more specific: "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)" (synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child). The context does not specify age; it just talks about educational expenditures per pupil. In general, "pupil" often refers to young students, but it can also be a synonym for student in a broader sense. However, note that the phrase "spend more per pupil" typically refers to per-student spending in K-12 education? But the context talks about education in general, including possibly all levels? The sentence says: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world" — it might be referring to primary and secondary education, as often these comparisons are made. But the broader context mentions "school governance", "classroom", "teachers", "academic performance of the pupils" — earlier it says "pupils" in the classroom. So it's likely referring to schoolchildren. But sense 1 and 3 both seem plausible. Let's see which is more appropriate. Sense 3 specifies "young person attending school (up through senior high school)". That is exactly the typical use of "pupil" in educational contexts to refer to a child in school. Sense 1 is a more general learner, which could include college students, but the word "pupil" is less commonly used for college students (more often "student"). The synonyms also help: sense 1 has synonyms student, educatee; sense 3 has schoolchild, school-age child. In the context, the word "pupils" is used earlier: "academic performance of the pupils" — in a classroom setting, this typically refers to schoolchildren. And the phrase "per pupil" is commonly used for K-12 funding. Therefore, sense 3 seems more specific and accurate. However, sometimes WordNet senses are fine-grained, and sense 1 might also apply. But the instruction says: "Choose the single best indexed sense. Do not hedge." So I think sense 3 is the best because it captures the typical connotation of "pupil" as a school-aged child. Yet, note that sense 1 is also valid, but sense 3 is a hyponym of sense 1 (since a young person attending school is a specific type of learner). In context, the word is used in a general educational spending context, but still, "per pupil" spending usually refers to primary and secondary education. So I'll go with sense 3.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 3}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "other" and target surface form "other" in a sentence: "...we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world...". The context is about education spending. We need to choose the best sense from the candidate senses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works. This sense is about "other" meaning "different from the one(s) mentioned". The example "any other day" fits.
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening. This is "other" meaning "recent past", like "the other day/evening".
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations. This is "other" as in "former" or "early" times.
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected | examples=a strange, other dimension. This is "other" meaning strange or different in a weird way.

In "than any other country in the world", "other" means "different from the one already mentioned or implied". The implied one is the country being discussed (presumably the United States, given the context of New York, Chicago, and state spending). It is saying that we spend more per pupil than any country that is not the one we are. It's the typical "any other" construction meaning "any different country from the one we are talking about". This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". The example "the construction of highways and other public works" also shows "other" meaning additional different items.

The other senses are about time (recently past, early/former) or strangeness. None fit.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: WandB

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other <t>country</t> in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "country" with surface form "country" in a context discussing educational spending. The sentence: "we now spend more per pupil than any other <t>country</t> in the world". Here, "country" refers to a political entity or nation being compared. Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

In the context, "any other country in the world" is being compared in terms of spending per pupil. It refers to nations as political entities that have educational systems and expenditures. Sense 1 ("a politically organized body of people under a single government") fits well, as it emphasizes the political entity. However, sense 2 ("the territory occupied by a nation") might also work, but the comparison is about spending by the country's government, so it's more about the political body. Sense 3 is about the people, but we are comparing spending per pupil, which is a statistic for the country as a whole, not directly the people. The example for sense 2: "he visited several European countries" is typical for geographic territories. The phrase "country" in "any other country" often refers to nations as political units. Moreover, the definition of sense 1 explicitly includes "nation" as a synonym and examples like "African nations". The context uses "country" to mean a nation. I'd choose sense 1.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- <t>educational</t> performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "educational" in the given context. The target is "educational" as an adjective. We have two candidate senses:

1. relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
2. providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

The context: "as educational expenditures ... have increased sharply ... educational performance has declined." Here, "educational performance" refers to performance in education, i.e., academic achievement. It is about the process of education, not about something that provides knowledge. The phrase "educational performance" means performance in the educational system. The first sense fits: relating to the process of education. The second sense means instructive, which doesn't apply here. So, sense_index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational <t>performance</t> has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for "performance" in the given context. The target is "performance" as it appears in "educational <t>performance</t> has declined." The context discusses education, classrooms, academic performance, and how money doesn't improve it. The candidate senses are from WordNet.

Let's read the context: "... even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils ... educational performance has declined." The phrase "academic performance" is used earlier, then "educational performance" is used similarly. They are talking about how well students are doing academically, i.e., their achievement or outcomes. So "performance" here refers to how well they perform in terms of learning, test scores, etc. It's not about a dramatic entertainment, not about acting, not about a specific act of presenting a play. It's about accomplishment or functioning.

Candidate senses:
1. dramatic or musical entertainment: clearly not. (sense 1)
2. the act of presenting a play or a piece of music: not that. (sense 2)
3. the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it: synonyms: execution, carrying out. Examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance". This is about performing a task or role, doing something successfully. It could apply to academic performance? It says "doing something successfully; using knowledge". That fits. "academic performance" is about executing learning tasks successfully. But the example "as mayor" is about a role, not necessarily academic. But the definition: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" – that might be a general sense of performance as in "job performance" etc. Academic performance is a kind of that. However, note the other sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment" with example "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe". That sounds like a specific achievement or feat. In education, "academic performance" often means the level of achievement, like grades. Sense 4: any recognized accomplishment. Could also fit.

Sense 5: process or manner of functioning or operating: examples about engine, plane. Not about academic performance.

Let's compare 3 and 4. Sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge..." This is more about the process/act of carrying out a task. In the context, "academic performance" and "educational performance" are often used as a measure of outcomes, like test scores, not just the act of doing schoolwork. The phrase "academic performance" typically refers to how well a student does in school, i.e., their grades, test scores, etc. That is an accomplishment. Sense 4 is "any recognized accomplishment". That seems more like a specific achievement: "they admired his performance under stress" – that could be a one-time thing. But "educational performance has declined" suggests a general level of achievement. However, sense 3 might be more about the process of doing something, like "the performance of his duties". The examples for sense 3: "they criticised his performance as mayor" – that's about how he carried out his role; "experience generally improves performance" – that could be about how well you do a task. So both 3 and 4 could apply, but we need to see which is more appropriate.

The WordNet glosses: sense 3 is "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it". That specifically mentions "using knowledge" – that aligns with education: using knowledge. Academic performance is about applying knowledge. Sense 4 is "any recognized accomplishment" – that is more about a specific thing like hitting four home runs. But in the context, they talk about "academic performance of the pupils" which is a general level, not a specific recognized accomplishment. Also, the phrase "educational performance has declined" is a broad trend, not a single accomplishment. So sense 3 seems more about how well one does something as a general capacity. The example "experience generally improves performance" is a general statement about performance in tasks. That fits.

Moreover, in WordNet, "academic performance" might be a subcategory of sense 3? Actually, WordNet does not have a specific sense for academic performance; it's just the general sense of performance as in execution. Often, when we say "student performance", we mean how they perform academically, which is their execution of learning tasks. Sense 4 is more about a notable achievement, like a record. The context does not mention specific recognized accomplishments; it's about the overall decline in performance. So sense 3 is better.

Also, note that the target is "performance" in "educational performance", which is a compound noun often referring to the level of achievement, but I think sense 3 is the most appropriate. Let's double-check: sense 3 examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor" (job performance), "experience generally improves performance" (general performance). That is exactly the kind of performance meant here. Sense 4 examples: "they admired his performance under stress" (specific instance of performing well under stress), "when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe" (a specific feat). The context is about a systemic decline, not individual feats. So I'll go with sense 3.

Thus, the answer should be sense_index: 3.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decline
Target surface form: declined
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has <t>declined</t>. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decline%2:30:01:: | definition=grow worse | synonyms=worsen | examples=Conditions in the slum worsened
2. sense_key=decline%2:40:00:: | definition=refuse to accept | synonyms=refuse, reject, pass up, turn down | examples=He refused my offer of hospitality
3. sense_key=decline%2:32:00:: | definition=show unwillingness towards | synonyms=refuse | examples=he declined to join the group on a hike
4. sense_key=decline%2:30:00:: | definition=grow smaller | synonyms=go down, wane | examples=Interest in the project waned
5. sense_key=decline%2:38:00:: | definition=go down | examples=The roof declines here
6. sense_key=decline%2:38:03:: | definition=go down in value | synonyms=slump, correct | examples=the stock market corrected; prices slumped
7. sense_key=decline%2:32:01:: | definition=inflect for number, gender, case, etc., | examples=in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "declined" in the given context. The target lemma is "decline" and the surface form is "declined". We are given the context: a passage about education spending and performance. The sentence with the target is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has <t>declined</t>."

We have 7 candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to pick the best indexed sense (1 to 7) and return JSON like {"sense_index": 3}.

Let's analyze the context. The phrase "educational performance has declined" means that educational performance has gotten worse. It is contrasted with increased expenditures. So "declined" here means "worsened" or "decreased in quality or quantity." The context specifically says performance has declined, so it's about performance getting worse.

Let's check the senses:

1. decline%2:30:01:: definition: grow worse. synonyms: worsen. example: Conditions in the slum worsened. This matches exactly: educational performance has worsened.

2. refuse to accept. Not applicable.

3. show unwillingness towards. synonyms: refuse. Not applicable.

4. decline%2:30:00:: definition: grow smaller. synonyms: go down, wane. Example: Interest in the project waned. This could also fit: performance declined might mean it got smaller/lower. But "grow smaller" typically refers to size or quantity decreasing. Performance is more about quality, so "grow worse" is a better fit. The context says performance has declined; it implies a worsening in academic outcomes. The example "Conditions worsened" is similar to performance worsening. So sense 1 seems more precise.

5. go down (like a slope). Not applicable.

6. go down in value (like prices). Not applicable to performance.

7. inflect for number, gender, case. Not applicable.

Between sense 1 and 4: "decline" when applied to performance typically means deteriorate, worsen. Sense 1 "grow worse" is more directly about quality, while sense 4 "grow smaller" is about size, amount, or intensity. The context mentions "academic performance" which is a measure of how well students are doing. If performance declines, it means it gets worse, not just smaller. The example for sense 1 uses "worsened", which is a direct synonym for performance. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, we choose sense index 1.

Return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
-- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the <t>way</t> the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "way" in the given context. The context is:

"In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works."

We need to pick the best indexed sense from the given list of 12 candidates.

Let's analyze the target sentence: "That is the way the system works." Here, "way" refers to the manner in which the system operates. The context explains how increasing expenditures leads to worse outcomes due to administrative bloat and minimal classroom impact. So, "way" indicates the manner or mode of functioning.

Look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking

This fits perfectly: "how something is done or how it happens" with synonyms "manner, mode". The example "his rapid manner of talking" parallels "the way the system works" – it's the manner in which the system works.

2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency. This could also be a candidate, but it emphasizes the means or agency to achieve an end. Here, it's not about the means to achieve an end, but the characteristic functioning. "Way" in "the way the system works" is more about the inherent operation, not a tool.

3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | direction: not relevant.

4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | the condition of things generally: "that's the way it is" could be similar, but the sentence is "That is the way the system works," emphasizing the process, not a static condition. So the "condition" sense is less precise.

5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | a course of conduct: like path or way of life. Not about a system's functioning.

6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | road or path artifact: not relevant.

7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | journey or passage: not relevant.

8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | space for movement: not relevant.

9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | distance: not relevant.

10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | doing as one pleases: not relevant.

11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | in the way of: not relevant.

12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | portion divided into shares: not relevant.

Between senses 1 and 2, sense 1 is a better match because it directly defines "how something is done" with synonyms "manner, mode". The phrase "the way the system works" is idiomatic and means the typical manner in which it operates. Sense 2 is more about an instrument or means to an end, which doesn't fit as naturally.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: Students
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- <t>Students</t> should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "Students" in the given context. The target word is "student", surface form "Students" (capitalized, but that's just the start of a sentence). Context: "... <t>Students</t> should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago."

Two candidate senses:
1. a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (pupil, educatee)
2. a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (scholar, scholarly person, bookman)

In the context, "Students" refers to individuals in an educational system, moving up the educational ladder, mastering basic skills, being graduated from elementary school. This clearly indicates they are learners enrolled in educational institutions, not scholars who have already gained mastery. The word "pupil" is a synonym of sense 1, and the text earlier uses "pupils" interchangeably. The text says: "zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". So "Students" here means pupils/learners. Sense 2 is about a learned person, a scholar, which doesn't fit the context of K-12 education and moving up the ladder.

Thus, the correct sense is 1.

Now, output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the <t>educational</t> ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "educational" in the given context. The target lemma is "educational" and the context is a passage about education spending and its effects. The word appears twice in the text: "educational ladder" and "educational performance" (though the given text says "as educational expenditures ... educational performance has declined"). But the marked target is in the sentence: "Students should move up the <t>educational</t> ladder as their academic potential allows." So we need to choose the sense of "educational" as used in "educational ladder".

Candidate senses:

1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Now, consider the phrase "educational ladder". This is a common metaphor meaning the progression through the education system (e.g., from elementary school to high school to college). It refers to the process of education, the system of schooling. So sense 1, "relating to the process of education," fits perfectly. Sense 2, "providing knowledge," would mean something that educates or instructs. An "educational ladder" doesn't imply the ladder itself provides knowledge; it's a ladder in the context of education. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, choose sense_index 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their <t>academic</t> potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the target word "academic" in the given context. The context is about education, classroom, educational performance, etc. The target word appears in the sentence: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." So "academic potential" means potential in scholastic/educational matters.

Candidate senses:
1. associated with academia or an academy (examples: the academic curriculum; academic gowns)
2. hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result (examples: an academic discussion; an academic question)
3. marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects (synonyms: donnish, pedantic)

In context, "academic potential" refers to the potential for scholarly achievement, learning, education. It's not hypothetical (sense 2) nor pedantic (sense 3). It's sense 1: associated with academia or an academy, i.e., relating to education and scholarship. So I choose sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic <t>potential</t> allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to disambiguate "potential" in the given context. The sentence: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic <t>potential</t> allows." Here the word "potential" is used in the phrase "academic potential". It refers to the inherent capacity or ability for coming into being, i.e., the potentiality of a student's academic growth. Sense 1 is "the inherent capacity for coming into being" (synonyms: potentiality, potency). Sense 2 is an electrical/physics term (voltage). Clearly in the context of education and academic performance, it's about capacity, not voltage. So sense index 1 is correct.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allows
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential <t>allows</t>. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "allows" in the sentence: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential <t>allows</t>." The context is a passage about education, where the idea is that students should progress based on their academic potential, meaning they should advance as much as their potential permits. The sense here involves capability or possibility based on their potential. Let's review candidate senses:

1. make it possible through specific action -> examples: "This permits the water to rush in" - focuses on enabling a specific event. Our context: "as their academic potential allows" - potential is not an action, but a capacity. Could fit if we interpret potential as something that enables progress, but more abstract.

2. consent to, give permission -> This is about granting permission, like "She permitted her son". In our sentence, "academic potential allows" is not about a person giving consent; it's about potential enabling or limiting.

3. let have (grant) -> "grant permission" etc. Not right; no granting here.

4. assign resources -> not relevant.

5. make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain -> synonyms: leave, allow for, provide. Examples: "This leaves no room for improvement", "The evidence allows only one conclusion". This sense is about making something possible or providing opportunity. "Their academic potential allows" suggests that potential provides the opportunity or limit for how far they can move up. It indicates that potential makes progress possible to a certain extent. Example: "The evidence allows only one conclusion" parallels "potential allows [them to move up to a certain point]".

6. allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede -> "take into account" - not matching.

7. afford possibility -> "This problem admits of no solution" - similar to sense 5 but with "admit". Could also fit, but sense 5 seems more direct with "make a possibility or provide opportunity for".

8. baseball term - no.

9. grant as discount - no.

10. allow the presence of, tolerate -> "We don't allow dogs here" - not about potential.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 5: Sense 1: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen". But "academic potential" is not an action; it's a state or attribute. Sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain". This fits better because it's about providing opportunity or making something attainable. The example "The evidence allows only one conclusion" shows that the evidence allows (permits) only one conclusion to be drawn. Similarly, "academic potential allows" determines how far a student can go, making that progress possible or setting a limit. The phrase "as their academic potential allows" means to the extent that their potential makes it possible. So sense 5 seems appropriate. Sense 1 often involves an action (e.g., "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement" - the door's property/action prevents), but sense 5 is broader. I'll choose sense 5.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No <t>student</t> should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "student" in the given context. We have two candidate senses: sense 1 (learner enrolled in an educational institution) and sense 2 (learned person, scholar). The context discusses K-12 education, elementary school, graduation, mastering the 3 R's, tracking, etc. The usage: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's..." This clearly refers to a pupil in elementary school, a learner enrolled in an educational institution. Therefore, sense 1 is correct. Sense 2 (scholar) doesn't fit because it's about a young learner in elementary school. Return JSON with sense_index: 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: permit
Target surface form: permitted
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be <t>permitted</t> to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "permit" and the surface form "permitted" in the context: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago."

We need to choose among three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement

2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement

3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

The context: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school ..." This is a passive construction, so it's saying that we should not allow students to graduate if they haven't mastered the basics. It's about giving permission or consent. The idea is that the school system should not allow such graduation. This is like "permit someone to do something". The first sense is exactly "consent to, give permission" with example "She permitted her son to visit..." It fits perfectly: No student should be permitted (= given permission/consent) to be graduated. That is sense 1.

Sense 2 is about making something possible through an action, like a physical or causal enabling: "This permits the water to rush in." Here, it's not about giving permission but about enabling an event. The graduation context is about permission, not enabling.

Sense 3 is about allowing presence or activity without prohibiting, like "We don't allow dogs here." It's more about tolerating something, often in a spatial or activity sense. The graduation example is about a specific action (graduating) that is not being permitted, similar to "permit someone to do something" which falls under sense 1.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match. The output should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: graduate
Target surface form: graduated
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be <t>graduated</t> from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=graduate%2:40:00:: | definition=receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies | examples=She graduated in 1990
2. sense_key=graduate%2:40:01:: | definition=confer an academic degree upon | examples=This school graduates 2,000 students each year
3. sense_key=graduate%2:30:00:: | definition=make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuring | synonyms=calibrate, fine-tune | examples=calibrate an instrument; graduate a cylinder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "graduated" in the given context. The target lemma is "graduate", surface form "graduated". Context: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's..." We have three candidate senses.

Sense 1: "receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies" (examples: She graduated in 1990). This is intransitive, meaning to complete studies and get a degree. The context says "permitted to be graduated from elementary school". Here "graduated" is used passively: "be graduated". That suggests someone is graduating the student, so it's not the student receiving a degree on their own. It's more like being conferred a degree.

Sense 2: "confer an academic degree upon" (examples: This school graduates 2,000 students each year). This is transitive, meaning the institution confers the degree. The context says "permitted to be graduated", which is passive: the student is being graduated by someone (presumably the school). This matches sense 2, where the school graduates students.

Sense 3: "make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuring" (synonyms: calibrate, fine-tune). This is clearly not the context; it's about calibrating instruments.

Thus, the correct sense is 2, because the context implies the action of conferring graduation upon a student, not the student receiving it themselves. The passive "be graduated" is a classic construction where the school graduates the student. So sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: master
Target surface form: mastered
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having <t>mastered</t> the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=master%2:31:01:: | definition=be or become completely proficient or skilled in | synonyms=get the hang | examples=She mastered Japanese in less than two years
2. sense_key=master%2:33:00:: | definition=get on top of; deal with successfully | synonyms=overcome, get over, subdue, surmount | examples=He overcame his shyness
3. sense_key=master%2:41:00:: | definition=have dominance or the power to defeat over | synonyms=dominate | examples=Her pain completely mastered her; The methods can master the problems
4. sense_key=master%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=control | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "mastered" in the given context. The context is about education, specifically about students moving up the educational ladder and requiring them to have mastered the 3 R's (reading, writing, arithmetic) at a certain level before graduating. The phrase is "having mastered the 3 R's", meaning they have become proficient in these basic skills.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=master%2:31:01:: | definition=be or become completely proficient or skilled in | synonyms=get the hang | examples=She mastered Japanese in less than two years
   - This directly matches: "mastered the 3 R's" means becoming proficient in reading, writing, and arithmetic.

2. sense_key=master%2:33:00:: | definition=get on top of; deal with successfully | synonyms=overcome, get over, subdue, surmount | examples=He overcame his shyness
   - This is about dealing with problems or negative things (like shyness, fear, difficulties). The 3 R's are not a problem to overcome; they are skills to acquire.

3. sense_key=master%2:41:00:: | definition=have dominance or the power to defeat over | synonyms=dominate | examples=Her pain completely mastered her; The methods can master the problems
   - This implies dominance or power over something, often negative. "Mastering" the 3 R's is not about dominating them; it's about becoming skilled.

4. sense_key=master%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=control | examples=Do you control these data?
   - This is about understanding or controlling information, like data. While control can be used, the example is about data, and it's not as direct as "be proficient in." Sense 1 specifically mentions "become completely proficient or skilled in," which fits learning the 3 R's perfectly.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit. The index for sense 1 is 1. So the JSON should be {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the <t>level</t> that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "level" in the given context. The context is: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the <t>level</t> that prevailed 20 years ago." The target word is "level". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list.

Let's analyze the context. The sentence mentions mastering the 3 R's (reading, writing, arithmetic) at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This implies a standard or degree of proficiency. The phrase "at the level" refers to a certain standard or degree of attainment. So the sense is about a position on a scale of intensity, amount, or quality. That matches sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" with synonyms degree, grade, and example "a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required." Sense 2 is similar: "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" with synonyms grade, tier, and example "lumber of the highest grade". Sense 3 is "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" with synonyms degree, stage, point. But in the context, it's about mastery of the 3 R's at a certain level, which is about degree of skill or quality. Sense 1 seems most general for quality/intensity. Sense 2 might also fit, but it emphasizes graded group, like a tier. Sense 3 is about stage in a process. Here, it's not about a process, but about a standard. The phrase "at the level that prevailed 20 years ago" suggests a standard of achievement. So sense 1 is the best.

Let's double-check: "level%1:07:00::" is defined as "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality". In the context, the 3 R's are basic skills, and mastery at a certain level means a certain degree of proficiency. So sense 1 is appropriate.

Now, instructions: return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So we need to output the index number of the chosen sense. Sense 1 is the first candidate, so index 1.

Thus, the JSON: {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevailed
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that <t>prevailed</t> 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "prevailed" in the given context. The candidate senses are from WordNet, with index numbers 1 to 5. We need to choose the best sense based on the context, synonyms, and examples.

The context: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." The target is "prevailed" here. We need to interpret what "prevailed" means in this sentence. It refers to the level of mastery of the 3 R's (reading, writing, arithmetic) that existed or was in effect 20 years ago. So the sense is about something that was in existence, or that held true, or that endured.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms: predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples: Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood. This sense is about dominance or majority. In the context, "the level that prevailed 20 years ago" doesn't mean a level that dominated or was larger; it means the standard that was in place or that existed. So not this.

2. be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms: hold, obtain | examples: This theory still holds. This sense means something is in effect or is the case. "The level that prevailed" could mean the level that was in effect, that was the standard. For example, "This theory still holds" means it is still valid. So "prevailed" could mean "held" or "obtained" as in was the norm. This seems plausible.

3. continue to exist | synonyms: persist, die hard, run, endure | examples: These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures. This sense means to survive or last. "The level that prevailed 20 years ago" could mean the level that endured, that was still in existence. But it's not about continuing to exist over time; it's about the level that existed at that time. The phrase "that prevailed 20 years ago" often means "that was in effect at that time". Sense 2 (be valid, applicable, or true) is more about a state of affairs being the case.

4. prove superior | synonyms: triumph | examples: The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight. This is about winning. Not applicable to a level of education.

5. use persuasion successfully | examples: He prevailed upon her to visit his parents. This is about convincing someone. Not applicable.

Between sense 2 and 3, which is better? Sense 2: "be valid, applicable, or true" with synonyms "hold, obtain". In the example: "This theory still holds" – meaning the theory is still valid. In our context, "the level that prevailed 20 years ago" is like "the standard that held 20 years ago", meaning the standard that was in place. Sense 3: "continue to exist" – "These stories die hard" means they persist. But "prevailed" here is not about persisting despite challenges; it's simply about what the level was at that time. Often, "prevail" in such contexts means "to be in force, to be current". For instance, "the custom that prevailed in those days" = the custom that was in effect. I think sense 2 is the most appropriate. WordNet often has for "prevail" sense 2: "be valid, applicable, or true". The synonym "hold" is commonly used: "The rules that held in the past" etc. So I'll go with sense 2.

But let's check: The sentence says "at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." It means the level that was the norm, the level that was in existence and in effect. It's not about dominating, not about proving superior, not about persuading, not about continuing to exist (though it did exist, but the focus is on the standard being applicable). Sense 2 is the best.

Thus, the index is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 <t>years</t> ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "years" in the context: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." The target is "years" in "20 years ago". The phrase "20 years ago" is a temporal expression indicating a point in time 20 years before the present. It refers to a duration of time measured in years. The sense that directly matches this is the one that defines a year as a period of time containing 365 days (or 366 in leap year). The other senses: school year, planetary year, or a class of students. Clearly, "20 years ago" is not about a school year, a Martian year, or a graduating class. It's simply a unit of time. So sense 1 is the correct one.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mean
Target surface form: means
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This <t>means</t> "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mean%2:32:01:: | definition=mean or intend to express or convey | synonyms=intend | examples=You never understand what I mean!; what do his words intend?
2. sense_key=mean%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a logical consequence | synonyms=entail, imply | examples=The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers
3. sense_key=mean%2:32:03:: | definition=denote or connote | synonyms=intend, signify, stand for | examples=`maison' means `house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means
4. sense_key=mean%2:31:00:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, think | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
5. sense_key=mean%2:42:03:: | definition=have a specified degree of importance | examples=My ex-husband means nothing to me; Happiness means everything
6. sense_key=mean%2:31:01:: | definition=intend to refer to | synonyms=think of, have in mind | examples=I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!
7. sense_key=mean%2:31:05:: | definition=destine or designate for a certain purpose | examples=These flowers were meant for you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "means" in the given context. The context is: "This <t>means</t> 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit..." The sentence is explaining what the previously described idea implies or signifies. The structure: "This means 'tracking'..." indicates that the word "means" is being used to define or clarify what the preceding statement refers to, i.e., it is equivalent to saying "This signifies 'tracking'." The synonyms and examples: sense 1 is about intending to express or convey, with example "You never understand what I mean!" – that's about personal expression. Sense 2: logical consequence (entail, imply) with example "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers" – that is about implication, but here it's directly equating a term. Sense 3: denote or connote (signify, stand for) with example "'maison' means 'house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means" – that matches exactly: using "means" to explain what a word or phrase stands for. The context: "This means 'tracking'..." is like defining a term. So sense 3 is the best fit. Sense 1 is more about personal intention, sense 2 about logical consequence, sense 4 about purpose, sense 5 about importance, sense 6 about reference, sense 7 about destinaton. Sense 3 is exactly "signify" or "stand for". So I'll pick sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: main
Target surface form: main
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose <t>main</t> purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=main%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=most important element | synonyms=chief, primary, principal, master | examples=the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass
2. sense_key=main%3:00:02:: | definition=(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence | synonyms=independent | examples=the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb
3. sense_key=main%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=of force; of the greatest possible intensity | examples=by main strength

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "main" in the context: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish ... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..."

We have three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=main%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=most important element | synonyms=chief, primary, principal, master | examples=the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass
2. sense_key=main%3:00:02:: | definition=(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence | synonyms=independent | examples=the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb
3. sense_key=main%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=of force; of the greatest possible intensity | examples=by main strength

In context, "main purpose" clearly refers to the primary or most important purpose. Sense 1 matches perfectly: "most important element" with synonyms "chief, primary, principal". Sense 2 is a grammatical term, irrelevant here. Sense 3 is about force intensity, not applicable.

Thus, the best sense is index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}