[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reports
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are <t>reports</t> from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "reports" in the given context. The target lemma is "report", and the surface form is "reports". The context: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers." Let's analyze each candidate sense.

Sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (synonyms: study, written report). Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This sense refers to a written report or study. In the context, "reports" refers to unpublished findings from labs. They could be written documents, but the emphasis is on the information being reported, not necessarily the document itself. Also, the phrase "as yet unpublished" suggests that these are not yet formal written published reports, but they are reports of findings. It could be this sense, but let's check others.

Sense 2: "the act of informing by verbal report" (synonym: account). Example: "he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple". This sense emphasizes verbal communication, like hearsay. In the context, "reports from several labs" suggests that the labs are communicating findings, likely in some form. But "unpublished" might imply these are not formal published documents, but they might still be written (like internal reports) or communicated verbally at conferences? Hard to say.

Sense 3: "a short account of the news" (synonyms: news report, story, account, write up). Example: "the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news". This sense is about journalism or news media. The context is scientific labs reporting findings, not from news outlets. The sentence says "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes..." These are scientific reports, not news media reports. So this is unlikely.

Sense 4: "a sharp explosive sound" - clearly not.

Sense 5: "a written evaluation of a student's scholarship..." - no.

Sense 6: "an essay (especially one written as an assignment)" - no.

Sense 7: "the general estimation that the public has for a person" (reputation) - no.

So the main contenders are sense 1 and sense 2. Sense 1: written document; sense 2: act of informing verbally. The context says "reports from several labs". In scientific contexts, "reports" can refer to accounts of findings, whether written or spoken. The key phrase "as yet unpublished" suggests these are not yet formal written publications, but they could be internal reports (written) or simply communicated information. However, the example for sense 1 matches well: "study, written report". A report from a lab is typically a written document, even if unpublished. The example for sense 1: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" uses "study" similarly. Sense 2's example "he heard reports that they were causing trouble" is more about hearsay or verbal accounts. In this scientific context, "reports" most likely refers to findings or accounts of research, which are typically in written form, even if preliminary. And WordNet sense 1 specifically defines it as a written document describing findings. That seems the best fit.

Also, consider that in WordNet, the sense_key "report%1:10:03" indicates the word is in the noun.communication category. Sense 1 is index 3? Actually, the candidate list numbering is given. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1? The prompt says "Candidate senses:" and lists them as 1. sense_key=... So sense 1 is the first in the list, with definition "a written document...". Sense 2 is "the act of informing by verbal report". So the best sense_index is 1. But let's double-check: Could it be sense 2? The phrase "reports from several labs" could be accounts they are giving, not necessarily the documents themselves. But in typical usage, when scientists say "there are reports from other labs", they mean there are written or published reports, or at least documented findings. The fact that they are "unpublished" might push towards sense 2 if we think they are just verbal reports. However, unpublished scientific reports are often preprints or internal documents, still written. So sense 1 is more concrete. Also, sense 1's synonyms include "study", which fits the context perfectly: a study or report from a lab. So I choose sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as <t>yet</t> unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "yet" and target surface form "yet". The context is: "There also are reports from several labs, as <t>yet</t> unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers." The phrase is "as yet unpublished", where "as yet" means "up to now" or "so far". The word "yet" is part of the phrase "as yet". Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "up to the present time" with examples like "I have yet to see the results". This is similar but "as yet" is a fixed phrase.
2. sense 2: "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time" with synonyms "so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet". The example: "So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet". This sense explicitly includes "as yet" as a synonym, and the context is negative? The phrase "as yet unpublished" is essentially a negative statement: they are unpublished so far. "As yet" is a phrase meaning "up to now". So sense 2 is the best match because it directly lists "as yet" as a synonym and the definition matches: "used in negative statement" — "unpublished" is a negative state (not published). The phrase "as yet" is often used in negative contexts, meaning "so far, up to now". For example, "as yet, they haven't arrived" is similar to "unpublished" meaning they haven't been published yet. So sense 2 is the most precise.

Sense 1: "I have yet to see the results" is a different construction ("have yet to"), not "as yet". Sense 4: "within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time" with examples "flowers that were yet to show themselves" - that is also a different usage. Sense 5: "used after a superlative" like "largest drug bust yet" - not applicable. Sense 6: "nevertheless" - not applicable. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in <t>tissue</t> taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "tissue". The context is about cancer research, discussing genes and tumors. The target word appears in the phrase "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers." This is clearly referring to biological tissue, i.e., part of an organism consisting of cells. The first sense is: "part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function". The second sense is about paper: "a soft thin (usually translucent) paper". In this context, it's definitely the biological sense. So the correct sense index is 1.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue <t>taken</t> from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "take", surface form "taken". Context: "... missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers." So "taken" here is a past participle modifying "tissue". The phrase is "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers." The sense is about obtaining tissue samples from those cancers. That is, the tissue was physically removed or extracted from the cancers for testing. So "taken" means something like "removed" or "obtained" from a source.

Let's examine candidate senses. Which one fits? Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" (synonyms: get hold of). Example: "Take a cookie!" But that is more about physically grasping something. Sense 8: "take into one's possession" with examples "We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks." That suggests acquiring or receiving. Sense 14 has no "take" in the gloss. Sense 17: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract" (synonyms: remove, take away, withdraw). Example: "remove a threat; remove a wrapper". That sounds right: tissue is taken from the cancers, meaning removed from them. Sense 24: "ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial" example "take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors." Could be about taking a sample? But "tissue taken from" doesn't involve measuring; it's the tissue itself that is physically removed for analysis. So sense 17 seems the best match: "remove something concrete". The tissue is being removed from the cancers.

Check sense 4: physically taking the tissue? That could also work, but "take physically" is more like grabbing, whereas here it's a clinical extraction. Sense 8: taking into possession? Possibly, but sense 17 explicitly includes "remove", which fits "taken from" well.

Thus, I'll pick sense 17.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 17}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, <t>brain</t> and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for the word "brain" in the given context. The context is: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers." So the word "brain" is used in a medical/biological context, referring to brain as an organ or part of the body, specifically in the context of cancer tissue. Let's evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
This refers to the physical organ, the anatomical brain. This matches the context of tissue taken from brain cancers.

2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
This is about intelligence, not applicable here.

3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous
This is about mind/psyche, not the physical organ. Not appropriate for tissue samples.

4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein
Clearly not the physical organ.

5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat
This is about brain as food, also not applicable.

Thus, the correct sense is sense 1. Return as JSON: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: at_the_same_time
Target surface form: At the same time
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. <t>At the same time</t>, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:03:: | definition=at the same instant | synonyms=simultaneously | examples=they spoke simultaneously
2. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:05:: | definition=overlapping in duration | synonyms=concurrently | examples=concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held; going to school and holding a job at the same time

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the phrase "at the same time" in the given context. The target lemma is "at_the_same_time" and the surface form is "At the same time". The context is a paragraph about cancer research. Let's analyze the context.

The context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. ... There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. <t>At the same time</t>, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

The phrase "At the same time" here is used to introduce a related but concurrent activity or situation. It doesn't mean "simultaneously" in a strictly temporal sense of happening at the exact same instant, but rather it indicates that while some research is going on (findings about p53), other researchers are also working on other tumor-suppressor genes. It suggests an overlap in time and parallel efforts.

Now, the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:03:: | definition=at the same instant | synonyms=simultaneously | examples=they spoke simultaneously
2. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:05:: | definition=overlapping in duration | synonyms=concurrently | examples=concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held; going to school and holding a job at the same time

Sense 1 emphasizes exact instant, like "they spoke simultaneously." Sense 2 emphasizes overlapping in duration, meaning two activities happening during the same period, not necessarily at the exact same moment. The context: various labs are reporting missing p53 genes, and at the same time, Johns Hopkins team is rushing to pinpoint other genes. This is clearly overlapping in duration, not instantaneous. The research efforts are ongoing and concurrent.

Thus, sense 2 is the best match.

I need to return a JSON object with the sense_index. The indices are 1 and 2, so I'll choose 2.

So the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins <t>team</t> and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "team" with target surface form "team" in a specific context. The context is about researchers, especially the "Johns Hopkins team" doing cancer research. The two candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: with definition "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)" and synonym "squad".
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: with definition "two or more draft animals that work together to pull something".

The context: "... the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes." This clearly refers to a group of researchers working together, i.e., a cooperative unit. Sense 1 is "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)", and even though it says "especially in sports", the usage here is explicitly a research team, which is a cooperative unit of people. Sense 2 is about draft animals, which is irrelevant.

Thus, the best indexed sense is sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rush
Target surface form: rushing
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are <t>rushing</t> to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rush%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street
2. sense_key=rush%2:33:00:: | definition=attack suddenly
3. sense_key=rush%2:30:01:: | definition=urge to an unnatural speed | synonyms=hurry | examples=Don't rush me, please!
4. sense_key=rush%2:30:00:: | definition=act or move at high speed | synonyms=hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate | examples=We have to rush!; hurry--it's late!
5. sense_key=rush%2:38:01:: | definition=run with the ball, in football
6. sense_key=rush%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=race | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze
7. sense_key=rush%2:36:00:: | definition=cause to occur rapidly | synonyms=induce, stimulate, hasten | examples=the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "rushing" in the given context. The target lemma is "rush", and the surface form is "rushing". We have seven candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to pick the single best indexed sense.

Context: "the Johns Hopkins team and others are <t>rushing</t> to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

We need to interpret "rushing" in this context. The sentence says they are "rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes". This implies they are moving quickly or acting with haste to identify these genes. It's not physical movement (like running down a hall), nor is it attacking, nor urging someone else to speed, nor running with a ball, nor causing something to move fast, nor causing something to occur rapidly. It is about acting with high speed or urgency. The sense that matches "act or move at high speed" is sense 4: definition=act or move at high speed, synonyms=hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate, examples=We have to rush!; hurry--it's late! Sense 1 is about physical movement ("move fast" with examples like "He rushed down the hall"), but here it's more about acting quickly to achieve a goal, not literal running. Sense 4 explicitly says "act or move at high speed", which fits the figurative sense of hurrying to accomplish something. Sense 3 is about urging someone else to unnatural speed, which doesn't fit. Sense 7 is "cause to occur rapidly", but here they are not causing the pinpointing to occur rapidly; they themselves are hurrying to do it. So sense 4 is best.

Thus, index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint <t>other</t> tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "other" in the context of a sentence about cancer research. The sentence: "At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes." Here, "other" modifies "tumor-suppressor genes." The context discusses a specific gene p53, and then mentions that researchers are looking for additional tumor-suppressor genes beyond p53. So "other" means "additional" or "different from the one already mentioned." The candidate senses:
1. not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied (e.g., "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works") – this fits perfectly.
2. recently past (e.g., "the other evening") – not applicable.
3. belonging to the distant past (early, former) – not applicable.
4. very unusual; different in character or quality (strange) – not applicable.

Thus, sense 1 is correct. The sense_index is 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hope
Target surface form: hopes
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein <t>hopes</t> soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: | definition=expect and wish | synonyms=trust, desire | examples=I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise
2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: | definition=be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes | examples=I am still hoping that all will turn out well
3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: | definition=intend with some possibility of fulfilment | synonyms=go for | examples=I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for the target word "hopes" in the given context. The target lemma is "hope", surface form "hopes". The context is about scientists and genes. The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer." This is a typical usage of "hope" meaning to desire with expectation, to intend with some possibility of fulfillment. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: definition: expect and wish; synonyms: trust, desire; examples: "I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise". This sense is about expecting and wishing something to happen or be true, often with some degree of confidence.

2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: definition: be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes; examples: "I am still hoping that all will turn out well". This sense is more about a state of optimism, a general feeling of hope, rather than a specific desire for a particular outcome.

3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: definition: intend with some possibility of fulfilment; synonyms: go for; examples: "I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening". This sense is about intending to do something, with some possibility of it happening.

In the context, "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one" indicates that Dr. Vogelstein intends and desires to isolate a gene, with the expectation that it is possible. This fits best with sense 3, where the verb is followed by an infinitive ("to isolate"). The example for sense 3 is exactly "I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening", which matches the structure "hopes soon to isolate". Sense 1 and 2 are more about hoping that something is true or will happen, often used with a clause (that-clause). The example for sense 1 uses "I hope she understands" (with a that-clause implied), and sense 2 uses "hoping that all will turn out well". In the given sentence, "hopes to isolate" is a verb + infinitive construction, which is typical for sense 3.

Thus, sense index 3 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also <t>involved</t> in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "involved" in the given context. The candidate senses are provided with indexes 1 through 5. We need to choose the best sense based on the context.

Context: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also <t>involved</t> in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

The target word "involved" appears twice: "also involved in colon cancer" and "another gene involved with some types of colon cancer". The meaning is that the gene is associated with or plays a role in the cancer.

Now, examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
   - This sense means being connected or associated with something. The examples show "involved" as a postpositive adjective: "the people involved", "the problems involved". In the context, "involved in" or "involved with" indicates participation or association. This seems like a strong match.

2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
   - This sense means entangled or hindered, like being stuck in mire. Not applicable here; the gene is not hindered or entangled, it's associated.

3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
   - This sense is about emotional involvement. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate ... | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure ...
   - This sense means complex or convoluted. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved
   - This sense means enveloped or surrounded. Not applicable.

The only sense that fits the context of a gene being associated with a disease is sense 1: "connected by participation or association". The examples "the problems involved" show use as an adjective meaning "connected". In the context, "involved in" indicates participation/association.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

We return a JSON object with the key "sense_index" and value 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: close
Target surface form: close
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=close%3:00:01:: | definition=at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other | examples=close to noon; how close are we to town?
2. sense_key=close%3:00:02:: | definition=close in relevance or relationship | examples=a close family; we are all...in close sympathy with...
3. sense_key=close%3:00:05:: | definition=not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future
4. sense_key=close%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=rigorously attentive; strict and thorough | examples=close supervision; paid close attention
5. sense_key=close%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=marked by fidelity to an original | synonyms=faithful | examples=a close translation; a faithful copy of the portrait
6. sense_key=close%5:00:00:equal:00 | definition=(of a contest or contestants) evenly matched | synonyms=tight | examples=a close contest; a close election
7. sense_key=close%5:00:00:confined:00 | definition=crowded | synonyms=confining | examples=close quarters
8. sense_key=close%5:00:00:unventilated:00 | definition=lacking fresh air | synonyms=airless, stuffy, unaired | examples=a dusty airless attic; the dreadfully close atmosphere
9. sense_key=close%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=of textiles | synonyms=tight | examples=a close weave; smooth percale with a very tight weave
10. sense_key=close%5:00:00:restrained:00 | definition=strictly confined or guarded | examples=kept under close custody
11. sense_key=close%5:00:00:private:00 | definition=confined to specific persons | examples=a close secret
12. sense_key=close%5:00:00:tight:01 | definition=fitting closely but comfortably | synonyms=snug, close-fitting | examples=a close fit
13. sense_key=close%5:00:00:short:01 | definition=used of hair or haircuts | examples=a close military haircut
14. sense_key=close%5:00:00:stingy:00 | definition=giving or spending with reluctance | synonyms=cheeseparing, near, penny-pinching, skinny | examples=our cheeseparing administration; very close (or near) with his money
15. sense_key=close%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00 | definition=inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information | synonyms=closelipped, closemouthed, secretive, tightlipped | examples=although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "close" with surface form "close" in a specific context. The context: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5." So the word "close" is used to describe that these researchers are near to finding another gene. Meaning they are near in terms of progress or time to achieving that discovery.

We need to pick the best indexed sense from the candidate senses. Let's examine:

1. close%3:00:01:: definition: at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other. examples: close to noon; how close are we to town? This sense is about physical or temporal proximity. The context says "close to finding", which is about being near to achieving something, which could be temporal: they are soon to find it. This sense fits well: "at or within a short distance in ... time". "Close to finding" implies temporal proximity. Also, the example "close to noon" shows the pattern "close to [noun/time]". Here it's "close to finding" (gerund). So sense 1 seems very appropriate.

2. close%3:00:02:: definition: close in relevance or relationship. examples: a close family; we are all...in close sympathy with... This is about relationship closeness, not about being near to a discovery. Not appropriate.

3. close%3:00:05:: definition: not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances. synonyms: near, nigh. examples: near neighbors; in the near future. This sense is also about proximity in a broad sense. It includes degree or circumstances. "Close to finding" could be interpreted as "not far distant in ... circumstances". Sense 1 is more specific: "at or within a short distance in space or time". Sense 3 is similar, but sense 1 explicitly mentions "time" and gives the example "close to noon", which is closer to the structure "close to [something]". Sense 3's examples: "near neighbors" (space), "in the near future" (time, but "near" directly modifies noun, not "close to"). Sense 3 also includes degree or circumstances. "Close to finding" is about degree of progress? Could be. But both senses 1 and 3 seem plausible; we need to pick the best single indexed sense. Let's check the definitions carefully. Sense 1: definition explicitly says "at or within a short distance in space or time" and examples: "close to noon; how close are we to town?" Sense 3: "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances". The difference is nuanced. Sense 1 is specifically "at or within a short distance" and uses "close" in the pattern "close to". Sense 3 uses "near" as a synonym, but the examples are "near neighbors" and "in the near future", where "near" is an adjective. However, "close" here is also an adjective. Usually, WordNet groups senses by meaning. Let's see if there's a sense that exactly matches "close to doing something". Often, the sense "close" as in "near in time" is sense 1 in many WordNet versions. The example "close to noon" is directly analogous to "close to finding". I think sense 1 is the most precise. Let's examine others to be sure.

4. rigorously attentive; not relevant.
5. marked by fidelity; not relevant.
6. evenly matched; not relevant.
7. crowded; not.
8. lacking fresh air; not.
9. of textiles; not.
10. strictly confined or guarded; not.
11. confined to specific persons; not.
12. fitting closely; not.
13. used of hair; not.
14. stingy; not.
15. inclined to secrecy; not.

So only senses 1, 3 are about proximity. Sense 2 is about relationship closeness, but that doesn't fit "close to finding". It's not about a relationship. Sense 1 includes "close to noon" which is a prepositional phrase with "to" indicating nearness in time. Sense 3 might also be used similarly, but its examples don't feature "close to". The definition "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances" could apply, but sense 1 explicitly mentions "at or within a short distance in ... time" and has a parallel structure. I'd choose sense 1.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1. Output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "finding" in the context: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

The target lemma is "find", surface form "finding". The context is about genetic research: researchers are close to finding another gene involved in colon cancer. The sense we need is the appropriate sense of "find" as it applies to discovering or identifying a gene through scientific investigation.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: — come upon as if by accident; meet with. (happen, chance, bump, encounter). Example: "We find this idea in Plato" — not about deliberate scientific discovery; accidental. The context implies intentional research, not accident.

2. find%2:39:02:: — discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of. (detect, observe, discover, notice). Examples: "She detected high levels of lead...", "We found traces of lead..." This fits: scientists are detecting/determining the existence of a gene.

3. find%2:40:00:: — come upon after searching; find the location of something missed or lost. (regain). Example: "Did you find your glasses?" This is about locating a physical object that was lost. Not appropriate for identifying a gene.

4. find%2:32:00:: — establish after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study. (determine, find out, ascertain). Example: "find the product of two numbers", "The physicist who found the elusive particle..." This sense is about establishing something through a scientific process. The gene is being "found" through research. This is a strong candidate because the context is scientists pinpointing genes after investigation.

5. find%2:31:10:: — come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds. (feel). Example: "I find him to be obnoxious." Not appropriate.

6. find%2:39:01:: — perceive or be contemporaneous with. (witness, see). Example: "We found Republicans winning the offices." Not relevant.

7. find%2:40:01:: — get something or somebody for a specific purpose. (line up, get hold, come up). Example: "I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener." Not about scientific discovery.

8. find%2:36:00:: — make a discovery, make a new finding. (discover). Example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This is specifically about scientific discovery, often a new phenomenon or entity. Fits well: they are discovering a gene.

9. find%2:31:09:: — make a discovery. (discover). Example: "She found that he had lied to her", "The story is false, so far as I can discover." This sense is about discovering a fact or truth, often phrased as "find that...". In the context, they are finding a gene, not a fact that something is the case.

10. find%2:40:03:: — obtain through effort or management. Example: "She found the time and energy..." Not appropriate.

11. find%2:32:01:: — decide on and make a declaration about. (rule). Example: "find someone guilty." Not appropriate.

12. find%2:30:00:: — receive specified treatment. Not appropriate.

13. find%2:39:05:: — perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place. Not appropriate.

14. find%2:40:15:: — get or find back; recover. Not appropriate.

15. find%2:38:10:: — succeed in reaching; arrive at. Example: "The arrow found its mark." Not appropriate.

16. find%2:30:13:: — accept and make use of one's personality... (find oneself). Not appropriate.

The best candidates are sense 2, sense 4, and sense 8.

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice). The example "We found traces of lead" is like discovering something that exists. The gene exists; they are determining its existence/location.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (determine, find out, ascertain). The physicists found the elusive particle. This emphasizes the process of scientific establishment. The gene is being found through study.

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover). Roentgen discovered X-rays. This is specifically about discovering something new. The gene is presumably already known? Actually, "another gene involved with some types of colon cancer" suggests they are close to identifying a gene that is involved, possibly a new discovery. So it's a new finding.

Comparing sense 2, 4, and 8: In WordNet, sense 8 is often for creative or first-time discoveries (like a new species, a new particle). Sense 4 is for establishing something through calculation or investigation. Sense 2 is more about detecting the presence of something. The context says "finding another gene involved with...". In genetics, this could be mapping or identifying the gene's location and role. Often, "finding a gene" means discovering its existence and location. Sense 8 might be the most direct: "make a discovery, make a new finding." The example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" is similar to finding a gene. Also note that sense 9 is "make a discovery" but specifically "discovered that he had lied to her" — that is a fact-discovery, not an entity-discovery.

Let's check the nuances of sense keys:
- find%2:39:02:: (sense 2) corresponds to "detect", discovering existence.
- find%2:32:00:: (sense 4) corresponds to "determine, find out" with examples about calculation and study.
- find%2:36:00:: (sense 8) corresponds to "make a discovery" with examples of discovering X-rays, a new particle.

In the sentence, "are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer", they are on the verge of discovering/identifying a gene. The gene is a physical entity (a segment of DNA). Sense 8 seems most appropriate for entity discovery. Many times "find" in science contexts uses sense 8. For example, "Scientists found a new species." would be sense 8.

Thus, I'll go with sense 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Target lemma: involved" with surface form "involved". Context: "... Ray White ... are close to finding another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer..." So "involved" is used as a past participle adjective modifying "gene". The phrase is "gene involved with some types of colon cancer". We need to select the best WordNet sense from the given candidate senses.

Sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use" – example: "the problems involved" – This seems plausible: the gene is connected/associated with colon cancer.

Sense 2: "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" – Seems unlikely for a gene.

Sense 3: "emotionally involved" – No, genes are not emotional.

Sense 4: "highly complex or intricate" – This does not fit: "gene involved with" meaning a complex gene? Unlikely.

Sense 5: "enveloped" – example: "a castle involved in mist" – Not applicable.

So sense 1 is the clear best fit: "connected by participation or association or use". The definition and the example "the problems involved" match the usage of a gene being associated with a cancer.

Thus, the answer is: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "type" (surface form "types") in the given context. The context discusses genes involved in cancers, specifically mentioning "some types of colon cancer." We have six candidate senses with definitions and examples.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
   This sense refers to categories or kinds of things. In the context: "some types of colon cancer" fits perfectly, meaning categories or varieties of colon cancer.

2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
   This refers to people, not relevant here.

3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
   This is a specific biological term, typically used in taxonomy. While the context is biological, "types of colon cancer" is not about taxonomic classification in the strict sense of defining higher taxa; it's about varieties of a disease.

4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
   Not relevant.

5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
   Not relevant.

6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up
   Not relevant.

The context: "another gene involved with some types of colon cancer" clearly uses "types" to mean "kinds" or "varieties". Sense 1 matches exactly: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing". Sense 3 is a specific taxonomic sense, but here it's not about biological classification in the strict taxonomic hierarchy (like genus, species defining the next higher taxon). The phrase "types of colon cancer" in medical research refers to different subtypes or categories of a disease, not taxonomic groups. Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma "believe", surface form "believes". Context: Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer.

We need to choose the best sense from:

1. believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Here, "believes" introduces a statement that Dr. Minna holds to be true based on evidence or hypothesis. It's a scientific belief, a conclusion drawn from data. It is not about accepting a report (sense 1) or judging someone's character (sense 2) or having faith (sense 4) or crediting veracity (sense 5). It is about holding a proposition as true based on evidence. Sense 3: "be confident about something" with example "I believe that he will come back from the war" fits: Dr. Minna is confident that people with the defective gene are prone to lung cancer. Sense 2 might also be possible because it's about judging or regarding something, but sense 2 emphasizes a judgment like "I believe her to be very smart" where it's an opinion. Sense 3 is more about confidence in a proposition. However, the definitions: sense 1: accept as true; sense 3: be confident about something. Both can apply, but sense 3 seems more apt for a scientific hypothesis. Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; think. Example: "I think he is very smart" vs "I believe that he will come back" – the latter is a confident expectation. Dr. Minna's statement is a belief about a causal link, so it's more "be confident about something". I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma "people", target surface form "people". Context: "... Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

We need to choose the best indexed sense among four options.

Sense 1: (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. Examples: old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience.

Sense 2: the body of citizens of a state or country. Synonyms: citizenry. Examples: the Spanish people.

Sense 3: members of a family line. Examples: his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?

Sense 4: the common people generally. Synonyms: multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed. Examples: separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people.

In the context: "people who inherit a defective gene" – this is referring to humans in general, individuals who inherit a gene. It's not about citizens of a state, family line, or the common people as opposed to an elite. It's simply about human beings. Sense 1 is the most generic: any group of human beings collectively. Here "people" is used in the plural to refer to individuals collectively. So index 1 fits best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "inherit" in the given context. The candidate senses are:

1. inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Context: "... Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Clearly, the context is about genetics: inheriting a defective gene. This is about receiving something through genetic transmission from parents. So sense 3 is the correct one. Sense 1 is about inheritance after death (property, etc.). Sense 2 is about receiving from a predecessor in a role or position, not genetic. Therefore, the best indexed sense is 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "copy" with surface form "copies" in a specific context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from four candidates. The context is about genetics, specifically about chromosomes and genes. The phrase is: "people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3". Here, "copies" refers to the two homologous chromosomes, i.e., the two versions of chromosome 3 that a person inherits (one from each parent). In genetics, each chromosome is present in two copies in diploid organisms. So "copies" here means instances of the chromosome, essentially identical or similar things.

Now, let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript. This is specifically about written records, like a transcript. Not applicable to chromosomes.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor. This sense is broader: a thing that is similar or identical to another. In genetics, each chromosome copy is essentially identical (though not always perfectly, due to alleles, but structurally it's the same chromosome). This seems like a good fit.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter. This is about text to be printed. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy. This is about news material. Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing", because the chromosomes are biological copies. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" also aligns with genetic duplication. In context, "two copies of chromosome 3" clearly means two instances of that chromosome, one from each parent, which are similar/identical in structure.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 2.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "especially" with surface form "especially." We have two WordNet senses. We need to choose which sense fits the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Let's examine the senses:
Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" with synonyms particularly, peculiarly, specially. Example: "he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack."
Sense 2: "in a special manner" with synonym specially. Example: "a specially arranged dinner."

In the context, "especially prone to lung cancer" uses "especially" to modify the adjective "prone", indicating a higher degree of susceptibility. It means they are more prone than common, i.e., distinctly more prone. That aligns with sense 1. Sense 2 is about a special manner, like a special arrangement, not about degree. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer