[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reflect
Target surface form: reflect
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes <t>reflect</t> national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reflect%2:39:01:: | definition=manifest or bring back | examples=This action reflects his true beliefs
2. sense_key=reflect%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
3. sense_key=reflect%2:39:00:: | definition=to throw or bend back (from a surface) | synonyms=reverberate | examples=Sound is reflected well in this auditorium
4. sense_key=reflect%2:43:00:: | definition=be bright by reflecting or casting light | synonyms=shine | examples=Drive carefully--the wet road reflects
5. sense_key=reflect%2:39:02:: | definition=show an image of | examples=her sunglasses reflected his image
6. sense_key=reflect%2:32:01:: | definition=give evidence of a certain behavior | examples=His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him
7. sense_key=reflect%2:32:00:: | definition=give evidence of the quality of | examples=The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes <t>reflect</t> national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking." The target word is "reflect". We need to choose the best sense from the list.

Analyze the context: The sentence says "such votes reflect national policy making". Here, "reflect" is used to mean that the roll-call votes are an expression or manifestation of national policy making. They are indicative of or represent national policy making. This is not about thinking, or literal reflection (like light or sound), or shining. It's about representing or being a sign of something.

Now look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reflect%2:39:01:: | definition=manifest or bring back | examples=This action reflects his true beliefs
   - "manifest" means to show or demonstrate clearly. The example: "This action reflects his true beliefs" is very similar to the usage: the action shows his beliefs. In our context, the votes reflect national policy making, meaning they show or are a manifestation of national policy making. This seems very close.

2. Definition: reflect deeply on a subject (think over). Not applicable.

3. Definition: to throw or bend back (from a surface). Physical reflection. Not applicable.

4. Definition: be bright by reflecting or casting light. Not applicable.

5. Definition: show an image of. Example: her sunglasses reflected his image. That's literal reflection of an image. Not applicable.

6. Definition: give evidence of a certain behavior. Example: His lack of interest reflects badly on him. This is more about reflecting on someone's character, often with an adverbial phrase like "reflects badly". In the context, we have "reflect national policy making", not reflecting on someone's behavior. It could be interpreted as "give evidence of", but sense 1 seems more direct: manifest. Sense 6: "give evidence of a certain behavior" – national policy making is not a behavior, it's an activity or process. So sense 6 is not as good.

7. Definition: give evidence of the quality of. Example: The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student. This is similar to 6, but about reflecting on quality. Also not a perfect fit.

Sense 1 is the most appropriate: manifest or bring back. "Manifest" means to show or demonstrate. The roll-call votes manifest national policy making, i.e., they are a manifestation of it. The example "This action reflects his true beliefs" perfectly parallels "such votes reflect national policy making". Therefore, sense 1 is the best.

Now, output JSON with sense_index: 1 (since the candidate list is numbered from 1). But careful: the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". So we just output the number.

Thus, {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect <t>national</t> policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the word "national" in the given context. The context is: "... such votes reflect national policy making ..." So the phrase is "national policy making". We need to choose the best sense among the 7 options.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
   This is a very general "relating to a nation/country". It could work, but might be too broad.

2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
   This emphasizes something that is specific to one nation, possibly in contrast to international. It could be "national policy" as in policy for the nation alone.

3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
   This emphasizes something that encompasses the whole nation, not just a part. "National policy making" would be policy making for the entire nation. This seems very fitting because the context contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making". The phrase "national policy making" refers to policy making that concerns the whole nation, as opposed to local benefits.

4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
   This is about government ownership. "National policy making" isn't about ownership.

5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
   This means domestic, internal. Could be relevant: "national policy making" vs. maybe foreign policy? But the contrast here is local vs. national, not domestic vs. foreign. However, "national policy making" could be seen as domestic policy. But the context is specifically contrasting local benefit-seeking with national policy making, i.e., narrow constituent concerns versus policy making for the whole nation. So sense 3 seems more precise.

6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
   This is about traits, not about policy making.

7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin
   This is about nationality status, not relevant.

The contrast in the sentence is between "local benefit-seeking" and "national policy making". That contrast suggests that "national" here means "pertaining to the entire nation" as opposed to local. Sense 3 explicitly says "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country", with examples "the national government; national elections". That fits perfectly. Sense 1 is more general "relating to a nation", but sense 3 is more specific about "entire nation" which matches the local vs. national distinction. Sense 2 is about national interests specifically, not necessarily about whole-nation scope. So I think sense 3 is best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national <t>policy</t> making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "policy" in a specific context. The context discusses national policy making versus local benefit-seeking in the lower chamber of Congress. The target word appears in the phrase "national policy making". So "policy" here refers to the decisions and actions of the government at a national level, as opposed to local benefits.

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group. Example: "it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies." This is a general sense, applicable to any individual or group. Could fit, but the context is about government policy making.

2. sense 2: a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government. Example: "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation." This sense is specifically about government policy, and even mentions "policy of the proposed legislation". The context is about "national policy making" in Congress, which perfectly matches this sense. It's about the rationalization of government action.

3. sense 3: written contract or certificate of insurance. Synonyms: insurance policy. Clearly not relevant here.

Sense 2 is the best fit because it explicitly ties to government action, and the context is about national policy making in a legislative body. Sense 1 is broader but less precise. So I'll choose sense 2.

Answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy <t>making</t> and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "making" in the context: "...national policy <t>making</t>...". The target is "making" and it appears as part of the phrase "national policy making". We need to choose the best sense from the three candidate senses provided.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

The context: "national policy making" refers to the process of creating or formulating national policy. That is an act that results in something coming to be: policy is made. So sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about qualifications, which does not fit at all. Sense 3 is about components (usually plural "makings"), as in ingredients for a cake; that doesn't fit "policy making". Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

We need to return a JSON object with the sense_index. So {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the sense of "votes" in the context: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

The target surface form is "votes" and it appears in the phrase "roll-call votes" and then referred to as "such votes". The context discusses legislators' attendance on roll-call votes. This is clearly about formal recorded votes on legislation, where legislators indicate their choice. The candidate senses:

1. "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative" (synonyms: ballot, voting, balloting). Example: "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person." This sense seems to refer to an individual vote or the act of voting. Here, "votes" is plural, but in the context "roll-call votes" it refers to instances of voting events where a roll call is taken. The example uses "votes" as countable events (17 votes). This could fit.

2. "the opinion of a group as determined by voting" (example: "they put the question to a vote"). This refers to the outcome or decision, not the individual voting events. The phrase "roll-call votes" suggests individual recorded votes, not the collective decision.

3. "a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment..." (synonyms: right to vote, suffrage). This is about the franchise, not relevant.

4. "a body of voters who have the same interests" (example: "he failed to get the Black vote"). This is a collective group, not relevant.

5. "the total number of voters who participated" (synonym: voter turnout). Example: "they are expecting a large vote." Not relevant; it's about attendance numbers.

In the context, "roll-call votes" are events where legislators record their individual choices. "Such votes" refers back to these events. Sense 1 captures the idea of individual choices made by counting. The example "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion" aligns with the countable nature. However, sense 1's definition is "a choice that is made by counting..." and the example uses "votes" as the choices themselves. In "roll-call votes", it could mean the instances of voting. Sense 2 is more abstract, the group opinion. But "roll-call votes" typically refers to the recorded votes of individuals. The text says "participating in such votes", which suggests taking part in the voting process. So it's the act of voting or the event. Sense 1 seems most fitting. Sense 1 includes synonyms "ballot, voting, balloting" and the example "they allowed just one vote per person" shows it can be countable. So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, index 1.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the <t>time</t> a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "time" in the given context. The target word is "time" in the sentence: "...participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking." Let's analyze the context.

The sentence: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."

Here, "time" refers to a period that a legislator could use for local benefit-seeking. It is a resource that can be taken away from or devoted to an activity. It suggests a quantity of time, like "time to do something". The phrase "takes away from the time" indicates that time is a resource under the legislator's control that can be allocated.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: an instance or single occasion for some event (e.g., "this time he succeeded"). This doesn't fit because we're not talking about a specific occasion.

2. sense 2: a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something; examples: "take time to smell the roses", "I didn't have time to finish". This matches perfectly. The context is about time as a resource that can be devoted to something. The phrase "takes away from the time" implies time as a limited resource.

3. sense 3: an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities); examples: "he waited a long time", "the time of year for planting". This might be a stretch, but it's more about a duration with attributes, not necessarily a resource.

4. sense 4: a suitable moment; "it is time to go". Not a resource.

5. sense 5: the continuum of experience. Too abstract.

6. sense 6: a person's experience on a particular occasion. Not relevant.

7. sense 7: clock time. Not relevant.

8. sense 8: fourth dimension. Not relevant.

9. sense 9: rhythm. Not relevant.

10. sense 10: prison term. Not relevant.

Clearly, sense 2 is the best: time as a resource. The examples match: "take time to smell the roses" (allocating time), "I didn't have time to finish" (lack of time resource). In the context, the legislator could devote time to local benefit-seeking, so it's a resource.

Thus, the index is 2. Note: indices start from 1 as given. So return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: devote
Target surface form: devote
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise <t>devote</t> to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=devote%2:32:00:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=give, dedicate, consecrate, commit | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
2. sense_key=devote%2:31:00:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=give, pay | examples=give thought to; give priority to
3. sense_key=devote%2:40:00:: | definition=set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use | examples=this land was devoted to mining

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "devote" in the context: "the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking." We have three candidate senses:

1. give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause; synonyms: give, dedicate, consecrate, commit; examples: She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause.
2. dedicate; synonyms: give, pay; examples: give thought to; give priority to.
3. set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use; examples: this land was devoted to mining.

Now, looking at the context: "devote to local benefit-seeking". The legislator is using time for local benefit-seeking. So, we're talking about allocating time to a specific activity. Sense 3 is about setting aside something (like time, resources, land) for a specific purpose. The example "this land was devoted to mining" shows it's about allocation of something for a purpose. Sense 1 is about giving oneself entirely to a cause, often with emotional commitment ("consecrate", "commit oneself"). Here, it's just time being allocated, not a deep personal commitment. Sense 2 is similar to 1 but with synonyms "give, pay" and examples involving thought or priority, which are more abstract but still about directing attention. But the context is about time allocation, and the phrase "devote to local benefit-seeking" is a straightforward collocation of setting aside time. Sense 3 explicitly mentions "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use", which fits perfectly. Sense 1 is more about dedicating oneself or one's talents, not just time. So sense 3 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer is sense index 3.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to <t>local</t> benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "local" as it appears in the text: "this takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking." The target lemma is "local" and target surface form is "local". We have three candidate senses with definitions and examples.

The context is about legislators engaging in "local benefit - seeking". The overall discussion contrasts local benefit-seeking (which seems more relevant to lower chambers like the House) with national policy making. "Local benefit-seeking" likely refers to efforts to secure benefits for a specific geographic constituency, like a district or locality. So "local" here means relating to a specific locality or neighborhood, characteristic of a particular area. Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities. This sense emphasizes administration and governance of a city/town/district. In the context, "local benefit-seeking" likely means seeking benefits for one's local area (constituency). It might be about the administration of that area, but not necessarily—it's more about the place itself.

2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools. This sense is broader: belonging to a particular locality. "Local benefit-seeking" could be seeking benefits that are characteristic of or belonging to a locality. For example, bringing federal funds to a local school or project.

3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia. This is clearly medical and doesn't fit.

Between senses 1 and 2, both could apply. But sense 1 specifically mentions administration, while sense 2 is more general. In the phrase "local benefit - seeking", the word "local" modifies "benefit". So it's benefits that are local, i.e., pertaining to a specific locality. Sense 2's examples ("local customs", "local schools") show that it's about things belonging to a neighborhood/locality. Sense 1 is about administration (taxes, authorities). The text discusses legislators seeking benefits, not administrative matters. The phrase "local benefit" likely means benefits for the local area (like pork-barrel projects). That aligns with sense 2: characteristic of a particular locality. Also, earlier the text says "narrow constituent concerns", which aligns with a particular locality. So sense 2 is the best fit.

Thus, I'll choose sense index 2.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: indicate
Target surface form: indicate
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data <t>indicate</t>, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis
2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work
5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "indicate" in the given context. The target surface form is also "indicate". The context is: "This is indeed what the data <t>indicate</t>, particularly in the case of the House." So the word is used as a verb, and the data indicate something.

We have five candidate senses:

1. "be a signal for or a symptom of" – synonyms: bespeak, betoken, point, signal. Examples: "These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis."

2. "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively" – synonyms: point, designate, show. Examples: "I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space."

3. "to state or express briefly" – examples: "indicated his wishes in a letter."

4. "give evidence of" – synonyms: argue. Examples: "The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work."

5. "suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine" – synonyms: suggest. Examples: "Tetracycline is indicated in such cases."

Now, in context: "This is indeed what the data indicate" – the data show or demonstrate something. The data are evidence. Sense 4 is "give evidence of" with synonym "argue" and example: "The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work." This seems very fitting: the data indicate (give evidence of) the assumption being valid. Sense 1 is "be a signal for or a symptom of", which is close but more about symptoms or signals. Sense 3 is about stating briefly, which data don't do; they show evidence. Sense 2 is about pointing spatially or figuratively; data can point to a conclusion, but "give evidence of" is more precise. Sense 5 is medical, not relevant.

So the best sense is 4: give evidence of.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: case
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the <t>case</t> of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the <t>case</t> of the House." The surface form is "case". The context is about attendance rates in roll-call votes, comparing Democrats and Republicans. In particular, it says: "This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House." The phrase "in the case of" is a common idiom meaning "with regard to" or "concerning". We need to match this to one of the senses.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "an occurrence of something" - synonyms: instance, example. Example: "it was a case of bad judgment". This sense is often used in "a case of X" meaning an instance. However, "in the case of the House" doesn't mean an occurrence; it's more specific.

2. "a special set of circumstances" - synonyms: event. Example: "in that event, ...; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled". This is like "in which case" meaning under those circumstances. But "in the case of the House" is not "in which case", it's a fixed phrase meaning "concerning".

3. legal proceeding - not relevant.

4. "the actual state of things" - "that was not the case" meaning that was not true. Example: "that was not the case". In "in the case of", it doesn't fit.

5. portable container - no.

6. person requiring professional services - no.

7. person subjected to experimental procedures - no.

8. problem requiring investigation - "solved the case of the missing heir" - no.

9. statement of facts to support an argument - "stated his case" - not relevant.

10. quantity contained in a case - no.

11. grammatical case - no.

12. temporary state of mind - "a case of the jitters" - no.

13. person of a specified kind - "a real character" - no.

14. typeface - no.

15. enveloping structure in biology - no.

16. housing or outer covering - no.

17. door/window frame - no.

18. printing receptacle - no.

19. pillowcase - no.

20. display case - no.

None of these directly seem to match "in the case of". But sense 1 or 2 might be closest. In WordNet, "case" has many senses, and "in the case of" is often a prepositional phrase meaning "regarding" or "as for". I need to see if any of these senses capture that. Often, "case" in such phrases is considered a separate sense: perhaps sense 2 "a special set of circumstances" is used in "in which case", but "in the case of" is slightly different. However, WordNet also has a sense "case" in "in the case of" might be mapped to sense 1: an occurrence? Let's check the definitions carefully.

Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" - example: "it was a case of bad judgment". This can be used in "in the case of" when you say "in the case of John, ..." meaning "regarding John" but it's not exactly an occurrence. It's more like "in the instance of John". So sense 1 might be the closest, as "in the case of" can mean "in the instance of" or "with regard to". Sense 2 is "a special set of circumstances" and the example "in which case" is similar but not identical. The phrase "in the case of" is often listed under sense "instance" or "example". In many dictionaries, "in the case of" is under the meaning "instance" or "example". For instance, Merriam-Webster lists "case" as "an instance or occurrence" and gives the phrase "in the case of". So sense 1 seems the best.

Let's confirm: "particularly in the case of the House" = "particularly in the instance of the House" or "particularly regarding the House". The sense "instance, example" fits. So I'll select sense 1.

Thus, the JSON response is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The <t>Democratic</t> House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target word "Democratic" (surface form) with lemma "democratic". The context is about U.S. politics, comparing Democratic and Republican legislators. The specific sentence: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959." Clearly, "Democratic" here refers to the Democratic Party. Looking at the candidates:

Sense 1: democratic in general, about democracy or social equality. Example: democratic government.

Sense 2: belonging to or relating to the Democratic Party. Example: Democratic senator.

Sense 3: representing or appealing to the people at large, popular. Example: democratic art forms.

The context is explicitly about Democratic legislators, Democratic Party, so sense 2 is the best match.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "attendance" in the given context. The context: "The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959." This refers to attendance rates on roll-call votes, as mentioned earlier: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do". So "attendance" here refers to the frequency with which legislators are present for roll-call votes. It's a measure of how often they attend. Sense 2: "the frequency with which a person is present" fits perfectly. The example: "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade" matches the concept of tracking how often someone shows up. Sense 1 is about the act of being present, but here it's a rate, so it's the frequency. Sense 3 is about the number of people present, not a rate or frequency of individual attendance. So sense 2 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "rate" and target surface form "rate" in a context discussing "attendance rate". The context: "the Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

We need to choose the best sense for "rate" in the phrase "attendance rate". An attendance rate is a measure of how many people attend something, usually expressed as a proportion or percentage. For example, if we say "attendance rate", we might mean the proportion of members present to total members, or the frequency of attendance. The examples in sense 4 include "the literacy rate" and "the retention rate", which are similar: they are proportions of a population. Sense 4 says: "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure". That fits "attendance rate" perfectly: it is the proportion of members attending relative to total members, or something similar. Sense 1 is about magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit, like speed. Sense 2 is about charge or payment. Sense 3 is about speed of progress. So sense 4 is the best match.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 4.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the <t>Republican</t> House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation on the target word "Republican" in the given context. The lemma is "republican" and the surface form is "Republican". We are given two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

The target word appears in: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the <t>Republican</t> House attendance rate since 1959." The context discusses Democratic and Republican legislators, parties, and actions. Clearly, the word "Republican" here refers to the political party, not the form of government. Synonyms and examples: sense 1 is about the Republican Party, sense 2 is about a republican form of government. In the sentence, "Republican House attendance rate" means the attendance rate of Republican members of the House, i.e., belonging to the Republican Party. Thus sense 1 is correct.

We output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House <t>attendance</t> rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "attendance" in the provided context. Let's look at the context:

"The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House <t>attendance</t> rate since 1959."

Here, "attendance rate" is a phrase. The word "attendance" is part of "attendance rate". The context mentions "attendance rates on roll-call votes". So it's about a rate or frequency of being present. The sentence: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959." This clearly refers to a measure of how often members are present, likely for roll-call votes. So it's a frequency.

Now, the candidate senses:

1. the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) - this is the action itself.
2. the frequency with which a person is present - e.g., "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade". This fits "attendance rate" - a rate is a frequency measure.
3. the number of people that are present - e.g., "attendance was up by 50 per cent". This refers to a count of people.

In the phrase "attendance rate", we are talking about a rate, which is a frequency measure. Sense 2 explicitly says "the frequency with which a person is present". The example given is about a student's attendance being a factor in a grade, which is similar to a legislator's attendance rate. Sense 1 is just the act, and sense 3 is a count of people. Here, we are not talking about the number of people present in a single event, but rather the rate at which they are present over time. So sense 2 is the best fit.

Thus, sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "rate" in its surface form "rate" within a given context. We have four candidate senses to choose from.

Let's examine the context. The sentence: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959." So we are talking about "attendance rate". The focus is on a proportion or measure: attendance rate is the proportion of present members relative to total members, typically expressed as a percentage. It is a measure of how often they attend.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit (e.g., speed: miles per hour, rate of change). This sense involves a time unit. Attendance rate is not inherently tied to a time unit; it's a proportion of attendances out of total votes, not per unit time. So unlikely.

2. amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis (e.g., price per unit). This is about cost, like interest rate, price rate. Not applicable.

3. relative speed of progress or change (pace). This is about speed, like "works at a great rate". Again, not a proportion measure. Attendance rate is not about speed.

4. a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure. Examples: literacy rate, retention rate. This matches exactly: attendance rate is the proportion of votes attended out of total. It is a proportion. So sense 4.

Thus, the best sense is sense_index 4.

Return JSON: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as <t>shown</t> in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "show" and surface form "shown" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 12 senses. The context is: "Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices ..." The phrase "as shown in the table" indicates that the table is presenting data or evidence. The word "shown" here means that the table demonstrates or presents information. We need to map this to the most appropriate WordNet sense.

Let's examine the senses:

1. give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demos, exhibits, presents) - This is about performing or displaying something to an audience, like a show. Not really about data in a table.

2. establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish, shew) - This could fit: the table proves or demonstrates something. However, "as shown in the table" doesn't necessarily mean "as proven by the table," but rather "as displayed or depicted in the table." It might be more about presentation than proof.

3. provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence) - This is about providing evidence, like a blood test showing paternity. Could be similar to #2, but more about evidence.

4. make visible or noticeable (e.g., "Show me your etchings") - This is about revealing or displaying something. Could be used for "as shown in the table" meaning "as displayed in the table."

5. show in, or as in, a picture (picture, depict, render) - This specifically relates to visual depiction, like in a picture. A table is a form of depiction, but tables are not exactly pictures. However, WordNet 5 is about "show in or as in a picture", synonyms: picture, depict, render. This might be a candidate because tables depict data. The example: "This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting." That's about visual art. But "as shown in the table" means "as depicted in the table." It could be sense 5.

6. give expression to (express, evince) - This is about expressing an emotion or feeling. Not relevant.

7. indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively (indicate, point, designate) - This is about pointing out something. "I showed the customer the glove section." Could be used if the table points out something, but "as shown in the table" doesn't mean the table is pointing; it means the table displays information.

8. be or become visible or noticeable (show up) - This is intransitive: "His good upbringing really shows." Not applicable.

9. indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments (read, register, record) - This is about instruments registering values. "The thermometer showed 13 degrees." That's specific to instruments, not a table.

10. give evidence of, as of records - "The diary shows his distress that evening." This is about records or documents indicating something. A table is a record. This sense: "give evidence of, as of records" - The example: "The diary shows his distress that evening." That seems very close. "As shown in the table" means the table shows/indicates something. Sense 10 fits: records (tables) showing something.

11. take someone to their seats (usher) - Not relevant.

12. finish third or better in a horse or dog race - Not relevant.

We need to choose between senses that relate to displaying information, evidence, or depiction.

Now, let's check the WordNet hierarchy and sense keys. Sense 10: show%2:32:03:: definition=give evidence of, as of records. Sense 3: show%2:32:00:: definition=provide evidence for. Sense 2: establish validity. Sense 10 is specifically "give evidence of, as of records." That seems very appropriate: the table is a record, and it shows (gives evidence of) the Democrats' allocation. Sense 10 might be the best because it explicitly mentions records.

Sense 4: make visible or noticeable. That could work, but it's more general. Sense 5: show in a picture. That is more about visual art, not tables. Sense 7: indicate a thing. Could be possible, but not specifically about records.

Let's see the examples for sense 10: "The diary shows his distress that evening." A diary is a written record that gives evidence of something. A table is similar: it is a structured record that gives evidence. So sense 10 is very fitting.

Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father." That's also evidence, but from a test, not a record. Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound." That's about proving something through an experiment. The table is not an experiment; it's a presentation of data. So sense 10 seems most precise.

Let's also consider the phrase "as shown in the table" often means "as indicated/displayed in the table." It's a passive construction. The verb "show" here is used in the sense of "demonstrate or indicate via a record." In many computational lexicons, this would be mapped to a sense like "to present or indicate information." WordNet's sense 10 (give evidence of, as of records) seems exactly right.

Double-check: sense index 10 is show%2:32:03::. Yes.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 10.

So output: {"sense_index": 10}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: table
Target surface form: table
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the <t>table</t>, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=table%1:14:00:: | definition=a set of data arranged in rows and columns | synonyms=tabular array | examples=see table 1
2. sense_key=table%1:06:01:: | definition=a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs | examples=it was a sturdy table
3. sense_key=table%1:06:02:: | definition=a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it | examples=I reserved a table at my favorite restaurant
4. sense_key=table%1:17:00:: | definition=flat tableland with steep edges | synonyms=mesa | examples=the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water
5. sense_key=table%1:14:01:: | definition=a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game | examples=he entertained the whole table with his witty remarks
6. sense_key=table%1:13:01:: | definition=food or meals in general | synonyms=board | examples=she sets a fine table; room and board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target is "table" in the sentence: "Finally, as shown in the <t>table</t>, Democrats allocate..." So we need to pick from the candidate senses listed. The context is about data, a table of data. Sense 1: "a set of data arranged in rows and columns" with example "see table 1". That matches the usage perfectly. Other senses are about furniture, dining table, mesa, assembled people, or food. Clearly sense 1. Return JSON like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, <t>Democrats</t> allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "democrat" with surface form "Democrats". The context clearly talks about political parties: GOP senators vs. Democrats, Democratic House attendance rate, etc. The word refers to members of the Democratic Party. Sense 1 is exactly that: "a member of the Democratic Party". Sense 2 is "an advocate of democratic principles", which is broader. In this context, it's specifically about the political party, so sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher <t>proportion</t> of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "proportion" in context. Let's examine the context: "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices". Here, proportion means a part or share relative to the whole. It's about a ratio or fraction of staff allocated. Let's look at the senses:

1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

The context is clearly about the comparative quantity: Democrats allocate a higher proportion (a larger share or percentage) of their staffs to district offices. This fits sense 4: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree", synonym "ratio". The example "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" similarly indicates a ratio or share of a mixture. Sense 1 is more mathematical, the quotient itself, but in everyday usage, "proportion" often means the ratio or share, which is sense 4. Sense 2 is about size, not relative share. Sense 3 is about symmetry/balance. Sense 5 is about harmonious arrangement, not applicable. Thus, sense 4 is best.

Return {"sense_index": 4}.