[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the sentence: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

We need to find the best sense among three for "agreeable".

Sense 1: conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature. Example: "Is the plan agreeable to you?" 'he's an agreeable fellow'.

Sense 2: in keeping, synonyms: accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant. Example: "salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes".

Sense 3: prepared to agree or consent. Example: "agreeable to the plan".

In context, "agreeable to teachers" – this is similar to the construction "agreeable to you" in sense 1, or "agreeable to the plan" in sense 3. Sense 1 means "conforming to one's liking", sense 3 means "prepared to agree or consent". The context says it is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers. That means teachers find it pleasant or to their liking, or they agree with it? Sense 1 is about being pleasing, likely to be agreeable as in "pleasant". Sense 3 is about willingness to agree. The sentence structure "agreeable to teachers" likely means "pleasing to teachers" or "agreeable to their nature" as in sense 1. The example for sense 1 has "Is the plan agreeable to you?" meaning "do you like it?" Very similar. Sense 3 says "prepared to agree or consent", but the phrase "agreeable to the plan" suggests the subject is agreeing to the plan. Here, it's "agreeable to teachers", not "teachers are agreeable to the plan" (teachers are the ones agreeing) but rather the progressive education is agreeable to teachers, meaning it is pleasing to them. So it is passive: it is agreeable (adjective) to them. That matches sense 1: conforming to one's liking. Sense 3 would imply "prepared to agree" which would be "teachers are agreeable to progressive education" meaning they agree to it. But the sentence says "Progressive education ... is ... agreeable to teachers". So the thing is agreeable to them. So sense 1 seems correct.

Also, sense 2 is about being consistent or in keeping, as in "salaries agreeable with current trends". That uses "with", not "to". So not sense 2.

Thus, sense 1 is the best.

We output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "teachers" in the given context. The target word is "teacher", and the surface form is "teachers". The two candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: definition: a person whose occupation is teaching, synonyms: instructor.
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: definition: a personified abstraction that teaches, examples: books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher.

The context: "Progressive education ... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."

Here, "teachers" clearly refers to actual people who are teaching in schools, not personified abstractions. The context discusses how progressive education is more agreeable to teachers (the human professionals). So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "Progressive education ... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." We need to choose the best sense for "disciplined" from the two provided.

Sense 1: controlled, obeying the rules.
Sense 2: trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise; examples: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind".

In context, "disciplined instruction" is contrasted with "progressive education" which is interesting and agreeable. So disciplined instruction likely means instruction that is structured, rigorous, perhaps controlled and rule-abiding. The word "disciplined" here describes the instruction. It could be sense 1: instruction that obeys rules, is controlled. Or sense 2: instruction that is trained? But "disciplined instruction" doesn't refer to instruction that is trained; it's instruction that involves discipline. The phrase "disciplined instruction" means instruction characterized by discipline. Discipline can mean training that develops self-control, orderliness, etc. Sense 2 is about being trained, as in "a disciplined mind" meaning a mind that has been trained. But here, "disciplined instruction" might mean instruction that imparts discipline or that is itself disciplined (orderly, controlled). The context says progressive education is more interesting and agreeable than disciplined instruction. Disciplined instruction likely means traditional, structured, rigorous education. That aligns more with sense 1: controlled, obeying rules. However, sense 2 says "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise". "Disciplined instruction" could mean instruction that is disciplined, i.e., that follows a strict regimen. But the example "a disciplined mind" shows a person is disciplined. Here, instruction is described as disciplined. So it's an attribute of instruction: instruction that is characterized by discipline (order, control, rules). That matches sense 1: controlled, obeying rules. Sense 2 is about a person or thing being trained. So sense 1 is better.

Also note: WordNet indexes: sense 1 is "obeying the rules", sense 2 is "trained". In context, "disciplined instruction" is the opposite of "progressive education" which implies less structure, more creative. So disciplined instruction is likely rule-bound, controlled. So sense 1.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "instruction" in the given context. The target is "disciplined instruction." Let's read the context: It's about education, contrasting "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction." The sense needed is about the act of teaching, not a profession, message, or computer code. Sense 2: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" fits perfectly: "disciplined instruction" means structured teaching activities. The examples: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed" align with education. Sense 1 is about a message (directions), sense 3 is profession, sense 4 is computer science. So, sense 2 is best.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate the word "nice" in the given context. The context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." The overall passage contrasts "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction," and suggests that the former is more interesting and agreeable to teachers. "Nice" here seems to describe something that teachers find pleasant or agreeable.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance. Examples: "what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners" – This is a general sense of pleasantness.

2. sense 2: socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous. Synonyms: decent. Example: "from a decent family; a nice girl" – This implies moral or social propriety.

3. sense 3: done with delicacy and skill. Synonyms: skillful. Example: "a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer" – This suggests precision, skillfulness.

4. sense 4: excessively fastidious and easily disgusted. Synonyms: dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish. Example: "too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow" – This is negative, overly fussy.

5. sense 5: exhibiting courtesy and politeness. Synonyms: courteous, gracious. Example: "a nice gesture" – This refers to politeness.

In the context, "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'" and "even nicer to minimize those irksome tests." The tone is that these things are pleasant, agreeable, or maybe comforting for teachers. It's not about social correctness (sense 2), nor about delicacy/skill (sense 3), nor about being fastidious (sense 4), nor about politeness (sense 5). The use here is about general pleasantness, the same as "pleasant." The phrase "nice for teachers" means it is pleasant or satisfying for them. So sense 1 fits best.

Check the examples: "what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty" – contrast with nasty, so it's about being pleasant. The context also has "agreeable" in the preceding phrase: "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." So "nice" here is parallel to "agreeable" and "interesting." Thus sense 1 is the correct.

Therefore, choose sense_index 1.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "teacher", surface form "teachers", in a given context. We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
Sense 2: sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Context: The text is about education, discussing "progressive education" vs disciplined instruction. It mentions that progressive education is more interesting and agreeable to teachers than disciplined instruction. It says "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' ... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

The word "teachers" appears multiple times, clearly referring to human educators, people whose occupation is teaching. Sense 1 fits perfectly: a person whose occupation is teaching. Sense 2, a personified abstraction, doesn't fit because the context is about actual teachers in schools, not abstractions that teach. The examples for sense 2 are metaphorical uses: "books were his teachers", "experience is a demanding teacher". Here, the usage is literal, referring to professional educators. Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

Now, we need to return a JSON object with the selected sense_index. Index 1 corresponds to sense 1, index 2 corresponds to sense 2. So we choose index 1.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "think" in the given context. The context is: "It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in 'personality development' ...". The word "think" here is used with a that-clause: "teachers think (that) they are engaged in ...". So it's about having some belief or opinion about themselves. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. think%2:31:01:: judge or regard; look upon; judge. Synonyms: believe, consider, conceive. Examples: I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart. This fits: "teachers think (that) they are engaged in ..." means they have the belief/opinion that they are engaged in personality development. So sense 1 seems good.

2. think%2:31:03:: expect, believe, or suppose. Synonyms: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess. Examples: I imagine she earned a lot of money; I thought to find her in a bad state. This is similar but has an element of expectation or supposition, which might be a bit weaker. In the context, it's more about a belief or judgment about themselves. However, sense 1 explicitly says "judge or regard" which matches better than "suppose/expect". The context is about teachers having a nice belief about their role. So sense 1 is a closer match.

3. think%2:31:00:: use or exercise the mind... synonyms: cogitate, cerebrate. Not appropriate because it's about mental process, not about holding a belief.

4. recall, remember. No.

5. imagine or visualize. No.

6. focus one's attention. No.

7. have in mind as a purpose (intend). No, the sentence isn't about intention.

8. decide by pondering. No.

9. ponder; reflect on. No.

10. dispose the mind in a certain way. Example: "Do you really think so?" That is similar to "think" meaning have an opinion. But the gloss "dispose the mind in a certain way" is not as direct as sense 1.

11. have or formulate in the mind. Example: think good thoughts. That's about actively forming thoughts, not holding a belief.

12. be capable of conscious thought. No.

13. bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation. No.

Thus, sense 1 is the best. The example "I think he is very smart" matches the structure "teachers think they are engaged in...". Sense 2 has the example "I thought to find her in a bad state" which is a different construction. So sense 1 is the clear winner.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma is "personality" (but note it's "personality", but the context has "personality development". Actually the target surface form is "personality", but I think it's a typo for "personality"? Wait, the context says: "engaged in "personality development"". That should be "personality"? Possibly it's "personality" as a misspelling? The candidate senses are for "personality". So the target word is "personality" but the surface form is "personality"? The user wrote: Target lemma: personality; Target surface form: personality. So it's "personality" indeed. The context says "personality development" which is likely a typo for "personality development". So we need to disambiguate the word "personality" in that context.

Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

So, "personality development" is a phrase common in education and psychology, referring to the development of an individual's personality traits, character, etc. That sense aligns with sense 1: "the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual". Sense 2 is about a person of prominence, like a celebrity. That doesn't fit. "Personality development" means the development of one's personal attributes, not the development of a celebrity.

Thus, the best indexed sense is sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for "development" in the given context. The target lemma is "development" and the surface form is "development". The context: "Their commitment to 'creativity' can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. 'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality <t>development</t>' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

The target is "personality development". In this educational context, "personality development" refers to the growth or improvement of a student's personality, likely as a holistic process. This is not about biological growth, land development, photography, music, or a specific event. It is about a process of improvement. Sense 1: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining" might fit, but it's more about an act of improving something, often with a plan. Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" with synonyms "evolution", examples: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization." That fits better: personality development is a gradual process of maturation. Sense 3 is biological growth, too literal for personality. Sense 4 is a recent event, not process. Sense 5 is land/resources, no. Sense 6 district, no. Sense 7 state of improving, but "the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess)" doesn't fit. Sense 8 photography, no. Sense 9 music, no. So the best is sense 2: a process of gradual change to a more advanced stage. Thus, index 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "even" with surface form "even" in the given context. We have four candidate senses with definitions and examples. We need to choose the single best indexed sense and return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

Let's analyze the context:

Context: "Their commitment to 'creativity' cannot survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. 'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

The target word "even" is used in the phrase: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..." Here, "even" modifies "nicer," which is a comparative form. The sense is that it is nice to think they are engaged in personality development, and it is even nicer (i.e., to a greater degree) to minimize irksome tests. So "even" is used to emphasize a comparison, indicating a higher degree of niceness. This matches sense 3: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" with synonyms "yet, still" and example: "looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem."

Sense 1 is "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected" with examples like "even an idiot knows that" or "declined even to consider the idea." This doesn't fit because there's no unexpectedness here; it's simply a comparison.

Sense 2: "in spite of; notwithstanding" with examples like "even when he is sick, he works" or "even with his head start she caught up with him." This is used to show contrast or concession. Not the case here.

Sense 4: "to the full extent" with example "loyal even unto death." This doesn't fit the comparative context.

Thus, the best sense is sense 3.

We return JSON: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "nicer" in the given context. The context is about education, discussing "progressive education" being more interesting and agreeable to teachers. The sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." Here, "nice" means something like pleasant, agreeable, or enjoyable. The comparative "nicer" suggests it is more pleasant or agreeable for teachers to minimize tests. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance. Examples: what a nice fellow you are; nice manners. This seems to fit well: "it is nice" means it is pleasant or agreeable.

2. sense 2: socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous. Synonyms: decent. Examples: from a decent family; a nice girl. This doesn't fit the context; it's not about social correctness.

3. sense 3: done with delicacy and skill. Synonyms: skillful. Examples: a nice bit of craft. This is not about skill; the context is about something being pleasant for teachers.

4. sense 4: excessively fastidious and easily disgusted. Examples: too nice about his food. Not applicable.

5. sense 5: exhibiting courtesy and politeness. Synonyms: courteous, gracious. Example: a nice gesture. While politeness might be related, the context is more about something being agreeable/pleasant rather than a gesture of courtesy. The phrase "it is nice for teachers to think..." expresses that it is pleasant for them.

Sense 1 is the most straightforward fit for the general meaning of "nice" as pleasant or agreeable. So the answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "minimize" in the given context. The context is about education, where teachers prefer to minimize irksome tests with disappointing results. The sense should match the context: they want to reduce the importance or significance of these tests.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk. This sense is about making something small or insignificant in size, amount, or importance. The example "minimize the risk" implies reducing the risk. In the context, "minimize those irksome tests" could mean reducing the number of tests or making them less significant? But the phrase "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" suggests they want to downplay or reduce the emphasis on tests, not necessarily make the tests themselves smaller. However, "make small or insignificant" could fit if interpreted as making the tests insignificant in the curriculum. But the context also says "nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests", which implies they want to downplay the importance of tests.

2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay. This sense is explicitly about representing something as less significant, which matches the idea of teachers downplaying the importance of tests. No example given, but synonyms include downplay.

3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence. This sense is similar, but with synonyms like belittle, denigrate, derogate, which carry a negative connotation of disparaging or criticizing. The context does not necessarily imply that teachers are criticizing tests, just that they want to reduce their emphasis. Sense 2 seems more neutral.

Comparing sense 2 and 3: both are about representing as less important, but sense 3 has a stronger connotation of belittling. The context seems more about downplaying than actively disparaging. Sense 1 could also work, but "minimize" in sense 1 often refers to reducing the actual size or quantity, whereas here it's about the perceived importance. Given the phrase "minimize those irksome tests", it's ambiguous: do they reduce the number of tests (make them small) or downplay their significance? The surrounding sentences: "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." This suggests that teachers prefer to avoid the unpleasantness of tests, possibly by reducing their role or importance. The phrase "minimize" here likely means to treat as unimportant or to downplay, rather than physically reducing the tests. So sense 2 seems best: represent as less significant or important. Synonyms: understate, downplay.

Thus, I'll select sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "tests" in the given context. The context is about education, specifically criticizing "progressive education" and praising "disciplined instruction." The phrase is "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." It refers to tests that teachers give, likely standardized tests or exams that measure knowledge or skill. The results can be disappointing, so these are tests that assess students. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. test%1:09:02:: trial, trial run, tryout - trying something to find out about it. Example: "a sample for ten days free trial" - not academic testing.

2. test%1:04:02:: mental test, mental testing, psychometric test - standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity, memory, intelligence, aptitude, personality. Example: "the test was standardized on a large sample of students." This is plausible but focused on psychological/psychometric testing. The context is general educational tests, not specifically intelligence or personality tests.

3. test%1:10:00:: examination, exam - a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge. Example: "when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions." This fits perfectly: teachers giving tests to assess student knowledge, and disappointing results. In education, "tests" typically refer to exams.

4. test%1:04:03:: trial - the act of undergoing testing. Example: "he survived the great test of battle" - metaphorical, not literal academic tests.

5. test%1:04:00:: trial, run - the act of testing something. Example: "in the experimental trials..." - more about experiments, not school tests.

6. test%1:05:00:: a hard outer covering of some amoebas - biological, irrelevant.

The best sense is clearly sense 3: examination, exam. The context mentions "tests" that teachers minimize because they have disappointing results, implying written or knowledge-based assessments. Sense 2 is about psychometric tests, but the context doesn't specify that; it's just general school tests. So I'll pick sense 3.

Now, return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the target word "often" in the given context. The context is: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." Wait, the full sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results."

So the phrase is "tests with often disappointing results." The word "often" modifies "disappointing." This means that the tests frequently have disappointing results. So the meaning here is that the results are disappointing many times, or in many cases. We have three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: definition: many times at short intervals. synonyms: frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes. Example: we often met over a cup of coffee.

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: definition: frequently or in great quantities. synonyms: much, a great deal. Example: I don't drink much; I don't travel much.

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: definition: in many cases or instances. No synonyms or examples given.

We need to choose the best sense. In context, "often disappointing results" means that the results are disappointing in many instances or many times. Sense 1 implies "many times at short intervals," but the frequency might not necessarily imply short intervals; it just means frequently. However, "short intervals" might be part of the definition. Sense 2 is about "frequently or in great quantities" with synonyms like "much, a great deal," which is used with verbs like "drink much" or "travel much." That doesn't fit here because it's an adverb modifying an adjective "disappointing," not quantifying an action. Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" fits perfectly: tests with results that are disappointing in many cases.

Thus, the best choice is sense 3. Also, note that the target word's part of speech is adverb. Sense 3 is more general. I'll output JSON with sense_index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "result" with surface form "results" and a context. We need to choose the best indexed sense among four candidates. The context is: "... minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>." Here, "results" refers to the outcomes of the tests. Tests yield results (scores, outcomes). The first sense (sense 1) is about a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon: synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot. This fits well: test results are consequences/outcomes of the tests. The second sense is about a statement that solves a problem. That doesn't fit. The third sense is "something that results" with synonyms "resultant, final result, outcome, termination". That is very similar to sense 1, but note the examples: "he listened for the results on the radio" - more like election results or competition outcomes. That could also fit, but sense 1 seems more general and is specifically "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon". Test results are a phenomenon (like scores) that follow from taking the test. Sense 3 is "something that results", which is almost identical, but the gloss says "something that results" and synonyms include "resultant, final result, outcome, termination". Sense 1 includes "effect" and "consequence". Which is more precise? The context is "tests with often disappointing results" – we're talking about the outcomes of tests. The word "results" here is the effects/consequences. In WordNet, result%1:19:00 is the most general sense for "result" as a consequence. Sense 3 is a different sense that also means outcome, but the examples might lean towards reported results (like news). However, both are plausible. But we must choose the single best indexed sense. Let's look at the candidate descriptions:

1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Sense 4 is clearly not it. Sense 2 is about a solution statement, not test outcomes. Between senses 1 and 3: Sense 1 emphasizes the causal relationship: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. Test results are indeed caused by the test-taking process. Sense 3 is defined simply as "something that results" and the example "he listened for the results on the radio" suggests something like a score or outcome that is announced. In the context, "disappointing results" are likely the scores or outcomes of the tests. Both seem applicable. But WordNet distinguishes these senses: sense 1: result%1:19:00 includes "upshot" and the example "his decision had depressing consequences" – so it's about the consequence of an action. Sense 3: result%1:11:00 includes "final result" and "termination" – maybe more about the end product. Given the example for sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio" that is very much like waiting for test results or election results. In our context, tests have results. It could be sense 3. However, note that in many contexts, "results" of tests are the outcomes/consequences. I need to see which sense is indexed more commonly for this usage. In typical WSD, sense 1 is often the most frequent. But the instruction says to use the context, synonyms, and examples. The synonyms for sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot. For sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome, termination. Both include "outcome". Sense 1 has "consequence" and "effect", which emphasize cause and effect. The tests cause results. That fits. Sense 3 has "resultant" which is a noun meaning something that results. The example for sense 3 is about listening for results on the radio, which could be like listening for test scores. In the context, "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" – they are talking about the outcomes of the tests, which are the scores or evaluations. I think both are possible, but I need to pick one. Let's see if there's a nuance: Sense 1 is defined as a phenomenon, so it's an abstract occurrence. Sense 3 is "something that results" – more like a concrete thing. Test results are often concrete numbers or reports. The example for sense 3 is "he listened for the results on the radio" – that could be the announcement of scores. Our context doesn't explicitly mention reporting, so maybe it's just the consequence. I'm leaning towards sense 1 because it's the general "effect" sense. However, let's check typical WordNet assignments. In many WSD datasets, "results" in the context of test scores might be tagged as sense 1? I recall that the noun "result" has multiple senses. Sense 1 is the most frequent. In Princeton WordNet, result%1:19:00 is the generic consequence sense. Sense 3 is often used for things like "the result of the experiment" etc. I think both are used interchangeably. But given the guideline to pick the single best indexed sense, and the context "tests with often disappointing results", it's clearly an outcome. To differentiate: sense 1's example "his decision had depressing consequences for business" is about an effect, while sense 3's example "he listened for the results on the radio" is about a specific piece of information (like a score). In our context, "disappointing results" could be either: the disappointing effect (low scores as a phenomenon) or the disappointing scores themselves. I'll go with sense 1 because it explicitly mentions "outcome" and "effect" and fits the idea of a causal result of the test. The tests cause results. Also, the phrase "tests with often disappointing results" treats "results" as the consequence of taking the test. I'll choose sense 1. But wait, the index numbering in the prompt: the candidate senses are listed as 1. sense_key=result%1:19:00::, 2. result%1:10:00::, 3. result%1:11:00::, 4. result%1:10:01::. So sense 1 is the consequence one. I'll go with that.

Thus, {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: provide
Target surface form: provides
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon
7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "provides" in the given context. The target is "provides" with the lemma "provide". The context is a passage about American education and how "it also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'..." We have seven candidate senses. We need to choose the best one.

Let's analyze the context. The sentence: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." The "it" refers to the idea of "progressive education" or the approach that is interesting and agreeable to teachers, which minimizes tests and focuses on personality development. This approach gives teachers a superior self-definition. So, it provides something to teachers. The structure is "provides teachers with a superior self-definition". That matches the pattern "provide someone with something", meaning to give something useful or necessary to someone.

Now, look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_index: 1 (sense_key=provide%2:40:00::) definition: give something useful or necessary to, synonyms: supply, render, furnish, example: We provided the room with an electrical heater. This fits the direct object "room" being provided with something. In our context, "provides teachers with a superior self-definition" – teachers are the beneficiaries, and they receive a self-definition. This is a typical "provide someone with something" construction. So sense 1 seems appropriate.

2. sense 2: give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance; synonyms: supply, ply, cater; example: The hostess provided lunch for all the guests. That example uses "provided something for someone" (lunch for guests). Our context uses "provides someone with something". The definition also emphasizes support, food, sustenance, which is not the case here (self-definition is abstract, not food). So this is less likely.

3. sense 3: determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation. Example: The will provides that each child should receive half of the money. This is a legalistic sense, not matching our context at all.

4. sense 4: mount or put up; synonyms: put up, offer; example: put up a good fight; offer resistance. That doesn't fit.

5. sense 5: make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain; synonyms: leave, allow for, allow; example: This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion. This is about creating an opportunity or allowing something. The context is not about providing an opportunity; it's about giving a self-definition. "Provides teachers with a superior self-definition" is more directly giving, not just allowing. So sense 5 is a possibility but less direct than sense 1.

6. sense 6: supply means of subsistence; earn a living; synonyms: bring home the bacon; example: He provides for his large family. That's about providing for someone's needs, usually financial. Not matching.

7. sense 7: take measures in preparation for; example: provide for the proper care of the passengers. That doesn't fit.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 5, sense 1 explicitly has the pattern "provide someone with something" as in "We provided the room with an electrical heater." That is exactly the pattern we have: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition". The definition "give something useful or necessary to" fits well. Sense 5 is more about allowing or leaving room for, but the sentence is about the action of giving a self-perception to teachers. Also, the synonyms "supply, render, furnish" are appropriate: it furnishes teachers with a self-definition.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "teacher", surface form "teachers", and context with a sentence containing "<t>teachers</t>". The context is about American education, progressive education, and how it is more interesting and agreeable to teachers than disciplined instruction. It discusses teachers' self-definition as a profession, taking courses in educational psychology and philosophy. So, the target refers to human teachers, people whose occupation is teaching. Sense 1 is "a person whose occupation is teaching". Sense 2 is "a personified abstraction that teaches" with examples like "books were his teachers". Clearly, the context is about human teachers, so sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: profession
Target surface form: profession
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "profession" in context. The context is: "...provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession', since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." The context talks about teachers seeing themselves as a profession because they have passed courses in educational psychology and philosophy. The word is in quotes. The candidate senses:

1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

We need to pick the best sense. The context: "superior self-definition as a 'profession'" because they have passed courses. This is about teachers viewing themselves as having a certain status, likely as members of a learned occupation. Sense 1 is "the body of people in a learned occupation" – that refers to the group, not the occupation itself. Sense 2 is "an occupation requiring special education" – that fits well: teachers see themselves as having a profession because they took special education courses. Sense 3 is about avowal of belief, and sense 4 is religious profession. Clearly, neither 3 nor 4 fits. Between 1 and 2: The phrase "as a 'profession'" could mean the occupation itself. But "self-definition as a profession" – they define themselves as being a profession. Actually, they see teaching as a profession, not just themselves as part of the group. So sense 2 makes sense: an occupation requiring special education. Sense 1 could also work: they see themselves as part of the teaching profession (the body of people). However, the context says "self-definition as a 'profession'", where profession is in quotes, likely emphasizing the status of teaching as a profession. Typically, when we say "teaching is a profession", we mean it is an occupation requiring special education. So sense 2 is more direct. But the gloss for sense 2 says "especially in the liberal arts or sciences", and teaching is often considered a profession. Sense 1's examples: "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession" – that's the body of people. Here, "self-definition as a profession" – I think it's more about the status of being a profession, i.e., an occupation. So I'll go with sense 2.

Thus, {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: Choose the best indexed sense for "passed" in context. The context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." So "passed courses" means successfully completed courses, like passing an exam or course. Looking at the candidates:

Sense 14: pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now. That fits perfectly: passing a course means successfully completing it, analogous to passing a test.

Other senses:
1: go across or through – no.
2: move past – no.
3: make laws – no.
4: elapse – no.
5: hand over – no.
6: extend – no.
7: overtake – no.
8: happen – no.
9: go unchallenged; be approved – maybe like a bill clearing, but not for courses.
10: spend time – no.
11: pass over, across – no.
12: transmit information – no.
13: disappear – no.
15: exceed standard – no.
16: accept or judge as acceptable – possibly, but sense 16 is "accept or judge as acceptable" with example "The teacher passed the student although he was weak" – that is about a teacher passing a student, not a student passing a course. Here the subject is "they" (teachers) who will have passed courses (as students). So the teacher is the one who took the course and passed it. That's sense 14: successfully going through a test/course. Sense 16 is about the evaluator accepting someone else, not the person succeeding.

So sense 14 is correct.

Thus: {"sense_index": 14}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "course" and the surface form "courses" in context. The context: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

We need to choose the best sense for "courses" from candidate senses 1-9. The target is plural "courses" but that doesn't change the sense. The context clearly talks about educational courses: "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college". This aligns with sense 1: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings (course of study, class). Synonyms: course of study, course of instruction, class. Examples: he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes. This is a perfect match. The other senses do not fit: sense 2 is about events/actions, sense 3 is about orientation, sense 4 is mode of action, sense 5 is line/route, sense 6 is a body of students, sense 7 is part of a meal, sense 8 is a layer of masonry, sense 9 is facility for sport. So the answer is clearly sense 1.

Format: JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "educational" in the given context. The target word appears in "educational psychology and educational philosophy". The context discusses education, progressive education, and criticism of educational establishment. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

The example for sense 1 is exactly "educational psychology", which matches the phrase in the text: "educational psychology and educational philosophy". Sense 2's example is "an educational film". In context, "educational psychology" clearly means psychology that relates to education, not psychology that provides knowledge. So sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.