[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "made" in the context: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja". The target surface form is "made", lemma "make". The phrase is "discovery ... made by a Boston doctor". Here, "made" means the discovery was done/performed/achieved by Dr. Dryja. It's a passive construction where the agent is the one who "made" the discovery. So the sense is about carrying out or performing an action, specifically making a discovery. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: engage in (make love, not war; make an effort) - could work, but more about engaging in an activity, not necessarily a discovery.

Sense 3: make or cause to be or to become (make a mess; create a furor) - not quite.

Sense 5: give rise to; cause to happen or occur (cause a commotion; make a stir) - possible, but discovery is something you "make" as in achieve/find, not exactly cause to happen.

Sense 6: create or manufacture a man-made product - no.

Sense 7: make, formulate, or derive in the mind (draw a conclusion) - can be, as in "make a discovery" is like drawing a conclusion, but it's more about finding.

Sense 9: create by artistic means - no.

Sense 11: create or design, often in a certain way - no.

Sense 16: perform or carry out (make a decision; make a move) - this is strong: "make a discovery" is similar to performing the act of discovering, carrying out the discovery. Example: make a move, make a decision. The sense is "perform or carry out", index 16.

Sense 17: construct - no.

Sense 23: institute, enact, establish - no.

Sense 24: carry out or commit (make a mistake; commit a faux-pas) - also possible, but more about committing an error, not a discovery.

Sense 25: form by assembling individuals or constituents - no.

Sense 37: reach in time (barely made the plane) - no.

So the most likely is sense 16: perform or carry out. The phrase "made a discovery" is like "carried out a discovery" or "performed a discovery". It fits the context: the discovery was made (performed) by Dr. Dryja.

Check others: Sense 7 is "formulate in the mind", but discovery isn't purely mental; it's a finding. Sense 16 explicitly mentions "make a decision; make a move" which are similar to "make a discovery" as an action. So index 16.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 16}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doctor
Target surface form: doctor
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor
2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching | synonyms=Doctor of the Church | examples=the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages
3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office | examples=the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor
4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "doctor" in the context: "a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja". The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor
2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints... | synonyms=Doctor of the Church | examples=the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced...
3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office | examples=the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor
4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

The context mentions a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, who made a discovery about a gene that controls retinal cell growth and opened a field of cancer study. He is clearly a medical researcher, and the term "doctor" here most likely refers to a medical practitioner (sense 1). It could also be a Ph.D. holder (sense 4) but given the context of medical research, and that he is referred to as a "doctor" involved in cancer study, it aligns with sense 1 (licensed medical practitioner). The examples for sense 1 include "I felt so bad I went to see my doctor", which is a medical context. The synonyms include "physician", which fits. Sense 4 is for academic doctors (Ph.D.), but in this context, he's making medical discoveries, so he's likely a physician. Sense 2 is religious, sense 3 is a children's game. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: NextBit

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "named" in the context. The sentence: "... the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja..." Here, "named" is used to introduce the doctor's name. The doctor is identified by the name Thaddeus Dryja. So the sense is about giving a name to someone. Looking at the candidates:

1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples: They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader. This fits perfectly: a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja means they called him Thaddeus Dryja. It's assigning a proper name.

2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name | examples: Many senators were named in connection with the scandal. Here it's about referencing someone, not assigning a name. In the context, it's not about referencing but about the doctor having that name.

Other senses: 3 and 4 are about nominating or appointing, not relevant. 5 is about mentioning and identifying by name, like "name your accomplices", which is similar but sense 1 is more specifically about giving a name to a person. The context "a doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" is a passive construction indicating his name is Thaddeus Dryja. It aligns with sense 1. Sense 2 might also be considered, but sense 2 is more about referring to someone by name (e.g., "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" implies they were identified/mentioned by name). In "a doctor named Thaddeus Dryja", it's not that he was mentioned, but his name is Thaddeus Dryja. So sense 1 is more precise.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: open
Target surface form: opened
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=open%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to open or to become open | synonyms=open up | examples=Mary opened the car door
2. sense_key=open%2:41:00:: | definition=start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning | synonyms=open up | examples=open a business
3. sense_key=open%2:35:06:: | definition=become open | synonyms=open up | examples=The door opened
4. sense_key=open%2:41:01:: | definition=begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc. | examples=He opened the meeting with a long speech
5. sense_key=open%2:35:08:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread, spread out | examples=open the map; spread your arms
6. sense_key=open%2:30:00:: | definition=make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities
7. sense_key=open%2:30:01:: | definition=become available | synonyms=open up | examples=an opportunity opened up
8. sense_key=open%2:42:00:: | definition=have an opening or passage or outlet | examples=The bedrooms open into the hall
9. sense_key=open%2:33:00:: | definition=make the opening move | examples=Kasparov opened with a standard opening
10. sense_key=open%2:40:04:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, give | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
11. sense_key=open%2:39:10:: | definition=display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "opened" in the given context. The target lemma is "open", and the surface form is "opened". The context: "... has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded." So the phrase is "has opened a field of cancer study".

We need to choose the best sense from the provided candidate senses. Let's examine each:

1. sense_key=open%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to open or to become open | synonyms=open up | examples=Mary opened the car door. This is about physical opening, like a door. Not metaphorical.

2. sense_key=open%2:41:00:: | definition=start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning | synonyms=open up | examples=open a business. This could be starting something, like a business. Could "open a field of study"? Sort of starting a new field? But a field of study isn't a business; it's more like creating or making available a new area of research.

3. sense_key=open%2:35:06:: | definition=become open | synonyms=open up | examples=The door opened. Intransitive, physical.

4. sense_key=open%2:41:01:: | definition=begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc. | examples=He opened the meeting with a long speech. This is about starting an event. Not quite a field of study.

5. sense_key=open%2:35:08:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread, spread out | examples=open the map. Physical unfolding.

6. sense_key=open%2:30:00:: | definition=make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities. This seems metaphorical: making something available. "Opened a field of cancer study" meaning made that field available, accessible, or created new possibilities for study.

7. sense_key=open%2:30:01:: | definition=become available | synonyms=open up | examples=an opportunity opened up. Intransitive. The sentence uses transitive "has opened a field", not intransitive.

8. sense_key=open%2:42:00:: | definition=have an opening or passage or outlet | examples=The bedrooms open into the hall. Not applicable.

9. sense_key=open%2:33:00:: | definition=make the opening move | examples=Kasparov opened with a standard opening. Chess or game move. No.

10. sense_key=open%2:40:04:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, give | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace. Usually physical access.

11. sense_key=open%2:39:10:: | definition=display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer. Not related.

The context: "the initial discovery ... has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded." Here, "opened" means something like "created" or "made available" a new field of study. It's similar to "open up new possibilities". Sense 6 fits well: "make available". The synonym is "open up", and the example "This opens up new possibilities" is very similar to "opened a field of study". Sense 2 is about starting to operate a business; a field of study is not really a business, but could be seen as starting something. However, the emphasis is on making a new area available for research, not starting an operation. Sense 6 is specifically about making something available, which aligns perfectly.

Sense 6: make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities. In the sentence, "has opened a field of cancer study" – it means made that field available for study. The subsequent "which in recent months has exploded" indicates activity in that field, so it became available and then lots of work happened.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 6.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 6}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of <t>cancer</t> study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the single best indexed sense for "cancer" in the given context. The candidate senses are provided with numbers 1 through 5. The context is about a medical condition, specifically a rare tumor and cancer risk, genetic testing, etc. So clearly the sense is related to the disease.

Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" - This fits perfectly.

The other senses: astrology (2, 4), constellation (3), and genus of crabs (5) are irrelevant. So the answer is sense 1.

We need to output a JSON object with the sense_index: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in <t>recent</t> months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "recent" in the context: "which in recent months has exploded." The target is "recent" with two candidate senses:

1. recent%5:00:00:new:00 | new | examples: recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. recent%5:00:00:past:00 | of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms: late | examples: a late development; their late quarrel

Now the context: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

"recent months" means months that have just passed, the immediate past. This fits sense 2: "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time". Sense 1 "new" might also seem plausible because recent months are indeed new months. But the examples for sense 1 are about graduates or additions that are new, not necessarily time-bound. Sense 2 specifically references time past. In the phrase "recent months", it clearly refers to the immediately preceding months. So sense 2 is the best.

Thus, choose sense index 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent <t>months</t> has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "months" in the given context. The target lemma is "month", surface form "months". The context: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

We need to choose between two senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

The phrase "in recent months" indicates a period of time that is not necessarily tied to specific calendar months. It's a general time unit meaning the past few months. This aligns with sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days. Sense 1 is specifically "calendar month" as one of the twelve divisions, which is a more specific sense. In typical usage, "in recent months" uses the general time unit sense, not the calendar month divisions. The examples: sense 1 example "he paid the bill last month" refers to a specific month, while sense 2 example "he was given a month to pay the bill" uses it as a duration. Here, "in recent months" is a duration-like expression, similar to "in the past few months" where "months" is a unit of time. Therefore, sense 2 is more appropriate.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explode
Target surface form: exploded
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has <t>exploded</t>. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explode%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to burst with a violent release of energy | synonyms=detonate, blow up, set off | examples=We exploded the nuclear bomb
2. sense_key=explode%2:30:00:: | definition=burst outward, usually with noise | synonyms=burst | examples=The champagne bottle exploded
3. sense_key=explode%2:31:00:: | definition=show a violent emotional reaction | examples=The boss exploded when he heard of the resignation of the secretary
4. sense_key=explode%2:30:03:: | definition=be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise | synonyms=burst forth, break loose | examples=His anger exploded
5. sense_key=explode%2:35:00:: | definition=destroy by exploding | examples=The enemy exploded the bridge
6. sense_key=explode%2:32:02:: | definition=cause to burst as a result of air pressure; of stop consonants like /p/, /t/, and /k/
7. sense_key=explode%2:32:00:: | definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval
8. sense_key=explode%2:31:01:: | definition=show (a theory or claim) to be baseless, or refute and make obsolete
9. sense_key=explode%2:30:04:: | definition=burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction | synonyms=detonate, blow up | examples=the bomb detonated at noon; The Molotov cocktail exploded
10. sense_key=explode%2:30:02:: | definition=increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=irrupt | examples=The population of India is exploding; The island's rodent population irrupted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "exploded" in the given context. The target lemma is "explode", and the surface form is "exploded" in the sentence: "...has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

Looking at the context, the sentence is about a field of cancer study that has "exploded" in recent months. This is figurative: the field of study has grown rapidly or expanded dramatically. It is not a literal explosion. So the sense is likely about rapid increase or growth.

Now, check the candidate senses:

1. cause to burst with a violent release of energy (detonate, blow up) – literal, causing explosion. Not fitting.
2. burst outward, usually with noise (burst) – literal, like a champagne bottle. Not fitting.
3. show a violent emotional reaction – figurative, about a person's anger. Not fitting here (the field didn't have an emotional reaction).
4. be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise (burst forth, break loose) – could be figurative for "anger exploded", but still about emotion or violent emergence. Not fitting for a field of study expanding.
5. destroy by exploding – literal, not fitting.
6. This one is incomplete in the text: "explode%2:32:02:: | definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval" – seems missing or mismatched. Actually, in the provided list, sense_key=explode%2:35:00:: is #5, then #6 is missing? Let's re-read:
After #5: "5. sense_key=explode%2:35:00:: | definition=destroy by exploding | examples=The enemy exploded the bridge"
Then it says "6. sense_key=explode%2:32:02:: | definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval" – that's #6. Then #7 is "7. sense_key=explode%2:32:00:: | definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval"? Wait, there's a numbering issue. Let's list exactly as given:

1. sense_key=explode%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to burst with a violent release of energy | synonyms=detonate, blow up, set off | examples=We exploded the nuclear bomb
2. sense_key=explode%2:30:00:: | definition=burst outward, usually with noise | synonyms=burst | examples=The champagne bottle exploded
3. sense_key=explode%2:31:00:: | definition=show a violent emotional reaction | examples=The boss exploded when he heard of the resignation of the secretary
4. sense_key=explode%2:30:03:: | definition=be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise | synonyms=burst forth, break loose | examples=His anger exploded
5. sense_key=explode%2:35:00:: | definition=destroy by exploding | examples=The enemy exploded the bridge
6. sense_key=explode%2:32:02:: | definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval
7. sense_key=explode%2:32:00:: | definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval
8. sense_key=explode%2:31:01:: | definition=show (a theory or claim) to be baseless, or refute and make obsolete
9. sense_key=explode%2:30:04:: | definition=burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction | synonyms=detonate, blow up | examples=the bomb detonated at noon; The Molotov cocktail exploded
10. sense_key=explode%2:30:02:: | definition=increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=irrupt | examples=The population of India is exploding; The island's rodent population irrupted

So #10 is "increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner", with examples of population exploding. That perfectly matches the context: a field of study has exploded, meaning it has expanded rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner. This is a common figurative use of "explode" for growth or rapid increase.

Thus, the best sense is #10.

Answer: {"sense_index": 10}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turns out
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It <t>turns out</t> that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "turns out" in the context: "It <t>turns out</t> that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer". The phrase is "It turns out that ...", which is a common construction meaning something like "as it happens" or "it proves to be the case that". Looking at the candidate senses:
1. turn_out%2:42:00:: definition=be shown or be found to be; synonyms=prove, turn up; examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life. This sense could match, but the example uses a subject complement ("She proved to be right") rather than a that-clause.
2. turn_out%2:42:01:: definition=prove to be in the result or end; examples=It turns out that he was right. This exactly matches the construction "It turns out that...", and the definition fits perfectly: proving to be the case in the end.
3. turn_out%2:36:01:: about producing quickly (machinery). Not relevant.
4. turn_out%2:42:02:: result or end; synonyms=come out; examples=How will the game turn out? This is intransitive, asking about outcome. Not used with "it turns out that" in the same way; it's more like "How will it turn out?" So not the best fit.
5. turn_out%2:30:00:: come in answer to invitation. Not relevant.
6. bear, produce. Not relevant.
7. eject, exclude. Not.
8. gather for public event. Not.
9. outfit or equip. Not.
10. turn outward. Not.
11. switch off. Not.
12. get up from bed. Not.

Clearly, sense 2 matches exactly: "It turns out that he was right." The context is "It turns out that studying ... made possible ..." So it's the same pattern. Sense 1 is similar but seems to be more about a subject being shown to have a property, not about a that-clause. Sense 2 specifically has the "it turns out that" construction. So I choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studying
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that <t>studying</t> a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=study%2:31:03:: | definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. sense_key=study%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=study%2:31:00:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=study%2:31:01:: | definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. sense_key=study%2:31:04:: | definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "studying" in the given context. The relevant sentence: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder.

We need to choose the best sense from the candidates.

Let's examine the candidates:

1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. give careful consideration to | consider
4. be a student of a certain subject | learn, read, take | examples: She is reading for the bar exam
5. learn by reading books | hit the books | examples: He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | meditate, contemplate

Context: The phrase "studying a tragic but uncommon tumor" refers to research on a tumor. The speaker is a director of the National Cancer Institute, and they are talking about how research into this tumor led to insights about cancer. So "studying" here means examining or analyzing the tumor scientifically. This aligns with sense 1: analyze, examine, etc. Sense 3 is "give careful consideration to" which is close but more general. Sense 1 explicitly has synonyms "analyze, examine" and the example "analyze the evidence" fits scientific research. Sense 6 is meditating, not appropriate. Senses 2,4,5 are about being a student or learning, which don't fit a scientific study of a tumor.

Thus, the best sense is 1.

But note: the target lemma is "study" and surface form "studying", so it's a verb. The context clearly indicates an investigative analysis.

I'll output {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tragic
Target surface form: tragic
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a <t>tragic</t> but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tragic%5:00:00:sad:00 | definition=very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction | synonyms=tragical | examples=a tragic face; a tragic plight
2. sense_key=tragic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy | examples=tragic hero

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "tragic" in the given context. The target lemma is "tragic" and surface form is "tragic". The context is a passage about cancer research. The sentence with the target word: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer." So "tragic" describes the tumor. The tumor is a rare cancer (retinoblastoma) that is tragic because it involves grief, death, or destruction, not because it relates to the genre of tragedy. The two senses are:
1. very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction (synonyms: tragical; examples: a tragic face; a tragic plight)
2. of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy (examples: tragic hero)

In context, "tragic tumor" means a tumor that causes great sadness, death, or destruction. It is not about the genre of tragedy. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, return the JSON with sense_index: 1 (assuming 1-based indexing as shown).

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: uncommon
Target surface form: uncommon
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but <t>uncommon</t> tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=uncommon%3:00:00:: | definition=not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind | examples=uncommon birds; frost and floods are uncommon during these months
2. sense_key=uncommon%5:00:00:extraordinary:00 | definition=marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; -J.R.Lowell | synonyms=rare | examples=what is so rare as a day in June; a rare skill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "uncommon" in the given context. The sentence: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer..." We have two candidate senses.

Sense 1: "not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind" with examples "uncommon birds; frost and floods are uncommon during these months". This sense focuses on rarity, not usual, not often encountered.

Sense 2: "marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; -J.R.Lowell" with synonyms "rare" and examples "what is so rare as a day in June; a rare skill". This sense emphasizes exceptional quality, outstanding, extraordinary.

In context, "tragic but uncommon tumor" refers to the retinoblastoma, which is a rare cancer. The phrase "uncommon tumor" means it is not commonly occurring. The adjective "uncommon" modifies "tumor", simply indicating that this type of tumor is rare. There is no implication of it being superlative or extreme in quality; it's about frequency. Therefore, sense 1 is more appropriate: not common or ordinarily encountered. The examples given for sense 1 include "uncommon birds" which parallels "uncommon tumor" in terms of rarity. Sense 2's example "a rare skill" implies something exceptional, which isn't the point here. Thus, sense 1 is the best match.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor <t>made</t> possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "make" with surface form "made" in the given context. The context sentence: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder. We need to choose the best sense from the 49 candidate senses provided.

Let's examine the context: "studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer". Here, "made possible" is a phrase where "made" is the verb, and "possible" is an adjective complement. This construction "make something possible" means "to cause something to be possible" or "to enable". So the sense of "make" here is about causing something to happen or causing a state.

Looking at the candidate senses, we should look for ones that match "causing to be or become" or "giving rise to" or "making something possible".

Let's check:

Sense 3: make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor. This seems close: "make or cause to be or to become". "Made possible" could be a "cause to be possible". But the example includes "make a mess" which is not exactly like "make possible" (adjective).

Sense 5: make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir. This could fit: "made possible" meaning "caused some insights to be possible".

Sense 4: make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer. This is about causing someone to do something, not really matching "made something possible".

Sense 2: make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly. "Make something possible" could be interpreted as giving the property of being possible to something. But the examples are more about making someone mad or look silly, which involves a resultative adjective. "Made possible" is similar: made + object + adjective. So this sense might be about giving a property to something. Sense 2 says "give certain properties to something". That fits: "made some fundamental insights possible" = gave the property of being possible to some insights.

Sense 8: make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat. This is about compelling, not fitting.

Other senses: many are about creating objects, constructing, causing to act, etc. Not directly matching.

So the most likely candidates are senses 2, 3, and 5.

Let's examine the examples for sense 2: "get someone mad; She made us look silly." That pattern is "make + object + adjective" exactly. "Made possible" is "make + insights + possible" -> "made possible some fundamental insights" is a transformed structure: "made some fundamental insights possible". Indeed, it's a resultative construction: causing the insights to be possible. So sense 2 seems highly appropriate.

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with examples like "make a mess". That's more about creating a state of being a mess, but it's a noun phrase object, not an adjective. "Make a mess" is like "create a mess". In that sense, "made possible some insights" doesn't have that "make + noun" structure; it's "made + adjective + noun". Actually "made possible some fundamental insights" is "made some fundamental insights possible", so the object is "some fundamental insights", and "possible" is an object complement. So sense 2 explicitly mentions "give certain properties to something" with examples using adjectives, which fits better.

Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" with examples like "cause a commotion; make a stir". Here the object is the event or thing happening: "commotion", "stir". So "made possible" doesn't really fit because we don't normally say "cause possible". You cause something to be possible. So sense 5 is less fitting because "possible" is not the thing that happens; it's a property of the insights.

Thus, sense 2 is the best.

We need to return a JSON object with the sense index. The sense indices are numbers 1 to 49 from the list. Sense 2 corresponds to index 2. So answer: {"sense_index": 2}

Double-check: In the context, "made possible" uses the surface form "made" (past tense). Sense 2 includes "made" in examples: "She made us look silly." So it matches.

Thus, final answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possible
Target surface form: possible
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made <t>possible</t> some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possible%3:00:00:: | definition=capable of happening or existing | examples=a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible
2. sense_key=possible%3:00:04:: | definition=existing in possibility | synonyms=potential | examples=a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "possible" in the sentence: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made <t>possible</t> some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer". Here, "made possible" is a phrase meaning enabled or facilitated. Let's check the candidate senses.

Sense 1: capable of happening or existing. Example: "a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible". This sense is about possibility in the sense of feasibility or likelihood.

Sense 2: existing in possibility, synonymous with potential. Example: "a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power". This sense is about something that could become actual but hasn't yet, often used attributively.

In the context, "made possible" means that studying the tumor enabled or allowed some fundamental insights. It turned something from not possible to possible. The phrase "made possible" typically uses "possible" in sense 1: something becomes capable of happening or existing. The sense is about facilitating a result. It's not describing "possible" as a potential attribute of the insights, but rather that the study made it possible to have those insights. The sentence structure: "studying ... made possible some fundamental insights" meaning "made it possible to gain some fundamental insights". This aligns with sense 1: capable of happening or existing.

Sense 2 is more about potential existence, like "possible uses" meaning uses that could exist. Here, "made possible" is an idiom where the possibility is created. I'd pick sense 1.

Thus, sense_index 1 corresponds to the first candidate, sense_key=possible%3:00:00::.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: insight
Target surface form: insights
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental <t>insights</t> about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=insight%1:09:02:: | definition=clear or deep perception of a situation | synonyms=penetration
2. sense_key=insight%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of understanding | synonyms=perceptiveness, perceptivity
3. sense_key=insight%1:09:01:: | definition=the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation | synonyms=brainstorm, brainwave
4. sense_key=insight%1:09:00:: | definition=grasping the inner nature of things intuitively | synonyms=sixth sense

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "insight" in the given context. The target surface form is "insights" plural. In the context, the word appears in a quote: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder.

We need to choose the best indexed sense among four candidate senses. Let's list the candidate senses from the prompt:

1. sense_key=insight%1:09:02:: | definition=clear or deep perception of a situation | synonyms=penetration
2. sense_key=insight%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of understanding | synonyms=perceptiveness, perceptivity
3. sense_key=insight%1:09:01:: | definition=the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation | synonyms=brainstorm, brainwave
4. sense_key=insight%1:09:00:: | definition=grasping the inner nature of things intuitively | synonyms=sixth sense

Now, let's analyze the context: The sentence reads: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer." Here, "insights" refers to a deep understanding or perception gained from studying the tumor. It's about gaining understanding of the basic workings of cancer. The word "fundamental" suggests a clear, deep grasp of the inner workings.

Which sense fits best? Sense 1: "clear or deep perception of a situation" – that seems very close. Sense 3: "the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation" – also fits, and mentions "often sudden", but not necessarily always. The context does not imply suddenness; it's about discoveries that came from study. Sense 4: "grasping the inner nature of things intuitively" – "intuitively" may not fit because these insights came from systematic research. Sense 2: "a feeling of understanding" is more emotional/subjective; here it's objective scientific insight.

We can compare WordNet 3.1 definitions and synset records. Sense 1 and Sense 3 are both in the noun.cognition category (09 for noun.cognition and 01 indicates adverb synset type, but here 09 is the lexicographer file for nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents). Sense 1 has "penetration" as synonym, Sense 3 has "brainstorm, brainwave". Often, "insight" used in scientific context is covered by the "clear or deep perception" sense. Looking at typical WordNet sense rankings: sense 1 (insight%1:09:00::) is usually "grasping the inner nature of things intuitively" (this is actually sense 4 in our list). But our ordering is given. Let's see the numbering: Sense 1: insight%1:09:02::, Sense 2: insight%1:12:00::, Sense 3: insight%1:09:01::, Sense 4: insight%1:09:00::. The numbers after %1: indicate probably the sense number. Usually, WordNet sense keys for "insight" would include: insight%1:09:00::, insight%1:09:01::, insight%1:09:02::, insight%1:12:00::. Common definitions: For "insight%1:12:00::" (noun.feeling) - a feeling of understanding. For the other three in noun.cognition: The 00 typically is the primary sense: "clear or deep perception", maybe with synonyms like "penetration". Let's check known WordNet synsets:
- insight%1:09:00:: (primary sense) definition: "clear or deep perception of a situation" synonyms: penetration
- insight%1:09:01:: definition: "a feeling of understanding" but wait, 1:12 would be feeling. So 1:09:01 might be the "brainwave" sense. I recall:
- insight (n.) sense 1: clear or deep perception of a situation (penetration)
- sense 2: the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation (brainstorm, brainwave)
- sense 3: grasping the inner nature of things intuitively (sixth sense)
- sense 4: a feeling of understanding (perceptiveness)
These often do not match the order given. Let's verify by the candidate list:
1. insight%1:09:02:: | clear or deep perception of a situation (penetration) -> this is not the typical order; 09:02 rarely appears for insight? Actually, sense keys use lexicographer file number and sense number. There is a fixed mapping from WordNet 3.0/3.1 keys. Usually, insight has keys:
- insight%1:09:00:: grasping the inner nature intuitively? Let's check a known mapping: The WordNet data for "insight" gives synsets:
Synset('insight.n.01') -> clear or deep perception of a situation (synset offset 05756799-n) gloss includes: "the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation" sometimes? Actually WordNet 3.0:
05757247-n = insight.n.01: clear or deep perception of a situation; "penetration"
05757620-n = insight.n.02: the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation; "brainstorm, brainwave"
05997405-n = insight.n.03: grasping the inner nature of things intuitively; "sixth sense"
07508756-n = insight.n.04: a feeling of understanding; "perceptiveness, perceptivity"
The sense keys:
insight%1:09:00:: is 05757247-n (penetration)? Wait, let's check: For noun.cognitive (file 09), primary sense (00) is typically 05757247-n (penetration). However, in the list, candidate 1 and 3 and 4 have definitions that map to 09 so they are in lexicographer file noun.cognition, with sense numbers. Sense 1: file 09, sense 02? This is not typical. In the data, insight%1:09:00:: probably is the primary cognitive sense, not a feeling. In our list, candidate 1: insight%1:09:02:: with definition "clear or deep perception of a situation". That would mean sense number 2 in the 09 lexicographer file. But typical ordering: who knows. We must rely on the given definitions and ignore our prior knowledge of sense key ordering. We only have the definitions provided.

Given the definitions:
1. clear or deep perception of a situation - suitable because the context talks about fundamental insights, i.e., deep understanding of cancer basics.
2. a feeling of understanding - less likely because it's not a feeling but an intellectual gain.
3. the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation - also suitable, but includes "often sudden" which may not be appropriate, though "made possible some fundamental insights" could be either.
4. grasping the inner nature of things intuitively - could fit, but "intuitively" might be less appropriate as it came from research, not intuition.

Let's check the context: "studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer" – insights here are not sudden or intuitive, they were made possible by study. Research leads to deep perception. Sense 1: "clear or deep perception of a situation" includes "penetration" synonym, which implies penetrating deep understanding. That seems more fitting. Sense 3 includes "brainstorm" and "brainwave", which suggests suddenness; that may not be intended. Also, the definition specifies "the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation", so the suddenness is part of the definition. The context doesn't indicate suddenness. So sense 1 is better.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match, given the context of significant discovery.

But we must return the index. The candidate senses listed: sense 1 is the first in the list: sense_index=1.

However, the numbering could be ambiguous: They are listed as:
1. sense_key=insight%1:09:02:: | definition=clear or deep perception of a situation | ...
2. sense_key=insight%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of understanding | ...
3. sense_key=insight%1:09:01:: | definition=the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation | ...
4. sense_key=insight%1:09:00:: | definition=grasping the inner nature of things intuitively | ...

The task says: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." And "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". So if I think sense 1 is the best, I'll output {"sense_index": 1}. But wait: The sense numbers might not correspond to the list's bullet numbers; the prompt says "Candidate senses:" then lists 1-4. The instruction clearly says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" which means we choose from those four. So I should output {"sense_index": 1}.

Thus, final answer.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most <t>basic</t> workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "basic" and target surface form "basic" in the context. The sentence with the target is: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most <t>basic</t> workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder. So "basic workings of cancer" means the fundamental, essential, underlying mechanisms. We need to choose among four candidate senses.

Sense 1: pertaining to or constituting a base or basis. Examples: a basic fact; the basic ingredients. This could fit: "basic workings" meaning fundamental workings, the basis of how cancer works.

Sense 2: reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality. Synonyms: canonic, canonical. Examples: a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern. This is about simplifying to the essential form. "Basic workings" might mean the simplest, most fundamental workings, but the context emphasizes "fundamental insights" and "basic research" later. This sense is more about a simplified representation, not necessarily the foundational mechanisms.

Sense 3: serving as a base or starting point. Synonyms: introductory. Examples: a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits. This implies an entry-level, introductory. "Basic workings" wouldn't be introductory workings; it's about the fundamental nature, not a starting point for learning.

Sense 4: of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base. This is chemistry-related (alkaline). Not relevant.

The context: "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer" and later "basic research". In this scientific context, "basic" means fundamental, foundational, pertaining to the basis. Sense 1 fits well. Sense 2 might also fit, but sense 1 is more directly "pertaining to a base or basis". The phrase "basic workings" is like "basic facts" or "basic ingredients", foundational elements. Moreover, "basic research" is a common term meaning fundamental research, not simplified or introductory. So sense 1 is best.

Thus, the sense index is

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of <t>cancer</t>, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cancer" in the given context. The context is about a medical condition, specifically a retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, cancer risk, and cancer study. The word "cancer" appears in the context: "the rare cancer", "develop cancer", and "workings of <t>cancer</t>". Clearly, the medical sense is intended.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. astrology, person born under Cancer
3. constellation
4. zodiac sign
5. genus of crabs

The context is entirely about the disease cancer. Sense 1 is the correct medical sense.

So, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}