[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's <t>most</t> prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target "most" in the context: "the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey." The word "most" is used as an adverb modifying "prestigious". Let's check each sense:

Sense 1: "used to form the superlative" with synonyms "to the highest degree", example: "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake". This fits exactly: "most prestigious" is the superlative form of "prestigious", meaning to the highest degree of prestige.

Sense 2: "very", example "a most welcome relief". This is also a possible adverbial intensifier, but "a most welcome relief" is a different usage, often with an indefinite article and an adjective, but here it's "Britain's most prestigious churches", which is a superlative construction.

Sense 3: "slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but", synonyms "about, almost, nearly", example "the job is (just) about done". That does not fit at all.

So, the best sense is clearly Sense 1, the superlative.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious <t>churches</t>, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "church" with the surface form "churches" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the four candidates provided.

Let's analyze the context:

The context is about bell-ringing, specifically in Britain. The sentence with the target is: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious <t>churches</t>, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

Here, "churches" is used after "Britain's most prestigious", and then lists "St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey". Note that St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey are both famous places of worship in Britain. They are buildings, specifically, they are churches (cathedral and abbey). The context is about the physical places where bells are rung. The ringers are needed for these prestigious churches. So "churches" refers to the physical buildings, the places of worship.

Now, look at the candidate senses:
1. Christian church (as a group/denomination)
2. church building (a place for public worship) - examples: "the church was empty"
3. church service (a service conducted in a house of worship) - examples: "don't be late for church"
4. the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church - examples: "our church is hosting a picnic next week"

In the context, "Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey" clearly refers to the physical buildings, not the groups, services, or the congregation. The phrase "most prestigious churches" is followed by specific building names. St. Paul's Cathedral is a building, Westminster Abbey is a building. They are places of worship. The ringers are needed for these churches, i.e., the bell towers of these buildings. Even if the group provides ringers for the congregation, it's the building's bells that are rung. So sense 2, "church building", is the most appropriate.

Sense 1 is about Christian denominations, which doesn't fit because these are specific buildings, not denominations. Sense 3 is about a service, but you wouldn't say "prestigious churches" referring to a service; the ringers don't ring for a service abstractly, but at the physical church. Sense 4 is about the body of people, but again, the context is about the physical place where bells are rung, and the group provides ringers for these specific buildings. The sentence says "the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches" – that means the group supplies the ringers to those churches (the places). So it's the building sense.

Thus, the best sense is sense_index 2.

We need to output JSON like {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: NextBit

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: woman
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no <t>woman</t> has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "woman" and the form "woman" in context. The context is about bell ringing, women entering the field, and some groups not accepting them. The specific sentence: "This being Britain, no <t>woman</t> has filed an equal-opportunity suit..." So the word "woman" here refers to a female person, specifically an adult female person. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: definition: an adult female person (as opposed to a man) synonyms: adult female examples: the woman kept house while the man hunted. This fits perfectly: no adult female person has filed a suit.

2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: definition: a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man. examples: he was faithful to his woman. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: definition: a human female employed to do housework synonyms: charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady. No, not about housework.

4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: definition: women as a class synonyms: womanhood, fair sex examples: it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation. This is a collective sense, but here it's used as a singular noun "no woman" meaning no individual female person. The context is about individuals filing suits, so sense 1 is more appropriate.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: file
Target surface form: filed
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has <t>filed</t> an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=file%2:32:02:: | definition=record in a public office or in a court of law | synonyms=register | examples=file for divorce; file a complaint
2. sense_key=file%2:35:00:: | definition=smooth with a file | examples=file one's fingernails
3. sense_key=file%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed in line | examples=The students filed into the classroom
4. sense_key=file%2:32:01:: | definition=file a formal charge against | synonyms=charge, lodge | examples=The suspect was charged with murdering his wife
5. sense_key=file%2:32:00:: | definition=place in a container for keeping records | synonyms=file away | examples=File these bills, please

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "filed" in the sentence: "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit". We have 5 candidate senses. The context is about gender discrimination in bell-ringing: a male-only society, and women are not accepted everywhere. The sentence says no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit. So "filed" here means to submit or lodge a formal legal complaint or lawsuit. Looking at the senses:

1. sense_key=file%2:32:02:: definition=record in a public office or in a court of law | synonyms=register | examples=file for divorce; file a complaint

That fits perfectly: filing a suit (lawsuit) is registering it in a court. The example "file a complaint" is very close to "filed an equal-opportunity suit".

2. file%2:35:00:: smooth with a file (tool). Not relevant.

3. file%2:38:00:: proceed in line. Not relevant.

4. file%2:32:01:: file a formal charge against; synonyms=charge, lodge; examples=The suspect was charged with murdering his wife. This sense is about charging someone with a crime, like a criminal charge. But an equal-opportunity suit is a civil lawsuit, not a criminal charge. Also, the example focuses on charging a person, while sense 1 is broader about recording a document.

5. file%2:32:00:: place in a container for keeping records (file away papers). Not relevant.

Sense 1 is clearly the best: "file a complaint" is exactly the pattern. Sense 4 is about charging someone, but it's still a formal charge. However, note that sense 1 includes "file for divorce" and "file a complaint", which are civil actions. The suit is a civil action. Sense 4 says "file a formal charge against" and synonym "charge, lodge". The example involves criminal charging. In WordNet, these are different senses. Usually, "file a lawsuit" aligns with sense 1. I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the chosen sense index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suit
Target surface form: suit
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity <t>suit</t>, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suit%1:06:00:: | definition=a set of garments (usually including a jacket and trousers or skirt) for outerwear all of the same fabric and color | synonyms=suit of clothes | examples=they buried him in his best suit
2. sense_key=suit%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, case, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
3. sense_key=suit%1:18:00:: | definition=(slang) a businessman dressed in a business suit | examples=all the suits care about is the bottom line
4. sense_key=suit%1:10:01:: | definition=a man's courting of a woman; seeking the affections of a woman (usually with the hope of marriage) | synonyms=courtship, wooing, courting | examples=its was a brief and intense courtship
5. sense_key=suit%1:10:00:: | definition=a petition or appeal made to a person of superior status or rank
6. sense_key=suit%1:06:01:: | definition=playing card in any of four sets of 13 cards in a pack; each set has its own symbol and color | examples=a flush is five cards in the same suit; in bridge you must follow suit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to identify which sense of "suit" applies in the context: "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity <t>suit</t>". Here, the t is "suit" but actually "suit" is likely a mistranscription? The context says "suit" inside tags, but it's "suit". It might be "suit" meaning lawsuit? The phrase "equal-opportunity suit" would be a legal term, like an equal-opportunity lawsuit. In the context, it's "This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit". So it's a lawsuit about equal opportunity.

Sense 2: "a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy" – synonyms: lawsuit, case, cause, causa. Example: "the family brought suit against the landlord". This matches "filed an equal-opportunity suit".

Sense 1: garments – doesn't fit.
Sense 3: slang for businessman – no.
Sense 4: courtship – no.
Sense 5: petition to superior – maybe, but legal suit is more specific and common.
Sense 6: playing cards – no.

Thus, sense 2 is best.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extent
Target surface form: extent
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the <t>extent</t> of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law
2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "extent" in the given context. The target sentence: "This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to 'The Ringing World,' a weekly newspaper for ringers."

We have two candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law
2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

In context, "the extent of the problem" refers to the magnitude or degree of the problem (the problem being sexism, as described). It's not about physical distance or area. Therefore, it's about the point or degree to which the problem extends. That matches sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the <t>problem</t> surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "problem" in the given context. We have three candidate senses with their definitions, synonyms, and examples. We must choose the single best indexed sense and return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

Let's analyze the context:
"But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. 'Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10,' he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the <t>problem</t> surfaced this summer in a series of letters to 'The Ringing World,' a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as 'Red-blooded, balanced male,' remarked on the 'frequency of women fainting in peals,' and suggested that they 'settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings.'"

The target word "problem" appears in the phrase: "the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters..." Here, "problem" refers to the issue of sexism or the exclusion of women from certain bell-ringing groups, which is a difficulty or a source of trouble. It is an ongoing issue that has become visible.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
This sense emphasizes a state of difficulty needing resolution. It could apply, but the example "she and her husband are having problems" suggests personal difficulties, while "it is always a job to contact him" uses "job" as a synonym. In the context, the problem is about gender inequality in bell-ringing, which is a state of difficulty that needs resolution. However, the phrasing "the extent of the problem" might be more about the issue itself.

2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
This sense is about a question or a matter to be solved, like a problem in a textbook. It doesn't fit well because the context is not about a specific question being posed for consideration; it's about an ongoing social issue.

3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?
This sense defines problem as a source of difficulty, with synonyms like "trouble." The examples: "one trouble after another delayed the job" and "what's the problem?" In our context, the sexism in bell-ringing is a source of difficulty or trouble. The phrase "the extent of the problem" fits well with this sense because it's a source of difficulty that has surfaced.

Between sense 1 and sense 3, there is nuance: sense 1 is "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved," while sense 3 is "a source of difficulty." The context mentions "the extent of the problem," which could be interpreted as the degree of the difficulty. The letters to the editor reveal the extent of the issue. In my judgment, "source of difficulty" fits better because the issue is causing trouble (galling to women, lack of equal opportunity), and it's revealed in the letters. Sense 1's example "she and her husband are having problems" indicates a state of difficulty, but the use of "problem" in the phrase "the extent of the problem" is more like "the extent of the trouble/source of difficulty." Moreover, sense 3's example "what's the problem?" is a common usage when inquiring about the source of trouble.

Given that the context is about a societal issue that causes difficulty, sense 3 is the most appropriate.

Thus, I select sense_index: 3.

Output: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: surface
Target surface form: surfaced
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem <t>surfaced</t> this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=surface%2:38:00:: | definition=come to the surface | synonyms=come up, rise up, rise
2. sense_key=surface%2:35:00:: | definition=put a coat on; cover the surface of; furnish with a surface | synonyms=coat | examples=coat the cake with chocolate
3. sense_key=surface%2:30:00:: | definition=appear or become visible; make a showing | synonyms=come on, come out, turn up, show up | examples=She turned up at the funeral; I hope the list key is going to surface again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters..." Here, "surfaced" is used as a verb. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "come to the surface" (literal, like rising to the top of water). Not literal here; the problem didn't come to a physical surface.

Sense 2: "put a coat on; cover the surface of" - definitely not, no coating involved.

Sense 3: "appear or become visible; make a showing". This fits perfectly: the extent of the problem became visible or emerged through letters. The examples include "I hope the list key is going to surface again", which is similar figurative usage.

Thus, sense index 3 is correct. JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: summer
Target surface form: summer
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this <t>summer</t> in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=summer%1:28:00:: | definition=the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox | synonyms=summertime | examples=they spent a lazy summer at the shore
2. sense_key=summer%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of finest development, happiness, or beauty | examples=the golden summer of his life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "summer" in the given context. The target lemma is "summer" and the surface form is "summer". The context is: "This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this <t>summer</t> in a series of letters to 'The Ringing World,' a weekly newspaper for ringers."

We need to choose between two candidate senses:
1. The warmest season of the year.
2. The period of finest development, happiness, or beauty.

The sentence says: "the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters..." Here, "this summer" clearly refers to a specific time of year, the season. There is no metaphorical use indicating a golden age or peak. The context is about a current issue coming to light during that season. So sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: series
Target surface form: series
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a <t>series</t> of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other | examples=the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection | examples=the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers; his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "series" with a specific context: "this summer in a series of letters to 'The Ringing World,' a weekly newspaper for ringers." The context is about a series of letters. The word "series" refers to a number of letters that appear one after another, presumably in issues of the newspaper.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies. This seems to fit a series of letters: they are similar things (letters) occurring one after another.

2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series. This is about TV/radio programs, not letters.

3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication. This refers to a periodical, like a newspaper itself. But the context says "a series of letters to 'The Ringing World,' a weekly newspaper". The newspaper is the publication, but the series is the letters within it, not the newspaper itself.

4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components... Not relevant.

6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection. Could a series of letters be like a series of stamps? But this is specifically about stamps/coins collection, not letters to a newspaper.

7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions. Not relevant.

The best sense is sense 1: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another". A series of letters means letters that appear one after another, each a similar thing (letter to the editor). Sense 3 would refer to the newspaper itself as a series, but the phrase is "a series of letters", so the series is the letters, not the newspaper. Also, "series" here is a count noun with "a series of letters". Sense 3 is about the publication itself being a serial. Sense 1 is the most general and fits perfectly.

Thus, the answer is sense index 0? Wait, the candidate senses are numbered as given. The first sense key is "series%1:14:00::" which I assume corresponds to sense index 1? But in the output they want the sense index number as in the list. The list has 7 senses, first one corresponds to sense index 1? Let's check the formatting: the candidate senses are listed as:

1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | ...
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | ...
3. ... etc.

So the first sense is index 1, second is 2, etc. So I should output {"sense_index": 1} for the first sense.

But careful: WordNet often has numbering where the first sense might be the most common. We just need to pick the best indexed sense. So sense index 1: definition="similar things placed in order or happening one after another". That's the one.

Thus the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: letter
Target surface form: letters
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of <t>letters</t> to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=letter%1:10:00:: | definition=a written message addressed to a person or organization | synonyms=missive | examples=mailed an indignant letter to the editor
2. sense_key=letter%1:10:01:: | definition=the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech | synonyms=letter of the alphabet, alphabetic character | examples=his grandmother taught him his letters
3. sense_key=letter%1:18:00:: | definition=owner who lets another person use something (housing usually) for hire
4. sense_key=letter%1:10:03:: | definition=a strictly literal interpretation (as distinct from the intention) | examples=he followed instructions to the letter; he obeyed the letter of the law
5. sense_key=letter%1:10:02:: | definition=an award earned by participation in a school sport | synonyms=varsity letter | examples=he won letters in three sports

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "a series of letters to 'The Ringing World,' a weekly newspaper". So "letters" here are written messages sent to the editor of the newspaper. The context talks about a discussion in the letters section of the paper. So sense 1 fits: "a written message addressed to a person or organization", with example "mailed an indignant letter to the editor". That matches. Sense 2 would be about alphabetic characters, not suitable. Sense 3 is about a landlord, not relevant. Sense 4 is about literal interpretation, not relevant. Sense 5 about sports award, not relevant. So the best sense index is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: newspaper
Target surface form: newspaper
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly <t>newspaper</t> for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=newspaper%1:10:00:: | definition=a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements | synonyms=paper | examples=he read his newspaper at breakfast
2. sense_key=newspaper%1:14:00:: | definition=a business firm that publishes newspapers | synonyms=paper, newspaper publisher | examples=Murdoch owns many newspapers
3. sense_key=newspaper%1:06:00:: | definition=the physical object that is the product of a newspaper publisher | synonyms=paper | examples=when it began to rain he covered his head with a newspaper
4. sense_key=newspaper%1:27:00:: | definition=cheap paper made from wood pulp and used for printing newspapers | synonyms=newsprint | examples=they used bales of newspaper every day

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "newspaper" in the given context. The target is "newspaper" in the phrase: "a weekly <t>newspaper</t> for ringers". The context is about bell-ringing, and "The Ringing World" is a weekly newspaper for ringers. So it's clearly a publication. Among the candidates:

1. sense 1: daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements. Example: he read his newspaper at breakfast. Synonyms: paper.
2. sense 2: a business firm that publishes newspapers. Example: Murdoch owns many newspapers. Synonyms: paper, newspaper publisher.
3. sense 3: the physical object that is the product of a newspaper publisher. Example: when it began to rain he covered his head with a newspaper. Synonyms: paper.
4. sense 4: cheap paper made from wood pulp and used for printing newspapers. Synonyms: newsprint.

In context, "a weekly newspaper for ringers" refers to the publication itself, not the business firm, not the physical object (though it could be read as a physical copy, but "weekly newspaper" generally refers to the periodical), and certainly not the raw material newsprint. Sense 1 fits best: a daily or weekly publication. The example "he read his newspaper at breakfast" aligns with reading a publication. The context mentions "a series of letters to 'The Ringing World,' a weekly newspaper..." So it's the publication that contains letters, articles, etc.

Thus, sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for <t>ringers</t>. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "ringer" in the context: "a weekly newspaper for ringers". The context is about bell ringers, specifically about attracting and training ringers for church bells, and the newspaper "The Ringing World" is for ringers. The target lemma is "ringer", and the surface form is "ringers". We need to choose the correct sense from the given candidates.

Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" – synonyms: toller, bell ringer. This fits the context perfectly: the entire passage discusses bell ringers, training them, women entering the field, and "The Ringing World" is a newspaper for them.

Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another" – dead ringer, clone. Not relevant here.

Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" – not relevant.

Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg" – not relevant.

Therefore, the correct sense index is 1.

Response: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: writer
Target surface form: writer
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One <t>writer</t>, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=writer%1:18:00:: | definition=writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay) | synonyms=author
2. sense_key=writer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is able to write and has written something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "writer" in the given context. The target lemma is "writer" and the surface form is "writer". The context is a passage about bell-ringing, and the specific sentence is: "One <t>writer</t>, signing his letter as 'Red-blooded, balanced male,' remarked on the 'frequency of women fainting in peals,' and suggested that they 'settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings.'"

We need to choose between two senses:
1. writer%1:18:00:: | definition: writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay) | synonyms: author
2. writer%1:18:01:: | definition: a person who is able to write and has written something

The context is a letter to a newspaper. The writer is someone who wrote a letter to "The Ringing World", a weekly newspaper for ringers. They signed their letter. This person is clearly a person who has written something (a letter), but are they a professional author? The definition of sense 1 says "writes professionally (for pay)" as an author of books or articles. In this context, the person is just a letter writer, likely not a professional author but someone who writes a letter to the editor. Sense 2 is broader: "a person who is able to write and has written something". That fits perfectly: the person wrote a letter, so they have written something. There's no indication they are a professional writer. So sense 2 is the best.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signing
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, <t>signing</t> his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%2:32:02:: | definition=mark with one's signature; write one's name (on) | synonyms=subscribe | examples=She signed the letter and sent it off; Please sign here
2. sense_key=sign%2:41:00:: | definition=approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation | synonyms=ratify | examples=All parties ratified the peace treaty; Have you signed your contract yet?
3. sense_key=sign%2:32:00:: | definition=be engaged by a written agreement | examples=He signed to play the casino on Dec. 18; The soprano signed to sing the new opera
4. sense_key=sign%2:41:01:: | definition=engage by written agreement | synonyms=contract, sign on, sign up | examples=They signed two new pitchers for the next season
5. sense_key=sign%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate silently and non-verbally by signals or signs | synonyms=signal, signalize, signalise | examples=He signed his disapproval with a dismissive hand gesture; The diner signaled the waiters to bring the menu
6. sense_key=sign%2:35:02:: | definition=place signs, as along a road | examples=sign an intersection; This road has been signed
7. sense_key=sign%2:32:04:: | definition=communicate in sign language | examples=I don't know how to sign, so I could not communicate with my deaf cousin
8. sense_key=sign%2:32:03:: | definition=make the sign of the cross over someone in order to call on God for protection; consecrate | synonyms=bless

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "sign" with surface form "signing" in the given context. We need to choose the best sense from the list provided.

Let's examine the context: The sentence containing "signing" is: "One writer, signing his letter as 'Red-blooded, balanced male,' remarked..." Here, "signing his letter as" means the writer wrote his name (or used that pseudonym) to sign the letter. That is the act of signing a letter, which corresponds to sense 1: mark with one's signature; write one's name (on). The example given for sense 1 is "She signed the letter and sent it off; Please sign here." That matches perfectly. Sense 2 is about ratifying (approving) something, like signing a contract, but here it's just signing a letter, not ratifying. Sense 3 and 4 are about engaging in a contract for employment (like musicians signing to a label). Sense 5 is about non-verbal signaling. Sense 6 is placing signs along a road. Sense 7 is sign language. Sense 8 is making the sign of the cross. So sense 1 is the clear choice.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: letter
Target surface form: letter
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his <t>letter</t> as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=letter%1:10:00:: | definition=a written message addressed to a person or organization | synonyms=missive | examples=mailed an indignant letter to the editor
2. sense_key=letter%1:10:01:: | definition=the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech | synonyms=letter of the alphabet, alphabetic character | examples=his grandmother taught him his letters
3. sense_key=letter%1:18:00:: | definition=owner who lets another person use something (housing usually) for hire
4. sense_key=letter%1:10:03:: | definition=a strictly literal interpretation (as distinct from the intention) | examples=he followed instructions to the letter; he obeyed the letter of the law
5. sense_key=letter%1:10:02:: | definition=an award earned by participation in a school sport | synonyms=varsity letter | examples=he won letters in three sports

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "letter" and the surface form "letter" in the context: "...this summer in a series of letters to 'The Ringing World,' a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as 'Red-blooded, balanced male,' remarked on..."

The context is clearly about written correspondence to a newspaper. The phrase "signing his letter" indicates a written message addressed to a publication. This matches sense 1: a written message addressed to a person or organization, synonyms: missive. The example for sense 1 mentions "mailed an indignant letter to the editor," which is exactly the kind of thing here. The other senses are about alphabet characters, a landlord, literal interpretation, or a sports award. None of those fit. So sense index 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: male
Target surface form: male
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced <t>male</t>, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=male%1:05:00:: | definition=an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes (ova)
2. sense_key=male%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babies | synonyms=male person
3. sense_key=male%1:15:00:: | definition=the capital of Maldives in the center of the islands

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "male" in the given context. The target surface form is "male", and the context is a passage about bell-ringing, mentioning a letter signed by "Red-blooded, balanced male" and then a response about "the average male ringer". The senses are:

1. male%1:05:00:: (animal that produces gametes) - biological sense, typically for animals.
2. male%1:18:00:: (a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babies) - male person.
3. male%1:15:00:: (the capital of Maldives) - a proper noun.

In the context, "male" is used twice: "Red-blooded, balanced male" and "the average male ringer". The first is a signature describing the letter writer, and the second is referring to male ringers (people). Both clearly refer to a person, not an animal or a place. The capital of Maldives is not relevant. So the correct sense is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remark
Target surface form: remarked
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "<t>remarked</t> on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remark%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, observe, mention | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
2. sense_key=remark%2:32:01:: | definition=make or write a comment on | synonyms=comment, notice, point out | examples=he commented the paper of his colleague

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "remark", surface form "remarked", and the context. We need to choose between sense 1 (sense_index 1) and sense 2 (sense_index 2).

Context: In a letter, a writer "remarked on the 'frequency of women fainting in peals,'" meaning he made a comment about it. The synonyms for sense 1 are "note, observe, mention"; for sense 2: "comment, notice, point out". The examples: sense 1: "She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing". sense 2: "he commented the paper of his colleague".

The phrase "remarked on" indicates making a comment about something. "Remarked on" is a common collocation meaning to comment or express an opinion. Sense 2 explicitly includes "make or write a comment on" and the example uses "commented". Sense 1 is more about simply mentioning something. Here, the writer is not just mentioning the frequency, but commenting on it, expressing an opinion. So sense 2 fits better.

Thus, sense_index: 2.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: frequency
Target surface form: frequency
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "<t>frequency</t> of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=frequency%1:28:00:: | definition=the number of occurrences within a given time period | synonyms=frequence, oftenness | examples=the frequency of modulation was 40 cycles per second; the frequency of his seizures increased as he grew older
2. sense_key=frequency%1:24:00:: | definition=the ratio of the number of observations in a statistical category to the total number of observations | synonyms=relative frequency
3. sense_key=frequency%1:23:00:: | definition=the number of observations in a given statistical category | synonyms=absolute frequency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "frequency" in the given context. The context is from a text about bell ringers. The specific sentence: "One writer... remarked on the 'frequency of women fainting in peals,'" meaning how often women faint during peals (bell ringing). This is about how often an event occurs over time. Sense 1: "the number of occurrences within a given time period" fits perfectly. The examples: "the frequency of modulation was 40 cycles per second; the frequency of his seizures increased as he grew older" also align. Sense 2 is "relative frequency" (ratio) and Sense 3 is "absolute frequency" (count in a category). The context is not statistical or about ratios or counts; it's about how often women faint. So Sense 1 is correct.

Thus, sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of <t>women</t> fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "woman" with surface form "women" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the four provided. The context is about women bell ringers. The target word "women" appears multiple times. We need to determine which sense applies to the usage of "women" in the context. The context mentions "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." It also mentions "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit" and "one woman ringer from Solihull observed...". So the word "women" is used to refer to adult female persons in general, specifically in the context of bell ringers. Let's evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) synonyms=adult female examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted.
This sense is the general meaning of an adult female human. In the context, "women" are entering the field, they are ringers, they are not accepted in some groups. That fits the general category of adult females. The contrast with "male-dominated" also suggests the generic meaning.

2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man examples=he was faithful to his woman.
This sense is relational, meaning a specific woman in a man's life. The context does not refer to women as wives or girlfriends of men; it's about women as bell ringers. So this is not appropriate.

3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: definition=a human female employed to do housework synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write.
This sense specifically means a domestic worker. The context mentions a sarcastic suggestion that women "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings," but that's not employment as a cleaner. The women are ringers, not houseworkers. So this doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: definition=women as a class synonyms=womanhood, fair sex examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation.
This sense refers to the abstract collective of women. While the context discusses women as a group, the usage is concrete: "a growing number of women have entered" refers to individual female persons, not the abstract class. The phrase "women as a class" might be used in discussions of gender roles, but here it's about actual women joining bell-ringing. The examples given are about womanhood in the abstract sense. In the sentence "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit," it's referring to individual women. So sense 1 is more concrete and individual, while sense 4 is abstract collective. The context uses "women" plural to refer to multiple individuals. It's not personifying "woman" as a class. Thus, sense 1 is the most appropriate.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

We return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggested
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and <t>suggested</t> that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "suggest" with the surface form "suggested" in context. We need to choose the single best indexed sense from five options.

Let's read the context carefully. It's about bell-ringers (ringing) and a letter to a newspaper. The writer, signing as "Red-blooded, balanced male", remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals," and <t>suggested</t> that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings."

So the writer is making a suggestion: he proposes that women should settle back into making tea. This is a proposal, a plan, an advice. So the meaning is about making a proposal, declaring a plan.

Now look at the candidate senses:

1. make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms: propose, advise. Example: the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax. This fits: the writer proposes/advises that women should do something.

2. drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms: hint. This is more subtle, not an open proposal. The context doesn't feel like dropping a hint; it's a direct remark. The writer is making a statement in a letter, so it's more explicit than a hint.

3. imply as a possibility | synonyms: intimate. Example: The evidence suggests a need for more clarification. This is about inferring or implying from evidence. Not applicable; the writer is not implying, he's directly stating his view.

4. suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine. Not relevant.

5. call to mind | synonyms: evoke, paint a picture. Example: this remark evoked sadness. Not relevant.

Clearly, sense 1 is the best. It's about proposing or advising. The writer proposed that women should make tea.

Thus the answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: back
Target surface form: back
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle <t>back</t> into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "back" in the given context. The context is: "One writer... suggested that they 'settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings.'" The target is "back" in the phrase "settle back into". We need to choose the best sense from the candidate list.

Let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

Now, "settle back into" means to return to a previous state or role. The phrase "settle back into their traditional role" suggests moving back to an original condition or former way of doing things. Sense 3: "in or to or toward an original condition" with example "he went back to sleep" seems fitting: going back to sleep is returning to an original condition. Sense 1: "to a former location" might not fit because role is not a physical location. Sense 4: "toward a past time" could be metaphorical, but it's about time, not condition. Sense 2: back/rear direction is literal spatial. Sense 5: in reply. Sense 6: repayment/retaliation.

The phrase "settle back into" is idiomatic, meaning to resume a previous state or position. Sense 3 captures this well. Sense 1 is about location, but "role" is not a location. So the best is sense_index 3.

Thus, return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: traditional
Target surface form: traditional
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their <t>traditional</t> role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=traditional%3:00:00:: | definition=consisting of or derived from tradition | examples=traditional history; traditional morality
2. sense_key=traditional%5:00:00:orthodox:00 | definition=pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines | examples=the simple security of traditional assumptions has vanished

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "traditional" in the context: "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings." The target word is "traditional" as an adjective.

We have two candidate senses:

Sense 1: sense_key=traditional%3:00:00:: | definition=consisting of or derived from tradition | examples=traditional history; traditional morality

Sense 2: sense_key=traditional%5:00:00:orthodox:00 | definition=pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines | examples=the simple security of traditional assumptions has vanished

The context is about women's roles. The phrase "traditional role of making tea at meetings" suggests a role that is based on longstanding custom or tradition. Sense 1 fits perfectly: "consisting of or derived from tradition" – a traditional role is a role that is traditional, i.e., based on tradition. Sense 2 is more about orthodox doctrines, which is not directly applicable here; it's about orthodox assumptions, not about a customary role. Thus, Sense 1 is the best match.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional <t>role</t> of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "role" in the context: "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings." The target is <t>role</t>. Let's analyze:

Context: "One writer ... suggested that they settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings." Here, "role" refers to the socially expected activity or function that women are supposed to perform, i.e., making tea. It's about the customary or expected activity in a social setting. So sense 1: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" (function, office, part) fits. Sense 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" also fits very closely. Which is more precise? Sense 1 includes "assigned to or required or expected", sense 4 says "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting". Both seem relevant. But the example for sense 4: "what is your role on the team?" matches the idea of a traditional role (customary activity). The gloss for sense 1 says "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group", with examples like "the function of a teacher". Here, "traditional role of making tea" is a stereotypical gender role, a socially expected activity. Both are plausible. But note that sense_key=role%1:04:00:: (sense 1) and role%1:04:01:: (sense 4) are both possible. Let's check the definitions: Sense 1: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" - this is more about the duties or functions that come with a position. Sense 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" - this emphasizes social setting. In this context, "traditional role" is a social expectation for women. I lean towards sense 4 as it explicitly mentions "customary activity" and "social setting". But sense 1's examples include "the function of a teacher" which is also a social role. However, the phrase "traditional role of making tea" is a stereotypical gender role, which is a social custom. Sense 4 seems tailored for this: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting". Also, the WordNet hierarchy: sense 4 is a hyponym of sense 1? Possibly. Since they are separate indexed senses, we must pick one. Given the context is explicitly about a traditional social role for women, sense 4 is more specific. Sense 2 and 3 are clearly wrong: theatrical role and purpose/use. So I'll go with sense 4.

Check: sense 4 definition: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" and example "what is your role on the team?" This matches precisely: the role of making tea is a customary activity in the social setting of meetings. So answer sense_index 4.