[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "found". The target lemma is "find", surface form "found". Context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

We have candidate senses 1-16. We need to pick the best sense for the highlighted "<t>found</t>" in the sentence: "Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Let's analyze the context: The researcher conducted experiments with mice and discovered that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The word "found" here means discovered through scientific investigation. So we need a sense that implies discovering something through research or experiments.

Look at the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02: come upon, as if by accident; meet with. (happen, chance, bump, encounter). Not suitable; this is accidental discovery, not through deliberate experiments.

2. find%2:39:02: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of. (detect, observe, discover, notice). Example: She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water. This could fit: determining the fact that p53 can transform cells. But let's check if there's a more specific sense.

3. find%2:40:00: come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost. (regain) Example: Did you find your glasses? Not about discovering a scientific fact.

4. find%2:32:00: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study. (determine, find out, ascertain). Example: find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize. This perfectly matches: "found in experiments" suggests establishing something through investigation/experiment. Synonyms: determine, ascertain.

5. find%2:31:10: come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds. (feel) Not relevant.

6. find%2:39:01: perceive or be contemporaneous with. (witness, see) Example: We found Republicans winning the offices. Not relevant.

7. find%2:40:01: get something or somebody for a specific purpose. (line up, get hold) Not relevant.

8. find%2:36:00: make a discovery, make a new finding. (discover) Example: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle. This is very close: making a discovery. But note that sense 4 is more specific to investigation/experiment. However, "discover" is broad. Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" is synonymous with "discover". The example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" fits scientific discovery. Could be a candidate.

9. find%2:31:09: make a discovery. (discover) Example: She found that he had lied to her. This is about realizing a fact, not necessarily scientific. It says "make a discovery" but the example is about learning a fact. Might be less scientific.

Sense 4 explicitly mentions "experiment, survey, or study". That seems the most appropriate for "found in experiments".

Sense 8 also mentions "discover" but is more general. In many WordNet versions, sense 4 is specifically for ascertaining by investigation. Let's check the gloss of sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". The target sentence: "had found in experiments with mice that ..." So he established through experiments that p53 could transform cells. That's exactly sense 4.

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" could also apply, but sense 4 is more precise because it includes "experiment". The context mentions "in experiments", so the verb "found" is directly linked to the experimental context.

Also, note that the first "found" in the context ("When they found it last winter") is about finding a gene location, which might be sense 3 or sense 4. But the highlighted one is specifically about finding from experiments. So I'll go with sense 4.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 4.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We need to disambiguate "experiments" in the given context. The target is "experiments" in the sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" (synonym: experimentation). This is the typical scientific experiment sense.

Sense 2: "the testing of an idea" (examples: "it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories"). This is more about a broader, possibly non-scientific trial, like a lifestyle experiment.

Sense 3: "a venture at something new or different" (example: "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard"). This is about trying something new, often a personal or novel endeavor.

In the context, the researcher found in experiments with mice that a gene could transform cells. This is clearly a scientific controlled test or investigation, using mice as subjects. It's not just testing an idea in a abstract way, nor is it a personal venture. It fits the first sense: conducting a controlled test or investigation. The second sense might also be possible because it's "testing of an idea," but the example shows it's more about non-laboratory experimentation. The first sense specifically mentions "controlled test or investigation," which aligns with scientific experiments. Sense 3 is clearly off.

Thus, the best sense is sense index 1.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: NextBit

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "mice" in the given context. The target lemma is "mouse", surface form "mice". We have four candidate senses with definitions:

1. rodent sense
2. bruise sense (shiner, black eye)
3. timid person sense
4. computer mouse sense

The context is a scientific text about cancer research. They mention experiments with mice: "several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." Clearly, this refers to the animal, the rodent, commonly used in lab experiments. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct one.

Output should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "a gene <t>called</t> p53". The target word is "called" in the phrase "a gene called p53". This is a naming construction. The sense we need is to assign a name. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader

2. ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

3. get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone

4. utter a sudden loud cry

... etc.

The phrase "a gene called p53" is clearly a naming use: the gene is named p53. Sense 1 fits perfectly: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". Sense 2 is about ascribing a quality, which is not the case here. Sense 12 is "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" but that is about addressing someone, e.g., "Call me Mister". Not applicable.

Thus the best indexed sense is 1. But wait, the instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we need to provide the index number. Sense index 1 corresponds to the first candidate sense. However, note that the candidate senses are numbered from 1 to 28, but they might correspond to WordNet sense indices differently? The problem says: "Choose the best indexed sense." The indices are as listed: 1,2,3,... So the answer should be 1.

Check context: "a gene called p53" - the gene is named p53. This is precisely sense 1.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "transform" in the given context. The context is: "a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones." That is clearly about biology, specifically how a gene can cause normal cells to become cancerous. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. mathematical transformation: not relevant.
2. change or alter in form, appearance, or nature; synonyms: transmute, transubstantiate; examples: "This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture." This is a general change. Could fit, but note the biological context.
3. change in outward structure or looks; synonyms: transmute, metamorphose; examples: "He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle." This implies a change in outward appearance, often self-directed. Not exactly fitting because the cells are being changed by a gene, not changing themselves.
4. change from one form or medium into another; synonyms: translate; example: "Braque translated collage into oil." Not fitting, specific to artistic translation.
5. convert energy: not relevant.
6. change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species. This is a specific biological sense. However, the context is about a gene that transforms normal cells into cancerous ones, which is about oncogenic transformation. In biology, "transform" can refer to the process of making a normal cell into a cancer cell. Sense 6 is about bacterial transformation, which is horizontal gene transfer. That's a different biological process. Still, it's the only biology-specific sense. But let's check if there's a more specific one? The sentence says "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." This is more like sense 2: causing a change in nature from normal to cancerous. However, in cell biology, "transformation" often refers to the process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell. The gloss for sense 6 explicitly says "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA..." That's not exactly the same as oncogenic transformation. Sense 2 is broader: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature." Changing the nature of a cell from normal to cancerous fits the "nature" part. The examples: "This experience transformed her completely" is metaphorical. But "She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture" is a physical change. Here, it's a biological change in the nature of the cell. Sense 6 might be too narrow because it specifies bacterial cells and introduction of DNA from another cell. p53 is a gene that, when damaged, can cause transformation; it's not necessarily introducing DNA, but rather a mutation in that gene causes cancer. So sense 6 is not directly matching. Sense 2 is the best fit for a general change in nature. Sense 3 is about outward structure or looks, not nature. So I'd go with sense 2.

But let's double-check: The sentence says "could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." This is a classic use of "transform" in biology meaning to cause neoplastic transformation. In WordNet, there is a sense specific to biology? The candidates include sense 6, but it says "bacterial cell" and "introduction of DNA from another cell", which is classic bacterial transformation (like Griffith's experiment). That's not what is happening with p53. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene; when it's deleted or damaged, cells can become cancerous. That's not introducing DNA from another cell. So sense 6 is not appropriate. Sense 2 seems correct.

Thus, I choose index 2.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "normal" in the given context. The target lemma is "normal", surface form "normal". Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the four provided.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations

2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws

3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence

4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

In the context, "normal cells" are contrasted with "cancerous ones". "Normal" here means non-cancerous, healthy, typical, not abnormal. This aligns with sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard ... not abnormal". The example "normal diplomatic relations" shows a similar use of ordinary, usual, standard.

Sense 2: "in accordance with scientific laws" might seem plausible in a scientific context, but here "normal cells" are simply cells that are not cancerous, not necessarily referring to scientific laws. It's a biological norm.

Sense 3: "being approximately average or within certain limits" could apply, but it specifically mentions intelligence and development, with examples like "a perfectly normal child". This sense is more about developmental norms. In biology, "normal" cells are standard, non-mutated cells. Both sense 1 and 3 are close, but sense 1 is broader, while sense 3 is more about developmental averages. The phrase "transform normal cells into cancerous ones" implies a change from the standard, healthy state to a diseased state. That fits "not abnormal" (sense 1) perfectly.

Sense 4 is geometric, obviously not applicable.

Thus, the best sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to find the best sense for "cells" in the given context. The target surface form is "cells", but it's used in the sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones." Here, "cells" is clearly referring to biological cells, as in the context of cancer, genes, and mice. The sentence before also mentions "tumor cells". So the correct sense is the biological one: sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...". Thus, sense_index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "cancerous" in the provided context. The two candidate senses are:

1. relating to or affected with cancer (e.g., a cancerous growth)
2. like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads (figurative sense)

The context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." Clearly, this is about cells becoming cancerous in the medical sense, i.e., affected with cancer. It's a literal use, not figurative. So sense 1 is correct.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: "Target lemma: one; Target surface form: ones; Context: ..." The sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." Here "ones" refers back to "cells". So it means "cells". It is a pronoun standing for "cells". So "ones" is the plural of "one" in the sense of "a single person or thing". That matches sense 2: "a single person or thing". Examples: "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered". In the context, "cancerous ones" means "cancerous cells", so it's referring to things. Sense 1 is about the number 1. So the correct sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best indexed sense for "found" in the given context. The target lemma is "find", surface form "found". The context: researchers looking for a gene deletion; Dr. Vogelstein found it; the deletion he found was in exactly the same spot as p53. The use is in a scientific research context: they were searching for genetic material, and they "found" it. That suggests discovering something after a search. The phrase "When they found it last winter" indicates they found the genetic bit they were looking for. So the sense is about finding something after searching.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. come upon, as if by accident; meet with. (not accidental; they searched)
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of; synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice. This could fit: they detected the deletion. But note the example: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water" and "We found traces of lead in the paint" – that implies finding something that was there, not necessarily after a deliberate search but often in a scientific detection sense.
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost. Synonyms: regain. Examples: "Did you find your glasses?" "I cannot find my gloves!" This sense emphasizes finding something that was lost or missed. Here, the genetic material wasn't lost in the sense of personal belongings, but they were searching for it.
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study. Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain. Examples: "find the product of two numbers" "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." This sense fits scientific discovery through investigation. The context: they experimentally crawled down the chromosome, using gene probes, a study; they found the deletion. This is exactly "found after investigation, experiment, or study." "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is similar: finding a particle in physics after experiments. So this seems very fitting.
5. come to believe on basis of emotion, intuition, indefinite grounds. Not applicable.
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with. Not applicable.
7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose. Not applicable.
8. make a discovery, make a new finding. Synonyms: discover. Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays" "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This is also about discovery, making a new finding. It is very close to sense 4. Distinguish? Sense 4 is about establishing after calculation/investigation/experiment, while sense 8 is about making a discovery/finding something new. The context: they were looking for a specific genetic bit, and they found it. What they found was a deletion, which was a finding. They determined its location. Both senses could apply. Need to see the nuance. Sense 4 emphasizes the process of determining through study. Sense 8 emphasizes the act of discovery of something new. In scientific contexts, "find" often means to discover or detect. The example for sense 8: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" – that is a discovery. For sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" – that seems similar, but note that elusive particle implies they were looking for it and found it after study. That also describes sense 4. The difference might be: sense 4 includes the idea of ascertaining, determining. The gloss says "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" – it's about establishing a fact. In the context, they were trying to establish the existence of a gene, and they found the deletion. So I think sense 4 is the best match because they used experiments and investigation to ascertain the location/existence of the deletion. Sense 8 might be more general "make a discovery". But sense 4 is more specific to research contexts.

Also consider sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with synonyms detect, observe. That also fits: they detected the deletion. The example "We found traces of lead in the paint" is about detecting something. In the text: "using gene probes, experimentally crawled down... looking for the smallest common bit... When they found it" – they were detecting the presence of that genetic material. But sense 2 says "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" – that is very similar to sense 4, but sense 4 emphasizes the process of calculation/investigation/experiment, while sense 2 might be simple detection (not necessarily after a complex study). Since they did experiments, sense 4 might be more precise.

WordNet senses are often overlapping. We need to choose the best indexed sense. The context uses "found" referring to scientific detection after search. The most directly applicable senses are 4, 8, and maybe 2.

Let's check the sense indices. 4 has examples that match: "find the product of two numbers" (calculation) and "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." That is exactly a research discovery. The phrase "elusive particle" parallels the search for a gene deletion. So sense 4 seems perfect.

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with "Roentgen discovered X-rays" and "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" – this also fits, but it's more about the novelty of the finding. The context doesn't emphasize newness so much as the act of locating it after investigation.

Sense 2: "detect, observe, discover, notice" with example "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water" – that is detection, but it might not imply the extensive investigation. However, they did use gene probes, so it was detection. But the sentence "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious..." suggests they determined the location of the deletion. "Found" here is used to say they finally identified the genetic bit after months of searching. That aligns with "come upon after searching" (sense 3) or "establish after investigation" (sense 4). Sense 3 is about finding something that was missed or lost, like glasses. That is less formal and not scientific. Sense 4 explicitly includes "experiment, survey, or study".

Therefore, I'll go with sense 4.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in <t>exactly</t> the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "exactly" with surface form "exactly" in a context. We need to choose the best sense among three candidate WordNet senses. The context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." The word "exactly" is used as an adverb modifying "the same spot", indicating that it is precisely that spot, with no difference.

Let's analyze each sense:

Sense 1: indicating exactness or preciseness; synonyms: precisely, just; examples: "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do", "it was just as he said--the jewel was gone". This sense seems to fit: "in exactly the same spot" means in precisely the same spot, indicating exactness.

Sense 2: just as it should be; synonyms: precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button; example: "`Precisely, my lord,' he said". This sense is used as an interjection or to express agreement that something is correct. Not appropriate here.

Sense 3: in a precise manner; synonyms: precisely, incisively; example: "she always expressed herself precisely". This sense refers to the manner of doing something, like speaking or acting with precision. But in our context, "exactly" is not describing the manner of an action but rather specifying that the spot is identical. The phrase "in exactly the same spot" uses "exactly" to intensify "same", indicating precision in the location.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 3: Sense 1 is specifically about indicating exactness, often with words like "precisely" or "just". The example "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do" shows "exactly" modifying a clause to mean identical in detail. In our sentence, "in exactly the same spot" means "in precisely the same spot", which aligns with sense 1. Sense 3 is more about the manner of performing an action, like "she always expressed herself precisely", meaning she spoke in a precise way. That doesn't fit as well because we aren't talking about a manner of action.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit.

So, the answer is {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense." Target lemma: same, target surface form: same. Context: "... The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. ..." So they found a deletion in the same spot as the p53 gene. The sense is about identity: the spot is identical, the very same spot. So sense 1: "same in identity" with examples "the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice". That fits perfectly. Sense 2: "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree" – not exactly the same, but similar. Here it's "exactly the same spot", so identity. Sense 3: "equal in amount or value" – not about spot. Sense 4: "unchanged in character or nature" – not about spot identity. So sense 1 is best.

Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "spot" in the context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." The context is about a genetic location on chromosome 17. The deletion was in the same spot as the p53 gene. So "spot" refers to a location on a chromosome. Among the candidate senses, sense 1 is "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" with synonyms "topographic point, place" and examples like "a bright spot on a planet". This seems metaphorical but fits a location on a chromosome. Other senses don't fit: sense 2 is about an advertisement section, sense 3 is a characteristic, sense 4 is a blemish, sense 5 is a small contrasting part like a leopard's spot, sense 6 is a performance slot, sense 7 is a night spot, sense 8 is a job, sense 9 is an illness, sense 10 is a small quantity, sense 11 is a pip on a die, sense 12 is a spotlight, sense 13 is a playing card, sense 14 is a disgrace. Only sense 1 fits a location. So I choose sense 1.

The output should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: said
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had <t>said</t> the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "say" and target surface form "said" in the given context. We must choose the best indexed sense from the 11 candidates provided. The context is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

The target word "said" is used as a reporting verb: Mr. Levine said something about the p53 gene. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

The context: Mr. Levine had said that the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth. This is a statement of a fact or a claim about the gene's function. It is reporting what he said. Sense 1: "express in words" is very broad. Sense 2: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver" implies asserting something as a fact, often with an implication of reporting a claim. Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" is also possible, but "said" here is reporting a past statement that was part of his research findings. It's not just an opinion; it's a claim about the gene's function. Sense 2 seems more precise because it includes "report or maintain", which fits the context of reporting what Mr. Levine said in his research. Sense 1 is too general. Sense 2's example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" matches the structure "He said [that] ...". Therefore, sense 2 is the best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: caused
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma "cause", surface form "caused". Context: "... p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth ...". We need to choose between two senses. Sense 1: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" (synonyms: do, make). Sense 2: "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner" (synonyms: induce, stimulate, have, get, make).

In context: "the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth". Here, the gene is causing cancer (a disease, a state). It is not causing an entity to do something; it is causing an event or condition to occur. Sense 1 is about causing an event or occurrence. Sense 2 is about inducing someone or something to act in a certain way. The cancer is not an agent being induced to act; it's a condition that arises. So sense 1 fits better. Also note: sense 1 includes "cause to happen or occur". The example "cause a commotion" is similar to "cause cancer". So sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "cancer" and target surface form "cancer" in a specific context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the five candidate senses provided. The context is about cancer research, specifically mentioning a gene called p53 that can cause cancer, tumor cells, etc. The senses are: 1. malignant neoplastic disease (the medical condition), 2. astrology person born under Cancer, 3. constellation, 4. zodiac sign, 5. a genus of crabs. Clearly, in this context, "cancer" refers to the disease. So the correct sense index is 1.
We must output a JSON object with the key "sense_index" and the value as an integer. So: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: promote
Target surface form: promoting
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by <t>promoting</t> growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=promote%2:41:01:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=advance, boost, further, encourage | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=promote%2:41:00:: | definition=give a promotion to or assign to a higher position | synonyms=upgrade, advance, kick upstairs, raise, elevate | examples=John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired; Women tend not to advance in the major law firms
3. sense_key=promote%2:32:00:: | definition=make publicity for; try to sell (a product) | synonyms=advertise, advertize, push | examples=The salesman is aggressively pushing the new computer model; The company is heavily advertizing their new laptops
4. sense_key=promote%2:33:01:: | definition=be changed for a superior chess or checker piece
5. sense_key=promote%2:33:00:: | definition=change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "promote" and surface form "promoting" in a specific context. We need to choose the best indexed sense among 5 options.

Context snippet: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by <t>promoting</t> growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

Here, "promoting" is used in the sense of causing or contributing to growth. It's about making growth happen, advancing growth. So the meaning is to contribute to the progress or growth of something. That aligns with sense 1: "contribute to the progress or growth of", with synonyms advance, boost, further, encourage. Example: "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom."

Sense 2 is about job promotion (give a higher position), not relevant. Sense 3 is about advertising or selling, not relevant. Sense 4 and 5 are about chess/checkers, irrelevant.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1, index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence with "growth" in context. The sentence says: "p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth." Here, "growth" is used in the context of cancer and genes. In cancer biology, "growth" often refers to cell proliferation, tumor growth, etc. Let's check the candidate senses.

Sense 1: (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically; unfolding from simple to complex. Not specific enough; not about cancer.

Sense 2: progression from simpler to more complex forms, like cultural growth. Not relevant.

Sense 3: process of becoming larger or more numerous or more important; increase. This could refer to population growth or increase in size. Could be used for tumor growth, but it's general.

Sense 4: vegetation that has grown. No.

Sense 5: gradual beginning or coming forth; emergence. No.

Sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). This directly matches the cancer context: promoting growth means promoting abnormal proliferation of tissue (tumor). This is the best sense because it's about pathology (cancer), tissue proliferation.

Sense 7: something grown or growing, like a growth of hair. Not specific.

The context specifically contrasts "promoting growth" (cancer) with "suppressed growth" (tumor suppression). So sense 6, which is explicitly about abnormal proliferation of tissue in pathology (tumor), is the best fit.

Thus, I pick sense_index 6.

Return JSON.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were <t>looking for</t> a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "look_for" as target lemma, surface form "looking for". Context: "the Johns Hopkins scientists were <t>looking for</t> a gene that suppressed growth." They are searching for a gene that suppresses growth, in contrast to p53 which they thought promoted growth. They are trying to locate or discover a gene. This aligns with sense 1: try to locate or discover, synonyms search, seek. Sense 2: be excited or anxious about (anticipate, look to) does not fit because they are not excited or anxious; they are literally searching for a gene. So sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suppress
Target surface form: suppressed
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that <t>suppressed</t> growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suppress%2:30:00:: | definition=to put down by force or authority | synonyms=stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb | examples=suppress a nascent uprising; stamp down on littering
2. sense_key=suppress%2:41:01:: | definition=come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority | synonyms=oppress, crush | examples=The government oppresses political activists
3. sense_key=suppress%2:41:00:: | definition=control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior | synonyms=inhibit, bottle up
4. sense_key=suppress%2:31:00:: | definition=put out of one's consciousness | synonyms=repress
5. sense_key=suppress%2:30:12:: | definition=reduce the incidence or severity of or stop | examples=suppress a yawn; this drug can suppress the hemorrhage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "suppress" with surface form "suppressed" in a specific context. The context describes a gene that "suppressed" growth. The researchers were looking for a gene that suppressed growth, as opposed to promoting growth. The gene they found was p53, which is a tumor suppressor gene. So "suppressed" here means it inhibits or reduces growth. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. suppress%2:30:00:: - to put down by force or authority, like suppress an uprising. Not relevant.

2. suppress%2:41:01:: - come down on or keep down by unjust use of authority, oppress. Not relevant.

3. suppress%2:41:00:: - control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior. Not about growth.

4. suppress%2:31:00:: - put out of one's consciousness, repress. Psychological, not about growth.

5. suppress%2:30:12:: - reduce the incidence or severity of or stop. Examples: suppress a yawn; this drug can suppress the hemorrhage. This sense fits "suppressed growth" meaning it reduces/stops growth. This is the best match.

The gene suppresses growth: it reduces or stops growth. So sense 5 is correct.

Thus, sense_index: 5.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed <t>growth</t>. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "... whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth." The sentence discusses a gene that suppresses growth in the context of cancer. The contrast is between p53 promoting growth (causing cancer) and the researchers looking for a suppressor gene. Here, "growth" refers to the process of cells multiplying or increasing in size/number, especially in a pathological context like tumor growth. Let's examine the candidate senses.

Sense 1: biological unfolding of an organism growing organically. Not specifically about cell proliferation in cancer; more general development.

Sense 2: progression from simpler to more complex. Example: growth of culture. Not a good fit for cancer cell growth.

Sense 3: process of becoming larger or more numerous. Synonyms: increase, increment. Example: increase in unemployment; growth of population. This fits well since it's about increase in size/number, which could apply to cell proliferation. However, it's a general sense.

Sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). This is specifically about pathological growth, like tumor growth. The context is about cancer, and a gene suppressing growth, i.e., suppressing tumor growth. This sense is directly in the domain of pathology.

The target word is "growth" in the phrase "suppressed growth" in the context of cancer research. The researchers were looking for a gene that suppresses growth, meaning it suppresses the growth of tumors/cancer cells. So sense 6 is the most precise: abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). Sense 3 is more general, but sense 6 is specifically about pathological growth. The context: "the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" — promoting growth of cancer cells. So "growth" here refers to the proliferation of cancer cells. Sense 6 fits perfectly.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 6.