[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have <t>become</t> virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "become" and the target surface form is "become" in the context: "have <t>become</t> virtually immune to defeat". We need to disambiguate the sense among four candidate senses.

Let's analyze each sense and see which fits best.

Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" with synonyms "go, get", examples: "He became annoyed..." "It must be getting more serious". This seems like a change of state, often with an adjective complement. In our context: "have become virtually immune to defeat" → "become" here is followed by an adjective phrase "virtually immune", indicating entering/assuming the state of being immune. This matches sense 1.

Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" with synonym "turn", examples: "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy". This often involves a change into a different entity or noun phrase, like "became her worst enemy". In our context, it's "become immune", which is an adjective, not a noun or a different entity. So sense 2 is less likely.

Sense 3: "come into existence" with example: "What becomes has duration". This is a philosophical sense about coming into being. Not applicable here.

Sense 4: "enhance the appearance of" with synonym "suit", examples: "Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!" This is about something being suitable or flattering. Clearly not our context.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1. The context shows a change into a state described by an adjective phrase. That's exactly sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immune
Target surface form: immune
Context:
The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually <t>immune</t> to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immune%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the condition of immunity | examples=the immune system
2. sense_key=immune%5:00:00:exempt:00 | definition=secure against | examples=immune from taxation as long as he resided in Bermuda; immune from criminal prosecution
3. sense_key=immune%5:00:00:unsusceptible:00 | definition=relating to or conferring immunity (to disease or infection) | synonyms=resistant
4. sense_key=immune%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(usually followed by `to') not affected by a given influence | examples=immune to persuasion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to determine the correct sense of "immune" from the provided options based on the context: "first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat."

We have four candidate senses:
1. Relating to the condition of immunity (e.g., immune system)
2. Secure against (e.g., immune from taxation, immune from criminal prosecution)
3. Relating to or conferring immunity (to disease or infection) (synonym: resistant)
4. (usually followed by 'to') not affected by a given influence (e.g., immune to persuasion)

The context is about political vulnerability: incumbents being immune to defeat. That means they are not affected by the influence of defeat; they are secure against it. Sense 4 explicitly says: "(usually followed by 'to') not affected by a given influence" and gives example "immune to persuasion". In our context, it is "immune to defeat", which fits perfectly. Sense 2 is "secure against" but the examples are "immune from taxation" and "immune from criminal prosecution" — note the preposition "from" rather than "to". The context uses "to defeat". Sense 4 explicitly mentions "usually followed by 'to'" and the meaning is "not affected by". So sense 4 is more precise.

Sense 2: secure against, with examples using "from". It might also apply, but sense 4 includes the exact preposition pattern "to". Moreover, sense 4's gloss "not affected by a given influence" matches perfectly with "defeat" as an influence. Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 4.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defeat
Target surface form: defeat
Context:
The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to <t>defeat</t>. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defeat%1:11:00:: | definition=an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest | synonyms=licking | examples=it was a narrow defeat; the army's only defeat
2. sense_key=defeat%1:12:00:: | definition=the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals | synonyms=frustration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat." The target word is "defeat". We need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2. Sense 1: "an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest", synonyms: licking, examples: "it was a narrow defeat; the army's only defeat". Sense 2: "the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals", synonyms: frustration.

In the context, "immune to defeat" means they are not likely to lose an election. It's about an unsuccessful ending in a political contest (election). It is not referring to a feeling of frustration. Therefore, sense 1 is correct. Sense 2 is emotional, which doesn't fit here.

So, the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exception
Target surface form: exception
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one <t>exception</t> to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exception%1:09:00:: | definition=a deliberate act of omission | synonyms=exclusion, elision | examples=with the exception of the children, everyone was told the news
2. sense_key=exception%1:09:01:: | definition=an instance that does not conform to a rule or generalization | examples=all her children were brilliant; the only exception was her last child; an exception tests the rule
3. sense_key=exception%1:10:00:: | definition=grounds for adverse criticism | examples=his authority is beyond exception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "exception" in the context: "The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans..." The target is "exception" as a noun. Let's analyze the context: The sentence says "The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat..." Here, "exception" means an instance that does not follow the general trend. The trend is that first-term members have become virtually immune to defeat. But the exception is that some freshmen were defeated. So it's an instance that does not conform to a rule or generalization. That matches sense 2: "an instance that does not conform to a rule or generalization". The examples: "all her children were brilliant; the only exception was her last child; an exception tests the rule" fit perfectly. Sense 1 is about deliberate omission, which doesn't fit. Sense 3 is about grounds for criticism, not applicable. So sense 2 is correct.

Now, we must return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trend
Target surface form: trend
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent <t>trend</t> was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trend%1:15:02:: | definition=a general direction in which something tends to move | synonyms=tendency | examples=the shoreward tendency of the current; the trend of the stock market
2. sense_key=trend%1:15:01:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=course | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
3. sense_key=trend%1:09:00:: | definition=a general tendency to change (as of opinion) | synonyms=drift, movement | examples=not openly liberal but that is the trend of the book; a broad movement of the electorate to the right
4. sense_key=trend%1:09:02:: | definition=the popular taste at a given time | synonyms=vogue, style | examples=leather is the latest vogue; he followed current trends

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "trend" in the given context. The context: "The one exception to this recent <t>trend</t> was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans..." So the trend refers to the pattern that first-term members of the House have become virtually immune to defeat, and the exception is a specific defeat. So "trend" here means a general tendency or direction in electoral outcomes. Let's evaluate the options:

1. sense_key=trend%1:15:02:: definition=a general direction in which something tends to move | synonyms=tendency | examples=the shoreward tendency of the current; the trend of the stock market.
2. sense_key=trend%1:15:01:: definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=course | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast.
3. sense_key=trend%1:09:00:: definition=a general tendency to change (as of opinion) | synonyms=drift, movement | examples=not openly liberal but that is the trend of the book; a broad movement of the electorate to the right.
4. sense_key=trend%1:09:02:: definition=the popular taste at a given time | synonyms=vogue, style | examples=leather is the latest vogue; he followed current trends.

The context is about a pattern in political elections: first-term members becoming immune to defeat, with one exception. This is a general tendency or direction of change. Sense 1: "a general direction in which something tends to move" fits well: the trend of incumbents becoming immune. Sense 3: "a general tendency to change (as of opinion)" could also fit, as it's a tendency in electoral outcomes, but the definition emphasizes "change (as of opinion)", and the example is "a broad movement of the electorate to the right". That is more about shifts in public opinion, whereas here it's about a pattern of electoral security. Sense 1 is more general, like "trend of the stock market", which is a directional tendency. Sense 2 is about physical orientation, not applicable. Sense 4 is about fashion or popular taste, not applicable. So between 1 and 3, 1 seems better: "a general direction in which something tends to move" exactly captures the idea of a pattern of incumbency advantage. Sense 3 specifies "to change (as of opinion)" which is not exactly what's being described; it's more about a consistent pattern, not necessarily a change. So I'll choose sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defeat
Target surface form: defeat
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the <t>defeat</t> of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defeat%1:11:00:: | definition=an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest | synonyms=licking | examples=it was a narrow defeat; the army's only defeat
2. sense_key=defeat%1:12:00:: | definition=the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals | synonyms=frustration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense." The target lemma is "defeat", target surface form "defeat". Context: "... have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans..." Candidate senses are 1 (unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest) and 2 (feeling of frustration). In the context, "defeat" refers to losing an election, which is a struggle or contest. So sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about a feeling, but here it's an event (the defeat of 13 Republicans). So answer: sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: freshman
Target surface form: freshman
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 <t>freshman</t> Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=freshman%1:18:00:: | definition=a first-year undergraduate | synonyms=fresher
2. sense_key=freshman%1:18:01:: | definition=any new participant in some activity | synonyms=newcomer, fledgling, fledgeling, starter, neophyte, newbie

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "freshman" in the given context. The context is about politics: "freshman Republicans" who were elected in 1980 and running for re-election in 1982. The term "freshman" here refers to newly elected members of Congress, not first-year undergraduate students. The first sense (senses 0-indexed? But the candidate senses are listed as 1 and 2, so I'll use 1 and 2 as given) is "a first-year undergraduate" (synonyms: fresher). The second sense is "any new participant in some activity" (synonyms: newcomer, fledgling, etc.). Clearly, in this political context, "freshman" refers to new members of the House of Representatives, so it fits sense 2. The instruction says to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. But the indices are 1 and 2. I'll choose sense 2. So the JSON should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman <t>Republicans</t> brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "Republicans" in the given context. The target word is "republican", surface form "Republicans". The context is about politics, specifically mentioning the election of Franklin Roosevelt, the New Deal, Congress, representatives, the Reagan revolution, and the Republican Party. The specific sentence: "The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman <t>Republicans</t> brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982." Here, "Republicans" clearly refers to members of the Republican Party. Sense 1 is "a member of the Republican Party". Sense 2 is a more general advocate of a republic, and sense 3 is a river. So the correct sense is 1. Thus, output JSON with sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bring
Target surface form: brought
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans <t>brought</t> into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bring%2:38:00:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=convey, take | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
2. sense_key=bring%2:35:04:: | definition=cause to come into a particular state or condition | examples=Long hard years of on the job training had brought them to their competence; bring water to the boiling point
3. sense_key=bring%2:36:00:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=work, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
4. sense_key=bring%2:35:00:: | definition=go or come after and bring or take back | synonyms=get, convey, fetch | examples=Get me those books over there, please; Could you bring the wine?
5. sense_key=bring%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a different state | synonyms=land | examples=this may land you in jail
6. sense_key=bring%2:35:02:: | definition=be accompanied by | examples=Can I bring my cousin to the dinner?
7. sense_key=bring%2:36:01:: | definition=advance or set forth in court; , | synonyms=institute | examples=bring charges; institute proceedings
8. sense_key=bring%2:40:02:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, add | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
9. sense_key=bring%2:40:00:: | definition=be sold for a certain price | synonyms=fetch, bring in | examples=The painting brought $10,000; The old print fetched a high price at the auction
10. sense_key=bring%2:37:05:: | definition=attract the attention of | examples=The noise and the screaming brought the curious
11. sense_key=bring%2:32:03:: | definition=induce or persuade | examples=The confession of one of the accused brought the others to admit to the crime as well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Target lemma: bring. Target surface form: brought." Context: "... the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982." The phrase is "brought into office". We need to choose the best sense among the given candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: "freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution". This means they were elected or caused to enter office. The sense of "bring" here is about causing someone to be in a particular state or position (office). It's not about physically carrying something somewhere. Look at candidate senses:

1. take something or somebody with oneself somewhere (physical conveyance) — doesn't fit; they weren't physically carried.
2. cause to come into a particular state or condition — "brought into office" is like causing them to be in office. Example: "Long hard years ... had brought them to their competence; bring water to the boiling point". This is about causing a state. "bring into office" is a state/condition: being in office. This seems plausible.
3. cause to happen or to occur as a consequence — "brought into office" is not an event that happens as a consequence in the sense of "work a miracle". It's more about induction into a state.
4. go or come after and bring or take back — no fetching.
5. bring into a different state — "land" — similar to 2 but example "this may land you in jail" — that's a different state. "into office" is a state. Could work, but 2 explicitly says "cause to come into a particular state or condition", which is closer.
6. be accompanied by — "Can I bring my cousin to the dinner?" — not about bringing someone into a state.
7. institute (charges) — no.
8. bestow a quality — not fitting.
9. be sold for a price — no.
10. attract attention — no.
11. induce or persuade — "brought the others to admit" — this is about persuading, not causing a state. The phrase "brought into office" doesn't mean they were persuaded; they were elected/caused to take office.

Between 2 and 5: Sense 2: "cause to come into a particular state or condition". Sense 5: "bring into a different state". The latter is more like "land you in jail" — it emphasizes a resulting negative state often. Sense 2 seems more general: "bring water to the boiling point", "brought them to their competence". Here, "brought into office" is causing them to be in office. So I'll go with sense_index 2.

Check examples: No direct example of "bring into office", but it fits the pattern. Sense 5 might also apply, but the gloss is "bring into a different state", and the example "land you in jail" suggests a change in situation, possibly unintended. The context is about being elected, which is intentional. Sense 2 is more neutral: cause to come into a state. I'll pick 2.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: office
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into <t>office</t> in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "office" with context. The target surface form is "office". The context: "... brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution ..."

We need to choose the best indexed sense among the candidates (1-7). The candidate senses:

1. Place of business (business office)
2. Administrative unit of government (agency)
3. Actions and activities (function, part, role)
4. Holding an office means being in power (power) - examples: "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage"; "during his first year in office"
5. Office staff
6. Religious rite
7. A job in an organization (position, post, etc.)

Now, the phrase "brought into office" is a common phrase meaning being elected or appointed to a position of power or authority, especially in government. In the context: "the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution" - this clearly refers to them being elected to Congress (the House of Representatives). It refers to assuming a position of power (being a representative). The sense that matches this is sense 4: "(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power" with example "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage". The phrase "brought into office" directly aligns with this sense. Additionally, sense 7 is "a job in an organization" (position, post), but sense 4 specifically captures the idea of being in power, which is precisely what "office" means in political contexts. The context is about members of Congress, which is a political office. So sense 4 is best.

Check: "brought into office" = they were elected and began serving in that capacity. This is sense 4: holding an office means being in power. Sense 7 might also seem plausible, but sense 4 is more specific to government and power, while sense 7 is any job. The example in sense 4: "during his first year in office" is extremely similar. So we pick 4.

Thus, sense_index: 4.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: revolution
Target surface form: revolution
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan <t>revolution</t> and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=revolution%1:11:01:: | definition=a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving | examples=the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution
2. sense_key=revolution%1:04:00:: | definition=the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
3. sense_key=revolution%1:11:00:: | definition=a single complete turn (axial or orbital) | synonyms=rotation, gyration | examples=the plane made three rotations before it crashed; the revolution of the earth about the sun takes one year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "revolution" in the given context. The target surface form is "revolution" and is part of the phrase "the Reagan revolution". We have three candidate senses:

1. sense 1: a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving (example: "the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution")
2. sense 2: the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
3. sense 3: a single complete turn (axial or orbital) (synonyms: rotation, gyration) (example: "the plane made three rotations before it crashed; the revolution of the earth about the sun takes one year")

Context: The text mentions "the Reagan revolution" and "spreading the Reagan revolution". In political contexts, "the Reagan revolution" refers to the significant shift in American politics and economic policies associated with Ronald Reagan's presidency, often characterized as a conservative revolution. It does not refer to a literal overthrow of government (sense 2) or a physical rotation (sense 3). Instead, it signifies a drastic change in thinking and policies, aligning with sense 1. The context also says "their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making", indicating a change in policy direction. Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer should be a JSON object with sense_index 1.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: run
Target surface form: running
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and <t>running</t> for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=run%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time | examples=Don't run--you'll be out of breath; The children ran to the store
2. sense_key=run%2:38:04:: | definition=flee; take to one's heels; cut and run | synonyms=scat, scarper, turn tail, lam, run away, hightail it | examples=If you see this man, run!; The burglars escaped before the police showed up
3. sense_key=run%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=go, pass, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
4. sense_key=run%2:41:02:: | definition=direct or control; projects, businesses, etc. | synonyms=operate | examples=She is running a relief operation in the Sudan
5. sense_key=run%2:42:04:: | definition=have a particular form | synonyms=go | examples=the story or argument runs as follows; as the saying goes...
6. sense_key=run%2:38:01:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=flow, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
7. sense_key=run%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, work, operate, go | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
8. sense_key=run%2:42:07:: | definition=change or be different within limits | synonyms=range | examples=Estimates for the losses in the earthquake range as high as $2 billion; Interest rates run from 5 to 10 percent
9. sense_key=run%2:33:06:: | definition=run, stand, or compete for an office or a position | synonyms=campaign | examples=Who's running for treasurer this year?
10. sense_key=run%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to emit recorded audio or video | synonyms=play | examples=They ran the tapes over and over again; I'll play you my favorite record
11. sense_key=run%2:38:11:: | definition=move about freely and without restraint, or act as if running around in an uncontrolled way | examples=who are these people running around in the building?; She runs around telling everyone of her troubles
12. sense_key=run%2:42:01:: | definition=have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined | synonyms=tend, be given, lean, incline | examples=She tends to be nervous before her lectures; These dresses run small
13. sense_key=run%2:35:04:: | definition=be operating, running or functioning | examples=The car is still running--turn it off!
14. sense_key=run%2:30:03:: | definition=change from one state to another | examples=run amok; run rogue
15. sense_key=run%2:30:07:: | definition=cause to perform | examples=run a subject; run a process
16. sense_key=run%2:42:02:: | definition=be affected by; be subjected to | examples=run a temperature; run a risk
17. sense_key=run%2:42:03:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=prevail, persist, die hard, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
18. sense_key=run%2:42:06:: | definition=occur persistently | examples=Musical talent runs in the family
19. sense_key=run%2:41:00:: | definition=carry out a process or program, as on a computer or a machine | synonyms=execute | examples=Run the dishwasher; run a new program on the Mac
20. sense_key=run%2:36:02:: | definition=include as the content; broadcast or publicize | synonyms=carry | examples=We ran the ad three times; This paper carries a restaurant review
21. sense_key=run%2:36:00:: | definition=carry out | examples=run an errand
22. sense_key=run%2:35:01:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, draw, pass | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
23. sense_key=run%2:42:08:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=lead | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
24. sense_key=run%2:41:01:: | definition=make without a miss
25. sense_key=run%2:40:06:: | definition=deal in illegally, such as arms or liquor | synonyms=black market
26. sense_key=run%2:38:10:: | definition=cause an animal to move fast | examples=run the dogs
27. sense_key=run%2:38:08:: | definition=be diffused | synonyms=bleed | examples=These dyes and colors are guaranteed not to run
28. sense_key=run%2:38:03:: | definition=sail before the wind
29. sense_key=run%2:38:05:: | definition=cover by running; run a certain distance | examples=She ran 10 miles that day
30. sense_key=run%2:42:05:: | definition=extend or continue for a certain period of time | synonyms=run for | examples=The film runs 5 hours
31. sense_key=run%2:41:04:: | definition=set animals loose to graze
32. sense_key=run%2:38:02:: | definition=keep company | synonyms=consort | examples=the heifers run with the bulls to produce offspring
33. sense_key=run%2:38:06:: | definition=run with the ball; in such sports as football
34. sense_key=run%2:38:13:: | definition=travel rapidly, by any (unspecified) means | examples=Run to the store!; She always runs to Italy, because she has a lover there
35. sense_key=run%2:38:09:: | definition=travel a route regularly | synonyms=ply | examples=Ships ply the waters near the coast
36. sense_key=run%2:33:02:: | definition=pursue for food or sport (as of wild animals) | synonyms=hunt, hunt down, track down | examples=Goering often hunted wild boars in Poland; The dogs are running deer
37. sense_key=run%2:33:01:: | definition=compete in a race | synonyms=race | examples=he is running the Marathon this year; let's race and see who gets there first
38. sense_key=run%2:30:02:: | definition=progress by being changed | synonyms=move, go | examples=The speech has to go through several more drafts; run through your presentation before the meeting
39. sense_key=run%2:30:00:: | definition=reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heating | synonyms=melt, melt down | examples=melt butter; melt down gold
40. sense_key=run%2:30:01:: | definition=come unraveled or undone as if by snagging | synonyms=ladder | examples=Her nylons were running
41. sense_key=run%2:30:04:: | definition=become undone | synonyms=unravel | examples=the sweater unraveled

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "run" with surface form "running" in a specific context. The context is: "... the 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982." Here, "running" is used in the phrase "running for re-election". This clearly refers to campaigning or competing for an office. Checking the candidate senses, sense index 9 is: "run%2:33:06:: | definition=run, stand, or compete for an office or a position | synonyms=campaign | examples=Who's running for treasurer this year?" That fits perfectly: "running for re-election" means competing/campaigning for re-election. No other sense matches as well. So the answer is sense index 9.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: freshman
Target surface form: freshmen
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these <t>freshmen</t> placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=freshman%1:18:00:: | definition=a first-year undergraduate | synonyms=fresher
2. sense_key=freshman%1:18:01:: | definition=any new participant in some activity | synonyms=newcomer, fledgling, fledgeling, starter, neophyte, newbie

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "freshmen" (lemma: freshman) in the given context. The context discusses politics: "first-term members of the House... The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980... these freshmen placed far more emphasis..." Here, "freshman" refers to newly elected members of Congress who are in their first term. It's not about university students. Sense 1 is about a first-year undergraduate, which is the educational meaning. Sense 2 is about any new participant in some activity, with synonyms like newcomer, newbie. That fits: these are newcomers to Congress. So sense 2 is the correct sense.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: place
Target surface form: placed
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen <t>placed</t> far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=place%2:35:00:: | definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | synonyms=put, set, pose, position, lay | examples=Put your things here; Set the tray down
2. sense_key=place%2:41:01:: | definition=place somebody in a particular situation or location | examples=he was placed on probation
3. sense_key=place%2:31:01:: | definition=assign a rank or rating to | synonyms=rate, rank, range, order, grade | examples=how would you rank these students?; The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide
4. sense_key=place%2:40:00:: | definition=assign a location to | synonyms=locate, site | examples=The company located some of their agents in Los Angeles
5. sense_key=place%2:32:01:: | definition=to arrange for | examples=place a phone call; place a bet
6. sense_key=place%2:31:03:: | definition=take a place in a competition; often followed by an ordinal | synonyms=come in, come out | examples=Jerry came in third in the Marathon
7. sense_key=place%2:33:03:: | definition=intend (something) to move towards a certain goal | synonyms=target, aim, direct, point | examples=He aimed his fists towards his opponent's face; criticism directed at her superior
8. sense_key=place%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=identify | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
9. sense_key=place%2:41:00:: | definition=assign to (a job or a home)
10. sense_key=place%2:36:00:: | definition=locate | synonyms=set, localize, localise | examples=The film is set in Africa
11. sense_key=place%2:31:13:: | definition=estimate | synonyms=put, set | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
12. sense_key=place%2:42:00:: | definition=identify the location or place of | synonyms=localize, localise | examples=We localized the source of the infection
13. sense_key=place%2:40:03:: | definition=make an investment | synonyms=invest, put, commit | examples=Put money into bonds
14. sense_key=place%2:33:00:: | definition=assign to a station | synonyms=station, post, send
15. sense_key=place%2:33:02:: | definition=finish second or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to place
16. sense_key=place%2:32:00:: | definition=sing a note with the correct pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "placed" in the context: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role...". The target lemma is place, surface form placed.

We need to read the context: The freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role in national policy making. "placed emphasis" is a common collocation meaning "put emphasis" or "gave emphasis". So the sense is about putting something abstract (emphasis) on something. Among the options, sense 1: "put into a certain place or abstract location" with synonyms put, set, pose, position, lay, and example "Put your things here". This includes abstract location, so "place emphasis" fits well. Sense 7: "intend (something) to move towards a certain goal" with synonyms target, aim, direct, point. This could be interpreted as directing emphasis, but "place emphasis" is more about putting emphasis on something rather than aiming it. Sense 5: "to arrange for" as in place a phone call, place a bet. That doesn't fit. Sense 4: assign a location to. Sense 9: assign to (a job or a home). None of these fit. So the best is sense 1, which explicitly covers abstract location. The example "Put your things here" is physical, but the definition says "abstract location". So I'll go with sense_index 1.

The JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emphasis
Target surface form: emphasis
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more <t>emphasis</t> on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emphasis%1:26:00:: | definition=special importance or significance | synonyms=accent | examples=the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis; the room was decorated in shades of grey with distinctive red accents
2. sense_key=emphasis%1:07:00:: | definition=intensity or forcefulness of expression | synonyms=vehemence | examples=the vehemence of his denial; his emphasis on civil rights
3. sense_key=emphasis%1:10:01:: | definition=special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
4. sense_key=emphasis%1:10:00:: | definition=the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch) | synonyms=stress, accent | examples=he put the stress on the wrong syllable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to pick the best indexed sense for "emphasis" in the context. The context: "Because these freshmen placed far more <t>emphasis</t> on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat." So they placed more emphasis on their partisan role. That means they gave special importance or significance to that role. Let's examine the senses:

1. special importance or significance (synonym: accent). Example: "the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis" – that's about giving importance. This fits: they placed far more importance on their partisan role.

2. intensity or forcefulness of expression (synonym: vehemence). Example: "the vehemence of his denial; his emphasis on civil rights". This could also be about putting stress or force on something. But in context, "placed far more emphasis on" means they gave more importance or focus, not necessarily intensity of expression. They are not speaking with vehemence; they are focusing their attention. Sense 1 is more about importance, sense 2 about forceful expression. The phrase "placed emphasis on" typically means they gave special importance to something.

3. special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g. – This is about stressing something through placement or repetition, like in a text or speech. Not quite fitting; it's more about how you emphasize something. But "placed emphasis on" is a general phrase meaning they prioritized it.

4. the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (stress or accent). Clearly not.

Sense 1 is the most common and fitting: they gave special importance to their partisan role. Sense 2 might be possible if they expressed it forcefully, but the context is about what they focused on, not how they expressed it. The example for sense 2: "his emphasis on civil rights" could mean he stressed civil rights, but that is often synonymous with giving importance. However, the WordNet gloss separates them: sense 1 is special importance or significance; sense 2 is intensity or forcefulness of expression. In the sentence, "placed far more emphasis on" indicates they assigned more importance to that role. It's not about the vehemence of their denials or something. So sense 1 is best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan <t>role</t> -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "role" in the given context. We have four candidate senses to choose from. The target is "role" in the context:

"... these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

We need to pick the best indexed sense among the four.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part

2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona

3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?

4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

The context phrase: "their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making". Here, "role" refers to the function or activities expected of these freshmen Republicans as partisans. They are acting in a political capacity, emphasizing their partisan duties. This aligns with sense 1: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group". The synonym "function" is given, and the example "the function of a teacher" is analogous to the function of a partisan legislator.

Sense 4 is close: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting". But sense 1 and 4 are similar. Looking at the definition of sense 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" with example "what is your role on the team?" This also fits, but sense 1 explicitly includes "assigned to or required or expected of a person or group", which matches the notion of a partisan role being something expected of them as party members. However, sense 4 might be considered a more specific type? But note the sense keys: 1:04:00 and 1:04:01, they are related. The context says "partisan role", which is a particular social setting (politics), so both could apply. But we need to choose the best single sense.

Let's check the WordNet hierarchy if needed. Without it, we rely on definitions. Sense 1 examples: "the function of a teacher; the government must do its part" – doing its part suggests an assigned duty. Sense 4 example: "what is your role on the team?" – this is also a social setting. But sense 1's definition mentions "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected", which aligns with "partisan role" – they are expected to advance the party agenda. The phrase "spreading the Reagan revolution" is an action they took on. So sense 1 seems a slightly better fit because it explicitly mentions "assigned" and "required", while sense 4 says "normal or customary activity", not necessarily assigned. Partisan role might be considered a customary activity for a partisan, but it's more about what they are expected to do.

Sense 2 is clearly about acting, not relevant. Sense 3 is about the purpose of something, not a person. So we eliminate 2 and 3.

Between 1 and 4, sense 1's definition includes "assigned to" which fits the context of a role being emphasized as a duty. I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the index for sense 1 is 1.

So the answer should be {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spread
Target surface form: spreading
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- <t>spreading</t> the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spread%2:35:00:: | definition=distribute or disperse widely | synonyms=distribute | examples=The invaders spread their language all over the country
2. sense_key=spread%2:35:07:: | definition=become distributed or widespread | synonyms=propagate | examples=the infection spread; Optimism spread among the population
3. sense_key=spread%2:42:00:: | definition=spread across or over | synonyms=overspread | examples=A big oil spot spread across the water
4. sense_key=spread%2:35:03:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread out, open | examples=open the map; spread your arms
5. sense_key=spread%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to become widely known | synonyms=circulate, circularize, circularise, distribute, disseminate, propagate | examples=spread information; circulate a rumor
6. sense_key=spread%2:32:02:: | definition=become widely known and passed on | synonyms=go around, circulate | examples=the rumor spread; the story went around in the office
7. sense_key=spread%2:38:00:: | definition=strew or distribute over an area | synonyms=scatter, spread out | examples=He spread fertilizer over the lawn; scatter cards across the table
8. sense_key=spread%2:38:02:: | definition=move outward | synonyms=diffuse, spread out, fan out | examples=The soldiers fanned out
9. sense_key=spread%2:35:12:: | definition=cover by spreading something over | examples=spread the bread with cheese
10. sense_key=spread%2:35:13:: | definition=distribute over a surface in a layer | examples=spread cheese on a piece of bread

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "spreading" in the provided context. The target lemma is "spread", surface form "spreading". The context is about why certain freshmen Republicans were more vulnerable to defeat because they placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- <t>spreading</t> the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making.

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=spread%2:35:00:: | definition=distribute or disperse widely | synonyms=distribute | examples=The invaders spread their language all over the country
   - This sense implies actively distributing something, like spreading language. Could fit: they were distributing the Reagan revolution? But "revolution" is abstract, perhaps disseminating ideas.

2. sense_key=spread%2:35:07:: | definition=become distributed or widespread | synonyms=propagate | examples=the infection spread; Optimism spread among the population
   - This is intransitive: something becomes widespread. In the sentence, "spreading the Reagan revolution" is transitive; they are spreading something. So this sense is intransitive and doesn't fit the direct object.

3. sense_key=spread%2:42:00:: | definition=spread across or over | synonyms=overspread | examples=A big oil spot spread across the water
   - This is about covering an area, like a physical spread. Doesn't fit "revolution".

4. sense_key=spread%2:35:03:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread out, open | examples=open the map; spread your arms
   - Physical spreading, not metaphorical.

5. sense_key=spread%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to become widely known | synonyms=circulate, circularize, circularise, distribute, disseminate, propagate | examples=spread information; circulate a rumor
   - This is transitive: cause something (information, ideas) to become widely known. "Spreading the Reagan revolution" implies disseminating the ideas, policies, etc. of that revolution. It fits perfectly: they were causing the Reagan revolution to become widely known or adopted.

6. sense_key=spread%2:32:02:: | definition=become widely known and passed on | synonyms=go around, circulate | examples=the rumor spread; the story went around in the office
   - Intransitive, does not take a direct object. "The Reagan revolution spread" would be intransitive, but here it's "spreading the Reagan revolution", so transitive.

7. sense_key=spread%2:38:00:: | definition=strew or distribute over an area | synonyms=scatter, spread out | examples=He spread fertilizer over the lawn; scatter cards across the table
   - Physical scattering, not suitable for abstract revolution.

8. sense_key=spread%2:38:02:: | definition=move outward | synonyms=diffuse, spread out, fan out | examples=The soldiers fanned out
   - Intransitive, physical movement outward.

9. sense_key=spread%2:35:12:: | definition=cover by spreading something over | examples=spread the bread with cheese
   - Physical covering, not abstract.

10. sense_key=spread%2:35:13:: | definition=distribute over a surface in a layer | examples=spread cheese on a piece of bread
    - Physical layering.

Thus, sense 5 is the best match: "cause to become widely known" with synonyms circulate, disseminate, propagate. They were actively spreading the ideas/impact of the Reagan revolution.

Therefore, the answer is sense index 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: revolution
Target surface form: revolution
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan <t>revolution</t> -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=revolution%1:11:01:: | definition=a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving | examples=the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution
2. sense_key=revolution%1:04:00:: | definition=the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
3. sense_key=revolution%1:11:00:: | definition=a single complete turn (axial or orbital) | synonyms=rotation, gyration | examples=the plane made three rotations before it crashed; the revolution of the earth about the sun takes one year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "revolution" and target surface form "revolution" in a context. The context discusses political patterns, ticket splitting, Congress, and mentions "Reagan revolution". We need to choose the best sense from three candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. A drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving. Example: the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution.
2. The overthrow of a government by those who are governed.
3. A single complete turn (axial or orbital). Synonyms: rotation, gyration. Example: the plane made three rotations...  revolution of the earth...

Context: "first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan <t>revolution</t> -- in national policy making..."

The "Reagan revolution" refers to the political and economic changes associated with Ronald Reagan's presidency, often characterized by conservative policies, tax cuts, deregulation, etc. It is a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving about government's role. It's not an overthrow of government (sense 2) nor a rotation (sense 3). Sense 1 fits best: a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving.

Thus, sense_index should be 1.

Note: The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" so we need to output JSON with the chosen index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in <t>national</t> policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "national" in: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in <t>national</t> policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

The context contrasts "national policy making" with "local benefit-seeking". The freshmen focused on national policy making rather than local benefits. So "national" here refers to policy making at the national level, concerning the entire nation, as opposed to local or constituent-specific.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country" - very broad. Examples: "national hero", "national anthem". This sense is about a relationship with a nation.

2. "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation" - examples: "national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy". This seems to be about policies that are self-interested, focusing on one's own nation.

3. "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" - examples: "the national government; national elections". This is about something that applies to the entire nation, like national-level politics.

4. "owned or maintained for the public by the national government" - example: "national parks". This is about public ownership.

5. "inside the country" - synonyms: home, interior, internal. Examples: "the British Home Office... the nation's internal politics". This is about domestic vs. foreign.

6. "characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation" - example: "a national trait".

7. "of or relating to nationality" - example: "national origin".

The phrase is "national policy making". It is contrasted with local benefit-seeking. So it's about policy making at the national level, for the whole country. Sense 3 fits: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country". The example "national government" is similar. Sense 2 might also be considered: "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation", but here it's about national vs. local, not about national interests vs. international. Sense 3 is more about the level (national vs. local). In political science, "national policy making" typically refers to policy at the national level. Sense 1 is too broad. Sense 3 is the best.

Thus, I choose sense index 3.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national <t>policy</t> making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "policy" in the context. The target is "policy" in the phrase "national policy making". So, we need to choose among three senses.

Sense 1: a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group. Examples: "it was a policy of retribution", "a politician keeps changing his policies".

Sense 2: a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government. Examples: "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation".

Sense 3: written contract or certificate of insurance (insurance policy). Not relevant here.

Now, in the context: "national policy making". It's about legislators and national policy, related to government action. The text says: "legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking". This clearly refers to the actions and plans of government, not an insurance contract. So between senses 1 and 2: Sense 1 is a general plan of action by any individual or group, while Sense 2 is specifically a line of argument rationalizing government action. The phrase "national policy making" suggests the creation of government policies, which fits with Sense 1's definition as a plan of action adopted by a social group (in this case, the government). However, Sense 2 says "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government", which is more about the reasoning or justification behind policies, not the policy itself. The example: "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" suggests discussing whether a policy is wise or not. In our context, "national policy making" is about making national policies, i.e., deciding on plans of action. It's not about debating the rationale. So Sense 1 seems more direct. Also, the synonyms: Sense 1 has none listed, Sense 2 has none. But Sense 1's definition: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" fits perfectly: national policy making is about making plans of action at the national level. Sense 2 is more about the argumentative aspect, but the context is about actual policy making, not about debating its rationality. Therefore, Sense 1 is the best match.

We should not hedge and return only the JSON.