[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cost
Target surface form: costs
Context:
The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the <t>costs</t> for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cost%1:21:00:: | definition=the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
2. sense_key=cost%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold) | synonyms=monetary value, price | examples=the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver; he puts a high price on his services
3. sense_key=cost%1:07:01:: | definition=value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something | synonyms=price, toll | examples=the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "cost" and the target surface form "costs". The context is about climate negotiations and who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases. The sentence is: "Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases..."

We need to choose between three senses:

1. cost%1:21:00:: | definition: the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
2. cost%1:07:00:: | definition: the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold) | synonyms: monetary value, price | examples: the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver; he puts a high price on his services
3. cost%1:07:01:: | definition: value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something | synonyms: price, toll | examples: the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work

The context is about "costs for curbing greenhouse gases". Here, "costs" likely refers to the expenditure, sacrifice, or burden required to achieve the goal of curbing greenhouse gases. It's not about the property of having material worth (monetary value of something), nor is it strictly about total spent for goods and services (which might include money, time, labor). The sense 3 talks about value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something, which fits the notion of "costs" as a burden or sacrifice (economic, etc.) to take action on climate change. The synonyms include "price" and "toll", and examples are "the cost in human life was enormous" and "the price of success is hard work". This is about the cost as a price to pay, which aligns with the context of who should bear the costs (i.e., the burden, the effort, the financial implications) of curbing emissions.

Sense 1 is more about monetary expenditure: total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor. While that could be part of it, the context is broader: it's about the overall burden, not just a financial transaction. Sense 2 is about value as a property (the fluctuating monetary value), which doesn't fit because they are not talking about the value of something but about who will pay the cost.

Thus, sense 3 is the best fit.

We need to return a JSON object with sense_index as an integer. Since the instructions say "Do not return a WordNet sense key", just return the index. The candidate senses are numbered 1, 2, 3. So the answer is {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: NextBit


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable <t>countries</t> have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target lemma "country", surface form "countries", in the given context. The target is in the sentence: "...even as vulnerable <t>countries</t> have become more aggressive..." Here, "vulnerable countries" refers to nations that are vulnerable, likely smaller or less developed nations, in the context of climate change negotiations. The sense refers to political entities (nations) rather than geographical areas or rural areas. Among the candidates:

Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation, land, etc.) - fits "vulnerable countries" as nations.
Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation (state, land) - also possible, but in this context "vulnerable countries" are acting (become more aggressive), so it's the political entity, not just the territory.
Sense 3: the people who live in a nation or country (nation, land) - "vulnerable countries" might refer to the people, but here it's more about the nations as actors in negotiations. Typically in such contexts, "countries" refers to states.
Sense 4: an area outside of cities and towns (rural area) - clearly wrong.
Sense 5: a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (area) - not fitting.

Between sense 1 and sense 2, sense 1 emphasizes the political body, sense 2 the territory. In "vulnerable countries have become more aggressive", it's the political entity taking action, not the territory. Also, the examples for sense 1 include "the state has elected a new president; African nations", which aligns with usage like "countries stepping up". Sense 2's examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries" - visiting countries can be either, but when countries are agents (stepping up, taking action, being aggressive), sense 1 is better. Additionally, the phrase "major developing countries" earlier uses "countries" similarly as political actors.

Thus, sense 1 is best. Return {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: GMICloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: actions
Context:
The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their <t>actions</t>. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "actions" in the given context. The context is a news article about climate negotiations, where major powers like the US and China are arguing about obligations to reduce emissions. The target sentence: "...even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions." Here, "actions" refers to the things the big emitters (countries) have done, specifically their greenhouse gas emissions and possibly their policies. So we need to pick the sense that matches "something done" or "acts", especially by countries.

Let's review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions — This is a general sense of deeds or things that people do.

2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action — This is about being active, not about specific deeds.

3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea — This is military, not relevant here.

4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity — This is natural processes, not human actions.

5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action — This is narrative plot, not relevant.

6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action — This is a personality trait, not relevant.

7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action — Mechanical, not relevant.

8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law — Legal proceedings, not necessarily the context here (though "hold accountable" could be legal, but "actions" refers to what they are accountable for, not the proceeding itself).

9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues — This is specifically about governmental or organizational acts. The context is about big emitters (countries) being held accountable, so their actions are likely governmental actions. This sense seems quite appropriate.

10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible — This is about excitement or main activity in a field, not relevant.

Between sense 1 and sense 9: Sense 1 is a very general "something done," while sense 9 is specifically an act by a government body or supranational organization. Given the context is about nations (big emitters) and climate policy, sense 9 seems more precise. The sentence: "hold the big emitters accountable for their actions" — these are actions by countries (governments). The example for sense 9 mentions "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position" and "the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action". So it's about official actions by governing bodies. This fits perfectly.

Therefore, the best choice is sense 9.

Now, return JSON: {"sense_index": 9}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: central_america
Target surface form: Central America
Context:
The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and <t>Central America</t> climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=central_america%1:15:00:: | definition=the isthmus joining North America and South America; extends from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia
2. sense_key=central_america%1:14:00:: | definition=the nations of Central America collectively

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "central_america" with surface form "Central America" in a context. The context mentions: "Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said ... said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and <t>Central America</t> climate change adviser for Conservation International." So here, "Central America" is part of the title "regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser". It likely refers to the geographical region, the isthmus, rather than the nations collectively as a political entity? The first sense is the isthmus (geographical), the second is the nations collectively (political). In the phrase "Mexico and Central America", it's common to refer to the geographical region, but also could be the nations. However, the title "regional ... adviser" for an organization like Conservation International likely refers to the geographic area. Moreover, "Mexico and Central America" as a region often means the land area. The context doesn't strongly point to a political collective of nations; it's about climate change and vulnerable countries, but the adviser covers a region. I'd lean toward sense 1, the isthmus, because it's a geographical region. The second sense "the nations of Central America collectively" is more about the countries as a group. In the context, it's "regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser" - "regional" suggests a geographical area. So likely sense 1.

Let's see the definitions:
1. the isthmus joining North America and South America; extends from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia.
2. the nations of Central America collectively.

Here, "Mexico and Central America" - Mexico is a country, and Central America is typically the isthmus that includes countries like Guatemala, Honduras, etc. It's often used to denote the land area. So sense 1 fits better. I'll go with 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the <t>countries</t> most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "country" and the surface form "countries". The context has the phrase: "Some of the <t>countries</t> most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty..." The word is used in the phrase "some of the countries" referring to nations or states. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: definition: a politically organized body of people under a single government. Examples: the state has elected a new president; African nations.
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: definition: the territory occupied by a nation. Examples: he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries.
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: definition: the people who live in a nation or country. Examples: a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation.
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: definition: an area outside of cities and towns. Examples: his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country.
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: definition: a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary. Examples: it was a mountainous area; Bible country.

In the context, "countries" clearly refers to nation-states, like the Alliance of Small Island States, which are political entities vulnerable to climate change. They are not talking about the territory (sense 2) but the political entity that makes treaties and takes actions. "Countries most vulnerable" could be interpreted as the nation-states, i.e., politically organized bodies. Sense 1 is "a politically organized body of people under a single government" which fits well. Sense 2 is territory, but here they are talking about the countries acting (indicated they would push for a treaty), which is more about the political entity. Sense 3 is the people, but the "countries" are acting as collective entities, not just the people. Sense 4 is rural areas, irrelevant. Sense 5 is vague region, also not fitting.

The context: "Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty" – the countries are pushing for a treaty, which is an action of political entities. So sense 1 is best.

Double-check: In sense 2, the example says "he visited several European countries" – that could be both territory and political, but the definition emphasizes territory. The context here is more about the political actor. "Countries" as the subject of "indicated" and "push" is clearly the political organization. So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the <t>impact</t> of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "impact" in the sentence: "Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen..." The context is about climate change negotiations, and countries are vulnerable to the effects of climate change. So "impact" here means the consequences or effects. Looking at the senses: sense 1 is physical striking; sense 2 is "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" with example about impact on thinking; sense 3 is "influencing strongly" with synonym impingement, examples about impingement of values; sense 4 is violent interaction of groups. The best fit is sense 2, as it directly relates to effect or consequence. Sense 3 is more about influence or encroachment, not exactly the effect of climate change. The context is about the effects of climate change on vulnerable countries. So sense 2 is correct.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: participant
Target surface form: participants
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major <t>participants</t> say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=participant%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who takes part in an activity
2. sense_key=participant%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who participates in or is skilled at some game | synonyms=player

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to pick the best sense for "participant" in the given context. The candidate senses are: 1. "someone who takes part in an activity" and 2. "a person who participates in or is skilled at some game" (synonym: player). The context: "most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best." This refers to participants in climate talks, which is an activity (diplomatic talks), not a game. The second sense is more specific to games and implies skill. The first sense is general, fitting any activity. Therefore, sense 1 is more appropriate. Output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political <t>deal</t> at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "deal" in the given context. The target lemma is "deal" and the surface form is "deal". The context is a news article about climate negotiations. The relevant sentence: "although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political <t>deal</t> at best." So "deal" here refers to an agreement reached through political talks, not a commercial transaction or other meanings. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | that's about trade, not fitting
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=... he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals — this matches well: political deal as an agreement
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | large number/amount, not appropriate
4. plank of softwood, no
5. wood/softwood, no
6. cards held, no
7. type of treatment received (as result of agreement), e.g. "he got a good deal on his car" - this is more about receiving a favorable treatment or price, not the agreement itself. The context is "produce a political deal", meaning the outcome of talks is an agreement. Sense 2 explicitly says "an agreement ... fixing obligations". That fits better.
8. distributing cards, no
9. distributing something, no

Thus sense 2 is the best. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 <t>members</t>, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "member" and surface form "members" in a specific context. The context discusses the Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members. Let's analyze the senses.

Sense 1: "one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)". Synonyms: fellow member. Examples: "only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty". This refers to individual persons who are members of a group.

Sense 2: "anything that belongs to a set or class". Examples: "snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex". This is about membership in a class or set, not necessarily persons.

Sense 4: "an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations)". Examples: "the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations". This refers to organizations being members of a larger organization.

In the context: "The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal..." The Alliance of Small Island States is an organization, and its members are likely member states or countries. So, each member is a state (an organization) that belongs to the alliance. That fits sense 4: an organization that is a member of another organization. Sense 1 is about individual persons, but here the members are countries, not persons. Sense 2 is too broad, it would include anything in a class, but the specific context is about countries in an alliance. Sense 4 specifically mentions "a state that belongs to a group of nations", which perfectly matches.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 4.

Return {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: draft
Target surface form: draft
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page <t>draft</t> treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=draft%1:21:00:: | definition=a document ordering the payment of money; drawn by one person or bank on another | synonyms=bill of exchange, order of payment
2. sense_key=draft%1:19:00:: | definition=a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle) | synonyms=draught
3. sense_key=draft%1:06:01:: | definition=a preliminary sketch of a design or picture | synonyms=rough drawing
4. sense_key=draft%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving of drink (usually alcoholic) drawn from a keg | synonyms=draught, potation, tipple | examples=they served beer on draft
5. sense_key=draft%1:10:00:: | definition=any of the various versions in the development of a written work | synonyms=draft copy | examples=a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution
6. sense_key=draft%1:07:00:: | definition=the depth of a vessel's keel below the surface (especially when loaded) | synonyms=draught
7. sense_key=draft%1:06:02:: | definition=a regulator for controlling the flow of air in a fireplace
8. sense_key=draft%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of liquid medicine | synonyms=draught | examples=he took a sleeping draft
9. sense_key=draft%1:04:03:: | definition=compulsory military service | synonyms=conscription, muster, selective service
10. sense_key=draft%1:04:02:: | definition=a large and hurried swallow | synonyms=gulp, draught, swig | examples=he finished it at a single gulp
11. sense_key=draft%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving a load by drawing or pulling | synonyms=draught, drawing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the target word "draft" in the given context. The context is about international climate negotiations. The sentence: "The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning." Here, "draft" clearly refers to a preliminary version of a treaty proposal. This matches sense 5: "any of the various versions in the development of a written work" with synonyms "draft copy" and examples "a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution". So sense_index should be 5.

We output JSON accordingly.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proposal
Target surface form: proposal
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty <t>proposal</t> early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proposal%1:10:00:: | definition=something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)
2. sense_key=proposal%1:10:02:: | definition=an offer of marriage | synonyms=marriage proposal, proposal of marriage, marriage offer
3. sense_key=proposal%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of making a proposal | synonyms=proposition | examples=they listened to her proposal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "proposal" in the given context. The target is in the sentence: "The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning." So "proposal" here refers to a draft treaty that is proposed. The candidate senses are:

1. something proposed (such as a plan or assumption) — a general sense for a proposal.
2. an offer of marriage — clearly not applicable.
3. the act of making a proposal — synonyms: proposition, example: "they listened to her proposal". This emphasizes the act of proposing, not the thing proposed.

In context, "draft treaty proposal" is a noun phrase. "Proposal" is the head noun modified by "draft treaty". So it refers to a document or plan that is proposed. Sense 1 is "something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)". That fits perfectly: a draft treaty is a plan being proposed. Sense 3 is "the act of making a proposal". But here, "produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal" means they created a document that is a proposal. They didn't produce an act of proposing; they produced a proposal (the thing proposed). So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morning
Target surface form: morning
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday <t>morning</t>. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morning%1:28:00:: | definition=the time period between dawn and noon | synonyms=morn, morning time, forenoon | examples=I spent the morning running errands
2. sense_key=morning%1:10:00:: | definition=a conventional expression of greeting or farewell | synonyms=good morning
3. sense_key=morning%1:28:01:: | definition=the first light of day | synonyms=dawn, dawning, aurora, first light, daybreak, break of day | examples=we got up before dawn; they talked until morning
4. sense_key=morning%1:11:00:: | definition=the earliest period | synonyms=dawn | examples=the dawn of civilization; the morning of the world

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "morning" and target surface form "morning" in the context: "The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday <t>morning</t>." So the word appears in the phrase "early Friday morning." We need to choose the best sense among the four given.

Sense 1: "the time period between dawn and noon" (synonyms: morn, morning time, forenoon; examples: I spent the morning running errands). This fits "early Friday morning" because it refers to a specific part of the day.

Sense 2: "a conventional expression of greeting or farewell" (synonym: good morning). That is not used in the sentence; it's not a greeting.

Sense 3: "the first light of day" (synonyms: dawn, dawning, aurora, first light, daybreak, break of day; examples: we got up before dawn; they talked until morning). This refers to the very early part of the morning, specifically dawn. The phrase says "early Friday morning," which could be around dawn, but it is more general. However, the example "they talked until morning" might align with sense 3, but often "morning" can be used both ways. The key distinction: Sense 1 is the time period, Sense 3 is the first light. In the sentence, "produced a draft treaty proposal early Friday morning" likely means during the early part of the morning (before noon), not specifically at dawn. The word "morning" here is modified by "early," which could indicate the start of the morning period. But "early morning" typically means the early hours of the morning, which might be around sunrise. But note that Sense 1 includes the entire period from dawn to noon, so "early morning" is just the beginning of that period. Sense 3 is specifically the first light, i.e., dawn. If the sentence said "at dawn" or "daybreak," it would be Sense 3. But here it's "early Friday morning," which is more likely Sense 1. Also, the example for Sense 3 is "we got up before dawn; they talked until morning" where "morning" means dawn. In contrast, Sense 1 example: "I spent the morning running errands" – that's the entire morning period. "Early Friday morning" is still a time period. I'd lean toward Sense 1.

Sense 4: "the earliest period" (synonym: dawn; examples: the dawn of civilization; the morning of the world). This is metaphorical and not literal time of day. Not applicable here.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international <t>climate</t> negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "climate" in the context. The target word is "climate" in the phrase "international climate negotiations". The context is about climate change negotiations, referring to greenhouse gases, saving the planet, etc. So the sense is clearly about weather/climate change, not psychological state. Sense 1 is about weather over a long period, which matches "climate change". Sense 2 is about psychological mood, which doesn't fit. So the answer is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: negotiation
Target surface form: negotiations
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate <t>negotiations</t> on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=negotiation%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion intended to produce an agreement | synonyms=dialogue, talks | examples=the buyout negotiation lasted several days; they disagreed but kept an open dialogue
2. sense_key=negotiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "negotiation" in the context. The target lemma is "negotiation", and the target surface form is "negotiations". The context is a news article about climate talks. The sentence containing the target: "Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has 'put political pressure on the entire political process,' ..."

We have two candidate senses:
1. sense_key=negotiation%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion intended to produce an agreement | synonyms=dialogue, talks | examples=the buyout negotiation lasted several days; they disagreed but kept an open dialogue
2. sense_key=negotiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms

We need to choose the best indexed sense. Both are plausible. Sense 1 emphasizes the discussion aspect, while Sense 2 emphasizes the activity or business. In the context, "international climate negotiations" clearly refers to the ongoing formal talks or discussions between countries to reach an agreement on climate action. The word "negotiations" here is used as a plural noun indicating the series of discussions. The example for sense 1: "the buyout negotiation lasted several days" is similar to this context—it's about a specific discussion process intending to produce an agreement. Sense 2 says "the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms". That is broader. In WordNet, "negotiation" has these two senses. Typically, sense 1 is the more common one for "negotiations" as talks. Sense 2 might be used more abstractly. Given the context: "heads international climate negotiations" means he is in charge of the process of these talks. Both could fit, but sense 1's definition explicitly says "a discussion intended to produce an agreement" and the example uses "negotiation" in a similar context (buyout negotiation). The synonym "talks" directly applies: climate talks. So sense 1 seems more precise.

Thus, I'll choose sense 1.

Output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: behalf
Target surface form: behalf
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on <t>behalf</t> of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=behalf%1:04:00:: | definition=as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as  rather than ) | examples=on behalf of; in behalf of
2. sense_key=behalf%1:07:00:: | definition=for someone's benefit (usually expressed as `in behalf' rather than `on behalf' and usually with a possessive) | examples=in your behalf; campaigning in his own behalf

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given two candidate senses for "behalf". The target is in the phrase "on behalf of the European Commission". The context: "Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission..." So it's clearly "on behalf of" meaning as the representative or agent of someone. Let's check the senses:

Sense 1: sense_key=behalf%1:04:00:: | definition=as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as rather than) | examples=on behalf of; in behalf of. (Note: the gloss says "usually expressed as rather than" but it likely means "usually expressed as 'on behalf of' rather than 'in behalf of'"). The examples given: "on behalf of; in behalf of". So this sense is specifically for the expression "on behalf of" meaning as the agent.

Sense 2: sense_key=behalf%1:07:00:: | definition=for someone's benefit (usually expressed as `in behalf' rather than `on behalf' and usually with a possessive) | examples=in your behalf; campaigning in his own behalf. This sense is for "in behalf" meaning benefit.

In the context, it's "on behalf of", so it matches sense 1. Also, it's about representing the European Commission in negotiations, acting as their agent. So sense 1 is correct.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political <t>pressure</t> on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "pressure" in the given context. We have 7 candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to choose the single best indexed sense (1-7) based on the context.

Context snippet: "Artur Runge-Metzger... said the push by small island nations has 'put political pressure on the entire political process,' in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies..."

The target is "pressure" in "political pressure". So we need to determine which sense of "pressure" fits best in the phrase "political pressure". Let's evaluate each candidate:

1. pressure%1:19:00:: force applied to unit area, measured in pascals. Literal physical pressure. Not applicable.
2. pressure%1:07:00:: a force that compels. Example: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government". This is about compelling force, often social or political. Synonyms? None given. This sense seems metaphorical: "a force that compels". In the context, "political pressure" is a compelling force that the small island nations are exerting on the political process. This fits well.
3. pressure%1:04:00:: the act of pressing; exertion of pressure. Example: "he gave the button a press". Physical act of pressing. Not applicable.
4. pressure%1:26:00:: state of demanding notice or attention; synonyms: imperativeness, insistence, press. Example: "the insistence of their hunger". This is about urgency, pressing demand. Could "political pressure" mean political insistence/urgency? It's a noun phrase, but sense 4 emphasizes demand for attention. The context does talk about demands, but "pressure" here is more about the force being exerted, not merely the state of demanding. However, it could be close. But sense 2 explicitly describes "a force that compels", which aligns better with exerting pressure.
5. pressure%1:09:00:: somatic sensation. Not applicable.
6. pressure%1:26:01:: oppressive condition of distress. Not about exerting force; about being under pressure (feeling distressed). "Political pressure" typically means the force being applied, not a state of distress. While political pressure can cause distress, the phrase is used here as something applied by the nations, so they are exerting pressure, not suffering it. So sense 2 is better.
7. pressure%1:19:01:: atmospheric pressure. Not applicable.

Thus, sense 2 "a force that compels" is the most appropriate for "political pressure". It matches the example: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government", which is similar to "put political pressure on the entire political process".

Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: process
Target surface form: process
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political <t>process</t>," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=process%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular course of action intended to achieve a result | synonyms=procedure | examples=the procedure of obtaining a driver's license; it was a process of trial and error
2. sense_key=process%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents | synonyms=cognitive process, mental process, operation, cognitive operation | examples=the process of thinking; the cognitive operation of remembering
3. sense_key=process%1:10:00:: | definition=a writ issued by authority of law; usually compels the defendant's attendance in a civil suit; failure to appear results in a default judgment against the defendant | synonyms=summons
4. sense_key=process%1:09:01:: | definition=a mental process that you are not directly aware of | synonyms=unconscious process | examples=the process of denial
5. sense_key=process%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant | synonyms=outgrowth, appendage | examples=a bony process
6. sense_key=process%1:03:00:: | definition=a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states | synonyms=physical process | examples=events now in process; the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the target word "process" in the given context. The context is: "Artur Runge-Metzger ... said the push by small island nations has 'put political pressure on the entire political <t>process</t>,' in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India." So, the phrase is "political process." This refers to the set of actions and negotiations in a political context aimed at reaching a decision or agreement.

Now, we have candidate senses. Let's evaluate:

1. sense_key=process%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular course of action intended to achieve a result | synonyms=procedure | examples=the procedure of obtaining a driver's license; it was a process of trial and error
This fits well: a political process is a course of action intended to achieve a political result (e.g., a treaty). The synonyms "procedure" and examples emphasize a systematic series of actions.

2. sense_key=process%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents | synonyms=cognitive process, mental process, operation, cognitive operation
This is psychological, not applicable to a political negotiation.

3. sense_key=process%1:10:00:: | definition=a writ issued by authority of law; usually compels the defendant's attendance in a civil suit; failure to appear results in a default judgment against the defendant | synonyms=summons
This is a legal document, not relevant.

4. sense_key=process%1:09:01:: | definition=a mental process that you are not directly aware of | synonyms=unconscious process | examples=the process of denial
Again psychological, not relevant.

5. sense_key=process%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant | synonyms=outgrowth, appendage | examples=a bony process
Biological, not relevant.

6. sense_key=process%1:03:00:: | definition=a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states | synonyms=physical process | examples=events now in process; the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls
This sense is more about a natural or ongoing phenomenon, often used for physical processes. While a political process could be seen as a gradual series of changes, sense 1 (procedure) is more directly about an intentional course of action. The example "events now in process" suggests an ongoing state, but "political process" typically refers to the structured set of negotiations and steps. Sense 6 is a broader sense, often for physical processes. The synonyms "physical process" suggest a scientific context, whereas the political process is a deliberate human activity. So sense 1 is better.

Given the context: "political pressure on the entire political process," it's about the procedural aspect of negotiations. Sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, the sense index is 1.

Output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: action
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding <t>action</t> from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "action" in the given context. We must choose the best indexed sense among the candidates. The context is about climate change negotiations, where countries are demanding "action" from emerging economies like China and India. The phrase: "they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India." So "action" refers to steps or measures taken to address climate change. Looking at the senses:

1. something done (usually as opposed to something said) - general, could fit.
2. the state of being active - not quite; they are demanding that countries do something, not just be active.
3. military engagement - no.
4. natural process - no.
5. plot of events - no.
6. trait of being active and energetic - no.
7. operating part - no.
8. judicial proceeding - no.
9. an act by a government body or supranational organization - this fits well: demanding action from emerging economies (governments) to take steps on climate change. The examples mention "recent federal action" and "the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action", which aligns with international climate negotiations.
10. most important or interesting work or activity - does not fit; this is more about where the excitement is.

Sense 1 is also plausible: "something done (usually as opposed to something said)" but sense 9 is more specific to governmental/institutional action, which is exactly the context: nations demanding that other nations take action. The example in sense 9: "the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues" closely matches the context of international climate talks. So sense 9 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 9}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as <t>China</t> and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "China" in the given context. The target lemma is "china", target surface form "China". The context is about climate change negotiations, mentioning "China" and United States feuding, and later mentioning "emerging economies such as China and India". Clearly, they refer to the country. Among the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay — this is the People's Republic of China, the country.

2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China — this is the material, not relevant.

3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China — this refers to Taiwan, not the mainland. In the context, "China" is paired with the United States and India, clearly the mainland country, not Taiwan.

4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain — also material, not relevant.

Thus, sense 1 is correct. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.