[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: keep
Target surface form: keep
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to <t>keep</t> such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools?
19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry
20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips
21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school
22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "keep" in the sentence: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to <t>keep</t> such Democrats in office."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list of 22 candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: The text discusses why voters in the South keep Democrats in office because those Democrats have held power and delivered local benefits. The phrase "keep such Democrats in office" means to continue to have them in the elected position, i.e., to retain them in office, not to put them in a certain state or condition, but rather to ensure they remain in the office. It's about maintaining their possession of the office? Actually, "keep someone in office" means to cause them to continue holding that office, to retain them in that position. It could be seen as "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" (sense 1). But let's check the examples: "keep clean; hold in place" - that sense is about keeping something in a particular state or position. However, "keep such Democrats in office" fits: "in office" is a state/position. The gloss: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g.," with synonyms "maintain, hold". This seems appropriate.

We need to consider alternatives. Sense 2: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity". That's intransitive? Examples: "Keep on working!" That's about continuing an activity. But here, "keep" is used transitively: "keep such Democrats in office" - it's about causing them to remain in office. Sense 3: "retain possession of", example: "Can I keep my old stuffed animals?" That's about keeping an object, not about keeping a person in a position. Sense 4: "stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state" with "prevent". That's opposite, not keeping in. Sense 5: "conform one's action or practice to", e.g., "keep appointments" - not relevant. Sense 6: "stick to correctly or closely", e.g., "keep time" - no. Sense 7: "look after; be the keeper of; have charge of", e.g., "He keeps the shop" - not that. Sense 8: "maintain by writing regular records" - no. Sense 9: "supply with room and board" - no. Sense 10: "allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature", synonyms "retain, continue, keep on", examples: "We cannot continue several servants any longer" - this is about allowing someone to remain in a position? "She retains a lawyer" - that's about keeping a professional. This sense seems similar: "allow to remain in a place or position". For "keep such Democrats in office", it's about allowing them to remain in office (by re-electing them). Sense 10 might fit. But let's compare with sense 1. Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g.," with examples "keep clean; hold in place". That is more about causing something to stay in that state/position. It seems more direct: the voters keep Democrats in office (they maintain them in that office). Sense 10 has a slightly different nuance: "allow to remain in a place or position". The distinction might be subtle. The gloss for sense 1 explicitly says "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" and "hold in place" is a synonym example. "in office" is a position. So I'd lean toward sense 1.

Sense 11: supply with necessities, no. Sense 12: fail to spoil, no. Sense 13: celebrate, no. Sense 14: keep under control, no. Sense 15: maintain in safety, no. Sense 16: raise animals, no. Sense 17: retain rights to, e.g., keep my job, keep my seat. That's interesting: "keep my seat" means to retain the right to the seat. "keep such Democrats in office" could be seen as retain the right to have them in office? No, it's about the voters keeping the Democrats in the office, meaning they continue their tenure. Sense 17: "retain rights to" - examples: "keep my job for me", "keep my seat, please". That's more about reserving something for someone. Not really.

Sense 18: store or keep customarily, no. Sense 19: have as a supply, no. Sense 20: maintain for use and service, e.g., keep a car, no. Sense 21: hold and prevent from leaving, e.g., kept after school. That is about detaining a person, not keeping in office. Sense 22: prevent food from rotting, no.

So the strongest candidates are sense 1 and sense 10. Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g.," — "in office" is a position. Sense 10: "allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature" — also seems to fit. But sense 10's examples include "We cannot continue several servants any longer" and "She retains a lawyer". The gloss says "allow to remain in a place or position". In "keep such Democrats in office", the voters are not just allowing; they are actively re-electing them to maintain them in office. However, the idea of "keeping" often implies not removing them, which can be seen as allowing them to remain. But sense 1 is more general: maintain them in that state/position. WordNet has many subtle distinctions. We need to see the examples and synonyms. For sense 1, synonyms are "maintain, hold". Example phrases: "keep clean; hold in place". So if you say "keep the Democrats in office", you are holding them in that position, maintaining them there. For sense 10, synonyms are "retain, continue, keep on". Example: "We cannot continue several servants any longer" — that means we cannot afford to keep them in our employ. That is similar to keeping someone in a job/office. So "retain" might be the key synonym. In fact, in sense 10, the gloss is "allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature". "Allow to remain in a place or position" — that sounds like "keep Democrats in office", allowing them to stay. But what about sense 17? "retain rights to" — that is about keeping something for someone, not keeping someone in a position.

I need to check the WordNet hierarchy. Sense 1 is keep%2:42:00::, which is probably in the "keep in a certain state" category. Sense 10 is keep%2:41:02::, which is "allow to remain". They are closely related. Which one is more appropriate? Let's see if the phrase "keep someone in office" is explicitly mentioned in any example. Not directly. But in sense 1, examples are "keep clean; hold in place" — these are adjectives or locations, whereas "in office" is a prepositional phrase indicating state. That fits. Sense 10's example "She retains a lawyer" is like keeping a lawyer on retainer, not exactly keeping in office. "We cannot continue several servants" is about continuing their employment. That is close, but the synonym "continue" is also part of sense 2, which is intransitive. Actually, sense 10's synonyms include "continue, keep on". If you say "continue Democrats in office", that would be odd; you'd more likely say "keep Democrats in office". So maybe sense 1 is more direct as transitive with a complement indicating state.

Look at the number of sense: sense 1 is very broad: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity". It's a common pattern: keep + object + adj/prepositional phrase. That's exactly the construction here: keep [such Democrats] [in office]. Sense 10 also takes an object, but the complement might be different: "allow to remain in a place or position" — the object is the person, and the place/position is often implied. Example: "retain a lawyer" doesn't have a complement. "We cannot continue several servants any longer" — here "continue" is used transitively with "servants" as object, meaning to keep them in service. That is similar. But "keep Democrats in office" explicitly states the position. In WordNet, sense 1 is more likely to be the one for "keep + obj + state/position". I recall that in previous examples, "keep" in "keep him in the lead" etc., often maps to sense 1. Let's consider: the gloss for sense 1 says "keep in a certain state, position, or activity". That directly mentions "position", and "in office" is a position. Sense 10 says "allow to remain in a place or position". Both mention "position". But sense 10's examples don't show a complement like "in office"; they use a direct object alone. The difference might be whether the focus is on maintaining the state (sense 1) vs. not dismissing them (sense 10). Without more context, the safest bet is the most general and fitting pattern, which is sense 1. Also, note that in the example sentences, "keep clean" is analogous to "keep Democrats in office" — both have [keep + obj + complement]. Sense 10's examples are simple transitive: "We cannot continue several servants" — no prepositional phrase after the object. So the syntactic pattern points strongly to sense 1.

Thus, I choose sense 1.

I will return {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such <t>Democrats</t> in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "democrat" as it appears in the surface form "Democrats" in the given context.

The context discusses political parties in the US, specifically the Republican Party and Democratic opponents. The text mentions "Democratic opponent", "Democratic legislators from the South", and then refers to "Democrats" as the incumbents that voters in the South have an incentive to keep in office. It's clearly talking about members of the Democratic Party. The candidate senses are:
1. a member of the Democratic Party
2. an advocate of democratic principles

In context, it's specifically about party affiliation, not about advocating democratic principles in general. The capitalized "Democrats" also indicates the political party. Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

We must return a JSON object with the sense index. Since index numbers are 1-based? The senses are listed as 1 and 2. So we return {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: office
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in <t>office</t>. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "office" in the context: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in <t>office</t>."

The phrase is "keep such Democrats in office". This means to keep them in a position of power or in a political office. It refers to holding a political position, not a physical office or a specific agency. The candidates are running for congressional office, and the passage discusses keeping Democrats in their elected positions.

Looking at the senses:

1. physical place of business: "he rented an office" – not applicable.
2. administrative unit of government: e.g., "Central Intelligence Agency" – not applicable, it's not about keeping Democrats in a specific agency/bureau, but in their elected role.
3. actions and activities assigned to a person: "function, part, role" – not quite; it's about holding a position, not the function itself.
4. (of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power: "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage" – this matches exactly. "keep such Democrats in office" means keep them in power, in their elected positions. The example "during his first year in office" also fits.
5. office staff – not applicable.
6. religious rite – not applicable.
7. a job in an organization: "position, post, berth" – this could also be a possibility: "a job in an organization". However, sense 4 is specifically about "holding an office means being in power" and focuses on the state of being in office. The context "keep ... in office" is an idiomatic expression meaning to keep someone in a position of authority/power, often through elections. Sense 4 directly addresses this with the example "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage". Sense 7 is more about a specific job position (like "he occupied a post in the treasury"), but "in office" typically refers to being in power. WordNet often distinguishes the state of holding an office (sense 4) from the office as a job (sense 7). The context says "keep such Democrats in office", which is the state of continuing to hold their elected positions. The earlier text says "attracting viable candidates for congressional office" where "office" might be sense 7 (a position). But here "in office" is specifically about the state. I'll choose sense 4.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 4.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggests
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory <t>suggests</t> why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the lemma "suggest" with surface form "suggests" (but spelled "suggests" in the context? Actually it says "<t>suggests</t>" - probably a typo for "suggests"). Context: "Finally, the theory <t>suggests</t> why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House." So "the theory suggests why ...".

We must choose among the candidate senses:

1. propose/advise: make a proposal, declare a plan for something. Example: the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax.
2. hint: drop a hint; intimate by a hint.
3. imply as a possibility: intimate. Example: The evidence suggests a need for more clarification.
4. indicate (medical): suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine. Example: Tetracycline is indicated in such cases.
5. evoke: call to mind. Example: this remark evoked sadness.

In the context, the theory is not making a proposal or plan; not hinting secretly; not a medical indication; and not evoking a feeling. It is presenting an explanation or implication: "the theory suggests why ..." meaning the theory implies or indicates a reason for a pattern. This matches sense 3: "imply as a possibility". The example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification" is similar: evidence implies a need. So the best sense is 3.

Thus: {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why <t>Republicans</t> generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for "republican" in the context where the surface form is "Republicans". The context is clearly about American politics, referring to the Republican Party, Democratic opponents, Senate races, House campaigns, etc. The candidate senses are: 1. a member of the Republican Party; 2. an advocate of a republic; 3. a river. Obviously, the correct sense is the first one. The text says "Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races..." referring to the political party. So sense_index: 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fare
Target surface form: fared
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have <t>fared</t> better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fare%2:42:00:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, make out, come, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
2. sense_key=fare%2:34:00:: | definition=eat well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "fared" in the given context. The target lemma is "fare" and the surface form is "fared". The context is about political science, discussing why Republicans have fared better in Senate races than in House campaigns. The sentence: "Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House." Here, "fared" means performed or gotten along. The two candidate senses are: 1) proceed or get along (synonyms: do, make out, come, get along), and 2) eat well. Clearly, in this context, "fared" is not about eating; it's about how they performed. So sense 1 is correct. The JSON output should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: races
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate <t>races</t> than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "race" with surface form "races" in the given context. The context is about political elections, specifically mentioning Senate races versus House campaigns. The sentence: "Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate <t>races</t> than in campaigns for the House." Here, "races" clearly refers to electoral competitions. Among the candidate senses:

Sense 1: any competition, example: the race for the presidency. This fits perfectly: political races.

Sense 2: a contest of speed; example: the race is to the swift. This is more literal racing (running, driving), not electoral.

Senses 3-6 are unrelated (genetics, biology, airflow, water canal). So sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: campaign
Target surface form: campaigns
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in <t>campaigns</t> for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=campaign%1:11:00:: | definition=a race between candidates for elective office | synonyms=political campaign, run | examples=I managed his campaign for governor; he is raising money for a Senate run
2. sense_key=campaign%1:04:02:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=cause, crusade, drive, movement, effort | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace
3. sense_key=campaign%1:04:00:: | definition=several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints) | synonyms=military campaign
4. sense_key=campaign%1:04:01:: | definition=an overland journey by hunters (especially in Africa) | synonyms=hunting expedition, safari

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "campaign", surface form "campaigns". Context: "Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in <t>campaigns</t> for the House." So the word appears in "campaigns for the House", meaning electoral campaigns for the House of Representatives.

Let's check the senses:
1. sense_key=campaign%1:11:00:: definition=a race between candidates for elective office. Examples: I managed his campaign for governor; he is raising money for a Senate run. This fits perfectly: "campaigns for the House" are races for the House.
2. definition=a series of actions advancing a principle... not specific to elections. Context is clearly about elections.
3. military campaign – no.
4. hunting expedition – no.

Thus, sense 1 is correct. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since <t>local</t> benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "local" in the given context. The target is "local" in the phrase "local benefit-seeking" and other occurrences like "local benefits". The context is about congressional politics, where Democratic legislators from the South have been able to translate their clout into "relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies". Then it says "local benefit-seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber". So "local" here refers to benefits that are specific to a particular district or constituency, as opposed to national-level benefits. The candidates:

Sense 1: relating to the administration of a city/town/district rather than a larger area. Example: local taxes, local authorities. This seems about governmental administration, like local government. But the context is about congressional politics: benefits for constituencies, not necessarily city/town administration. Congress is federal, but they bring benefits to their local districts. However, sense 1 emphasizes administration of a smaller area, but the benefits are from federal spending, not local government. So it might not be the best fit.

Sense 2: of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood. Example: local customs; local schools. This is about something that is characteristic of a locality. "Local benefits" could mean benefits that are specific to that locality. That fits better: the benefits are for that particular constituency, not national. The phrase "local benefit-seeking" means seeking benefits for one's own local area/district. So sense 2 seems appropriate.

Sense 3: affecting only a restricted part or area of the body (local anesthesia). Clearly not relevant.

Thus, sense 2 is the best. Return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and <t>national</t> policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "national" in the context: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect..."

We need to disambiguate the adjective "national" as it modifies "policy making". The phrase is "national policy making". Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country. Examples: national hero, national anthem. This is very broad: relating to a nation.
2. sense 2: limited to or in the interests of a particular nation. Example: national interests. Focus on the interests of one's own nation.
3. sense 3: concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country. Examples: the national government, national elections. This implies something that is nationwide, covering the whole country.
4. sense 4: owned or maintained for the public by the national government. Example: national parks. This is about government ownership.
5. sense 5: inside the country. Synonyms: home, interior, internal. Example: the nation's internal politics. This contrasts with foreign.
6. sense 6: characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation. Example: a national trait. This is about characteristics of a nation's people.
7. sense 7: of or relating to nationality. Example: national origin.

Context: "local benefit-seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber". Here, "national" is contrasted with "local". Local means pertaining to a specific district or area, while national refers to the whole nation. The phrase "national policy making" suggests policy that affects the entire country, as opposed to local benefits. So, the best sense is sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country". It is about nationwide scope. Sense 1 is also possible, but sense 3 is more precise in this contrast with local. Sense 5 refers to domestic as opposed to foreign, but here it's local vs. whole nation, not local vs. foreign. So sense 3 is best.

Thus, the sense index is 3.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national <t>policy</t> making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "policy" in the given context. The candidate senses are:

1. policy%1:09:00:: - a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group.
2. policy%1:10:00:: - a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government.
3. policy%1:10:02:: - written contract or certificate of insurance (insurance policy).

The context: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national <t>policy</t> making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress..." Here, "policy making" refers to the creation of plans or courses of action at the national level. It contrasts local benefit-seeking with national policy making. This is clearly about governmental plans or actions, not insurance. The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2: sense 1 is a general plan of action by any individual or social group; sense 2 specifically a line of argument rationalizing government action. The context mentions "national policy making" in Congress, which is governmental. However, sense 1 is broader but still fits: Congress making plans of action. Sense 2 defines it as "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government." That seems more about the justification or debate (they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation), whereas here it's about the making of policy. In the example, "it was a policy of retribution" for sense 1 shows a plan of action. For sense 2, "they debated the policy..." suggests the argumentation. In the sentence, "national policy making" is the process of creating governmental plans. That aligns more with sense 1 as a plan of action. However, WordNet often has fine distinctions. Sense 2 is specific to government and rationalization, but the context doesn't emphasize debate or argumentation; it's about the activity. The phrase "policy making" is common for governmental planning. Many WSD systems would likely classify this as sense 1, the general plan of action adopted by a group (the government). But sometimes, "policy" in political contexts is sense 2. Let's check: sense 1's example: "a politician keeps changing his policies" – that is about a politician's plans. So sense 1 includes political plans. Sense 2 is about the argumentation, not the plan itself. Given that the context says "policy making", not "policy debate", I lean toward sense 1. But let's read carefully: "national policy making matters less in the lower chamber" – the lower chamber (House) focuses more on local benefits and less on making national plans. That is about creating policies, not just debating them. So sense 1 is the best.

Thus, I'll choose sense 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy <t>making</t> matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "making" in the phrase "national policy making". The context discusses Congressional elections, local benefit-seeking vs. national policy making. The target is "making" as part of the compound "policy making". We need to choose between three senses: sense 1: "the act that results in something coming to be" (devising, fashioning); sense 2: "an attribute that must be met" (qualification); sense 3: "(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something" (makings).

In context, "national policy making" refers to the process of creating national policies. This aligns with sense 1: the act of making something. "Policy making" is the activity of devising policies. Sense 2 is clearly wrong; it means qualifications. Sense 3 is also wrong; it means ingredients or components, typically plural "makings". So sense 1 is correct.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chamber
Target surface form: chamber
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower <t>chamber</t> of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chamber%1:06:00:: | definition=a natural or artificial enclosed space
2. sense_key=chamber%1:08:00:: | definition=an enclosed volume in the body | examples=the chambers of his heart were healthy
3. sense_key=chamber%1:06:02:: | definition=a room where a judge transacts business
4. sense_key=chamber%1:14:00:: | definition=a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly | examples=the upper chamber is the senate
5. sense_key=chamber%1:06:01:: | definition=a room used primarily for sleeping | synonyms=bedroom, sleeping room, sleeping accommodation, bedchamber

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma: "chamber" and target surface form: "chamber". The context: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower <t>chamber</t> of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses. The sentence refers to "the lower chamber of Congress". Congress has two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The lower chamber is typically the House of Representatives. So "chamber" here refers to a legislative assembly. That matches sense 4: "a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly | examples=the upper chamber is the senate". The context says "lower chamber of Congress", which fits directly. So sense_index 4 is correct.

Other senses: sense 1 (enclosed space), sense 2 (body volume), sense 3 (judge's room), sense 5 (bedroom) are not applicable.

Answer: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expect
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would <t>expect</t> if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "expect" and its context: a complex sentence about political patterns. Let's read the context carefully.

Context: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would <t>expect</t> if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

The word "expect" is used here. We need to choose the best sense from the six candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. regard something as probable or likely (synonyms: anticipate; examples: The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow)
2. consider obligatory; request and expect (synonyms: ask, require; examples: We require our secretary to be on time; ...)
3. look forward to the probable occurrence of (synonyms: look, await, wait; examples: We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion)
4. consider reasonable or due (examples: I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed)
5. look forward to the birth of a child (examples: She is expecting in March)
6. be pregnant with (synonyms: have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate; examples: She is bearing his child; ...)

The context: "this is precisely the pattern one would expect if ..." This is a common usage meaning "this is what one would logically anticipate, or think is likely, given the condition." It's a prediction or inference. So sense 1: "regard something as probable or likely" fits perfectly. Sense 3 is similar, but 1 is more about mental evaluation of likelihood, while 3 is about looking forward to something. In this context, it's not about "looking forward" with emotion, but about a logical expectation. The phrase "one would expect" is a typical idiom for "it is to be expected that" meaning "it is likely/predictable." There's no sense of obligation (sense 2), or demanding an explanation (sense 4), or pregnancy (5,6).

Thus, sense 1 is the best.

But let's double-check: The example in sense 1: "The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow" is a prediction based on evidence. The context: "this is precisely the pattern one would expect if..." is also a prediction based on a theoretical condition. So sense 1 is the right fit.

Sense 3: "look forward to the probable occurrence of" might also be used for future events, but it often has a connotation of eagerly awaiting. Here, it's not about looking forward; it's a neutral expectation. So sense 1 is more precise.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if <t>Republicans</t> are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "Republicans" in the given context. The context is clearly about political parties in the US: Republican Party vs Democratic Party, congressional races, Senate vs House, etc. So "a member of the Republican Party" is the obvious meaning. The other senses (advocate of a republic, or a river) are completely unrelated. Therefore, sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: willing
Target surface form: willing
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less <t>willing</t> to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=willing%3:00:00:: | definition=disposed or inclined toward | examples=a willing participant; willing helpers
2. sense_key=willing%5:00:00:voluntary:01 | definition=not brought about by coercion or force | synonyms=uncoerced, unforced | examples=the confession was uncoerced

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "willing" in the given sentence. The context: "this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts." Sense 1: disposed or inclined toward (a willing participant). Sense 2: not brought about by coercion or force (uncoerced). In this context, "willing" refers to readiness or inclination to engage in local benefit-seeking. It's about disposition, not about coercion. So sense 1 fits better.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: engage
Target surface form: engage
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to <t>engage</t> in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=engage%2:41:06:: | definition=carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in | synonyms=prosecute, pursue | examples=She pursued many activities; They engaged in a discussion
2. sense_key=engage%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, occupy | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
3. sense_key=engage%2:41:01:: | definition=engage or hire for work | synonyms=hire, employ | examples=They hired two new secretaries in the department; How many people has she employed?
4. sense_key=engage%2:41:00:: | definition=ask to represent; of legal counsel | examples=I'm retaining a lawyer
5. sense_key=engage%2:32:00:: | definition=give to in marriage | synonyms=betroth, affiance, plight
6. sense_key=engage%2:30:00:: | definition=get caught | examples=make sure the gear is engaged
7. sense_key=engage%2:41:12:: | definition=carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns) | synonyms=wage | examples=Napoleon and Hitler waged war against all of Europe
8. sense_key=engage%2:40:01:: | definition=hire for work or assistance | synonyms=enlist | examples=engage aid, help, services, or support
9. sense_key=engage%2:40:00:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, take | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
10. sense_key=engage%2:35:00:: | definition=keep engaged | synonyms=mesh, lock, operate | examples=engaged the gears

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to <t>engage</t> in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

The target word is "engage". We need to choose the best sense among the candidates.

The context is about "engage in local benefit-seeking". That means to participate or be involved in the activity of local benefit-seeking.

Candidate senses:

1. sense_key=engage%2:41:06:: | definition=carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in | synonyms=prosecute, pursue | examples=She pursued many activities; They engaged in a discussion

This fits perfectly: "engage in local benefit-seeking" means to participate in that activity.

2. Absorb, engross, occupy - not appropriate here.

3. Hire, employ - not about hiring someone.

4. Retaining a lawyer - no.

5. Marriage - no.

6. Get caught - no.

7. Wage wars - no.

8. Hire for work or assistance - no.

9. Lease, rent, hire - no.

10. Engage gears - no.

Thus, sense 1 is clearly the correct one.

The instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we output sense index 1.

But note: The index here is given as the list number. So index 1.

So {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in <t>local</t> benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "local" and the surface form "local". The context contains "local benefit - seeking" and earlier "local benefits". The sentence: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

We need to pick the best sense in the context. The context is about "local benefit - seeking" in Congress, specifically "local benefits for their respective constituencies". This is about benefits for a particular locality, like a district. Sense 1 relates to administration of a city, town, or district rather than a larger area. Sense 2 is more general: of or belonging to a particular locality or neighborhood. The phrase "local benefits" here means benefits that are specific to a local area (like a congressional district) as opposed to national benefits. Both senses 1 and 2 could be relevant, but sense 1 explicitly mentions "concerned with the administration of a city or town or district" and directly uses "local taxes; local authorities" as examples. Sense 2 has examples like "local customs; local schools" which are more about belonging to a locality. "Local benefit - seeking" is about seeking benefits for one's local district, which is akin to pork-barrel spending. This is about bringing benefits to one's district, which relates to administration/concern with a district. Sense 1 says "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district" and the example "local authorities" aligns with governmental context. Sense 2 says "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood" which is more about being characteristic (like customs) or belonging. The context is clearly about governmental benefits tied to a district, so sense 1 fits perfectly: "local benefits" meaning benefits administered at the district level. So sense 1 is the best. Sense 3 is about anatomical localization, not relevant. So answer is 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their <t>Democratic</t> counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "democratic" with the surface form "Democratic". The context is discussing political parties in the United States, specifically the Democratic Party. The sentence with the target is: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their <t>Democratic</t> counterparts." Here, "Democratic" clearly refers to members of the Democratic Party. The word is capitalized, which is a strong indicator of the proper noun referring to the political party.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:
1. Pertaining to democracy or social equality. Examples: democratic government; a democratic country. This is the general adjective.
2. Belonging to or relating to the Democratic Party. Example: Democratic senator. This specifically refers to the political party.
3. Representing or appealing to the people at large; popular. Synonyms: popular. Example: democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement. This is a different sense, often used in contexts like "democratic art" meaning accessible to the people.

The context uses "Democratic" as a proper adjective modifying "counterparts", meaning Democratic Party members. The sentence contrasts Republicans and Democrats. So sense 2 is the correct one, as it explicitly relates to the Democratic Party.

Thus, the answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: counterpart
Target surface form: counterparts
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic <t>counterparts</t>. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=counterpart%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another | synonyms=opposite number, vis-a-vis
2. sense_key=counterpart%1:06:00:: | definition=a duplicate copy | synonyms=similitude, twin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "counterparts" in context. We need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2.

Sense 1: "a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another" with synonyms "opposite number, vis-a-vis". This sense is about counterparts as equivalents or matching entities, often in different systems.

Sense 2: "a duplicate copy" with synonyms "similitude, twin". This sense is about an exact copy or duplicate.

Context: "Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Here, "their Democratic counterparts" means Democratic members of Congress, specifically those in the same role (e.g., House members). They are not duplicate copies; they are people having the same function or characteristics as Republicans but in the other party. So sense 1 fits perfectly.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: empirical
Target surface form: empirical
Context:
To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any <t>empirical</t> support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=empirical%3:00:00:: | definition=derived from experiment and observation rather than theory | synonyms=empiric | examples=an empirical basis for an ethical theory; empirical laws
2. sense_key=empirical%3:01:00:: | definition=relying on medical quackery | synonyms=empiric | examples=empiric treatment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "empirical" in the given context. The target lemma is "empirical", surface form "empirical". The context is a passage about a political theory regarding Republican vs. Democratic behavior in Congress, and it asks: "Is there any empirical support for this theory?" So "empirical" here modifies "support," meaning support based on observation or evidence, not just theory. The two candidate senses: sense 1: derived from experiment and observation rather than theory (synonyms: empiric, examples include "an empirical basis for an ethical theory; empirical laws"). sense 2: relying on medical quackery (synonyms: empiric, examples: "empiric treatment"). Clearly, the context is about political science, not medicine, and "empirical support" means support based on actual data or evidence. So sense 1 is correct. The answer should be a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.