[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation on "deadly" in the context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

The context is about cancer, genes, and how altered genes can initiate cancer and propel it into a deadly state. "Deadly" here describes a state of cancer that is fatal or lethal, capable of causing death.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
This fits: cancer being propelled into a state that causes death.

2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
This sense is more specific to instruments (like weapons or poisons) that cause death. The cancer state isn't an instrument, so less fitting.

3. extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom – not relevant, cancer isn't venomous.

4. involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death – not relevant.

5. exceedingly harmful – this could work, but sense 1 is more precise (causing death). The context says "deadly state" likely meaning fatal.

6. (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect – this is about diseases, but cancer is a disease, and "deadly state" could imply a rapid and violent progression. However, the definition says "rapid course and violent effect", which might not exactly match "deadly" as just fatal. The context says "propel it into a deadly state", emphasizing the outcome of death rather than the speed. Sense 1 ("causing death") is more direct.

Between 1 and 6: sense 6 is specialized for diseases, but the definition includes "rapid course" which isn't necessarily implied by "deadly" alone. Sense 1 is broader and fits well. Also, sense 2 is about instruments, not states. Sense 5 is "exceedingly harmful" but not necessarily fatal. Therefore, sense 1 is the best.

Thus, choose sense_index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to provide the best indexed sense for the target word "state" in the given context. The context is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>." The candidate senses are listed with index numbers. We need to pick the best sense.

The sentence: "propel it into a deadly state" — "it" refers to cancer. So cancer is propelled into a deadly state. Here, "state" means a condition or situation, specifically a deadly condition. The sense that matches is "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" — sense 2: "state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health". That fits perfectly: a deadly state is a condition.

Other senses: sense 1 is about administrative district, sense 3 about government, sense 4 about a nation, sense 5 about states of matter, sense 6 about depression or agitation (which might seem close but it's specifically a state of depression or agitation, not a general condition), sense 7 about territory of a nation, sense 8 about a department. Sense 6 is more specific, but the context is about a deadly state of cancer, not necessarily depression or agitation. The definition of sense 6 says "a state of depression or agitation", which implies a specific negative emotional state, not a medical condition. The examples given for sense 6 are not provided here, but the definition is limiting. Sense 2 is broader and more appropriate.

Thus, sense 2 is correct. Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Alibaba

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: call
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are tasked with selecting the best sense for "call" in the given context: "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes." The context indicates that scientists are naming a class of genes "tumor-suppressors" or "anti-cancer genes". This is an act of naming, assigning a specified name. Looking at the senses:

1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

The context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes." They are giving a name to the class. It is not ascribing a quality (like calling someone lazy) but actually assigning a proper or specific name (tumor-suppressors). Sense 1 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" with synonyms=name. The example: "They named their son David" is similar: they gave a name. However, "tumor-suppressors" is a class name, not a proper name like David. The definition says "usually proper", but it can also be "a specified ... name". Sense 2 is about ascribing a quality, giving a name that reflects a quality (calling someone a bastard). In this context, it's not describing a quality but naming the class. Thus sense 1 seems best.

Check other senses: Sense 12: "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" with example "Call me Mister" - that is about how you address someone, not naming a class. Sense 27: "consider or regard as being" - "I would not call her beautiful" - that is expressing an opinion, not official naming. So sense 1 is the most precise.

Thus, index 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "new" in the given context. The target is "new" in the phrase "the new class of genes". The context describes scientists discovering a class of genes called tumor-suppressors or anti-cancer genes. This is a recent discovery, as indicated by "newly identified genes" earlier and "for the first time". The "new class" likely refers to something that has just been discovered or identified, i.e., not previously known. Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. not of long duration; having just come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. Example: "a new law". This fits well: the class of genes is newly discovered.

2. original and of a kind not seen before. Synonyms: fresh, novel. This could also fit because it's a novel class of genes. But note: "original and of a kind not seen before" emphasizes novelty in type, not just recentness. However, the context says "scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors", implying they are giving it a name. It might be a new concept, but the phrase "newly identified genes" suggests they were just identified, so sense 1 is more about recent discovery.

3. lacking training or experience. Not applicable.

4. having no previous example or precedent. Synonyms: unexampled. This could fit if the class itself is unprecedented. But the context mentions "only a decade ago cancer was a black box... Today, we know...". So it's a new understanding, but the class of genes might be a new category. However, sense 1 explicitly includes "discovered", which matches "newly identified genes".

5. other than the former one(s); different. Example: "new leaders". Not applicable; they aren't replacing an old class.

6. unaffected by use or exposure. Not applicable.

7. (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new. Synonyms: newfangled. Not applicable; not a derogatory sense.

8. in use after medieval times. Not applicable.

9. used of a living language; being the current stage. Not applicable.

10. (of crops) harvested at an early stage. Not applicable.

11. unfamiliar. Example: "new experiences". Could fit slightly: the class is unfamiliar, but the primary sense is about being recently discovered, not just unfamiliar.

The context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors". The word "new" here modifies "class". The class is newly identified. The phrase "newly identified genes" earlier reinforces that. So sense 1 is the most appropriate: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". Sense 2 (novel) is also possible, but sense 1 explicitly includes "discovered". Given the instruction to choose the single best, sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: class
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "class" and a context sentence: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes." We need to select the correct sense from the provided candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context. The sentence says: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors..." Here, "class of genes" refers to a category or group of genes sharing a common attribute (they are tumor-suppressors or anti-cancer genes). This is about a classification based on function.

Looking at candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute, synonyms=category, family. Example: "there are two classes of detergents". This fits perfectly: a class of genes is a category of genes with a common attribute (tumor suppression).
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: definition=a body of students who are taught together. Not relevant; no students here.
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status. Not relevant; genes are not people.
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings. Not relevant.
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: definition=a league ranked by quality. Not relevant; no league ranking of genes.
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: definition=a body of students who graduate together. Not relevant.
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders. This is about biological taxonomy, e.g., class as a taxonomic rank. But the sentence says "class of genes", which is not a taxonomic rank; it's a functional grouping. So this is less fitting because it says "a taxonomic group containing one or more orders" which is a specific biological classification level (like class Mammalia). However, in biology, one might say "a class of genes" in a taxonomic sense? But here they are talking about a new class of genes based on function (tumor-suppressors), not a taxonomic rank like order or family. The example for sense 7 is not given, but it's a specific biological sense. Typically, "class" in biology is a rank above order. That doesn't match the usage here, which is more like category.
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: definition=elegance in dress or behavior. Not relevant.

So sense 1 (a collection of things sharing a common attribute) is the best fit. It matches the context: a class of genes means a category of genes with a common attribute (being tumor-suppressors). The synonyms are category, family.

Thus, the answer should be sense index 1. We output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "simply" in the context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

The target is inside <t> tags: <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. So it's used to introduce a simpler or alternative term. "Or simply anti-cancer genes" means they can be called that, and it's a straightforward name.

Look at the senses:
1. sense 1: and nothing more (merely, just, only, but). Example: it is simply a matter of time. This sense is often used to reduce something to its essence, to say "merely". In this context, "or simply anti-cancer genes" could be interpreted as "or, to put it simply, anti-cancer genes" or "or just anti-cancer genes". This fits the usage of "simply" as "merely" or "just", introducing a simpler term.
2. sense 2: absolutely, as in "I just can't take it anymore". Not fitting.
3. sense 3: absolutely; altogether; really. Example: we are simply broke. That is an intensifier. Not the usage here; here it's not intensifying an adjective.
4. sense 4: in a simple manner; without extravagance. Example: they lived very simply. This is about lifestyle, appearance, not about naming.

So sense 1 is the best: "and nothing more", meaning that the alternative name is just that, no more complexity. Often "simply" in such contexts means "merely" or "just". So index 1.

Thus answer: {"sense_index":

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: functioning
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense." We need to return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3} where the index corresponds to the candidate sense number (1, 2, or 3). The target lemma is "function", surface form "functioning". Context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." The target word is a verb, "functioning". We need to pick between these three verb senses.

Sense 1: function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples: The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?

Sense 2: function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples: The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group

Sense 3: function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples: His wife officiated as his private secretary

Context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." Here, "they" refers to genes (tumor-suppressor genes). So we have genes functioning normally. Genes are not performing duties attached to an office (sense 3). Sense 2: "serve a purpose, role, or function" - that could be, but the example uses "serves as". "The tree stump serves as a table." Genes functioning normally: they are doing what they are supposed to do, making proteins. Sense 1: "perform as expected when applied". The definition: perform as expected when applied. Synonyms: work, operate, go, run. For a machine or device, "functioning" means working properly. For genes, they are "functioning normally" meaning they are working correctly, performing their expected function. In context, "they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check" describes what they do when functioning normally. So it's about performing their expected biological role, i.e., "work" normally. Sense 1 fits well: genes function normally = genes work/operate normally. Sense 2: "serve a purpose" is more like fulfilling a role, but the emphasis is on the action of making proteins. Sense 1's definition "perform as expected when applied" suggests working as intended. Sense 2's examples use "serves as", which is a linking verb construction. Here, "functioning" is used without a complement: "when functioning normally". That matches sense 1: it's intransitive use meaning "work". Sense 1 synonyms: work, operate. So we'd say "When working normally, they make proteins..." That is perfectly natural. So sense 1 is the best. Sense 2 would be like "They serve as tumor suppressors" but the sentence doesn't say that; it says "when functioning normally" meaning when they are working properly. So sense 1.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "hold" in the sentence: "they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." The meaning here is that proteins restrain, control, or keep in check cell growth. So "hold... in check" means to keep something under control or limit it. Let's look at senses.

Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., keep, maintain" examples: keep clean; hold in place. This seems possible: "hold in check" is keeping in a certain state (checked). But does it capture the meaning of restraining? Sense 7: "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement" synonyms: restrain, confine. Examples: This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade. This sense explicitly means to restrain or limit movement, which fits "hold a cell's growth in check" – i.e., keep growth within bounds, limit it. Sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" synonyms: control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate. Example: moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue. This also directly mentions "hold ... in check" because it uses "hold in restraint" and "check" as a synonym. So sense 27 includes the exact phrase "hold your tongue" which means to restrain speaking, similar to holding growth in check. Sense 7 also involves restraint, but sense 27 is specifically about controlling or keeping within limits, with "check" listed. "Hold... in check" is a common collocation.

We need to pick the single best indexed sense. Let's examine the wording: "make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." This means proteins that control, limit, keep in check the growth. Sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" includes "control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate." That seems a very good match. The example "hold your tongue" is similar idiom: hold in check one's tongue, meaning restrain speech.

Sense 7: "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement" also fits, but it's more physical restraint (animals held inside stockade). Sense 27 is more abstract, about controlling intensity. Cell growth isn't physical movement, but the phrase "hold in check" is idiomatic for controlling. Also, the synonyms include "check" literally. So 27 is better.

Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" might also apply: they keep the cell's growth in check (the state of being checked). But "hold in check" is a set phrase meaning to restrain. "Keep in check" is similar, but hold in check is the phrase. Sense 1 example: "keep clean; hold in place" – "hold in place" is keeping something in place, not necessarily restraining it from growing. So sense 1 is broader, but less specific.

Let's check if there is any other sense. Sense 8: "secure and keep for possible future use" – no. Sense 13: "remain in a certain state" – intransitive, not transitive. Sense 27 is transitive and means to hold something in restraint, so it fits perfectly.

Thus, choose sense 27. The sense index is 27 (since senses are listed starting at 1, the 27th item in the list is sense 27). The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". So we output {"sense_index": 27}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "cell" in context. The target word is "cell" and it appears in a biology context: "they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check" and "if the genes are damaged ... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant." This is clearly about biological cells, the basic unit of life. The candidate senses include sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." That matches. Sense 1: any small compartment, like honeycomb, but not here. Sense 3: electric cell, sense 4: political cell, sense 5: cellphone, sense 6: monk's room, sense 7: prison cell. None fit. So the answer is sense 2. The sense index is 2. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "growth" in the context of cancer biology. The sentence: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." Here, "growth" refers to the cellular level, specifically cell division and proliferation. Cancer is about uncontrolled cell growth. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; purely biological unfolding (development, maturation). This is about organism-level growth, not cellular.
2. Sense 2: progression from simpler to more complex forms. Example: growth of culture. Not cellular.
3. Sense 3: process of becoming larger, longer, more numerous, or more important. Synonyms: increase, increment. Examples: increase in unemployment; growth of population. This could apply to cell growth in terms of number of cells (increase in number). But it's more general.
4. Sense 4: vegetation. Not relevant.
5. Sense 5: gradual beginning or coming forth. Emergence. Not relevant.
6. Sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). This is specifically about abnormal growth in tumors. The context: "hold a cell's growth in check" - here they are talking about normal tumor-suppressor genes holding cell growth in check. When damaged, they no longer work, and cells turn malignant. So the growth being held in check is cell proliferation. That is exactly the kind of growth that, when uncontrolled, becomes a tumor. Sense 6 is about abnormal proliferation, but here the growth might be normal cell growth being held in check. However, the context is about cancer genes, so it's closely related to abnormal proliferation. But does "cell's growth" refer to normal cell cycle progression or specifically pathological? The phrase "hold a cell's growth in check" implies regulating the cell's growth, preventing it from becoming uncontrolled. So it's about cell proliferation in general. Sense 3 is more general increase, but Sense 6 is specifically pathological. Yet, the text says "tumor-suppressors" that hold growth in check. When damaged, growth-suppressing proteins don't work, and cells turn malignant. So the growth being checked is the kind of growth that could become malignant. So Sense 6 fits very well: (pathology) abnormal proliferation of tissue. Even though the growth is being held in check (so it's not abnormal yet), the function is to prevent abnormal growth. So the sense of "growth" here aligns with pathological proliferation. Sense 3 is broader and could be used, but the context is specifically cancer biology. Sense 6 is more precise.

Let's check the definitions: Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - it's specifically the abnormal proliferation. But in the phrase "hold a cell's growth in check", it's referring to the process of cell growth that could become abnormal. So it's not yet abnormal, but the term "growth" is used in the context of tumor suppression. In WordNet, sense 6 is the only one related to cell proliferation in pathology. Sense 3 doesn't mention pathology, just increase. Given the medical context, sense 6 is most appropriate.

Examples: none provided for sense 6, but it fits.

Thus, I'll select sense_index 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "damaged" in the given context. The target lemma is "damage" and the surface form is "damaged". There are two candidate senses provided:

1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

We need to choose the best sense based on the context. The context is: "But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

The sentence is in passive voice: "the genes are damaged". The agents of the damage are mentioned: radiation, a chemical, or a chance accident. So the genes are being subjected to damage by an external cause. This aligns with sense 1: "inflict damage upon". The examples for sense 1 are active sentences like "The snow damaged the roof" where the subject causes damage. Here, "the genes are damaged" implies something damages them. In contrast, sense 2 is intransitive: "suffer or be susceptible to damage", as in "These fine china cups damage easily", meaning they are easily damaged. In our context, the damage is inflicted by an external agent, not an inherent property of the genes being susceptible. The genes are being acted upon. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

We output JSON with {"sense_index": 1}.

Note: The instructions say "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we just output the JSON with the index number.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "radiation" in the given context. The context mentions "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division". The sentence lists potential causes of gene damage: radiation, a chemical, or an accident. This points to radiation as a physical agent that can cause damage, likely meaning energy in the form of rays or particles. Sense 1: "energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles" fits well. Sense 3 is about radiation sickness, which is a syndrome, not the agent itself. Sense 4 is radioactivity, which is the spontaneous emission, but here it's about the radiation itself causing damage, so sense 1 is more direct. Sense 7 is radiation therapy, but that's a treatment, not a cause of gene damage. So sense 1 is the best.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant." The target word is "work". We need to choose the best sense among the listed candidates.

Let's analyze the context: The sentence is about tumor-suppressor genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged, their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells turn malignant. So "work" here means that the proteins fail to perform their function, they stop having the intended effect. It's about the proteins not functioning properly, not about employment or physical labor.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. work%2:41:02::: exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity. Examples: I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions. This is about human effort, not about proteins.

2. work%2:41:00::: be employed. Examples: Is your husband working again? My wife never worked. This is about having a job, not relevant.

3. work%2:41:03::: have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected. Synonyms: act. Examples: The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice? This sense is about effectiveness or producing a desired outcome. It could fit: the proteins don't have the desired effect of suppressing growth.

4. work%2:35:02::: perform as expected when applied. Synonyms: function, operate, go, run. Examples: The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well? This sense is about a machine or device functioning properly. It's often used for mechanical things, but can be extended to systems or processes.

5. work%2:36:00::: shape, form, or improve a material. Synonyms: work on, process. Examples: work stone into tools; process iron. Not relevant.

6. work%2:29:00::: give a workout to. Synonyms: exercise, work out. Not relevant.

7. work%2:38:00::: proceed along a path. Synonyms: make. Examples: work one's way through the crowd. Not relevant.

8. work%2:41:04::: operate in a certain place, area, or specialty. Not relevant.

9. work%2:41:05::: proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity. Not relevant.

10. work%2:38:02::: move in an agitated manner. Not relevant.

11. work%2:36:01::: cause to happen or to occur as a consequence. Synonyms: bring, play, wreak, make for. Examples: I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc. This is about causing something, but here the proteins are not working in the sense of causing something; they are failing to function.

12. work%2:41:01::: cause to work. Synonyms: put to work. Examples: he is working his servants hard. Not relevant.

13. work%2:36:09::: prepare for crops. Not relevant.

14. work%2:42:10::: behave in a certain way when handled. Examples: This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well. Not relevant.

15. work%2:41:10::: have and exert influence or effect. Synonyms: influence, act upon. Examples: The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate. This is about influencing people, not about proteins.

16. work%2:41:11::: operate in or through. Examples: Work the phones. Not relevant.

17. work%2:41:12::: cause to operate or function. Examples: This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill? This is transitive: someone makes something operate. Not intransitive like here.

18. work%2:39:10::: provoke or excite. Not relevant.

19. work%2:37:10::: gratify and charm. Not relevant.

20. work%2:36:12::: make something, usually for a specific function. Not relevant.

21. work%2:35:14::: move into or onto. Not relevant.

22. work%2:35:00::: make uniform. Not relevant.

23. work%2:34:10::: use or manipulate to one's advantage. Examples: She knows how to work the system. Not relevant.

24. work%2:31:13::: find the solution to. Not relevant.

25. work%2:30:14::: cause to undergo fermentation. Not relevant.

26. work%2:30:13::: go sour or spoil. Not relevant.

27. work%2:30:10::: arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion. Not relevant.

The most relevant senses are 3 and 4. Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected." Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" with synonyms function, operate, go, run. Both are very close. In the context, "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work" means they no longer function properly, they fail to perform their role. Sense 4 explicitly says "perform as expected when applied" and is often used for machines, but can apply to any system or component. Sense 3 focuses on having an effect/outcome. In biology, a protein "works" if it carries out its function. Actually, sense 4 is more about functioning, while sense 3 is about having an effect. The examples for sense 3: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" Here, "work" means to be effective. For sense 4: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?" That's about operating. In the context, we say "proteins no longer work", meaning they don't function. I think sense 4 is a better fit because it directly relates to the functioning of a component (like a machine part). The tumor-suppressor genes produce proteins that act as brakes on cell growth. When damaged, the proteins don't function. So "work" means to function properly. Sense 3 could also fit, but sense 4 is more precise for "perform as expected when applied". WordNet gloss for sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" with synonyms function, operate. That's exactly what we mean: the proteins no longer function as expected.

Let's check if there's any nuance: In the sentence, "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work", it's intransitive. Sense 4 is intransitive. Sense 3 is also intransitive. Both are candidates. But sense 4 is specifically about functioning, sense 3 about having an effect. Typically, for biological processes, we say a protein "works" meaning it is functional. I'd lean toward sense 4.

However, we must also consider that WordNet sometimes groups senses. The key difference: sense 4 is work%2:35:02:: (function, operate). Sense 3 is work%2:41:03:: (act). In many contexts, they are interchangeable, but here, the emphasis is on the proteins performing their expected role, not just having an effect. I'll choose sense 4.

But let's double-check the example for sense 3: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought" — that's about a process having an intended effect. "How does your idea work in practice?" — that's about an idea being effective. "Proteins no longer work" could be seen as "proteins no longer have the desired effect (of suppressing growth)". That fits sense 3 well. Actually, both are very close. Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" — if you apply the protein (i.e., it's there), it should function. I think both are acceptable, but we need the best one.

Perhaps we can look at the broader context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." So the normal function is to hold growth in check. Then "if the genes are damaged... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work". So the contrast is between functioning normally and not working. That directly aligns with "perform as expected when applied" i.e., function. Sense 3 might be slightly more about the outcome: "have an effect". But in this context, the proteins themselves are doing the work, not just having an effect; they are the agents. I think sense 4 is more precise for a component that is supposed to operate. I'll go with sense 4.

Thus, the chosen sense index is 4.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "cells" in the given context. The context is about cancer biology, specifically about genes, tumor suppressors, and how cells become malignant. The target is "cells" in the sentence: "... and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant." Clearly, this refers to biological cells, the basic unit of life. Looking at the candidates:

- Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals" — perfect match.

All other senses are irrelevant: compartment (honeycomb), electric cell, political cadre, mobile phone, monk's room, prison cell. So the answer is sense 2.

The JSON output must be exactly {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "turn", surface form "turn". Context: "cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant." So we need to see which sense matches "turn malignant" meaning become malignant.

Candidate senses with numbers:

1. change orientation or direction
2. undergo a transformation or a change of position or action (change state) – examples: turn from Socialism to Capitalism; turn against the President.
3. undergo a change or development (become) – examples: water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy.
4. cause to move around or rotate
5. change to the contrary (reverse)
6. pass to the other side
7. pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become (grow) – examples: The weather turned nasty; She grew angry.
8. let fall or spill
9. move around an axis
10. cause to move around a center to show another side
11. to send or let go
12. to break and turn over earth
13. shape by rotating on a lathe
14. change color
15. twist suddenly so as to sprain
16. cause to change or turn into something different (e.g., turn lead into gold)
17. accomplish by rotating
18. get by buying and selling
19. cause to move along an axis or into a new direction
20. channel attention, interest, etc.
21. cause to assume a crooked or angular form
22. alter the functioning or setting of
23. direct at someone
24. have recourse to
25. go sour or spoil
26. become officially one year older

Now, "cells ... turn malignant" means become malignant. So it's a sense of becoming, changing state to a (usually negative) condition. Sense 3: "undergo a change or development" with synonym "become"; example "water turned into ice" is similar but "turn into" is transitive. But "turn malignant" is an adjective complement. Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become" with synonym "grow"; example "The weather turned nasty" is exactly the structure: turn + adjective. That fits perfectly. Sense 3 might be more general, but sense 7 specifically says "pass into a condition gradually" and uses "turn" with an adjective. The example "she grew angry" parallels "turn malignant". So I think sense 7 is the best.

Check sense 2: "undergo a transformation or a change of position or action" (change state), but examples show "turn from Socialism to Capitalism" or "turn against", which is a change of allegiance or action, not becoming an adjective state. Sense 2 is less precise.

Sense 26 is "become officially one year older" (turn 50), which is a specific age.

Thus, sense 7 is the most precise: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become". So index 7.

Hence answer: {"sense_index": 7}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "identify" with the surface form "identified" in the given context. We need to select the best sense from the candidate senses provided.

Let's analyze the context:
"The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
Here, "identified" refers to the genes that have been recognized or discovered. Scientists have found these new genes and are now discussing them. The context talks about the identification of a new class of genes (tumor-suppressors).

Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

The target word "identified" is used in the context of genes. Scientists have "identified" these genes, meaning they have recognized them, discovered them, or established their identity.

Let's compare:

- Sense 1: "recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something" — This seems fitting because the scientists are establishing the identity of these new genes. They are recognizing what they are. The example is about identifying a person on a poster, which is a recognition task.

- Sense 2: "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property" — This is more about naming or describing. In the context, they are not giving a name or characteristics; they are saying the newly identified genes differ from oncogenes. The identification likely involved discovering and recognizing them, not just naming. So sense 2 is possible but less likely.

- Sense 3, 4, 6: These senses involve psychological identification (consider similar, associated, or the same). Not applicable here.

- Sense 5: "identify as in botany or biology, for example" with synonyms like discover, key out, distinguish, describe, name. This sense is specifically for scientific classification. The context is about genes in biology, so this is highly relevant. The definition says "identify as in botany or biology, for example" and synonyms include "discover" and "describe". Scientists discovering genes would fit this sense perfectly.

So between sense 1 and sense 5, which one is better? Sense 5 is domain-specific, and the context is scientific (cancer, genes, molecular level). The target is "identified" genes, meaning they have been discovered or distinguished in a biological context. The example for sense 5 mentions botany or biology, so it fits. Sense 1 is more general, for establishing identity. In scientific literature, "identify" often means to discover or characterize a new entity. Given the synonyms for sense 5 include "discover", that matches the context of new genes being found. Also, the phrase "newly identified" suggests they were recently discovered or recognized, which aligns with discover.

Thus, I lean towards sense 5.

Check sense key: identify%2:31:01:: is sense 5.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 5}.