[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: Americans
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 <t>Americans</t> a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%1:18:00:: | definition=a native or inhabitant of the United States
2. sense_key=american%1:10:00:: | definition=the English language as used in the United States | synonyms=American English, American language
3. sense_key=american%1:18:01:: | definition=a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target word "Americans" in the given context. The target lemma is "american" (lowercase, but surface form "Americans"). We have three candidate senses:

1. sense 1: a native or inhabitant of the United States
2. sense 2: the English language as used in the United States (synonyms: American English, American language)
3. sense 3: a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country

Context: "collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year." The context is about cancer deaths, specifically colon, lung, and breast cancers. The sentence says these cancers kill almost 200,000 Americans a year. This clearly refers to people who are citizens or inhabitants of the United States. Sense 2 refers to a language, which doesn't fit because "Americans" is plural and refers to people, not a language. Sense 3 is broader, including any person from North, Central, or South America. However, in common usage, especially in the context of health statistics in the U.S., "Americans" typically refers to people from the United States. The text mentions "in the U.S., Canada and Britain" earlier, but the specific statistic of 200,000 Americans likely refers to the U.S. population. In typical discourse, "Americans" without qualification refers to U.S. inhabitants. Sense 1 is the most appropriate.

Therefore, we choose sense index 1.

Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a <t>year</t>. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "year". The context mentions "almost 200,000 Americans a year" dying from colon, lung, and breast cancers. This refers to a period of time, specifically a calendar year. Sense 1: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days, with synonyms twelvemonth, yr, and examples "she is 4 years old; in the year 1920". Sense 2: a period for a particular activity like a school year. Sense 3: planetary revolution period. Sense 4: a class of students. The context is clearly about an annual death toll, so it's the standard calendar year. The best sense is sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: Right
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. <t>Right</t> now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes." The target word is "Right" and it's part of the phrase "Right now," which is an adverbial phrase indicating the present moment. The sense most fitting is "immediately" or "at this moment." Looking at the candidate senses:

1. precisely, exactly
2. immediately
3. exactly (synonyms: flop) – this seems odd; example: "he fell flop on his face" so it's an adverbial usage meaning exactly but in a specific way.
4. toward or on the right; also used figuratively
5. in the right manner (properly)
6. an interjection expressing agreement
7. completely – example: "she felt right at home"
8. (Southern regional intensive) very – example: "the baby is mighty cute"
9. in accordance with moral or social standards – example: "that serves him right"
10. in an accurate manner – example: "he guessed right"

Sense 2: immediately, example: "she called right after dinner". The phrase "right now" is a common collocation meaning "immediately, at this very moment." That fits perfectly. Sense 1 "precisely, exactly" could also be argued, but "right now" is idiomatic for "at this moment," not "exactly now" in a precise sense like standing right here. The best match is sense 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right <t>now</t> about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "now" in the given context. The target surface form is "now" and the lemma is "now". The context is: "Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."

We have 7 candidate senses. Let's analyze each:

Sense 1: "in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events". Examples: "President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware." This is used in storytelling or historical narration to describe past events as if they are happening now. Not applicable here because the sentence is describing current events (real present, not historical present). The laboratories are racing now, in the actual present time.

Sense 2: "in these times; - Nancy Mitford". Synonyms: nowadays, today. Examples: "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets". This sense emphasizes the current era or period, often contrasting with the past. "We now rarely see..." implies a change over time. In our context, "Right now" is focusing on the immediate present moment, not a general era. While "now" could sometimes mean "nowadays", the phrase "Right now" strongly indicates a specific present moment.

Sense 3: "used to preface a command or reproof or request". Examples: "now hear this!; now pay attention". This is an interjection, often at the beginning of a sentence to get attention. In our context, "Right now" is adverbial, modifying "are racing", not serving as a preface.

Sense 4: "at the present moment". Synonyms: at present. Examples: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator". This indicates the current time. "Right now" is a phrase that specifically means "at this very moment". The context says "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing..." So they are racing at the present moment.

Sense 5: "without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening". Synonyms: immediately, instantly, etc. Examples: "he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway". This sense would fit if "now" meant "do it now" (immediately). But in the phrase "Right now", it's not an imperative to do something immediately; it's describing an ongoing action. "Right now" is an adverbial of time, not of manner indicating immediacy. If you say "I'm doing it right now," you mean at this moment, not "immediately" in the sense of without delay after something else. So sense 4 seems more appropriate.

Sense 6: "(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity". Example: "Now the next problem is..." This is a discourse marker. "Right now" doesn't introduce a new topic in this way; it's part of the narrative about current research.

Sense 7: "in the immediate past". Example: "told me just now". "Right now" typically means present, not immediate past. If it were "just now," it could be past. But "right now" is present.

Clearly, sense 4 "at the present moment" is the best fit. The phrase "Right now" means exactly "at this present moment". The context is about what the laboratories are currently doing. So we choose sense index 4.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now <t>about</t> a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "about" with surface form "about" in a specific context. The context: "Right now <t>about</t> a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates." So there are two instances of "about" in the context, but the target is the one in the first sentence: "Right now about a dozen laboratories...". So we need to disambiguate that occurrence.

We have seven candidate senses. Let's analyze them:

1. about%4:02:00:: — definition: (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct. Synonyms: approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less. Example: lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute. This sense clearly refers to an approximation of a quantity. In the context, "about a dozen laboratories" means approximately 12 laboratories, which fits perfectly.

2. about%4:02:06:: — all around or on all sides. Synonyms: around. Example: dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help. This is spatial, not applicable here.

3. about%4:02:01:: — in the area or vicinity. Synonyms: around. Example: a few spectators standing about; hanging around. Also spatial, not quantity.

4. about%4:02:04:: — used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction. Synonyms: around. Example: wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about. Movement, not quantity.

5. about%4:02:02:: — in or to a reversed position or direction. Synonyms: around. Example: about face; suddenly she turned around. Not quantity.

6. about%4:02:03:: — in rotation or succession. Example: turn about is fair play. Not quantity.

7. about%4:02:05:: — (of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but. Synonyms: almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually. Example: the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded. This sense is "almost" or "nearly", which could sometimes be confused with approximation, but it is typically used with states or actions, not with a specific quantity like "a dozen". "About a dozen" is a numerical approximation, not "almost a dozen" in the sense of "nearly a dozen" which might be slightly less than twelve, but "about" here just indicates imprecision. Sense 1 is specifically for quantities, while sense 7 is for actions or states being almost accomplished. In "the job is just about done", it means nearly done. But "about a dozen" doesn't mean "nearly a dozen", it means approximately twelve. So sense 1 is the correct one.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

Now, return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratories
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen <t>laboratories</t>, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "laboratories" in the given context. We have two candidate senses. We need to choose the best indexed sense. The target lemma is "laboratory", surface form "laboratories". The context is about scientific research: "Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes." This clearly refers to scientific workplaces where research is conducted. Sense 1: "a workplace for the conduct of scientific research" fits perfectly. Sense 2: "a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation" with examples like "Pakistan is a laboratory for studying..." is metaphorical and not literal; the context is about actual research labs working on cancer genes. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, sense_index: 1.

The instruction: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So we output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the <t>U.S.</t>, Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: "Target lemma: u.s. Target surface form: U.S. Context: ... in the U.S., Canada and Britain ..." The two senses given: (1) the U.S. government (branches of federal government) and (2) the country (USA, America, the States). In the context, "in the U.S., Canada and Britain" clearly refers to the country as a geographical/political entity, not specifically the government. So sense 2 is correct.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: racing
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are <t>racing</t> to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=rush, hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street
2. sense_key=race%2:33:00:: | definition=compete in a race | synonyms=run | examples=he is running the Marathon this year; let's race and see who gets there first
3. sense_key=race%2:41:03:: | definition=to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others | examples=We are racing to find a cure for AIDS
4. sense_key=race%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=rush | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "race" and the surface form "racing" in the context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are <t>racing</t> to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes." We need to choose the best sense among four candidate senses.

Sense 1: race%2:38:00::, definition: move fast, synonyms: rush, hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, pelt along. Examples: "He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street." This sense is about physical movement at high speed.

Sense 2: race%2:33:00::, definition: compete in a race, synonyms: run. Examples: "he is running the Marathon this year; let's race and see who gets there first." This is about competition in a physical race.

Sense 3: race%2:41:03::, definition: to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others. Examples: "We are racing to find a cure for AIDS." This sense is metaphorical, about competing to achieve something quickly, often in contexts like scientific or medical progress.

Sense 4: race%2:38:10::, definition: cause to move fast or to rush or race, synonyms: rush. Example: "The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze." This is transitive, causing something to race.

In the context, "racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes" indicates that laboratories are competing to be the first or working urgently to discover these genes. It's not a physical race (no running) but a metaphorical race against each other or against time. The example in Sense 3 directly matches: "We are racing to find a cure for AIDS." Similarly, here it's "racing to unmask... genes." So Sense 3 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 3. Return JSON.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask <t>other</t> suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context and four candidate senses for the word "other". We need to choose the best indexed sense.

Context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."

The target word is "other". Here, "other" modifies "suspected tumor-suppressing genes", meaning additional, different from the ones already mentioned. The context mentions that scientists already fingered two cancer suppressors (retinoblastoma gene and p53). Then they are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Let's analyze each sense:

Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works" This sense is about additional items not previously mentioned. It fits perfectly.

Sense 2: "recently past | examples=the other evening" This is temporal, doesn't fit.

Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations" Also temporal and about distant past, doesn't fit.

Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail" This sense is about strangeness or difference in quality, not about additional items. Not appropriate here.

Thus, sense 1 is the correct one.

Response should be a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have <t>about</t> seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "about" with the surface form "about" in the given context. We have 7 candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. The context: "They have <t>about</t> seven candidates."

We need to choose the single best indexed sense. The target word "about" is used before the number "seven" in the phrase "about seven candidates." This clearly indicates an approximate number: they have approximately seven candidates. So the sense is "imprecise but fairly close to correct" (sense 1). Synonyms: approximately, roughly, etc. Example: "lasted approximately an hour". Sense 7 is "almost" or "slightly short of", which doesn't fit as well because "about seven" is giving an approximate count, not necessarily implying "nearly" or "slightly short of." Sense 1 is the standard approximate quantity sense.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "say" in the given context. The context: "Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix." So "say" here is used by researchers reporting a finding or stating a claim. They are expressing a conclusion based on evidence. Let's examine the candidate senses.

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: definition=express in words, synonyms=state, tell. This is a general sense: express in words. Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her". Could fit, but it's very broad.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: definition=report or maintain, synonyms=allege, aver. Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war". This fits well: researchers are reporting/maintaining that the inactivation is crucial. They are not just expressing in words generally; they are making a reported claim.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: definition=express a supposition, synonyms=suppose. Example: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money..." This is for hypotheticals, not for reporting a factual or evidence-based claim.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: definition=have or contain a certain wording or form, synonyms=read. Example: "The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?" This is about documents or texts containing words, not a person speaking.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: definition=give instructions or direct somebody to do something with authority, synonyms=order, tell, enjoin. Not relevant; no instruction is given.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way, synonyms=pronounce, articulate, etc. Not relevant; this is about pronunciation.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: definition=communicate or express nonverbally, e.g., "What does this painting say?" Not relevant; researchers are verbal.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: definition=utter aloud. Example: "She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office." Not specific to reporting; just uttering words.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. Example: "I say let's forget this whole business." This is about declaring an opinion. Could fit, but the context is more about reporting a scientific finding (report/maintain) rather than opinion.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: definition=recite or repeat a fixed text, e.g., "Say grace". Not relevant.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: definition=indicate, e.g., "The clock says noon." Not relevant; the researchers are not indicating a time, they are stating a conclusion.

Between sense 1 (general express in words) and sense 2 (report or maintain), sense 2 is more specific to the context of reporting a claim or finding. Sense 1 can be used for any statement, but sense 2 explicitly includes "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver". The example "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" and "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" shows a reporting or asserting. The researchers are essentially saying (reporting) that inactivation appears crucial. They are not just expressing in words; they are making an assertion about a scientific fact. So sense 2 seems more precise.

Sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement; declare) might also work, but it's more about personal opinion. Here, researchers are reporting based on evidence, so it's more "report or maintain" (sense 2) than just "state as opinion". Also, the example for sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is a statement of fact/assessment, similar to researchers. So I pick sense 2.

Check: Is there any other? Sense 1 is too broad; sense 2 is more specific to the context of making a claim. The gloss for sense 2: "report or maintain" fits perfectly: researchers report that something appears crucial.

Thus, sense_index = 2.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alone
Target surface form: alone
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alone%4:02:00:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, only | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
2. sense_key=alone%4:02:01:: | definition=without anybody else or anything else | synonyms=solo, unaccompanied | examples=the child stayed home alone; the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "alone" in the given context. The target surface form is "alone". The context is a paragraph about tumor-suppressing genes. The sentence containing "alone" is: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."

We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=alone%4:02:00:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, only | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
2. sense_key=alone%4:02:01:: | definition=without anybody else or anything else | synonyms=solo, unaccompanied | examples=the child stayed home alone; the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing

We need to choose the best sense based on context.

In the context, "alone" is used in the phrase "alone or in combination". This means the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, whether by itself (without others) or in combination with other factors. The sense here refers to something being done or existing without any others being involved. The first sense matches: "without any others being included or involved". The synonyms include "solely", "only". The second sense is more about being physically alone or unaccompanied, like a child or a pillar. In the context, it's not about physical companionship but rather about the action being taken in isolation from other factors. So sense 1 is the correct one.

Thus, we return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: combination
Target surface form: combination
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=combination%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. sense_key=combination%1:14:04:: | definition=a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. sense_key=combination%1:14:02:: | definition=a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock | examples=he forgot the combination to the safe
4. sense_key=combination%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose | examples=they were a winning combination
5. sense_key=combination%1:14:03:: | definition=an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
6. sense_key=combination%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
7. sense_key=combination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "combination", surface form "combination", and the context is provided. We have 7 candidate senses, each with a sense_key and definition. We need to pick the best one based on the context. The instructions say: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we'll output a number.

Let's examine the context. The relevant sentence: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix." The phrase is "alone or in combination". This means that the inactivation of a single tumor-suppressor gene or the inactivation of multiple such genes together (in combination) contributes to cancer development. The sense of "combination" here is the act or process of combining things, or the state of being combined. Specifically, it refers to multiple genes acting together. Looking at the senses:

1. "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities" – This is a noun referring to the resulting collection. E.g., "a combination of factors". Could fit, as "in combination" might mean "in a combined collection." But note the phrase "alone or in combination" suggests the abstract concept of multiple things acting together rather than a specific collection.

2. "a coordinated sequence of chess moves" – No, not relevant.

3. "a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock" – No.

4. "a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose" – No, genes aren't people.

5. "an alliance of people or corporations or countries..." – No, genes aren't forming alliances.

6. "the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order" – This is from mathematics (combinations vs permutations). Not relevant to biological context.

7. "the act of combining things to form a new whole" – synonyms: combining, compounding. This refers to the action or process of combining. In the phrase "in combination", it often means "when combined" or "when they act together", which aligns with the act of combining. For example, "used alone or in combination" is a common phrase meaning used singly or together. The act sense fits well: the inactivation happening together is the act of combining.

Sense 1 is a result of combining, sense 7 is the act. Which one better captures "in combination"? Typically, "in combination" is an idiomatic phrase meaning "together". It can refer to the state of being combined. Often, dictionaries treat "in combination" as a phrase under the noun "combination" denoting the process or fact of combining. For instance, "These drugs can be used alone or in combination" means they can be combined. So sense 7 seems more appropriate because it emphasizes the action/process, but sense 1 could also be possible as "a combination of genes" meaning a collection. However, the context says "alone or in combination" – it's not specifying a particular collection, but rather the state of being combined. Let's see if any example sentences match: Sense 1's definition: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities" – example might be "a combination of factors." But in the phrase "in combination," it's more about the manner of action. The Cambridge dictionary, for example, lists "in combination" under the sense "the act of combining or the state of being combined." That aligns with sense 7. So I'll lean towards sense 7.

Let's double-check: Sense 7 explicitly says "the act of combining things to form a new whole" with synonyms combining, compounding. The phrase "alone or in combination" could be rephrased as "alone or combined". The noun "combination" here is almost used as a mass noun indicating the process. So sense 7 is the best.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 7.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 7}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "appears" in the context. Let's examine the sentence: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, ...". The word "appears" here is used to indicate that something seems to be the case based on evidence. It is not about physical appearance, publication, or formal presentation. The structure "appears crucial" means "seems to be crucial". The subject is a proposition ("the inactivation... appears crucial"). This matches sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" with synonyms "look, seem" and example "This appears to be a very difficult problem". Sense 4 is similar but defined as "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" and used in constructions like "It appears that...". Here, the structure is not an expletive "it", but rather a subject followed by "appears" + adjective, which is more like sense 1. Sense 1 examples include "She seems to be sleeping" and "This appears to be a very difficult problem", which match the pattern of "X appears Y". Sense 4 is more for impersonal "it seems that..." or "it appears that...". So I'll choose sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crucial
Target surface form: crucial
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "crucial" in context: "...the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix." We need to select the best sense among three candidate senses.

Let's examine each candidate:

1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
   This sense emphasizes "vital to the resolution of a crisis" and examples suggest a decisive moment or event. In context, we're talking about a process (development of cancers), not a crisis moment. The inactivation is crucial to the development, not necessarily to resolving a crisis.

2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
   This sense means "relevant" in a crucial way, often used in legal or argumentative contexts ("crucial to the case"). The example shows "crucial to the case" and "relevant testimony". In our context, it says "crucial to the development", which could be interpreted as "relevant" to the development. However, the definition is "having crucial relevance", which seems circular. It might be a specific sense for legal/forensic contexts.

3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information
   This sense simply means "of the greatest importance", synonyms: all-important, essential. The examples are "the all-important subject of disarmament" and "crucial information". This fits well: "appears crucial to the development" means it is of the greatest importance to the development.

Comparing: Sense 1 includes "vital to resolution of a crisis", which doesn't quite fit because it's not a crisis resolution but a developmental cause. Sense 2 is about relevance, and while "crucial to the development" could mean "highly relevant", sense 3 is more straightforward: of the greatest importance. In scientific writing, "crucial to" often means "essential to" or "of great importance to". The context is about gene inactivation being essential for cancer development. So I'd pick sense 3.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 3.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "development" in the given context. The sentence: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix." This refers to the process by which cancers form or progress. It's about the biological process of disease development, specifically cancer. The context mentions tumor-suppressor genes and their inactivation leading to cancers. So it's a biological process.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining - not appropriate; cancer is not an improvement.
2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) - synonyms: evolution. This is general, could fit: cancer as a process that develops stages. But the examples are about ideas and civilization. Not specific to disease/biology.
3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level - synonyms: growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis. This is specifically biological growth of an organism, like development from embryo to adult. The examples: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" (bone development). This sense is about the natural growth of an organism, not disease development. Cancer is a pathological process, not normal ontogeny. So this might not fit perfectly because it's about normal growth, not disease.
4. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation - not fitting, no event.
5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful - no.
6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose - no.
7. a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) - no.
8. processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible - no.
9. (music) the section of a composition... - no.

So the most plausible is sense 2 or sense 3. Sense 3 is specifically (biology) but it describes normal organismal growth. The context is cancer development, which is not normal ontogeny. Sense 2 is broader: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". Cancer can be seen as a process where cells pass to a more advanced stage (malignancy). The example "the development of his ideas" is figurative, but the sense itself is general. Often, in medical contexts, "development of cancer" uses "development" in the sense of a process or progression. Sense 2 seems correct because it's not limited to normal biological growth. Sense 3 is specifically about the natural growth of an individual organism from simple to complex, which cancer is not; cancer is abnormal growth, but the word "development" in medical contexts is often used to mean the progression or evolution of the disease. So sense 2 is better.

Check: In WordNet, sense 3 is labeled (biology) and defined as "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". That's ontogeny. Cancer development is not ontogeny; it's pathogenesis. So sense 2 is more appropriate.

Thus, I'll select sense 2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scourge
Target surface form: scourges
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scourge%1:06:00:: | definition=a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor) | synonyms=flagellum
2. sense_key=scourge%1:26:00:: | definition=something causing misery or death | synonyms=bane, curse, nemesis | examples=the bane of my life
3. sense_key=scourge%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, threat | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "scourge" with surface form "scourges" in the context. We need to choose the best indexed sense from the three candidates. The context: "... researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix." Here, "scourges" refers to cancers, which are diseases causing misery or death. The sense 2: "something causing misery or death" with synonyms "bane, curse, nemesis" and example "the bane of my life" fits perfectly. Sense 1 is a literal whip, not applicable. Sense 3 is a person who inspires fear, but cancers are not persons. So sense 2 is correct.

Return JSON as specified.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cancer" in the given context. The target surface form is "cancer". The context is about medical research on cancer, mentioning genes, tumor-suppressing, and various types of cancer (colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix). The sentence containing the target word is: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix." Clearly, the meaning here is the medical condition of malignant tumors. That matches sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream". The other senses are astrological or biological (genus Cancer) and are irrelevant. So the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "brain" in the context: "cancer of the brain". Let's examine the sentence: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix." Clearly, this is a medical context referring to a physical organ, the brain as a body part that can develop cancer.

Now, check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon -> This is the anatomical organ.

2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | mental ability -> not the organ, but cognitive capacity.

3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | the seat of reason (mind, head, psyche, nous) -> again, mental aspect, not physical.

4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | a genius, a smart person -> not applicable.

5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | brain as meat -> not applicable.

Clearly, the correct sense is the anatomical organ, sense 1.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: skin
Target surface form: skin
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=skin%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
2. sense_key=skin%1:06:01:: | definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
3. sense_key=skin%1:05:01:: | definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
4. sense_key=skin%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
5. sense_key=skin%1:13:00:: | definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02:: | definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "skin" and its context: a passage discussing tumor-suppressor genes and cancers. The relevant sentence: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix." So "skin" here refers to a part of the body, specifically the organ. It's about cancer of the skin, so it's the biological body covering. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=skin%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
2. sense_key=skin%1:06:01:: | definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
3. sense_key=skin%1:05:01:: | definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
4. sense_key=skin%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
5. sense_key=skin%1:13:00:: | definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02:: | definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal

The context is clearly about cancer of the skin as an organ of the human body. Sense 1 is "a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch" with examples like "your skin is the largest organ of your body". That fits perfectly. Sense 3 is "body covering of a living animal" with synonyms "hide, pelt" - that is more about animal skin as a material. Sense 1 specifically mentions "your skin" and "organ", which aligns with the medical context. Sense 4 is metaphorical. Sense 2 is about surfaces like airplane skin. Sense 5 is fruit peel. Sense 6 is a container. So sense 1 is the best. Return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cervix
Target surface form: cervix
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cervix%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body | synonyms=neck | examples=he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck
2. sense_key=cervix%1:08:02:: | definition=necklike opening to the uterus | synonyms=uterine cervix, cervix uteri

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "cervix" in the given context. The target is "cervix" and the context is a paragraph about cancer research, mentioning genes like p53 and tumor-suppressor genes. The sentence: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>." So it's listing types of cancer, including "cancer of the cervix". Clearly it refers to the uterine cervix, not the neck in the anatomical sense of connecting head to body. The two candidate senses: one is the neck (connecting head to body), and the other is the necklike opening to the uterus (uterine cervix). In this medical context about cancer types, cervix uteri is meant. So sense_index 2 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "evidence" in the given context. The target surface form is "evidence", and it appears in the sentence: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..." We need to choose from three candidate senses:

1. sense 1: your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief. Synonyms: grounds. Example: the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling.

2. sense 2: an indication that makes something evident. Example: his trembling was evidence of his fear.

3. sense 3: (law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved.

Now, looking at the context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..." This is in a scientific/medical context, discussing research findings. It refers to evidence as a basis for belief, similar to the example in sense 1: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling." It is not referring to a legal context, so sense 3 is out. Sense 2 is about an indication, like trembling being evidence of fear. The context here is about scientific evidence supporting a hypothesis, not just a simple indication. It is more about the basis for belief (grounds) based on research. So, sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "people" in the given context. Let's examine the context:

"There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."

Here, "people" refers to human beings in general, individuals, or a group of humans. It's not about a specific nation, family line, or the common people as opposed to a ruling class. The context is scientific, discussing genetic inheritance and cancer susceptibility in the general population.

Now, let's look at the senses:

1. sense 1: (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. Examples: old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience. This seems to fit: "people" here means human beings in general, any group. The context uses "people" to refer to humans who might inherit genes.

2. sense 2: the body of citizens of a state or country. Synonyms: citizenry. Example: the Spanish people. This is about a national group, not fitting the context.

3. sense 3: members of a family line. Example: his people have been farmers for generations. This is about family lineage; the context mentions "certain families" later, but here "people" is not used in that sense; it's general.

4. sense 4: the common people generally, as opposed to the elite. Synonyms: multitude, masses, etc. Example: power to the people. This is about the masses, not fitting a scientific context about inheriting genes.

Clearly, sense 1 is the best match: it's the most general sense of "people" as human beings collectively. The context uses "people" to mean human individuals in general, without any specialized connotation.

Thus, we choose sense 1.

Return: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people <t>inherit</t> defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "inherit" with three candidate senses. We need to pick the best sense based on the context.

Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."

The context is about genetics, specifically inheriting defective versions of genes that cause cancer. So it's about receiving genetic traits from parents.

Sense 1: obtain from someone after their death (like inheritance of property) - Example: "I inherited a castle from my French grandparents." This is about material possessions, not genes.

Sense 2: receive from a predecessor (like a job or problems) - Example: "The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair." This is about non-material things, but still not genetic.

Sense 3: receive by genetic transmission - Example: "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother." This is exactly about genes and biological inheritance.

Given the context mentions "defective versions of these genes," sense 3 is clearly the correct one.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Venice