[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "<t>says</t> Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "say" and surface form "says" in the given context. The context is a passage about genetic testing and cancer research, including a quote from Samuel Broder. The specific sentence with the target is: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

We need to choose the best sense from the candidate list. The candidate senses are definitions with synonyms and examples. Let's analyze.

The target "says" is used to introduce a direct quote. Samuel Broder is being quoted as saying something. The sense of "say" here is to express in words, particularly in reporting speech. Check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

In the context, "says Samuel Broder" is a reporting verb, introducing a quotation. This is a very common use: to attribute a statement to someone. Sense 1 ("express in words") fits well, but sense 2 ("report or maintain") might also be considered. Sense 1's synonyms are "state, tell", and the example "He said that he wanted to marry her" is a typical reported speech. Sense 2 has "allege, aver" with examples like "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" - this sense often implies a claim that might be contested, while sense 1 is more neutral. In this context, Samuel Broder is stating something as an authoritative figure, not necessarily "alleging" or "maintaining" in a contentious way, just expressing his view. Sense 8 "utter aloud" might seem relevant because he uttered the words aloud, but it's too generic and doesn't capture the reporting aspect. Sense 8 example is "She said 'Hello' to everyone", which is a direct utterance, but here we have a quoted statement in a narrative. Typically, in disambiguation tasks for "say" in journalistic contexts introducing quotes, the sense is "express in words" (sense 1). However, let's see if sense 2 is more specific: "report or maintain". In this academic/research context, his statement is a report or a maintained position. But "report" could mean to give an account of something, which fits. Sense 1 is the most general and common. WordNet often uses sense 1 for this. I'll check the examples: sense 1 example uses indirect speech ("He said that..."), while sense 2 also uses indirect speech but with a connotation of asserting something possibly disputed. In the sentence, it's a direct quote, but the verb "says" is still the reporting verb. Usually, in WSD, the most basic sense for reported speech is sense 1. Sense 2 might be used when the thing said is a claim or contention. Here, Broder is expressing his opinion, but it's not necessarily an allegation. I lean towards sense 1.

But let's look at sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" with example "I say let's forget this whole business". That's more of a declaration of opinion, but often used in first person. Here, "says" is third person. The content is an opinion, but the reporting verb itself is simply indicating that he expressed it. Sense 1 is fine.

Given that sense 1 is "express in words" and the context is clearly verbal expression of a thought, I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: director
Target surface form: director
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, <t>director</t> of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "director" in the given context. The target word appears as: "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute." The context describes Samuel Broder's role: he is the director of a research institute (National Cancer Institute). This is an organizational leadership role, someone who controls resources and expenditures, manages the institute. Let's evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
   This fits: Samuel Broder is likely the head of the National Cancer Institute, a manager who controls resources. The synonyms "manager, managing director" align with heading an institute.

2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
   While he might be a member of some board, the phrase "director of the National Cancer Institute" typically means the chief executive, not merely a board member. An institute director is the top leader, not just a board member. So this is less appropriate.

3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
   Clearly not: this is about theater.

4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
   Not applicable.

5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director
   Not applicable.

So sense 1 is the best match. Therefore, return {"sense_index": 1

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: public
Target surface form: public
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=public%1:14:00:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
2. sense_key=public%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "public" in the given context. The target is "public" as a noun. Two senses are provided:

1. Sense 1: people in general considered as a whole (synonyms: populace, world; example: "he is a hero in the eyes of the public")
2. Sense 2: a body of people sharing some common interest (example: "the reading public")

Context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Here, "the public" refers to the general population, not a specific group with a common interest like "the reading public." The speaker contrasts scientific research with what the average person cares about (advances in treatment). So sense 1 fits best: people in general.

Thus, sense_index: 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concerned
Target surface form: concerned
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concerned%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
2. sense_key=concerned%5:00:00:involved:00 | definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
3. sense_key=concerned%5:00:01:involved:00 | definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "concerned" and context: "...which is concerned about advances in treatment...". Looking at candidates:

Sense 1: "feeling or showing worry or solicitude" examples: "concerned parents... was concerned about the future". The context says "which is concerned about advances in treatment", indicating worry or interest. The public is worried about treatment advances, so this fits.

Sense 2: "involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in" synonyms "interested". Example: "a memorandum to those concerned". In context, the public is concerned about advances in treatment. Could be interpreted as "interested" but typically "concerned about" implies worry, not just involvement. The phrase "concerned about" strongly suggests worry.

Sense 3: "culpably involved" synonyms "implicated". This is about guilt, not relevant here.

Thus the best is sense 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advance
Target surface form: advances
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00:: | definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression | examples=he listened for the progress of the troops
2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: | definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00:: | definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler | examples=she rejected his advances
4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00:: | definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "advances" in context. The context is about scientific progress in cancer research. The target is "advances" in the phrase "the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment". The sense must refer to progress or improvements in treatment. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. a movement forward (progress, progression) - could work but usually for physical movement? example: "listening for progress of troops" suggests physical movement
2. a change for the better; progress in development (improvement, betterment) - this fits "advances in treatment" meaning improvements in medical treatment.
3. tentative suggestion (overture, approach, feeler) - not relevant, example "she rejected his advances"
4. act of moving forward (as toward a goal) - similar to 1, maybe more abstract but still about moving forward
5. amount paid before earned (cash advance) - not relevant
6. increase in price or value (rise) - not relevant

Between 1 and 2 and 4: "advances in treatment" clearly means improvements, betterment, progress in development. Sense 2 is specifically "a change for the better; progress in development", synonyms: improvement, betterment. This is the best match. Sense 1 and 4 are more about physical forward movement or progression, though "progress" can be used abstractly, sense 2 directly targets "progress in development" and "improvement". So sense 2 is the correct one.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "treatment" and its surface form "treatment" in context. The context is about cancer research, specifically about genetic probes, a child not inheriting a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene, and the importance of basic research for cancer treatment. The quote from Samuel Broder says: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon." So "treatment" here is used in the context of medical treatment for cancer.

Now, we have candidate senses:

1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
   This fits perfectly: medical treatment for cancer.

2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
   This is about management, not medical. Not suitable.

3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
   Artistic handling, not relevant.

4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased
   This is about a written or spoken discussion, not relevant.

Clearly, sense 1 is the correct one.

The instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we output the index number of the chosen sense. The sense index 1 corresponds to the first listed sense (sense 1).

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "basic" in the given context. The target lemma is "basic", surface form is "basic". Context: "... most basic workings of cancer ... 'All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon.'" The candidate senses are:

1. basic%3:00:00:: pertaining to or constituting a base or basis; examples: a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. basic%5:00:00:standard:01 reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality; synonyms: canonic, canonical; examples: a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. basic%5:00:02:first:00 serving as a base or starting point; synonyms: introductory; examples: a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base (chemistry sense)

In the context, "basic research" is used to refer to fundamental scientific research, as opposed to applied research or advances in treatment. It's about the fundamental workings of cancer. This corresponds to sense 1, "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis". Examples: a basic fact, the basic ingredients. It fits the notion of foundational, fundamental. Sense 2 is about simplicity, reduced to simplest form; that is not the primary meaning here, though "basic research" could be interpreted as simple, but in scientific context, it means foundational. Sense 3 is about introductory or starting point, like a basic course, not appropriate for "basic research". Sense 4 is chemistry-specific. So sense 1 is correct.

Answer with JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "begin" in the given context. The context is: "but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon."

Let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_index 1: definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out. examples: We began working at dawn; Who will start? This sense is about initiating an action, often used with a gerund or infinitive. In the context: "begin showing results", that fits perfectly: the research will start showing results. That is, it will take the first steps in the action of showing results.

2. sense_index 2: definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense. synonyms=start. examples: The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro. This is intransitive, referring to something starting on its own. The subject is "this basic research", which will begin showing results. That is an active construction with a verb phrase, not an intransitive sense of "begin" alone. So this doesn't fit.

3. sense_index 3: definition=set in motion, cause to start. synonyms=lead off, start, commence. examples: The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities. This is transitive, often with a direct object that is an event or activity. "begin hostilities" is a noun phrase. Here we have "begin showing", a gerund, not a noun like "results" as direct object. The object of "begin" here is the gerund phrase "showing results", not a thing. So this sense is not a match.

4. sense_index 4: definition=begin to speak or say; he began. example: Now listen, friends. This is specifically about speech, not applicable.

5. sense_index 5: definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series. examples: The number 'one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel. This is about ordering, not relevant.

6. sense_index 6: definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event. examples: WW II began in 1939; The company's Asia tour begins next month. Again intransitive, like sense 2, but specifically temporal events. Not a match.

7. sense_index 7: definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way. synonyms=start. example: The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees. This requires a complement, "begin with something". Not a match.

8. sense_index 8: definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object. synonyms=start. examples: begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot. This is a specific transitive use where the direct object implies an action (smoking a cigar, eating soup). Not a match.

9. sense_index 9: definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative. examples: This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem; You cannot even begin to understand... This is used in negative constructions, not positive like here.

10. sense_index 10: definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language. example: She began Russian at an early age. Not relevant.

Only sense 1 fits: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". "begin showing results" means to start the action of showing results. The example "We began working at dawn" uses a gerund, just like here. So sense_index 1 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showing
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "show" and target surface form "showing". The context is a sentence from the text: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon." The word "showing" is used in the sense of "producing" or "manifesting" results. We need to select the best indexed sense from the provided candidate senses.

Let's examine the candidates:

1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
   - This sense is about exhibiting something, often for an audience. Doesn't fit "showing results."

2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
   - "establish the validity" fits the idea of research showing (i.e., proving, demonstrating) results. The example: "The experiment demonstrated..." parallels "begin showing results" meaning the research will start to produce evidence of results. This seems plausible.

3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
   - "provide evidence for" is similar to sense 2, but here "showing results" could be interpreted as providing evidence for the effectiveness of the research. The example "The blood test showed that he was the father" is about providing a result/evidence. However, "results" here are the outcomes of the research, so the research is manifesting or leading to observable outcomes.

4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
   - This is about making something visible. Could be used: "showing results" = making results visible/noticeable. This is a broad sense, but the context is about research producing tangible outcomes. Might be applicable but generic.

5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
   - Clearly not about results; it's for pictorial representation.

6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
   - "Give expression to" is about displaying an emotion or feeling, not about research results.

7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
   - This is about pointing or indicating, not about producing results.

8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
   - This is intransitive: "showing results" would mean results become visible, but the subject is "this basic research will begin showing results". "Showing" here is used transitively: research is showing results, not results showing. So intransitive doesn't fit. The subject is the research doing the showing. Research is showing something (results). So needs a transitive sense.

9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
   - This is about measuring instruments displaying a value. "research showing results" is not a gauge showing a reading. Not fitting.

10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
    - "give evidence of" again similar to sense 2 and 3. Example: diary shows distress, meaning the diary provides evidence. Research showing results means the research gives evidence of results. This might be close.

11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=...
    - Obviously not.

Now, we need to pick the best single sense. The phrase "showing results" means producing or manifesting positive outcomes. In the context, the director says he is convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "There" refers to something like "in treatment" or "in clinical application". So the research will start to produce tangible, observable results. The sense should capture the idea of research demonstrating or producing evidence of its effectiveness.

Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" – with synonyms prove, demonstrate, establish. This fits well: research demonstrates results. Moreover, the example given: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" is similar: an experiment shows something. So the research (like an experiment) will begin to demonstrate results.

Sense 3: "provide evidence for" – also plausible, but the example "The blood test showed that he was the father" is about a test providing a specific piece of evidence. In "showing results", results are the evidence or the outcomes themselves, so research is providing evidence (results). It could be interpreted that way, but sense 2's definition is more about demonstrating validity, which fits with research proving its worth by showing results.

Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable" – would mean make results visible. But it's very broad; sense 2 is more specific to scientific demonstration. The context is a scientific discussion, so the more specific sense might be preferred.

Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" – again, similar. However, sense 2 explicitly mentions "experiment" in the example, aligning with research context.

Given the examples in sense 2, the example "The experiment demonstrated..." is almost directly analogous. So sense 2 seems the best fit.

Now we need to output a JSON object with the sense index. The candidates are numbered 1 through 11 (there are 11 candidate senses). The sense we want is sense_index 2 (since it's the second listed). So {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "result" with surface form "results" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense among the four provided.

Context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon."

The target word is "results" (plural of result). Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples: the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business

2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition: a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms: solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples: they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book

3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition: something that results | synonyms: resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples: he listened for the results on the radio

4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition: the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms: resultant role

Now, consider the context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon." Here, "results" refers to the outcomes or effects of the basic research. It's about the tangible consequences or findings from the research that will impact treatment. It is not a statement solving a problem (sense 2) nor a semantic role (sense 4). Sense 3 says "something that results" and synonyms like outcome, final result. Sense 1 is also about a phenomenon that follows as a consequence. Both 1 and 3 seem plausible. But note the examples: sense 1's examples involve specific phenomena like "magnetic effect" and "consequences for business." Sense 3's example: "he listened for the results on the radio" – that would typically be election results or something reported. In the context of research showing results, it means the outcomes or findings. Often, "results" in research refer to the data or conclusions obtained. Both sense 1 and 3 are close. However, sense 3 is defined as "something that results," which is very broad. Sense 1 emphasizes causation: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by a previous phenomenon. The research will begin showing consequences/effects (i.e., results) in treatment. The phrase "showing results" often means demonstrating positive outcomes. It could be interpreted as "effects." Sense 3's example "he listened for the results on the radio" implies a final outcome or reported findings. WordNet sense 1 is more about cause-effect phenomena, while sense 3 is simply "something that results." The gloss for sense 3 is minimal. In many WSD systems, sense 1 is the most common meaning. Let's see the sentence: "begin showing results there soon" – "there" refers to "advances in treatment," so the research will produce effects on treatment. It's not just any result; it's the consequence of the research. I lean towards sense 1 as the phenomenon that follows (effects on treatment). However, sense 3 could also be used for results of research. Consider the example for sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio" is like listening for the outcome of a contest. Research results are often called "results" as the final outcome. But the definition "something that results" is vague. Sense 1 explicitly includes "outcome" as a synonym. Moreover, the research causing a phenomenon (improvement in treatment) fits the cause-effect relationship. Sense 2 is clearly wrong because it's about a solution statement. Sense 4 is technical linguistic term. So between 1 and 3, I'll go with 1 because it emphasizes the cause-effect, and the research causing results (effects) on treatment. Also, the context mentions "advances in treatment" which are consequences of research. Thus, I choose sense 1.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: there
Target surface form: there
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "there" in the given context. The target word is "there" and its surface form is "there". The context is a sentence: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon." We need to choose among three candidate senses.

Let's analyze the sentence. The speaker is Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. He says: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon." The word "there" is marked. We need to determine what "there" refers to. The preceding text talks about basic research opening a field of cancer study that has exploded, and that studying a tumor made possible fundamental insights. Then Broder says that the public is concerned about advances in treatment, but he is convinced that basic research will begin showing results "there" soon. "There" seems to refer to the area of treatment? Or perhaps to the public's concern? The phrase "showing results there" suggests showing results in the area of treatment, i.e., in treatment advances. Alternatively, it could mean "in that matter" meaning in the matter of cancer treatment. The context: public is concerned about advances in treatment, but basic research will show results in that area soon.

Now look at the senses:
1. in or at that place (spatial location)
2. in that matter; in that respect; on that point (abstract respect)
3. to or toward that place; away from the speaker (directional)

The sentence doesn't involve a literal place. "There" is used figuratively. The public is concerned about treatment, and research will show results in that area. This is sense 2: "in that matter" or "on that point." Examples: "I agree with you there." Here, "there" means on that point. Similarly, "show results there" means show results in that area, in that respect.

Sense 1 is spatial: "they have lived there for years" – not applicable. Sense 3 is directional: "go there" – not applicable. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, the chosen sense index is 2. We output JSON with {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." Target lemma: make, surface form: made, context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

Let's look at the candidates. We need to pick the best sense from the list of 49 (!) senses. The context is about a discovery. "made his retinoblastoma discovery" means he accomplished or achieved the discovery. So what sense of "make" fits? Possibly sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move" but "make a discovery" is more like "achieve" or "create". Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" synonyms: create, examples: "make a mess; create a furor". That might fit, but "discovery" is not a mess; it's an intellectual achievement. Sense 6: "create or manufacture a man-made product" synonyms: produce, create. That seems too physical. Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" synonyms: draw, examples: "draw a conclusion". That could work for "draw a conclusion" but "make a discovery" is like "make a finding". Sense 21: "achieve a point or goal" synonyms: have, get, examples: "Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals". That seems like sports scores. Sense 9: "create by artistic means" doesn't fit. Sense 16: "perform or carry out" examples: "make a decision; make a move" - "make a discovery" is often collocated like "make a discovery" as a verb-noun combination. Actually, in WordNet, "make" has many light verb uses. There is a sense: "perform or carry out" - that might be it. Let's check other senses. Sense 7 is "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" – "draw a conclusion". That could be close. Sense 1: "engage in" (make love, not war; make an effort) - not quite.

We can look at the definitions and examples to find which one matches "make a discovery". Often, "make a discovery" is like "to discover", but "make" here is a support verb. In WordNet, light verb senses are often listed. Sense 16 is "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move". A discovery is similar to a decision or a move in being an abstract action. Alternatively, sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" (create). But "create a discovery" sounds odd; you don't create a discovery, you make one. Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" synonyms: cause, do, examples: "cause a commotion; make a stir". A discovery is something that happens when you find something. You cause a discovery. That might be plausible. Sense 5: "cause to happen or occur" – "make a discovery" could be interpreted as causing the discovery to happen. But the WordNet gloss for sense 5 says "cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally", and examples are "cause a commotion; make a stir". Those are more like causing a disturbance. Sense 5 might be for things like "make a noise", "make a mess". Discovery is not exactly a commotion. Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" – examples "make a mess", "create a furor". That also includes "make a mess". So both 3 and 5 overlap. Let's check the synsets more precisely. The sense_key for each gives the WordNet synset offset. I can't look up, but based on definitions: Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" – it says synonyms: create. So this might be the synset for the causative sense, like "make something happen". Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" – this also seems to be a causative sense, but maybe more about causing events. Example "cause a commotion; make a stir". Sense 16: "perform or carry out" – examples "make a decision; make a move". That is for actions that you do. A discovery is something you make, like you perform the act of discovering. In WordNet, "discovery" as a noun can be an act. So "make a discovery" could be synonymous with "perform a discovery" (though that's not natural). I think the best match is sense 16 because "make a decision" is a very common light verb construction. Also "make an effort" is sense 1. Wait, sense 1: "engage in" – examples: "make love, not war; make an effort". That could also work for "make an effort" but "discovery" is not an activity you engage in; you achieve it. Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" – "draw a conclusion". To "make a discovery" you might be deriving something in your mind. This seems plausible: "make a discovery" = formulate a discovery. But "formulate" implies you are creating a statement, while discovering is finding something previously unknown. It could be seen as deriving a finding. Sense 7 examples "draw a conclusion" – a conclusion is similar to a discovery. And "draw a conclusion" uses "draw", meaning derive. So sense 7 might be the best fit for intellectual achievements like discoveries and conclusions. Sense 7 is "make, formulate, or derive in the mind". Sound good.

Let's look at sense 16 again: "perform or carry out" examples: "make a decision; make a move". "Make a decision" is also a mental act. So both 7 and 16 could be candidates. Sense 7 specifically mentions "in the mind". "Make a discovery" is definitely an intellectual achievement. So I'd lean towards sense 7.

But also note that WordNet has specific example sentences. For sense 7, they gave "draw a conclusion". That is very close to "make a discovery". In many dictionaries, "make a discovery" is listed under a light verb sense. I should check if there is a sense in WordNet that explicitly includes "discovery". The given WordNet summary doesn't have examples with "discovery". Possibly sense 7 includes the notion of creating something in the mind. Sense 9 is "create by artistic means" – not it. Sense 3 is "make or cause to be or to become" – might be too broad.

Another candidate: sense 21 "achieve a point or goal" examples: "Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals". That's for scores. Not a discovery.

Sense 13 "reach a goal, e.g., make the first team; We made it!" Not it.

Sense 1 "engage in" – "make an effort", but discovery is not exactly an effort.

Sense 24 "carry out or commit" – examples: "make a mistake; commit a faux-pas". "Make a mistake" is similar to "make a discovery" in structure. So maybe sense 24? Sense 24 definition: "carry out or commit" – examples: "make a mistake; commit a faux-pas". That is for committing something. But a discovery is not a mistake; it's a positive achievement. However, "make a decision" is sense 16. "Make a mistake" is sense 24. So light verb uses split across senses. Let's see: Sense 24 says "carry out or commit", examples: "make a mistake; commit a faux-pas". That includes mistake, which is not a negative necessarily but an error. Discovery is not an error. Sense 16 says "perform or carry out" and examples "make a decision; make a move". That seems more neutral. "Make a discovery" is like "make a decision" – you decide something, you discover something. So both are acts. I think sense 16 might be the one. Sense 7 is "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" with examples "draw a conclusion". Drawing a conclusion is a mental act of inferring. Making a discovery is often more empirical, but still a mental recognition. However, in WordNet, "draw" is a synonym for sense 7. "Make" can be used that way.

I recall that in WordNet, the synset for "make" with the meaning "carry out or perform an action" is mapped to certain verb-noun combinations. Let's check the WordNet online for "make" and see which sense corresponds to "make a discovery". From memory, WordNet 3.0 has: S: (v) make, get (give certain properties to something) "get someone mad"; S: (v) make (make or cause to be or to become) "make a mess"; S: (v) induce, stimulate, cause, have, get, make (cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner); S: (v) make (create or manufacture a man-made product); S: (v) draw, make (make, formulate, or derive in the mind) "draw a conclusion"; S: (v) do, make (create or design, often in a certain way) "Do my room in blue"; S: (v) form, make, constitute (to compose or represent) "This wall forms the background"; S: (v) reach, make, get to, progress to (reach a goal) "make the first team"; S: (v) make (be or be capable of being changed or made into) "He makes a great host"; S: (v) make (make by shaping or bringing together constituents) "make a dress"; S: (v) make (perform or carry out) "make a decision"; S: (v) construct, build, make (make by combining materials and parts) "this little pig made his house out of straw"; S: (v) make (change from one form into another) "make water into wine"; S: (v) make (act in a certain way so as to acquire) "make friends"; S: (v) name, nominate, make (charge with a function; charge to be) "She was named Head of the Committee"; S: (v) have, get, make (achieve a point or goal) "Nicklaus had a 70"; S: (v) reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain, make (reach a destination, either real or abstract) "We hit Detroit by noon"; S: (v) lay down, establish, make (institute, enact, or establish) "make laws"; S: (v) make (carry out or commit) "make a mistake"; S: (v) make (form by assembling individuals or constituents) "Make a quorum"; S: (v) hold, throw, have, make, give (organize or be responsible for) "hold a reception"; S: (v) make, make up (put in order or neaten) "make the bed"; S: (v) take, make (head into a specified direction) "The escaped convict took to the hills"; S: (v) stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, make (have a bowel movement); S: (v) make (undergo fabrication or creation) "This wool makes into a nice sweater"; S: (v) make (be suitable for) "Wood makes good furniture"; S: (v) make (add up to) "four and four make eight"; S: (v) make (amount to) "This salary increase makes no difference"; S: (v) make (constitute the essence of) "Clothes make the man"; S: (v) make (appear to begin an activity) "He made to speak but said nothing"; S: (v) work, make (proceed along a path) "work one's way through the crowd"; S: (v) make (reach in time) "We barely made the plane"; S: (v) make (gather and light the materials for) "make a fire"; S: (v) cook, fix, ready, make, prepare (prepare for eating) "can you make me an omelette?"; S: (v) seduce, score, make (induce to have sex); S: (v) make (assure the success of) "A good review will make your play!"; S: (v) pretend, make believe, make (represent fictitiously) "She makes like an actress"; S: (v) make (consider as being) "It wasn't the problem some people made it"; S: (v) make (calculate as being) "I make the height about 100 feet"; S: (v) make (cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable) "make my day"; S: (v) make (favor the development of) "Practice makes the winner"; S: (v) make, develop into (develop into) "He will make a splendid father!"; S: (v) make (behave in a certain way) "make merry"; S: (v) urinate, piddle, make (eliminate urine).

So the two most likely for "make a discovery" are sense 16: "perform or carry out" (make a decision) and sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" (draw a conclusion). Which is more precise? Typically, a discovery is not just performed; it is an act of finding something new. It involves mental formulation. Sense 7 says "formulate, or derive in the mind". "Draw a conclusion" is exactly the kind of thing: you derive a conclusion from evidence. Similarly, you make a discovery by finding evidence, and you formulate it as a discovery. So I think sense 7 is a good match. But also note that "make a discovery" could be seen as "create a discovery" – but that seems odd because you don't create the thing discovered; you discover it. The act of discovering is making the discovery. Sense 7 explicitly mentions "derive in the mind", which fits better than sense 16's "perform or carry out", which is more for actions like decisions and moves. "Make a decision" could also be seen as deriving a decision, but WordNet separated them. So sense 7 is specifically for mental derivation.

Therefore, I pick sense 7.

But wait, there is also sense 21: "achieve a point or goal". Could be "make a discovery" as achieve a discovery? Discovery is not a point or goal in a game, though it could be a goal in research. However, the examples for sense 21 are sports scores: "Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals." It doesn't seem to fit.

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" – "make a mess" creates a mess. Does a discovery get created? Possibly, but again, it's not typical.

Let's check the word "made" in context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." This is a specific discovery, a finding. The phrase "make a discovery" is a standard light verb construction. Dictionaries often list "make" as "to bring into existence by shaping, modifying, or putting together material; construct", but for a discovery, we often use a different sense, such as "to carry out; perform: make a decision." or "to produce; cause to exist or happen; bring about: make a discovery." So both meanings. In WordNet, I see that there is a sense: "perform or carry out" (make a decision). And there is sense: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" (draw a conclusion). I think "draw a conclusion" is more mental, so for discovery, which is an intellectual achievement, sense 7 fits better.

I'll check index numbers: The list provided numbers the senses 1 through 49. I need to go down the list to find the one that matches "make, formulate, or derive in the mind". In the candidate list, this is sense 7: "definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion". Yes, that's index 7. So index 7.

Double-check: sense 7's example "draw a conclusion" uses "draw", not "make". But the definition includes "make" as the target lemma. So it's valid. In WordNet, this synset includes the verb "make" as well as "draw". Example sentences often are given for all synonyms. So I think it's correct.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 7}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for "discovery" in the given context. The target surface form is "discovery" and appears in the sentence: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list.

Let's examine the context: The text discusses a test to predict cancer and mentions the initial discovery of a gene by Dr. Dryja. Specifically, "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" and then "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." So here, "discovery" refers to the act of discovering the gene, or the thing that was discovered? It says "made his retinoblastoma discovery", which could be interpreted as the act of discovering the retinoblastoma gene, or the finding itself. The candidate senses:

1. the act of discovering something (e.g., "the discovery of the gene")
2. something that is discovered (e.g., "the gene was an important discovery")
3. a productive insight (breakthrough, find)
4. legal disclosure.

In the context, "made his retinoblastoma discovery" likely emphasizes the finding, the thing discovered. But note the phrase "made... discovery" often means "performed the act of discovering". For instance, "He made a discovery" can refer to the act. Let's look at the broader context: "the initial discovery of the gene... made by... Dryja" – that uses "discovery" as the act. Then "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986" – again, "made his discovery" suggests the act of discovering. The object "retinoblastoma discovery" could be a compound noun meaning "discovery related to retinoblastoma", i.e., the thing discovered. But the verb "make" with discovery: you "make a discovery" meaning you discover something. Typically, when you say "He made a discovery," you are referring to the act of discovering, and the discovery is the thing found, but the phrase focuses on the event. The WordNet sense 1 is "the act of discovering something", sense 2 is "something that is discovered". In this sentence, it could be ambiguous. Let's examine examples: "The discovery of penicillin was accidental" – that could be sense 1 or 2? "Discovery" as the event or the thing? Actually, WordNet often distinguishes: sense 1: the act, sense 2: the thing discovered. For example: "the discovery of America" could be sense 1; "the new discovery was expensive" – sense 2. In the phrase "made his discovery", it's ambiguous but often leans towards the act. Consider: "He made an important discovery." It implies he performed the act of discovering something important. The thing discovered is the result, but the phrase "make a discovery" is an idiom for the act. Compare: "His discovery of the gene revolutionized science." That's the act. "His discovery was a new gene." That's the thing. In the sentence: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." I think "discovery" here is the event of discovering the retinoblastoma gene. It's preceded by "the initial discovery of the gene... made by... Dryja", which clearly is sense 1 (act). Then "Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery" is a parallel construction. So sense 1 seems most appropriate. Sense 3 (a productive insight) is similar but seems more like a sudden insight; "breakthrough" could fit, but sense 1 is more general and fits the context of scientific discovery. Sense 4 is legal, not relevant. Sense 2 is possible, but I think the emphasis is on the event, not the object itself, because it says "made his discovery", which is usually eventive. The WordNet example for sense 1: "the discovery of the body" etc. So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "then" in the given context. We need to choose the best indexed sense among the three provided.

The target surface form is "Then" (capitalized, but that doesn't affect sense). The context is: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

We need to understand the usage of "then" in that sentence. It connects two events: the discovery in 1986, and then "last spring" (presumably later, in some other year, probably after 1986) researchers reported something. So, "then" here is used to indicate a sequence of events: something happened, and afterward, another event occurred. It's not a conditional ("in that case") nor a reference to a specific time point ("at that time"). It's more like "subsequently or soon afterward" used as a sentence connector.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: : definition="subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" with synonyms "so, and so, and then" and example "then he left; go left first, then right". This matches the sequential usage.
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: : definition="in that case or as a consequence" with example "if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to". This is conditional/consequential, not sequential.
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: : definition="at that time" with examples "I was young then; prices were lower back then". This refers to a specific time in the past, like "at that moment". In the context, "Then last spring" uses "then" to mean "after that, subsequently" not "at that time". It's not saying "at that time last spring", it's saying "subsequently, last spring". So sense 3 is not appropriate.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

Final output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous." The target word is "last" modifying "spring". The context is in a narrative about discoveries: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported..." So "last spring" refers to the most recent spring relative to the time of speaking/writing. The sentence is from a text that appears to be reporting on recent events. The phrase "last spring" is used to indicate the spring that just passed, i.e., the spring immediately preceding the current time. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. last%5:00:00:past:00 - "immediately past", examples: "last Thursday", "the last chapter we read". This fits "last spring" as the spring that just passed. It's a temporal sense.

2. last%3:00:00:: - "coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining", examples: "the last time I saw Paris", "the last day of the month". This is more about a final position. "Last spring" could be interpreted as the final spring in a series? But the context doesn't suggest a series; it's just the most recent spring relative to the narrative time. "Last spring" typically means the spring of the previous year if we are in the present. That is sense 1: immediately past.

3. last%5:00:00:closing:00 - "occurring at or forming an end or termination", synonyms "concluding, final, terminal". Not typical for "last spring".

4. last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 - "most unlikely or unsuitable". Not applicable.

5. last%5:00:00:dying:00 - "occurring at the time of death". Not applicable.

6. last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 - "conclusive in a process or progression", e.g., "a last resort". Not for "last spring".

7. last%5:00:00:high:02 - "highest in extent or degree". Not applicable.

8. last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 - "not to be altered or undone", e.g., "the last say". Not applicable.

9. last%5:00:00:worst:00 - "lowest in rank or importance". Not applicable.

The most appropriate sense is the first one: "immediately past". The example "last Thursday" matches the pattern of "last spring" as the most recent past spring.

Thus, we choose sense_index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit