[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "reported" in the given context. The target word is "report" and the surface form is "reported". We have six candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: "... Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

Here, "reported" is used in the sense of making an announcement or stating a finding from research. The context mentions that Dr. Minna and others have stated that a particular gene may be involved in cancers. This is based on their research or investigation.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "to give an account or representation of in words" with synonyms "describe, account" and example "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental." This is a general sense of reporting as describing something. It could fit, but it's very broad.

2. sense 2: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" with examples: "Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research." This specifically involves announcing findings, which matches the research context perfectly. The example "The team reported significant advances in their research" is very similar to "he and others reported that..."

3. sense 3: "announce one's presence" (e.g., "I report to work every day at 9 o'clock"). Not applicable.

4. sense 4: "make known to the authorities" (e.g., "One student reported the other to the principal"). Not applicable.

5. sense 5: "be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism" with synonym "cover" and example "Snow reported on China in the 1950's". This is about journalistic coverage. Not applicable here, as the context is scientific research, not journalism.

6. sense 6: "complain about; make a charge against" (e.g., "I reported her to the supervisor"). Not applicable.

Therefore, sense 2 is the most appropriate. It specifically mentions "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding", which is exactly the usage: the researchers are announcing their finding about the gene involvement.

Thus, the answer is sense index 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "involved" in the given context. The target surface form is "involved", and we need to choose the best indexed sense among five options. The context is about cancer research, discussing the involvement of certain genes in cancers. The specific sentence: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too." So, the word "involved" here means that the gene is connected or associated with the cancers. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved. This sense means being connected or associated with something. In the context, the gene is associated with lung cancers. This seems fitting.

2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion. This sense implies being stuck or entangled, like in difficulties or confusion. Not applicable here.

3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved. This means having an emotional connection. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ... | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous. This means complicated. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved. This sense means covered or enveloped. Not applicable.

Only sense 1 fits the context of a gene being associated with cancers. So the answer is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "other" with the surface form "other" in a given context. We need to choose the best sense among four given candidate senses. The target word appears in the sentence: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too." So the phrase is "several other more common cancers". We need to determine which sense of "other" is used here.

Let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
   This is the most common sense: "other" meaning additional or different from the one mentioned. In the context, "several other more common cancers" means additional cancers beyond the ones already mentioned (lung cancers and retinoblastoma). The lung cancers were mentioned, and the sentence says "other more common cancers". This sense fits well.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
   This sense is about time, meaning "the recent past". Example: "the other evening" means a few days ago. This does not fit the context.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
   This sense is about distant past. Synonyms: early, former. It does not fit.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
   This sense means strange or otherworldly. Not applicable here.

Clearly, sense 1 is the correct one. The phrase "other more common cancers" uses "other" as an adjective meaning "additional, different from those mentioned".

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "more" in the context: "several other more common cancers, too." The target phrase is "more common cancers". We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

We need to choose the best indexed sense. In the context, "more common cancers" – here "more" is modifying the adjective "common", forming the comparative. That matches sense 1: used to form the comparative of adjectives. Sense 2 is comparative of much, used as a quantifier or degree adverb modifying verbs or nouns, not adjectives. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "common" in a specific context: "as well as several other more common cancers, too." We need to choose the best WordNet sense from the list.

Context: The sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too." Here, "common" modifies "cancers," meaning cancers that occur more frequently or are more widespread. So we are looking for the sense that means "frequently encountered" or "widespread." Among the options:

- Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" with examples "the common man; a common sailor." This fits "common cancers" meaning ordinary, frequently occurring cancers.
- Sense 4: "commonly encountered" with synonyms "usual" and examples "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting." This also seems to fit, but it's labeled as an adjective satellite (WordNet sense type: %5) while sense 2 is a regular adjective (%3). Both are plausible, but we need to pick the best one based on context and WordNet's sense inventory.

Looking at the examples: Sense 2 includes "average or ordinary or usual." Sense 4 is specifically "commonly encountered." They overlap, but sense 4 might be a narrower sense. However, in WordNet, sense 2 is a core sense meaning "ordinary, average, usual," while sense 4 is a satellite meaning "familiar, usual." The context "more common cancers" likely means cancers that are more frequently seen, so "commonly encountered" (sense 4) seems directly on point. But sense 2 is also appropriate.

We need to use the sentence context and the synonyms/examples. The phrase "more common cancers" implies a comparison of frequency. In medical contexts, "common" means prevalent. Sense 4's example "a common complaint" is similar: a complaint that is frequently encountered. Sense 2's example "the common man" is more about ordinariness. So sense 4 might be more precise.

But let's check all senses:

Sense 1: community-wide – no.
Sense 2: ordinary, usual – yes, but maybe not as precise.
Sense 3: shared by two or more parties – no, not about cancers shared among people; that would be a different meaning.
Sense 4: commonly encountered, usual – directly matches "common cancers" as cancers that are commonly encountered.
Sense 5: everyday language – no.
Sense 6: masses of people, plebeian – no.
Sense 7: low quality – no.
Sense 8: lacking refinement – no.
Sense 9: standard, expected – "common decency" example. Could "common cancers" be standard or expected? That might also fit, but sense 4's "usual" is very close.

In WordNet, sense 2 and sense 4 are very similar. The difference: sense 2 is an adjective meaning "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual." Sense 4 is an adjective satellite meaning "commonly encountered; 'a common (or familiar) complaint'." So sense 4 is specifically about encounter frequency, while sense 2 also includes lack of distinction. In the context of cancers, we are talking about frequency of occurrence, so "commonly encountered" (sense 4) is spot on. Also, the example "a common complaint" is analogous to "a common cancer." Thus sense 4 seems the best indexed sense.

But we must ensure that sense 4 is indeed an indexed sense. The candidate list includes sense keys like "common%5:00:00:familiar:02" with definition "commonly encountered" and synonyms "usual". That is sense index 4. So I'll choose sense_index: 4.

Return only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "cancers" in the given context. We have five candidate senses. The context is about medical/biological research on cancer-related genes. The target is "cancers" appearing in: "the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too." This clearly refers to the disease cancer, specifically malignant growths. Sense 1 is "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread..." which fits perfectly. The other senses are about astrology (Cancer as zodiac sign/person/constellation) or the genus of crabs. So sense_index 1 is correct.

Return: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "discovery", target surface form is "discoveries". Context includes: "Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies ... are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

We have four senses:
1. act of discovering something (synonyms: find, uncovering)
2. something that is discovered
3. a productive insight (synonyms: breakthrough, find)
4. (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...

In context, "these discoveries" refers to the findings of tumor-suppressor genes and other genetic links to cancer mentioned earlier. They are referring to the things that were discovered, i.e., the identified genes or the knowledge of their location. Also, "cascade of discoveries" suggests multiple findings. So sense 2: "something that is discovered" fits best. Sense 1 is the act, but here they are talking about the results. Sense 3 "a productive insight" is somewhat similar but more abstract (insight). However, sense 2 is directly "something that is discovered". The examples might show something. WordNet often has sense 2 as the thing found. The context: "these discoveries" points to the actual genes found. So I'll go with sense_index 2.

Final output: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for the word "only" in the given context. The context sentence is: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate." The word "only" modifies "speculate." Let's examine the candidate senses.

Sense 1: "and nothing more" with synonyms merely, simply, just, but. Example: "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time." This fits: scientists can do nothing more than speculate; they can merely speculate.

Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" with synonyms entirely, exclusively, solely, alone. Example: "was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children." This would mean scientists speculate exclusively, but that doesn't fit as well because it implies that speculation is the only thing they do, not that they can do nothing more. The context is about limitations: they can only speculate (and nothing else). So sense 1 seems better.

Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result" - example: "He arrived only to find his wife dead." That doesn't fit because there's no final result clause.

Sense 4: "in the final outcome" - example: "These news will only make you more upset." That implies the result, but here it's not about final outcome.

Sense 5: "except that" - example: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better." Not relevant.

Sense 6: "never except when" - conditional, not relevant.

Sense 7: "as recently as" - temporal, not relevant.

Thus, sense 1 is the most appropriate.

So the answer should be index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speculate
Target surface form: speculate
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
4. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "speculate", surface form "speculate", in the given context. We have four candidate senses. We must choose the single best indexed sense based on the context, synonyms, and examples.

Let's examine the context:

The passage discusses discoveries in genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes. Scientists are making progress in pinpointing genes. Then: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate." Already, pharmaceutical companies are collaborating to turn discoveries into tests and therapies.

The phrase "scientists can only speculate" indicates that they can only guess or form conjectures about the future implications. They don't know for sure. The context isn't about deep philosophical reflection (sense 3), nor about financial investment (sense 4), nor about casual talking over conjectures (sense 2). Sense 2 is about discussing conjecturally in an idle way. However, the context says "scientists can only speculate" – it's about what scientists are able to do given the uncertainty. It's not about talking over something idly; it's more about forming beliefs or suppositions on uncertain grounds. Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" with synonyms: theorize, hypothesize, conjecture. The examples: "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps." That fits well: scientists are speculating about where the discoveries will lead, i.e., forming tentative beliefs about future outcomes. Sense 3 is about deep reflection or pondering, but "speculate" in this context is about making uncertain predictions, not deep contemplation. Sense 2 is about conversation, like "We were speculating whether the President had to resign", but here it's about what scientists can do, likely in their minds, forming hypotheses. The text doesn't mention them talking about it; it's about the uncertainty of the future. So sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, the index for that sense is 1.

Return a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
6. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
7. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age
8. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "major" in the sentence: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters..." The target surface form is "major", and we have a list of 8 candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context. The sentence mentions "two major pharmaceutical companies". The word "major" here describes the companies, indicating they are significant, important, or large in some sense. The pharmaceutical companies are named: Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb and Hoffmann-La Roche, both well-known large companies. So "major" likely means they are significant, prominent, or large. Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. of greater importance or stature or rank (e.g., a major artist; a major role) → This fits: two pharmaceutical companies that are important, have high stature.
2. greater in scope or effect (e.g., a major contribution; a major improvement) → This could also fit: companies with large scope.
3. greater in number or size or amount (e.g., a major portion; Ursa Major) → It could mean large in size, but "major" companies often implies size and importance. The example "a majority" is about quantity, but for companies, "major" often means important rather than just numerous.
4. of the field of academic study → irrelevant.
5. of a scale or mode → irrelevant.
6. of greater seriousness or danger (e.g., a major earthquake; a major hurricane) → not appropriate for companies.
7. of full legal age → irrelevant.
8. of the elder of two boys → irrelevant.

Between senses 1, 2, and 3, which is most appropriate? Senses 1 and 2 overlap; sense 1 is about importance/stature/rank, sense 2 is about scope/effect. For a pharmaceutical company, "major" typically means important, prominent, influential. The phrase "major pharmaceutical companies" is a common collocation referring to large, leading companies. The WordNet example for sense 1: "a major artist; a major role" emphasizes stature. Sense 2: "a major contribution; a major improvement" emphasizes impact. Both could work, but which is more precise? Let's check the WordNet hierarchy. Sense 1 key: major%3:00:06::, sense 2: major%3:00:02::. Sense 3: major%3:00:01:: about size. For companies, when we say "major companies", we mean they are among the most important, not just "greater in scope or effect". The phrase "major company" is similar to "major artist" – it's about rank and importance. The context also says "Already two major pharmaceutical companies... are collaborating..." The point is that these are significant companies getting involved, emphasizing their stature in the industry. I think sense 1 fits best.

But let's see the examples: for sense 1, "a major artist; a major role" – that aligns with "a major company". For sense 2, "a major contribution" is about the effect of something, not the entity itself. So "major" attributively describing companies likely means "of greater importance or stature or rank". For sense 3, "greater in number or size or amount" – you can say "major companies" meaning large in size, but that's less nuanced. The primary meaning in this context is importance.

Thus, I'll choose sense 1, which is index 1.

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unit
Target surface form: unit
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: | definition=any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange | synonyms=unit of measurement | examples=the dollar is the United States unit of currency; a unit of wheat is a bushel
2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: | definition=an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole | examples=the reduced the number of units and installations; the word is a basic linguistic unit
3. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization regarded as part of a larger social group | synonyms=social unit | examples=the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit
4. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: | definition=a single undivided whole | examples=an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another
5. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: | definition=a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else | synonyms=building block | examples=units of nucleic acids
6. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: | definition=an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity | synonyms=whole | examples=how big is that part compared to the whole?; the team is a unit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "unit" in the context: "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co." This refers to a corporate division or subsidiary. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. unit of measurement - not applicable.
2. an individual or group or structure regarded as a constituent of a whole - could fit but typically used for functional parts of a system, like linguistic unit, military unit, etc. The example "the reduced the number of units and installations" suggests installations, not corporate divisions.
3. an organization regarded as part of a larger social group - "social unit" with examples: "the offensive unit" (sports team), "rejoining his unit" (military). This can encompass corporate units like a business unit.
4. a single undivided whole - not applicable.
5. building block in natural composition - not applicable.
6. an assemblage of parts regarded as a single entity - "whole" - not specifically about an organizational unit.

Sense 3 specifically mentions "organization regarded as part of a larger social group" and synonym "social unit". While the examples are sports and military, a corporate unit like "Squibb unit" fits as an organization that is part of a larger company (Bristol-Myers Squibb). Sense 2 could also loosely apply, but sense 3 is more precise because it explicitly denotes an organization that is part of a larger group. Sense 2 is more about structural/functional constituents, but its examples don't include business units. Sense 3's definition "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group" matches perfectly. Thus, sense 3 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: collaborate
Target surface form: collaborating
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "collaborating" in the given context. The target lemma is "collaborate". We have two candidate senses:

1. sense 1: work together on a common enterprise of project. Synonyms: join forces, cooperate, get together. Examples: about soprano and pianist, and joining forces with another research group.
2. sense 2: cooperate as a traitor. Example: he collaborated with the Nazis.

Context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies... are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." Clearly, they are working together positively, not treasonous collaboration. So sense 1 is correct.

We must return a JSON object with the sense_index. The instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." Here, we only have two senses, and sense_index is 1 or 2. So I'll return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
3. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense." Target lemma: hunter. Target surface form: hunters. Context: "... collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests..." So "gene hunters" are people searching for genes. The senses:

1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | someone who hunts game (synonyms: huntsman)
2. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | a person who searches for something (examples: a treasure hunter)
3. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | a constellation ... (Orion)
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | a watch ...

Clearly, sense 2 is the best match: "a person who searches for something" with example "a treasure hunter" parallels "gene hunters". The context is about hunting for genes, not game. So index 2.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best indexed sense for "turn" in the context: "to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." The context: pharmaceutical companies are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and new therapies. So "turn" here means to transform or convert something (discoveries) into something else (tests, therapies). Look at sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics" with examples: "The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold." That matches exactly: turn X into Y. Also sense 3: "undergo a change or development; become" but that's intransitive: "The water turned into ice." In the sentence, it's transitive: "to turn the discoveries into tests", so they are causing the change. Sense 16 is transitive and fits well. Sense 16 is indexed 16. Other senses: sense 1: change orientation, no. sense 4: cause to move around, no. sense 5: change to contrary, no. sense 7: pass into condition (intransitive), no. So 16 is best. The output should be {"sense_index": 16}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "discoveries" in the context. We need to choose the best sense from the four options. The context is about scientists finding genes related to cancers, and then the sentence: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate." and later "to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." Here, "discoveries" refers to the findings of genes and their associations. So it's about things that have been discovered, i.e., the results of scientific discovery. The first sense is the act of discovering, the second sense is something that is discovered, the third sense is a productive insight (like a breakthrough), and the fourth is a legal term. In context, "discoveries" clearly refers to the findings themselves (the genes, the associations). The examples given: "the anticipated cascade of discoveries" — they are talking about the findings. So sense 2: something that is discovered. Sense 3 is also possible as a productive insight, but sense 2 is more general and fits better. The gloss for sense 2 is simply "something that is discovered". That is exactly what's intended here. So I'll choose sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "new" in the given context. The target is "new" appearing in the phrase "new therapies". The context is about cancer research, discovering genes, and potential future therapies. The sentence: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies ... are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." The word "new" here describes therapies that are not currently existing, they are anticipated to be developed from the discoveries. So it means "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" (sense 1) or perhaps "original and of a kind not seen before" (sense 2). Let's check the candidates.

Candidate senses:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

We need to choose the best sense for "new therapies". The therapies are not yet developed; they will be developed from the anticipated discoveries. So they will be novel, previously not existing. Sense 1 is very broad: "not of long duration; having just come into being or been made". That fits: "new therapies" means therapies that are recently created. Sense 2 is "original and of a kind not seen before" (fresh, novel). That also fits: these therapies will be novel, based on new scientific discoveries. But which one is more precise? In the context, it's about turning discoveries into predictive tests and therapies. The therapies are indeed new in the sense of being previously non-existent. Sense 1 is the most common sense for "new" in such contexts. Sense 2 emphasizes originality, but not necessarily that something is just made. In the text, the focus is on the anticipation of creating brand-new therapies from new genetic discoveries, so "novel" fits well. But let's check the examples: sense 1 "a new law; new cars" - these are things that have recently been created, not necessarily original. Sense 2 "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem" - stresses that it's unprecedented, not seen before. In the given text, the therapies are based on suppressor proteins, which are newly understood, so they might be truly novel. However, many cancer drugs are incremental improvements. But the tone of the article is about groundbreaking discoveries leading to new therapies. The word "new" in "new therapies" is common, and it typically means "recently developed". Without explicit emphasis on "novel", sense 1 is the default sense for "new" in most contexts.

Also note that sense 4 is "having no previous example or precedent" which is similar but more absolute. Sense 2 seems the most specific for a groundbreaking new type of therapy.

But we must choose one. Let's examine the context more: "to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." The word "new" modifies therapies that do not yet exist, so they will be "just come into being" when they are developed. That aligns well with sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made". This definition captures the temporal aspect of being newly created, without necessarily being wholly unprecedented. In scientific progress, many "new" drugs are variations of existing ones, still new. So sense 1 is the safest.

Also, WordNet's sense ordering: sense 1 is the most frequent sense. For a generic use, sense 1 is highly likely.

I will select sense 1.

Thus, the output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers <t>say</t> new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "say" in the specific context: "Some researchers <t>say</t> new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses provided. Let's examine each sense:

1. express in words – typical "say" as in "He said that..."
2. report or maintain – "allege, aver", examples: He alleged that..., He said it was too late...
3. express a supposition – "suppose", examples: Let us say that..., Let's say you had a lot of money...
4. have or contain a certain wording or form – "read", examples: The passage reads..., What does the law say?
5. give instructions – "order, tell, enjoin", examples: I said to him to go home...
6. speak, pronounce – "pronounce, articulate..."
7. communicate nonverbally – examples: What does this painting say?
8. utter aloud – examples: She said 'Hello'
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare – "I say let's forget..."
10. recite or repeat a fixed text – "Say grace"
11. indicate – "The clock says noon"

Now, analyze the context: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs ... may be based on the suppressor proteins...". Researchers are expressing an opinion or a hypothesis about what may be the foundation of new cancer drugs. This is a statement of belief or speculation. It is not a direct quote or utterance aloud. It is not an order, not a fixed text, not non-verbal communication, not a clock indicating something. It is researchers stating a possibility.

Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare", with example "I say let's forget this whole business." That seems to match the researchers putting forward a view on a possible future development. Sense 1 "express in words" is very broad, but sense 9 is more specific to stating an opinion. However, sense 1 also covers expressing a statement. Let's compare sense 1 and sense 9. In sense 1, it's about expressing in words something that can be factual or not. Sense 2 is "report or maintain" which is also possible, but the examples involve allegations or statements about intervention; here it's a prediction: "may be based". Sense 3 is "express a supposition" which fits very well: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth" – the researchers are putting forward a supposition about drug development. They are not stating it as a fact but as a possibility. The phrase "may be based" indicates supposition. The definition of sense 3: "express a supposition", synonyms "suppose". That seems the closest to the context where researchers are hypothesizing.

Let's see the exact wording: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins..." This is a classic use of "say" to introduce a hypothesis or speculative claim, similar to supposition. Sense 1 might also work but it's generic; sense 3 is specifically about suppositions, which matches "may be" and the speculative nature. Sense 2 "allege, aver" is more about maintaining something as true, often in a legal or formal context, but that doesn't fit the speculative tone.

Thus, the best sense is sense 3: express a supposition.

Confirm by checking examples: "Let's say you had a lot of money" – here "say" is used to consider a hypothetical. In the context, researchers are essentially saying "let's say that new cancer drugs may be based on suppressor proteins." That's a supposition.

Therefore, answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say <t>new</t> cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "new" in the given context. The context is about gene discoveries and potential new therapies. The target is in: "new therapies". We need to select the best sense from the provided list.

Let's examine each sense:

1. Definition: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" examples: "a new law; new cars". In the context, "new therapies" could mean therapies that have recently been developed, i.e., recently come into being. This seems plausible.

2. Definition: "original and of a kind not seen before" synonyms: fresh, novel. Examples: "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem". Could apply if these therapies are novel, not seen before. But likely they are new in the sense of being recently developed, not necessarily never seen before.

3. "lacking training or experience" - not applicable to therapies.

4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - not quite; therapies might be new but not necessarily unprecedented in an absolute sense.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - e.g., "new leaders". This doesn't fit because there is no old therapy being replaced; these are first-of-kind therapies.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure; looks like new" - not applicable.

7. "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new; newfangled" - not applicable.

8. "in use after medieval times" - not applicable.

9. "used of a living language; being the current stage in its development" - not applicable.

10. "harvested at an early stage of development" - not applicable.

11. "unfamiliar" - "new experiences" - e.g., experiences new to him. The therapies might be unfamiliar, but "new therapies" is more likely about them being recently developed, rather than just unfamiliar.

Given the context: "the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." The therapies are new in the sense of being recently discovered or developed, not old existing ones. The best match is sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". The examples for sense 1 include "new cars" and "new law", which are analogous to "new therapies".

Thus, sense 1 fits best. So I'll pick index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: slow
Target surface form: slow
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to <t>slow</t> or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=slow%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow down, slow up, retard | examples=The car decelerated
2. sense_key=slow%2:30:01:: | definition=become slow or slower | synonyms=slow down, slow up, slack, slacken | examples=Production slowed
3. sense_key=slow%2:30:05:: | definition=cause to proceed more slowly | synonyms=slow down, slow up | examples=The illness slowed him down

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word 'slow' in context."

Target: slow. Context: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes." So "slow" here is used as a verb, "to slow or reverse tumor growth." It means to make the tumor growth slower, to reduce its speed. The phrase is "to slow or reverse tumor growth" – so it's transitive: slow tumor growth. Which sense fits?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=slow%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow down, slow up, retard | examples=The car decelerated   [intransitive: subject itself loses velocity]
2. sense_key=slow%2:30:01:: | definition=become slow or slower | synonyms=slow down, slow up, slack, slacken | examples=Production slowed   [intransitive: subject becomes slower]
3. sense_key=slow%2:30:05:: | definition=cause to proceed more slowly | synonyms=slow down, slow up | examples=The illness slowed him down   [transitive: cause something to slow]

In context, "to slow ... tumor growth" is transitive: drugs slow the growth. The growth is the object. So we need a transitive sense. Sense 3 is transitive: "cause to proceed more slowly." The example: "The illness slowed him down" – that's a transitive use with an object. Sense 1 and 2 are intransitive. So sense 3 is correct.

Thus, answer: 3. Return JSON like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reverse
Target surface form: reverse
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or <t>reverse</t> tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reverse%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, turn | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
2. sense_key=reverse%2:30:01:: | definition=turn inside out or upside down | synonyms=turn back, invert
3. sense_key=reverse%2:31:00:: | definition=rule against | synonyms=overrule, overturn, override, overthrow | examples=The Republicans were overruled when the House voted on the bill
4. sense_key=reverse%2:32:00:: | definition=cancel officially | synonyms=revoke, annul, lift, countermand, repeal, overturn | examples=He revoked the ban on smoking; lift an embargo
5. sense_key=reverse%2:30:03:: | definition=reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of | synonyms=invert | examples=when forming a question, invert the subject and the verb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "reverse" in the given context. The target surface form is "reverse". The context is: "... new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth ..." So we need to choose the best sense from the provided candidate senses.

Let's examine the candidates:

1. sense_key=reverse%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, turn | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
2. sense_key=reverse%2:30:01:: | definition=turn inside out or upside down | synonyms=turn back, invert
3. sense_key=reverse%2:31:00:: | definition=rule against | synonyms=overrule, overturn, override, overthrow | examples=The Republicans were overruled when the House voted on the bill
4. sense_key=reverse%2:32:00:: | definition=cancel officially | synonyms=revoke, annul, lift, countermand, repeal, overturn | examples=He revoked the ban on smoking; lift an embargo
5. sense_key=reverse%2:30:03:: | definition=reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of | synonyms=invert | examples=when forming a question, invert the subject and the verb

Context: "new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth". The phrase "slow or reverse" implies two possible actions: slow the growth (make it slower) or reverse it (meaning cause it to go backwards, i.e., shrink?). In medical contexts, reversing tumor growth typically means causing the tumor to decrease in size or to stop growing and shrink, thus changing the trend from growth to regression. That aligns with sense 1: "change to the contrary". The example "The trend was reversed" is very fitting: tumor growth is a trend, and reversing it means changing it to the opposite (regression).

Sense 2: "turn inside out or upside down" - not applicable to tumor growth.
Sense 3: "rule against" - legal/political, no.
Sense 4: "cancel officially" - no.
Sense 5: "reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of" - this could be a candidate, but the example is about inverting subject and verb, which is more about order. "Reverse tumor growth" doesn't involve position, order, relation, or condition in the same sense; it's more about changing the direction of growth. Sense 1 ("change to the contrary") is more direct: reversing a trend. Sense 5's definition "reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of" might also apply, but typically "reverse" in the context of a process like growth means to turn it around to go the opposite way, which is captured by sense 1. Also, sense 1 has "change by reversal" and "turn" as synonyms, and the example "The trend was reversed" exactly mirrors the usage. So sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}