[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unambiguous
Target surface form: unambiguous
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an <t>unambiguous</t> accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "unambiguous" in the given context. We have two candidate senses. Let's analyze the context.

The target sentence: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability." The context discusses that schools should have principals with authority, and with that authority comes unambiguous accountability. The meaning here is that accountability is clear, not vague, not subject to misinterpretation. It is straightforward and leaves no doubt.

Now examining the candidate senses:
Sense 1: definition: having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning. Example: "As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous". This sense focuses on having a single clear meaning. It fits "unambiguous accountability" meaning accountability that is clear and not open to multiple interpretations.

Sense 2: definition: admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion. Synonyms: unequivocal, univocal. Examples: unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position. This sense is very similar but emphasizes that it leads to only one conclusion, with no doubt. It is essentially synonymous with "unequivocal".

Both senses are very close, but note that WordNet often splits adjectives into different synsets based on subtle nuances. Sense 1 says "having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning", which is about the property of having a clear meaning. Sense 2 says "admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding", which is more about the effect of being unambiguous—it leaves no room for doubt.

In the context, "unambiguous accountability" means accountability that is clear and cannot be misinterpreted, so it directly aligns with both. But let's look at the examples. Sense 1 example: "As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous" suggests that apartheid is clearly a horror, no doubt about its nature. Sense 2 examples: "unequivocal evidence" (evidence that leaves no doubt), "took an unequivocal position" (a position that is clear and unambiguous). The phrase "unambiguous accountability" seems to mean accountability that is clear and unmistakable, implying that with authority comes clear responsibility that cannot be avoided. It might be more about the clarity and lack of ambiguity, rather than just having a single meaning.

Often in WordNet, adjectives like "unambiguous" have a sense that is similar to "unequivocal". Checking the sense keys: sense 1 is unambiguous%3:00:00::, sense 2 is unambiguous%3:00:04::. Usually, the first sense is the most common. But we must rely on context.

Consider that "accountability" is an abstract noun; "unambiguous accountability" likely means accountability that is clearly defined and not ambiguous. The phrase could be rephrased as "accountability that is unequivocal." I think sense 2 with synonyms "unequivocal, univocal" is a good match because "unequivocal accountability" is a common collocation meaning accountability that is absolute and leaves no doubt. Sense 1 might be more about having one clear meaning, while sense 2 is about being undeniable. However, the distinction is fine.

Looking at the context: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability." This implies that if you have authority, you also have clear accountability; it's a direct and undeniable link. So, it's accountability that cannot be doubted or misinterpreted. I lean towards sense 2.

But let's check the definitions again:
Sense 1: "having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning" — "unambiguous accountability" could mean accountability that has a single clear meaning, i.e., it's not vague.
Sense 2: "admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion" — almost identical, but it emphasizes the conclusion: leading to only one conclusion. The example "unequivocal evidence" is evidence that leads to only one conclusion. "Unambiguous accountability" means that with authority, the accountability is such that there is only one conclusion: the principal is accountable. So sense 2 seems more fitting.

Moreover, the synonym "unequivocal" is directly usable in the phrase "unequivocal accountability," which is more natural than "accountability with a single clearly defined meaning." I think sense 2 is the better choice.

Thus, the chosen sense index is 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: Schools
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. <t>Schools</t> that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "school" and target surface form "Schools". The context is about education, specifically about how schools should be structured with principals having authority, and that the best schools are those free from outside interference. The sentence with the tag is: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." Here, "Schools" refers to institutions where education takes place. Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: an educational institution. Example: "the school was founded in 1900". This fits the broad concept of a school as an institution.
2. sense 2: a building where young people receive education. This is more specific to the physical building. In the context, "Schools that are structured in this way" likely refers to the institution as an organization, not just the building.
3. sense 3: the process of being formally educated. Example: "what will you do when you finish school?" Here, "Schools" is plural and clearly refers to the institutions themselves, not the process.
4. sense 4: a body of creative artists or thinkers. Not relevant.
5. sense 5: the period of instruction. Not relevant.
6. sense 6: an educational institution's faculty and students. Example: "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game." This could be a possibility, as "Schools that are structured in this way" might refer to the collective body of faculty and students. However, the context mentions "principals with authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." Then "Schools that are structured in this way produce students..." Here, "Schools" is the entity that is structured with a principal having authority, so it refers to the institution as an organization, not just the people. It includes the governance structure. Sense 1 "educational institution" is broader and encompasses the administrative structure. Sense 6 is more about the people (faculty and students) as a collective. For example, "the whole school turned out" means all the people. But here, "Schools that are structured in this way" is talking about the institutional structure, not just the people. Sense 1 is more likely.

Thus, sense 1, which defines school as an educational institution, is the best fit.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." The target word is "way" in "in this way". The phrase "in this way" refers to how schools are structured—i.e., with principals having authority, free from outside interference, etc. So "way" means manner or method of structuring. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. manner/mode/style/fashion: how something is done. Example: "her dignified manner". That fits: "structured in this manner". So sense 1 is a strong candidate.

2. means/agency: how a result is obtained. Example: "a means of control". That could also fit: structuring schools in this way is a means to achieve better performance. But the phrase "in this way" modifies "structured", so it describes the manner of structuring, not directly the means to an end. It says "structured in this way", directly describing the manner. The sentence does say that schools structured in this way produce better outcomes, but the "way" itself is the manner of structuring, not the means to produce the outcome. So sense 1 is better.

3. direction: not relevant.

4. condition of things generally: "that's the way it is" – not really.

5. course of conduct: "path, way of life". Not relevant.

6. artifact road/path: no.

7. journey: no.

8. space for movement: no.

9. distance: no.

10. doing as one pleases: "if I had my way" – no.

11. general category: "in the way of" – no.

12. portion: "three ways" – no.

So sense 1 fits best. I'll check sense 2 again: "means, agency" example "a means of control". The sentence says "structured in this way", which is describing the method of structuring. It could be interpreted as "using this means" but typically "in this way" is synonymous with "in this manner". So I'll go with 1.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produce
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way <t>produce</t> students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "produce" in the given context. The context is from a passage discussing education, specifically how schools structured with autonomous principals lead to better outcomes. The sentence: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." We need to choose the best sense from the provided candidates.

Let's analyze the senses:

1. produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit. This sense often relates to natural yielding, like plants producing fruit. Could apply metaphorically, but "yield" can be used in a broader sense.

2. produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries. This implies creating tangible, manufactured goods. Students are not manufactured products; it's metaphorical but might not fit well.

3. produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints. This sense is about causing an effect or outcome. "Schools ... produce students with higher morale..." means the schools cause this outcome, bring about students with those qualities. It fits well with "give rise to" or "bring about". This seems like a strong candidate.

4. produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court... This is about showing or presenting something. Not applicable here; schools aren't displaying students.

5. produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma. This is about agriculture or farming. Metaphorically, schools might "grow" students, but it's not primarily agricultural. Not the best fit.

6. produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book. This is about releasing a product or creative work. Not suitable for students.

7. produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains. This sense is intransitive? Actually, the examples show transitive use: "He grew a beard" etc. But it's about acquiring physical features. Not appropriate here; schools aren't acquiring features.

Sense 3, "cause to happen, occur or exist" with synonyms "bring about, give rise" is the best fit. The schools bring about an outcome: students with higher morale and superior academic performance. It's an effect caused by the school structure.

Thus, the chosen index is 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the target word "students" in the given context. The target lemma is "student" and the surface form is "students". We have two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

The context discusses American students performing poorly in math tests compared to students from other countries. It mentions students who "ca not add or subtract" learning conceptual basis of math theory. Then it talks about schools producing "students with higher morale and superior academic performance." The target is the word "students" in the sentence: "Schools that are structured in this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Clearly, this refers to pupils in schools, not scholars or learned persons who have mastered a discipline. The context is about school students, so the first sense is the appropriate one.

Thus, we choose sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: higher
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the task of disambiguating the word "higher" in the context provided. The target lemma is "high" and the surface form is "higher" (comparative form). We have seven candidate senses from WordNet.

Let's read the context carefully:

"One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

The sentence containing the target: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Here, "higher morale" is being contrasted with what? The previous sentences describe a particular school structure: principals with authority, free from outside interference, governed by a powerful head, with accountability. This structure produces students with higher morale and superior academic performance. So, "higher morale" likely means morale that is greater in degree than in schools without such structure. It's not about physical elevation, pitch, quality/position (like "high priest"), happiness/excitement (though morale could relate to spirits, but "high spirits" is a specific phrase meaning happy and excited, and morale is more about confidence and enthusiasm), smell, or intoxication.

Let's check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price.
   This sense is about degree or intensity. "Higher morale" means morale that is greater in degree. That fits perfectly.

2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | literal meaning, being at or having a relatively great elevation. Not applicable, morale isn't physical.

3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | standing above others in quality or position, synonyms=eminent, examples: people in high places; the high priest.
   This is about being superior in rank or status, not typically used for morale. You could argue "high morale" means good morale, but sense 1 is more directly about degree. "Higher morale" just means more morale, not necessarily "eminent morale." Sense 1 fits better.

4. high%3:00:03:: used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency. Not relevant.

5. high%5:00:00:elated:00 | happy and excited and energetic, synonyms=in high spirits.
   This could be related: "high spirits" means cheerfulness. Morale can involve spirits, but "higher morale" is not exactly the same as "higher spirits." Morale refers more to mental and emotional condition of a group regarding confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline. Sense 5 is specifically "elated" meaning extremely happy. The context is about school structure leading to better performance, so "higher morale" likely means improved morale (greater in degree/intensity), not necessarily that they are elated. Also, the phrase "higher morale" is a common collocation meaning improved morale. I think sense 1 is more precise.

6. high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | smelling spoiled. Not relevant.

7. high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | slightly intoxicated. Not relevant.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

We must return a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morale
Target surface form: morale
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher <t>morale</t> and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morale%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
2. sense_key=morale%1:07:00:: | definition=the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed | synonyms=esprit de corps, team spirit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "morale" in the given context. The surface form is "morale". The context is: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." The sentence is about the effect of school structure on students. The word "morale" here refers to the students' state of mind, their psychological well-being, confidence, etc. The two candidate senses are:
1. a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
2. the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed (synonyms: esprit de corps, team spirit)

In context, it says "students with higher morale". This could be interpreted as individual morale (sense 1) or group spirit (sense 2). However, the phrase "students with higher morale" suggests each student has higher morale individually. It is describing the students as possessing morale. Sense 2 is about the spirit of a group, which is a collective attribute, not typically attributed to individuals directly. One might say "the team has high morale" (sense 2), but "students with higher morale" suggests each student feels confident and useful (sense 1). The context mentions "superior academic performance", which is individual. Also, the preceding text talks about authority and accountability in schools, which might boost individual confidence. Moreover, the example sentences for sense 1 might include such usage. Since we don't have examples, we rely on definitions. Sense 1 is specifically "a state of individual psychological well-being". That fits "students with higher morale" perfectly. Sense 2 is about a group's spirit, like "the morale of the army". In an educational context, "student morale" often refers to individual morale. So I'd select sense 1.

Thus, the chosen sense index is 1. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: superior
Target surface form: superior
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and <t>superior</t> academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02:: | definition=of high or superior quality or performance | examples=superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students
2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01:: | definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance | examples=a superior ruler
3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 | definition=(sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by | examples=overcome by a superior opponent; trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law
4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00:: | definition=written or printed above and to one side of another character | synonyms=superscript
5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03:: | definition=having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit | examples=Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets
6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=having a higher rank | synonyms=ranking, higher-ranking | examples=superior officer
7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by | examples=he is superior to fear; an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "superior" in the context: "...produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

We need to pick from the candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: "superior academic performance" means performance that is of high quality, better than average. It's about quality, not rank, not orbital, not unaffected, etc.

Now check each sense:

1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02:: | definition=of high or superior quality or performance | examples=superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students
   This fits perfectly: "superior academic performance" is exactly about high quality performance. The example "superior math students" is very similar.

2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01:: | definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance | examples=a superior ruler
   This is about rank/importance, not quality of performance.

3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 | definition=(sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by | examples=... This is about being dominant or not influenced. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00:: | definition=written or printed above ... This is about superscript. No.

5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03:: | definition=having an orbit farther from the sun... This is astronomical. No.

6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=having a higher rank | synonyms=ranking, higher-ranking | examples=superior officer
   This is about rank. Not performance quality.

7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by | examples=... This is about being unaffected. No.

Sense 1 is the clear match. It directly mentions "of high or superior quality or performance" and gives an example with "superior math students", which is akin to "superior academic performance".

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior <t>academic</t> performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "academic" and its surface form "academic" in the context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." Here, "academic" modifies "performance." The WordNet senses are:

1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

The context is talking about schools producing students with higher morale and superior academic performance. "Academic performance" clearly refers to performance in school subjects, education, learning achievements. That aligns with sense 1: associated with academia or an academy. The example "the academic curriculum" matches. Sense 2 is about hypothetical/theoretical, which doesn't fit performance. Sense 3 is negative, pedantic, focusing on trivial aspects of learning; that doesn't fit a positive statement about superior academic performance. So the correct sense is 1.

Thus the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic <t>performance</t>. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "performance" in the given context. The target surface form is "performance" and the context is about education and schools. The specific sentence: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic <t>performance</t>." So "academic performance" refers to how well students do in their studies, their achievement in school. It's about doing something successfully, using knowledge.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. A dramatic or musical entertainment. Not relevant; academic performance isn't a show.
2. The act of presenting a play or piece of music. Not relevant.
3. The act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it. Examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance." This fits "academic performance": how well students perform academically, i.e., their execution of academic tasks.
4. Any recognized accomplishment. Example: "they admired his performance under stress." This could also fit, but sense 3 is more specific to doing something successfully using knowledge. Sense 4 is broader: any accomplishment. But in the context, "academic performance" typically refers to the act of performing academically, not just a single accomplishment. The examples for sense 3 include "experience generally improves performance" which aligns with academic performance improving with better school structure. Sense 4's example "when Roger Maris powered four home runs..." is about a specific feat. In education, academic performance is about overall functioning, not just a recognized accomplishment. Also, sense 5: process or manner of functioning or operating, with examples about engines and planes. That doesn't fit academic performance.

Thus, sense 3 is the best match. It emphasizes doing something successfully using knowledge, which aligns with academic performance as the execution of learning.

So answer: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a <t>fact</t> -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "fact" in the context. The target sentence is: "This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

The context before: "Study after study ... tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference ... Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact ..." So "fact" here refers to the statement or assertion that these findings from studies are true, verified information. It's not just a piece of information about circumstances (sense 1) or an event (sense 3), nor a concept whose truth can be proved (sense 4). It's more about the assertion itself being a fact. Looking at sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened". The example: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts". That fits well: the author is presenting a statement based on studies as a fact. Sense 1 is "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" – that is also plausible, but sense 2 emphasizes the assertion aspect. In context, "This is a fact" is referring to the preceding statement, so it's being presented as an assertion of verified information. I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ruffle
Target surface form: ruffled
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are <t>ruffled</t> by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:00:: | definition=stir up (water) so as to form ripples | synonyms=ripple, riffle, cockle, undulate
2. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:00:: | definition=trouble or vex | examples=ruffle somebody's composure
3. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:01:: | definition=to walk with a lofty proud gait, often in an attempt to impress others | synonyms=tittup, swagger, prance, strut, sashay, cock | examples=He struts around like a rooster in a hen house
4. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:01:: | definition=discompose | examples=This play is going to ruffle some people; She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues
5. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:03:: | definition=twitch or flutter | synonyms=flick, riffle | examples=the paper flicked
6. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:04:: | definition=mix so as to make a random order or arrangement | synonyms=shuffle, mix | examples=shuffle the cards
7. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:01:: | definition=erect or fluff up | synonyms=fluff | examples=the bird ruffled its feathers
8. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:02:: | definition=disturb the smoothness of | synonyms=ruffle up, rumple, mess up | examples=ruffle the surface of the water
9. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:00:: | definition=pleat or gather into a ruffle | synonyms=pleat | examples=ruffle the curtain fabric

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to pick the best sense for "ruffled" in context: "... in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact...". The phrase "ruffle feathers" is an idiom meaning to upset or annoy people. The context is about a fact that upsets people. So we need a sense that matches "ruffle feathers" idiomatically. Looking at the senses:

2. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:00:: | definition=trouble or vex | examples=ruffle somebody's composure
4. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:01:: | definition=discompose | examples=This play is going to ruffle some people; She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues

Sense 4 specifically includes "ruffling feathers" as an example. That's a perfect match. Sense 2 is also close but the example is "ruffle somebody's composure", not the idiom. The idiom is explicitly in sense 4. So sense 4 is the best.

Answer: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this <t>fact</t>, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for the lemma "fact" in the given context. The target surface form is "fact" and it appears in the sentence: "This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

Let's examine the context: The passage argues that schools with principals having authority produce better outcomes. It says "This is a fact" referring to the statement that such schools produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. So the word "fact" here refers to the truth of that statement or the reality of that claim.

Now, the candidate senses:

1. fact%1:09:01:: definition: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. Example: "first you must collect all the facts of the case." This sense is about individual pieces of information, like data points. In the context, "this is a fact" seems to refer to a broader truth rather than a single piece of information.

2. fact%1:10:01:: definition: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. Example: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts." This sense emphasizes a statement or assertion that is true. Here, "this is a fact" could be interpreted as the statement about schools producing better outcomes is a fact, i.e., a true assertion.

3. fact%1:26:01:: definition: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. Example: "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell." This sense relates to reality vs. fiction, an event or existence. The context is more about a general claim, not a specific event.

4. fact%1:09:02:: definition: a concept whose truth can be proved. Example: "scientific hypotheses are not facts." This sense emphasizes provable truth, often used in scientific contexts. The context is about a claim about school performance, which might be provable, but the phrasing "this is a fact" is asserting its truth.

Analyzing the context: The author states "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact..." So the term "fact" is used to emphasize that the preceding statement is true, a verifiable piece of reality. It is not just a piece of information (sense 1), nor primarily an event (sense 3). Sense 2 is about a statement or assertion of verified information. Sense 4 is about a concept whose truth can be proved. Both 2 and 4 are plausible.

But sense 2 defines it as "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened." The example uses "facts" as support. Here, "this is a fact" is itself a statement that the preceding sentence is true. It fits sense 2 well: it's an assertion of verified information.

Sense 4 is "a concept whose truth can be proved." That also fits, but the WordNet note says "scientific hypotheses are not facts, implying a more rigorous sense. The context is not necessarily scientific; it's a social claim.

Given that "this is a fact" is a declaration that the statement is true, sense 2 is the most direct match: a statement or assertion of verified information. The example in sense 1 is about collecting facts of a case, which is more about individual pieces of information. Sense 2's example "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts" uses "facts" as supporting assertions. Here, the whole thing is called "a fact," which is an assertion.

I think sense 2 is the best fit.

Thus, sense_index: 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: one
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that <t>one</t> hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "one" in the given context. The target surface form is "one" and the context is: "... it is not surprising that one hears so little about it." We need to choose between two candidate senses.

Sense 1: "the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number" with synonyms: 1, I, ace, single, unity. Example: "he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one."

Sense 2: "a single person or thing" with example: "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered."

In the context, "one hears" uses "one" as an impersonal pronoun, meaning "a person" in a generic sense. That aligns with sense 2, which defines it as "a single person or thing." Sense 1 is about the number one.

Thus, the correct index is 2.

Output as JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears <t>so</t> little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "so" in the sentence: "it is not surprising that one hears <t>so</t> little about it." The context discusses how schools with strong principals produce better results, but this fact ruffles feathers, so one hears surprisingly little about it. Here "so" modifies "little". What does "so little" mean? It means "very little" or "such a small amount". So the sense is "to a very great extent or degree" — i.e., "so" intensifies "little". Let's check the candidates:

1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: : to a very great extent or degree (e.g., "never been so happy", "so obvious"). This fits: "so little" means very little.

2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: : in a manner that facilitates (e.g., "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior"). Not applicable.

3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: : in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied ("They're happy and I hope they will remain so"). Not applicable; "so" here is not an adverb of manner referencing a previous state.

4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: : to a certain unspecified extent or degree ("I can only go so far"). That doesn't fit; "so little" is not an unspecified extent but a specific intensification.

5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: : in the same way; also ("so was he"). Not applicable.

6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: : in the way indicated (thus, thusly). Not applicable.

7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: : (usually followed by 'that') to an extent or degree as expressed ("so tired that he could hardly stand"). There's no "that" clause; it's just "so little about it." This sense might also be a candidate because "so" can mean "to such a great degree," often with a result clause, but here there's no explicit result clause. Sense 1 is more general: "to a very great extent or degree". The example "never been so happy" uses "so" without a following that-clause. Similarly, "so little" means "very little". So sense 1 is best.

8. subsequently or soon afterward, not applicable.

9. logical conclusion (therefore), not applicable.

10. in truth (indeed), not applicable.

Thus, sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: publish
Target surface form: publishes
Context:
-- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and <t>publishes</t> The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=publish%2:36:01:: | definition=put into print | synonyms=print | examples=The newspaper published the news of the royal couple's divorce; These news should not be printed
2. sense_key=publish%2:32:00:: | definition=prepare and issue for public distribution or sale | synonyms=bring out, put out, issue, release | examples=publish a magazine or newspaper
3. sense_key=publish%2:36:00:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=write | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "publishes" in the sentence: "Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest."

Context: It's about schools, but then mentions Mr. Kristol's roles. He co-edits one publication and publishes another. The target is "publishes" with the object "The National Interest." The National Interest is likely a magazine or journal. So the sense involves preparing and issuing a periodical.

Candidate senses:
1. put into print (synonyms: print) – examples: newspaper published the news; these news should not be printed. This sense is more about the act of printing specific content, like news.
2. prepare and issue for public distribution or sale (synonyms: bring out, put out, issue, release) – examples: publish a magazine or newspaper. This is about the overall act of producing and distributing a publication.
3. have (one's written work) issued for publication (synonyms: write) – examples: How many books did Simenon write? She published 25 books. This is about an author publishing their own work.

In the sentence, Mr. Kristol co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest. Here, "publishes" likely means he is the publisher, i.e., he brings out the magazine, not that he writes it or that he prints specific content. The National Interest is a magazine, so the sense of issuing a magazine is most appropriate. Sense 2: "prepare and issue for public distribution or sale" with examples including "publish a magazine or newspaper." That fits perfectly.

Sense 1 is about putting into print specific content, like a news story. Sense 3 is about an author's written work. Here, the object is a magazine title, so it's the act of publishing the periodical itself, not writing it. So sense 2 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: man
Context:
That's what the <t>man</t> had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "man" in the sentence: "That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes." The context: Haney is looking at his drinking companion, so "the man" refers to that drinking companion. The drinking companion is presumably a male person. So, we need to select the best sense among the given options.

Option 1: an adult male person. This fits: the drinking companion is an adult male.
Option 2: someone in the armed forces. Not indicated.
Option 3: generic human being. Could be, but since it's a specific male companion, sense 1 is more precise.
Option 4: human being from Hominidae. Too broad and scientific.
Option 5: male subordinate. Not indicated.
Option 6: manly character. Not necessarily implied.
Option 7: manservant. No indication.
Option 8: significant male role (husband/lover/boyfriend). The text doesn't say they are in a romantic relationship, just drinking companions.
Option 9: Isle of Man. No.
Option 10: game piece. No.
Option 11: all humanity. No.

Thus, the best is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eyes
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled <t>eyes</t>. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context: "That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing." The target word is "eyes". We need to choose the best sense from the list. The senses are:

1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

In the context, "eyes" clearly refers to the physical organs of sight. He peers through bleary, tear-filled eyes. That matches sense 1: the organ of sight. So index 1.

But let's double-check: Could it be sense 3? "attention to what is seen" – "catch her eye" is idiomatic, but here it's literal: he peers through his eyes. So definitely sense 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: have
Target surface form: had
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He <t>had</t> no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France
3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?
5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant
8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left
10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess
11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up
12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis
13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift
16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "have" with surface form "had" in context. The sentence: "He <t>had</t> no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing." We need to disambiguate the sense of "had" here.

Let's analyze the context: "He had no ready answer" means he did not possess a ready answer. The phrase "had no ready answer" is idiomatic for not having an answer prepared. So "had" here indicates possession of a ready answer. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense; synonyms=have got, hold; examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters. This fits well: "had no ready answer" is an abstract possession.

2. feature: Not about featuring something.

3. experience: Not going through an experience.

4. own, possess: Could fit abstract possession, but sense 1 specifically includes abstract sense, and "have got" is a common synonym for simple possession.

5. cause to move: No.

6. consume: No.

7. have a relationship: No.

8. organize: No.

9. have left: Not relevant.

10. be confronted with: He wasn't confronted with a ready answer; he lacked one.

11. undergo: No.

12. suffer from; be ill with: No.

13. cause to do: No.

14. accept: No.

15. receive: No.

16. undergo injuries: No.

17. achieve a point: No.

18. give birth: No.

19. have sex: No.

Sense 1 is the best: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense." The example "She has $1,000" is similar to "He had no ready answer" in that it's possession of something abstract (money is abstract in a way, but answer is definitely abstract). Sense 4 is more about ownership of physical objects ("own, possess") but sense 1 is broader. The context suggests a simple possessive meaning. So I'll choose sense index 1.

Thus the JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: answer
Target surface form: answer
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready <t>answer</t>, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of replying to a question
4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: | definition=the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims
5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: | definition=a nonverbal reaction | examples=his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "answer" in the context: "He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing." The candidate senses are:

1. answer%1:10:01:: definition: a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation. synonyms: reply, response. examples: I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics.
2. answer%1:10:02:: definition: a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem. synonyms: solution, result, resolution, solvent. examples: they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book.
3. answer%1:10:00:: definition: the speech act of replying to a question.
4. answer%1:10:03:: definition: the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; legal context.
5. answer%1:04:00:: definition: a nonverbal reaction. examples: his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me.

Now, the context: "He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing." This is about Haney, who is in a situation where someone (the man) said something, and Haney is expected to reply or respond. The "answer" here is a response to what the man said. It's not a solution to a problem, not a legal pleading, not a nonverbal reaction. The phrase "ready answer" suggests a prepared reply. So it's a statement made in reply to something said. Sense 1 is "a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation" with synonyms reply, response. Sense 3 is "the speech act of replying to a question". Both are very close. Sense 1 is more concrete: a statement that is the reply. Sense 3 is the speech act itself. In the context, "He had no ready answer" refers to the actual reply he would give, not just the act. Typically, when we say "he had no answer", it means he didn't have a response to say. Sense 1 fits better because it's the content of the reply. Sense 3 is more abstract, focusing on the act. The WordNet glosses: Sense 1: "a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation". Sense 3: "the speech act of replying to a question". The examples for Sense 1: "I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics" - here "answer" is the thing waited for, the written or spoken statement. In our context, "no ready answer" means he didn't have a ready statement to give as a reply. So Sense 1 is the most appropriate. Also, note that Sense 1 includes synonyms "reply, response", which are directly applicable. Sense 3 is more about the act of replying, but in the sentence, "answer" is a thing possessed ("had no ready answer"), which suggests a tangible or conceptual response rather than an act. Thus, Sense 1 is better.

I'll choose sense_index 1.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: surprise
Target surface form: surprise
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from <t>surprise</t> as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=surprise%1:12:00:: | definition=the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you
2. sense_key=surprise%1:11:00:: | definition=a sudden unexpected event
3. sense_key=surprise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of surprising someone | synonyms=surprisal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "surprise" in the given context. The target surface form is "surprise". The context is: "That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from <t>surprise</t> as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?"

We need to choose the best sense from three candidates:

1. sense_key=surprise%1:12:00:: | definition=the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you
2. sense_key=surprise%1:11:00:: | definition=a sudden unexpected event
3. sense_key=surprise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of surprising someone | synonyms=surprisal

We must return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3} with the correct index.

Analyze the context: Haney had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. The phrase "as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing" indicates that his lack of ready answer was caused by two things: the surprise (something that happened) and the coughing fit. The surprise here likely refers to the emotional state of being surprised, i.e., the astonishment he felt. It is the feeling that prevented him from answering. The "surprise" is not an event or an act of surprising someone, but rather the internal feeling of astonishment. So sense 1 seems most appropriate: "the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you."

Sense 2 is "a sudden unexpected event". While the event may have caused the surprise, the sentence says "as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing", where "fit of coughing" is an event, so "surprise" here is parallel to that, but it's the state resulting from the event. Typically, "from" + noun indicates cause: "from surprise" meaning because he was surprised. So it's the feeling.

Sense 3 is "the act of surprising someone". That doesn't fit because no one is actively surprising someone else here; it's Haney's own reaction.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best.

Output: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Fireworks