[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than <t>other</t> children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "other", context sentence containing the phrase "faced no more risk than <t>other</t> children". The options are 4 senses.

We need to choose the most appropriate sense. Let's analyze the context: the child (Will Quinlan) did not inherit the damaged gene, so he faces no more risk than other children (i.e., the typical child, the general population) of developing that rare cancer. "Other" here means "the rest of the children", "children not in the special category (those with the gene)". So it's contrasting a specific subset (those with the gene) with the general set (other children, i.e., normal children). This aligns with sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". The examples: "today isn't any other day" - meaning today is special, not like the rest; "the construction of highways and other public works" - "other" meaning additional ones. Here, "other children" means children who are not in the specific category mentioned (those who inherited the gene). So sense 1 fits perfectly.

Sense 2: "recently past" - "the other evening" - does not fit.

Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past" - "early inhabitants" - does not fit.

Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal" - "a strange, other dimension" - this sense implies something alien or bizarre. The context is not about children being strange or unusual; it's simply about the rest of the children. So sense 4 is not correct.

Thus, the best sense is 1.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other <t>children</t> of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "children" in the given context. The target word is "child", surface form "children". The sentence: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer." The context is about a baby, Will Quinlan, who was tested for a genetic risk of retinoblastoma. The phrase "other children" refers to the general population of children, specifically in terms of risk for a childhood cancer. So "children" here means young human beings, typically below the age of puberty. It's not about offspring (sense 2), because it's "other children" in a comparative sense, meaning kids in general. Sense 1: "a young person of either sex" with examples "she writes books for children; they're just kids" fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about offspring relation, but here it's not about someone's children; it's about children as a group. Sense 3 and 4 are clearly wrong. So sense 1 is the best.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developing
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of <t>developing</t> the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "developing" in the context: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."

The phrase is "developing the rare cancer". Here, "developing" means to come to have a disease, specifically cancer. Looking at the senses:

Sense 4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire; examples: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains". This matches the context of developing a disease (cancer).

Other senses:
Sense 1: make something new (product/creation) - not relevant.
Sense 2: work out (theory) - no.
Sense 3: gain through experience (aversion, sense of right and wrong) - not a disease.
Sense 5: come into existence (originate) - could be similar but sense 4 specifically mentions physical features/attributes and includes medical symptom example.
Sense 6: build up land/resources - no.
Sense 10: grow/progress through evolution - not specifically acquiring a disease.
Other senses are even less relevant.

The best match is sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with examples including developing pains. The context explicitly mentions developing cancer, which is a medical condition. So sense 4 fits perfectly.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare <t>cancer</t>. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the given context. The target surface form is "cancer". The context discusses retinoblastoma, an eye cancer, and genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. The target word appears in the phrase "the rare <t>cancer</t>". Clearly, it refers to the disease. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: definition: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... synonyms: malignant neoplastic disease. This is the medical sense.

2. astrological person

3. constellation

4. zodiac sign

5. genus of crabs

The context is entirely medical, so sense 1 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It <t>made</t> our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "made" in the sentence: "It made our New Year," says Mr. Quinlan. The context is about a genetic test showing that their child did not inherit a cancer gene, which was great news. The phrase "made our New Year" means it made the holiday very happy or special. We need to find the best sense from the list.

Let's examine the candidate senses. Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with synonyms "create" and examples "make a mess in one's office; create a furor". That is about causing something to come into existence or causing a state. "It made our New Year" could be interpreted as "it caused our New Year to be [good]" or "it made our New Year [special]". That fits the idea of causing a state.

Sense 1: engage in, like "make love, not war" — no.
Sense 2: give certain properties to something, like "get someone mad; She made us look silly" — that is about causing someone to have a property. "It made our New Year" doesn't exactly fit; it's about making the occasion good.
Sense 4: cause to do; cause to act — no.
Sense 5: give rise to; cause to happen or occur, e.g., "cause a commotion; make a stir" — that might work, but "made our New Year" is more idiomatic.
Sense 6: create or manufacture — no.
Sense 7: formulate in the mind — no.
Sense 8: compel or make somebody act — no.
Sense 9: create by artistic means — no.
Sense 10: earn money — no.
Sense 11: create or design — no.
Sense 12: to compose or represent — no.
Sense 13: reach a goal — no.
Sense 14: be or be capable of being changed or made into, e.g., "He makes a great host" — that's about a person being suitable as something. "It made our New Year" doesn't fit that pattern.
Sense 15: make by shaping — no.
Sense 16: perform or carry out — no.
Sense 17: construct — no.
Sense 18: change form — no.
Sense 19: act to acquire, e.g., "make friends" — no.
Sense 20: charge with a function, name — no.
Sense 21: achieve a point or goal, e.g., "had a 70" — no.
Sense 22: reach a destination — no.
Sense 23: institute, enact — no.
Sense 24: carry out or commit, e.g., "make a mistake" — no.
Sense 25: form by assembling — no.
Sense 26: organize or be responsible for, e.g., "hold a reception; make a party" — that is about organizing an event. "It made our New Year" might be seen as causing the New Year celebration to be good, but it's not exactly organizing it.
Sense 27: put in order, e.g., "make the bed" — no.
Sense 28: head into a direction — no.
Sense 29: have a bowel movement — no!
Sense 30: undergo fabrication — no.
Sense 31: be suitable for — no.
Sense 32: add up to — no.
Sense 33: amount to — no.
Sense 34: constitute the essence of — no.
Sense 35: appear to begin an activity — no.
Sense 36: proceed along a path — no.
Sense 37: reach in time — no.
Sense 38: gather and light materials for, e.g., make a fire — no.
Sense 39: prepare food — no.
Sense 40: induce to have sex — no.
Sense 41: assure the success of, e.g., "A good review by this critic will make your play!" — that means to cause something to be successful. "It made our New Year" could mean it assured the success/happiness of our New Year. That is plausible.
Sense 42: pretend — no.
Sense 43: consider as being — no.
Sense 44: calculate as being — no.
Sense 45: cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable, e.g., "make my day" — This is exactly parallel! "Make my day" means cause my day to be enjoyable/special. "It made our New Year" similarly means caused our New Year to be enjoyable/special. Sense 45: "cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable" with the example "make my day". That seems like a perfect match.
Sense 46: favor the development of — no.
Sense 47: develop into — no.
Sense 48: behave in a certain way, e.g., "make merry" — no.
Sense 49: eliminate urine — no.

So sense 45 is the best fit. It directly matches the idiomatic usage. Sense 5 "cause to happen or occur" is more general, but sense 45 captures the specific nuance of causing something to be enjoyable. The phrase "make someone's day" is a common idiom, and "made our New Year" is analogous.

Thus, I choose sense 45.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "<t>says</t> Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "say" and the surface form "says" in the context. The context is: "It made our New Year," says Mr. Quinlan. This is a direct quotation, where Mr. Quinlan is expressing something in words. The candidate senses are listed with their definitions and examples. We need to choose the best indexed sense.

Let's analyze the context: Mr. Quinlan is speaking a sentence: "It made our New Year." This is a direct quote, so he is expressing words. Which sense fits best? Sense 1: "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell" and examples "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you". That seems very close. Sense 2: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver" and examples "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war". This is more about asserting something, often with a sense of claiming. Sense 3: "express a supposition" with synonym "suppose", examples with "Let us say..." That is hypothetical. Sense 4: "have or contain a certain wording or form" like "The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?" That is about the wording of a text, not a person speaking. Sense 5: "give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority" like "I said to him to go home". Sense 6: "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" focusing on pronunciation. Sense 7: "communicate or express nonverbally" like "What does this painting say?" Sense 8: "utter aloud" example "She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office." That seems very similar to sense 1, but sense 1 is more about expressing a message, while sense 8 is simply uttering aloud. Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" examples "I say let's forget this whole business". Sense 10: "recite or repeat a fixed text" like "Say grace". Sense 11: "indicate" like "The clock says noon".

In the context, "says Mr. Quinlan" is a standard reporting clause after a direct quotation. It simply introduces the speaker and the fact that he uttered those words. It's not about ordering, supposing, pronouncing, etc. The most neutral and direct sense is sense 1: "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell". Sense 8 is also possible: "utter aloud". But note that sense 1 includes "state" as a synonym, which is commonly used for reporting statements. The distinction between sense 1 and sense 8: Sense 8 is specifically "utter aloud", which emphasizes the act of vocalizing. Sense 1 is more general, about expressing content in words. In many contexts, when we say "he says" after a quote, it means he expressed those words. Both could apply, but we need to choose the single best indexed sense. WordNet glosses are schematic. Sense 1's definition "express in words" fits perfectly: he expressed the sentence "It made our New Year" in words. Sense 8 "utter aloud" also fits because he spoke it. However, in WordNet, senses are separated by fine nuances. Looking at the examples for sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" – that is an indirect report. "tell me what is bothering you" is an imperative. Sense 8's example: "She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office" uses a direct quote. Our context uses a direct quote: "It made our New Year," says Mr. Quinlan. So that matches sense 8's example exactly. But note that sense 1 also can take direct quotes? The examples for sense 1 use indirect speech ("He said that..."), but the definition "express in words" does not exclude direct quotes. Sense 8 is specifically "utter aloud" and the example shows a direct quote. In WordNet, sense 8 is say%2:32:15: utter aloud. Sense 1 is say%2:32:00: express in words. They are close, but sense 8 might be more precise for a direct quotation that is just spoken. However, the broader sense 1 might be more general. The instruction says: "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense." Looking at the examples, sense 8 has an example with a direct quote within the sentence: "She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office." Our context is: "It made our New Year," says Mr. Quinlan. The structure is: "[quote]," says [speaker]. That is identical to the example of sense 8: direct quote followed by "said" or "says". For sense 1, the example is indirect: "He said that he wanted to marry her". So based on the example matching, sense 8 seems to be the one intended for simple direct speech reporting. Additionally, sense 1's synonyms "state, tell" often take a clause or that-complement, whereas sense 8 is just the act of uttering words aloud. The phrase "says Mr. Quinlan" is reporting that he uttered those words aloud. So I'll go with sense 8.

But let's double-check: Some WordNet sense inventories might have sense 1 as the most common, and sense 8 as a specific subtype. However, the task is fine-grained disambiguation, so we must choose the specific sense. The context: "...'It made our New Year,' says Mr. Quinlan." This is akin to "She said 'Hello' to everyone" where the verb "say" is directly followed by a quotation. Sense 8 is explicitly for "utter aloud" with that pattern. Sense 1 is more about the content of what is communicated, often with a that-clause. So I'll pick sense 8.

Thus, sense_index: 8.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the <t>first</t> to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "first" in the sentence: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."

Context: The test is described as using genetic probes to determine if a baby inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene. It is highlighted as being the first to reliably predict cancer risk. So, "first" means preceding all others in time, the earliest such test. Looking at the senses:

1. preceding all others in time or space or degree – examples: the first house on the right; the first day of spring. This fits well: the test is the earliest to predict reliably.

2. indicating the beginning unit in a series – synonyms 1st. That could work as well, but it's more about numerical ordering. "The first to predict" essentially means it is the earliest one to do so, so sense 1 is more precise.

3. serving to set in motion (inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden) – doesn't fit; it's not about setting in motion, but about being the earliest.

4. serving to begin (beginning) – like "the first verse" – not quite; the test is not "the beginning" of something, it's the first such test.

5. ranking above all others (foremost, world-class) – doesn't fit; it's not about being the best, but about being the earliest.

6. highest in pitch or chief among parts – irrelevant.

Thus, sense 1 is the best match.

Output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an <t>individual</t> could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "individual" in context: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer." The candidate senses are: 1. a human being (person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul) with example "there was too much for one person to do". 2. a single organism. The context is about a baby (Will Quinlan) who is a human. The test predicted cancer risk for a person. In biology, "individual" can refer to any organism, but here it's clearly a human. So sense 1 is the best. Sense 2 might be too broad. The instruction says: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I'll put sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expect
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could <t>expect</t> to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "expect", surface form "expect", in the given context. The target is in the sentence: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could <t>expect</t> to develop cancer." We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list provided. The senses are:

1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition: regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition: consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition: look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition: consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition: look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition: be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Looking at the context: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer." The meaning here is about predicting whether someone will develop cancer in the future. So it's about the likelihood or probability of something happening. The test predicts whether an individual could expect to develop cancer, meaning whether they have a risk of developing it. The word "expect" here means to regard as probable or to look forward to the probable occurrence. It's not about obligation, or pregnancy, or demanding something. So senses 2, 4, 5, 6 are clearly irrelevant. Sense 1: "regard something as probable or likely" with example "expecting rain". Sense 3: "look forward to the probable occurrence of" with synonyms look, await, wait, example "expecting a visit". There's a subtle difference: sense 1 focuses on the mental state of considering something likely; sense 3 emphasizes anticipation, awaiting. In the context, "expect to develop cancer" is about the probability that they will develop cancer, not about looking forward to it (no one looks forward to cancer). It's about the statistical risk. The test predicts the likelihood. So it's more about regarding it as probable (sense 1) than about looking forward to it (sense 3, which has a connotation of anticipation, often positive or at least neutral). Also, sense 1 has the synonym "anticipate", which can mean to foresee or expect something to happen. In the example "The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow", that's a prediction based on evidence. Here, the test predicts risk, so it's similar: based on the test, they can expect (consider it probable) that they will develop cancer. Sense 3's examples: "We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion" suggest a more active awaiting, often with a sense of something that is due or scheduled. But in this context, it's not that they are awaiting cancer; it's that they face a risk. So I think sense 1 is better. Also, note that the word "predict" in the sentence: "first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer" – "predict" aligns with "regard as probable". So sense 1 is the most appropriate.

Thus, I choose sense index 1.

Now, output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to <t>develop</t> cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "develop" in the sentence: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer." The context is about a genetic test for retinoblastoma, and they're using it to predict risk. The sense needed is about someone developing a disease, i.e., starting to have it. Looking at the candidate senses:

- Sense 4: definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains. This directly matches the medical context of developing cancer (a disease, a physical condition). "The patient developed abdominal pains" is analogous to "develop cancer".

- Other senses:
  - Sense 1: making something new (like a product) — not applicable.
  - Sense 2: work out (evolve, germinate) — not applicable.
  - Sense 3: gain through experience (acquire, evolve) — might be about skills or aversion, not disease.
  - Sense 5: come into existence, originate — could be but more about movements or love, not typically for diseases. The example "A new religious movement originated..." doesn't fit.
  - Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold — a flower developing, a country developing — not disease.
  - Sense 14: grow emotionally or mature — not.
  - Sense 20: happen (report the news as it develops) — not.
  - Others are clearly off.

So sense 4 is the most appropriate: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" specifically includes medical symptoms like abdominal pains and cancer. Thus, the answer is sense 4.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop <t>cancer</t>. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "cancer" with surface form "cancer" in the given context. The context is about retinoblastoma, an eye cancer, and genetic testing. The target word appears in: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer." Clearly, it refers to the disease. Among the candidate senses, sense 1 is "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" (synonym: malignant neoplastic disease). That matches the medical context. The other senses are astrological, zodiacal, or a genus of crabs, none of which fit. So the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equally
Target surface form: Equally
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. <t>Equally</t> important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equally%4:02:01:: | definition=to the same degree (often followed by `as') | synonyms=as, every bit | examples=they were equally beautiful; birds were singing and the child sang as sweetly
2. sense_key=equally%4:02:02:: | definition=in equal amounts or shares; in a balanced or impartial way | synonyms=evenly | examples=a class evenly divided between girls and boys; they split their winnings equally

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "equally" in the given context. The target is in the sentence: "<t>Equally</t> important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth...". We have two candidate senses to choose from:

1. Sense 1: equally%4:02:01:: - definition: to the same degree (often followed by `as'), synonyms: as, every bit, examples: they were equally beautiful; birds were singing and the child sang as sweetly.

2. Sense 2: equally%4:02:02:: - definition: in equal amounts or shares; in a balanced or impartial way, synonyms: evenly, examples: a class evenly divided between girls and boys; they split their winnings equally.

We need to select the best sense based on context. The phrase "Equally important" is a common collocation meaning "just as important" or "of equal importance". Here, "equally" modifies the adjective "important", indicating that the second point is as important as the first. This matches sense 1: "to the same degree". In sense 1, the examples include "they were equally beautiful", which uses "equally" to modify an adjective, similar to "equally important". Sense 2 is about dividing or sharing equally, which is not applicable here. So the correct sense is 1.

We must return a JSON object with the sense_index. Since the sense indices are 1 and 2 as listed, we choose


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally <t>important</t>, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "important" with the target surface form "important" in the given context. We have five candidate senses with definitions, synonyms, and examples. We need to choose the single best indexed sense based on the context.

Context: "Equally <t>important</t>, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

The phrase "Equally important" suggests that this point is of significance or value, similar to the previously mentioned test. The word "important" here modifies the whole statement about the discovery opening a field of study. It indicates that this is a significant fact, of great significance.

Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

In the context, "important" is used to describe the discovery's significance in the field of cancer study. It's not about authority or consciousness of high position (4,5). It's not specifically about extreme importance or crisis (3). Sense 1 and 2 are close. Sense 1: "of great significance or value" with examples like "important people; the important questions of the day". Sense 2: "important in effect or meaning" with synonyms "significant" and examples "a significant change in tax laws". The context uses "Equally important" to mean that the discovery is equally significant or of great value as the test mentioned. "Equally important" often means "of equal significance". Sense 1 captures "of great significance or value" which fits perfectly. Sense 2 emphasizes "in effect or meaning", but the phrase "important in effect or meaning" might be more about consequences. However, both are very similar. The examples for sense 1 are "important people; the important questions of the day" which align with significance. The examples for sense 2 are about changes in laws, which are more about impact. In this context, the discovery opened a field of study, which is of great significance. I'd lean towards sense 1 because the phrase "Equally important" is a common way to say "of equal significance". Sense 1 is the most general and common sense. Sense 2 might be more about the importance of meaning or effect, but "important" in this sentence just means significant. It's likely sense 1.

Let's check: WordNet often has "important%3:00:00::" as the primary sense. In this context, the discovery is "of great significance or value". So I'll go with 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial <t>discovery</t> of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "discovery" in the context: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."

We need to choose the best indexed sense among four options:

1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents...

Looking at the context: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has opened a field of cancer study". The phrase refers to the event of discovering the gene. It is described as "made by a Boston doctor". It is an act of discovery, not just the discoverable object itself; but also it could be considered a "productive insight" or breakthrough. The synonyms: find, uncovering, breakthrough.

Sense 1: the act of discovering something. Sense 2: something that is discovered. Sense 3: a productive insight. Sense 4: law.

The context says "the initial discovery of the gene... made by a Boston doctor". This clearly refers to the act of discovering the gene. However, it is also a breakthrough insight. The gloss for sense 3 is "a productive insight", synonyms "breakthrough, find". That fits well because it's a scientific breakthrough. Sense 1 is "the act of discovering something", which is also correct but more generic. In many cases, "discovery" can refer to the act. But the phrase "initial discovery" often refers to the event or the finding itself. The WordNet examples might help: we don't have examples here. The context: "This test was the first to predict reliably... Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field..." It is treating the discovery as a landmark event, a breakthrough. So sense 3 "productive insight" (breakthrough) is likely the best because it emphasizes the insight and its impact. Sense 1 is also possible, but sense 3 is more specific to the context of scientific advancement. Let's see if there's a difference: "discovery" as an act could be just the process; as a productive insight it's the result that advances understanding. The context says it "has opened a field of cancer study", which suggests it's a breakthrough insight. So I lean toward sense 3.

Sense 2 is "something that is discovered", which would be the gene itself, but the phrasing "discovery of the gene" is the act of finding it; the gene is the thing discovered, but the focus is on the event. So sense 2 is less likely.

Sense 4 is legal, irrelevant.

Thus, I choose sense 3.

Now, output format: {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: controls
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that <t>controls</t> retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "controls" in the given context. Target lemma: control, surface form: controls. Context: "... the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..." So, the gene that controls retinal cell growth. The sense is about a gene regulating or governing cell growth. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. control%2:41:00:: exercise authoritative control or power over; synonyms: command; examples: control the budget; Command the military forces. This is about exercising power over something, like authority. A gene doesn't exercise authority; it regulates.

2. control%2:41:01:: lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; synonyms: hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate; examples: moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue. This is about restraining, limiting. A gene that controls retinal cell growth might be about regulating growth, but not necessarily restraining it; it could be promoting or inhibiting. The phrase "controls retinal cell growth" probably means it regulates growth, not just restrains. But this sense is specifically about lessening intensity, holding within limits. While a tumor-suppressor gene does restrain growth, the sentence is about the gene that controls retinal cell growth generally. The retinoblastoma gene is a tumor-suppressor gene that normally restrains cell growth, so it could fit sense 2. However, we must check if there is a more precise sense.

3. control%2:35:00:: handle and cause to function; synonyms: operate; examples: do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever. This is about operating a machine or device. Not applicable.

4. control%2:37:06:: control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage; synonyms: manipulate, keep in line; examples: She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother. Not applicable.

5. control%2:41:02:: check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard; synonyms: verify; examples: Are you controlling for the temperature? This is about controlling an experiment, not about genes.

6. control%2:31:11:: verify by using a duplicate register for comparison; example: control an account. Not applicable.

7. control%2:31:01:: be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something; synonyms: see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain; examples: He verified that the valves were closed. Not applicable.

8. control%2:31:00:: have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of; synonyms: master; examples: Do you control these data? Not applicable.

So the most relevant senses are 1 and 2. Sense 1 is about exercising authoritative control or power over something. Sense 2 is about restraining or keeping within limits. In biology, a gene that "controls" cell growth typically means it regulates growth, which can include both promoting and inhibiting, but often implies governance. The retinoblastoma gene is a tumor-suppressor gene that normally inhibits cell cycle progression, so it restrains growth. However, the phrase "controls retinal cell growth" is general; it might encompass both promotion and inhibition. But given the context, they discovered a gene that when damaged leads to tumors, so the normal gene's function is to suppress tumors, i.e., it controls growth by restraining it. So sense 2 (restrain, keep within limits) seems very fitting. Sense 1 might be too strong: a gene doesn't "command" in an authoritative way; it's a biochemical regulator. WordNet sense 1 includes "command" and authoritative control. Sense 2 includes "hold in restraint" and "curb", which is exactly what a tumor-suppressor gene does. Also, synonyms like "hold in", "check", "curb" are appropriate. Example: "moderate your alcohol intake" parallels "controls retinal cell growth" meaning it moderates it.

Thus, I'll go with sense 2: control%2:41:01:: (lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal <t>cell</t> growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "a test to predict cancer risk based on a gene that controls retinal <t>cell</t> growth". Looking at the context, it's about the retinoblastoma gene and its role in controlling the growth of retinal cells. This is clearly biological, specifically referring to the basic unit of living organisms. The correct sense is the biological one: sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: with the definition "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." and example mentions "retinal cell growth". So sense index 2.

Now, output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell <t>growth</t>, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "growth" in the given context. The context is from a text discussing a genetic test for retinoblastoma. The target is in the phrase "the gene that controls retinal cell <t>growth</t>". We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided candidates.

Let's analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children

This sense is about biological growth of an organism. It emphasizes ontogeny, development from simple to complex. In context, "retinal cell growth" refers to the growth of cells, not the whole organism. However, cell growth is a biological process, so it could fit. But note: the definition specifies "individual organism growing organically", which might be too broad. Cell growth is a part of organismal growth, but the sense is specifically about the organism's development as a whole. The example is about osseous development in children. It might not be the best for cellular growth.

2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture

This sense is more abstract, about progression from simpler to more complex forms, like cultural growth. It doesn't fit the biological context of cell growth.

3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population

This sense is about increase in size, number, or importance. It's very general. "Retinal cell growth" could mean an increase in number or size of retinal cells. This is a common meaning of growth in biology, but it lacks the specificity of development from simple to complex. The examples are about unemployment and population, which are quantitative increases.

4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass

This is about vegetation, not applicable.

5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece

This is about emergence or coming into existence. Not exactly cell growth, which is about proliferation or increase.

6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)

This is pathological growth, a tumor. The context is about a gene that controls retinal cell growth, and the whole passage is about a tumor-suppressor gene. Actually, the gene is the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene. It controls cell growth. When the gene is damaged, it leads to retinoblastoma, which is abnormal cell growth. So the gene controls normal cell growth, and when it's missing, you get pathological growth. But "retinal cell growth" here likely refers to normal cell growth processes. The sense 6 is specifically "abnormal proliferation", so it's a tumor. But the phrase "controls retinal cell growth" is about controlling normal growth, not the abnormal kind. The gene's function is to regulate cell division, so it's the process of growth. If the gene is damaged, it leads to abnormal growth. So the target itself is about normal growth control. Thus sense 6 might be too specific to pathology.

7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

This is a concrete thing that has grown, like a growth of hair. Not applicable; the target is an abstract process.

Now, between senses 1, 3, and 6, we need to pick the best. Sense 1 is biological organismal growth, but it's about the whole organism's development. Retinal cell growth is cellular, so it might not perfectly match the "individual organism" part. However, cell growth is still a biological process of growing organically. The synonyms include "development", which is often used for cells. But the definition says "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level." That's developmental biology, like embryo development. Retinal cell growth might be part of that, but in the context, it's about a gene controlling cell division, not necessarily organismal development. It's more about the process of cells multiplying.

Sense 3 is broader: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". Cell growth typically means an increase in cell number (proliferation) or cell size. That fits "more numerous or larger". This sense is general and can apply to many contexts. However, in biology, "growth" often is used in this quantitative sense as well.

Sense 6 is "abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". The gene is a tumor-suppressor gene, so it's related to preventing tumors. But the phrase "controls retinal cell growth" is about the normal function of the gene: it controls growth, and when it's broken, you get tumors. So the word "growth" here is not referring to the tumor itself, but the process of cell growth that, when unchecked, leads to tumors. So it's normal growth being controlled. Therefore, sense 6 is not the best.

Given the options, the most neutral and accurate sense is probably sense 3, because "cell growth" is essentially an increase in the number or size of cells. Sense 1 emphasizes the developmental aspect of an organism, which is a bit too specific. The example for sense 3 uses "growth of population", which is analogous to cell population growth. In many biological contexts, "cell growth" is synonymous with cell proliferation, which is an increase in number. So I'd lean towards sense 3.

But let's check WordNet: The noun "growth" has many senses. Sense 1 is indeed the biological developmental sense. Sense 2 is the abstract progression. Sense 3 is the general increase sense. In many biological texts, "growth" for cells can be either sense 1 or 3, depending on whether it's development or just proliferation. The phrase "controls retinal cell growth" likely refers to regulating the cell cycle, cell division, etc. That is an increase in number. Plus, the overall article is about cancer, which is uncontrolled cell growth. So the process is becoming more numerous. Therefore, sense 3 seems most appropriate.

We need to output JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: GMICloud