[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the target word "sound" in the given context. The target is the verb "sound" in the sentence: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

Let's examine the context. The text is about church bell ringing, specifically change-ringing. The bells are rung in a sequence. "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale... Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." Here, "sound" means that the bells produce a sound, i.e., they ring. It's not about appearing a certain way, or announcing, or causing to sound (someone doesn't cause them to sound by sounding them, they are ringing because they are being rung). In fact, the ringers are varying the order in which the bells ring (produce sound). The verb here is intransitive: the bells sound, meaning they make a sound.

Candidate senses:
1. "appear in a certain way" – This doesn't fit; it's about seeming, not producing sound.
2. "make a certain noise or sound" – synonyms: go. Examples: She went 'Mmmmm'; The gun went 'bang'. This sense is about making a specific noise, often with a quoted sound. It's typically used for specific sounds people or things make, but it can apply broadly to producing a noise. However, note that the example "The gun went 'bang'" is a specific sound. In our context, the bells are simply sounding, not producing a quoted sound.
3. "give off a certain sound or sounds" – This sense: "give off a certain sound or sounds" – examples: "This record sounds scratchy." This is about the quality of the sound produced, not just the act of producing sound. The bells aren't being described as sounding a certain way; they are simply sounding (ringing).
4. "announce by means of a sound" – e.g., sound the alarm. This is transitive, with an object like "alarm". Not our case.
5. "utter with vibrating vocal chords" – voice, vocalize. This is about speech sounds. Not applicable.
6. "cause to sound" – transitive: sound the bell, sound a certain note. In the context, the ringers are not causing the bells to sound by sounding them; the bells just sound because they are being rung. So this would be if the subject is the ringer, not the bell. Here the subject is "the bells", so it's intransitive.
7. "measure the depth of water" – irrelevant.

So, the best fit seems to be sense 2 or sense 3. Distinguish: Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" – it focuses on producing a noise, often a specific one. Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" – focuses on the quality of the sound emitted. In the sentence, "the order in which the bells sound" simply means the order in which they ring. It is about the act of producing sound (ringing), not about the quality of the sound. Sense 2 seems more basic: "make a noise or sound." The examples in sense 2 include people making specific utterances, but the definition "make a certain noise or sound" is broad. Sense 3 is more about "sounding + adjective" or "sounding like" – it gives off a certain sound characteristic. Here there's no adjective; it's just "the bells sound" meaning they make a noise. So sense 2 is more appropriate.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "altering" in the given context. The target lemma is "alter", surface form "altering". Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." So here, "altering" means changing or modifying the steady rhythm. It's about causing a change, but specifically in the context of not changing the rhythm. Sense 1: definition "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation", synonyms "change, modify". Sense 2: "become different in some particular way" (intransitive). Sense 3: "make an alteration to" (like tailoring). Sense 4: interpolate/falsify texts. Sense 5: neuter. In context, the ringers are varying the order of bells but not altering the rhythm. "Altering" is transitive here: they are not altering the rhythm. So it is sense 1: cause to change. Sense 2 is intransitive. Sense 3 is more specific to physical objects like clothing. Sense 1 fits perfectly. Thus, sense_index is 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: GMICloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking."

The target word is "steady" in "steady rhythm". We need to choose the best sense among six candidates.

Candidate senses:

1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

In context: "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." The rhythm is steady, meaning constant, unchanging, regular in tempo. Sense 1: "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" with examples "a steady beat; a steady job". That fits perfectly: a steady rhythm is like a steady beat. Sense 2 is about fluctuating or falling, like stocks; not about rhythm. Sense 3: securely in position, not shaky; not about rhythm. Sense 4: determination; not applicable. Sense 5: regular, but for a person doing something regularly, like a steady customer; it's about a person's habits, not a rhythm. Sense 6: unexcitable; not relevant.

Sense 1 has the example "a steady beat", which is very close to "steady rhythm". Also the definition "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" fits the idea of a rhythm that does not vary.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Answer as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "rhythm" and its surface form "rhythm" in a passage about change-ringing of church bells. The sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking." Here, "rhythm" refers to the steady, regular pattern of the bells being struck. The context emphasizes that the order changes but the steady rhythm (the timing, the beat) remains constant. This suggests a regular recurrence of sound, a beat.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning... (irrelevant)

Sense 4 is about speech rhythm, not applicable. Sense 5 is about birth control, not applicable. Sense 3 is about a cycle or round as an interval, like seasons. The bells are ringing sequentially and varying the order, but the "steady rhythm" is about the timing of the strikes, not a recurring sequence in terms of a cycle of events. Sense 1 is specifically a musical beat or rhythmic unit; this could fit because bell-ringing can be considered musical. However, the passage doesn't explicitly treat it as music but as a physical pattern. Sense 2 defines "recurring at regular intervals" with synonyms "regular recurrence". That seems to capture the steady striking pattern without necessarily implying music. The sentence says "the steady rhythm of the striking" — the striking of the bells happens at regular intervals. So sense 2 seems most appropriate: it's the regular recurrence of the strikes.

Also, the examples for sense 1: "the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat" imply a musical composition. Change-ringing might be considered a piece, but the focus here is on the steady pace of individual bell strikes. The word "rhythm" in this context might not be a "unit" but the pattern of recurrence.

I'll check WordNet: sense 2 is specifically the abstract concept of regular recurrence. In the sentence, "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking," it means they don't change the timing, the regular intervals between strikes. That aligns perfectly with sense 2.

Therefore, I choose sense index 2. Return JSON.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "striking" in the context. The target surface form is "striking", but in the context it appears as "striking" inside <t> tags. Looking at the sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." The word "striking" here refers to the action of the bells being struck, i.e., the hitting of the clapper against the bell. So it's about the act of hitting.

Candidate sense 1: definition: the physical coming together of two or more things. Synonyms: contact, impinging. Examples: contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull. This is a more general sense of contact, possibly accidental or incidental.

Candidate sense 2: definition: the act of contacting one thing with another. Synonyms: hit, hitting. Examples: repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit. This sense emphasizes the deliberate act of hitting, like striking something.

In the context, bell ringing involves deliberate striking of the clapper against the bell to produce sound. The phrase "steady rhythm of the striking" refers to the rhythm of the hits. So it's an act of hitting deliberately. Sense 2 fits better. Sense 1 is about physical coming together, which could be any contact, but in bell ringing, it's an intentional hit. The synonyms "hit, hitting" match. So sense 2 is best.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variation
Target surface form: variation
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: | definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. sense_key=variation%1:19:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. sense_key=variation%1:18:00:: | definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. sense_key=variation%1:04:02:: | definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "variation" in the context of change-ringing bells. Let's examine the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." The text says each variation is a "change" in the order of the bells. This is a specific term in change-ringing. The senses:
1. an instance of change; rate/magnitude of change (fluctuation) - too general, it's not just any change but a specific pattern.
2. activity varying from norm/standard - possible but not specific.
3. a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished - musical sense, but here the variation is not a repetition but a unique ordering, and it's not about musical theme modification in the usual sense; it's bell-ringing patterns.
4. something a little different from others of the same type (version/variant) - could fit: each variation is a different version of the order.
5. artifact deviating from norm - not artifact.
6. magnetic variation - no.
7. process of varying - too general.
8. astronomy - no.
9. biology - no.
10. ballet - no.
11. act of changing something slightly - possible, but the context says "variation, or change" meaning it's a noun for the actual changed order, not the act. The text: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" – here "variation" is defined as "change," which is a specific sequence in bell-ringing. In change-ringing, a "change" is a particular permutation of the bells. So it's a specific instance of a variation, a distinct ordering. Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" with synonym "fluctuation". That might be the closest: an instance of change. But the example doesn't quite fit "fluctuation." Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type" with examples like "an experimental version of the night fighter". That is about a variant, not an instance of change. Sense 7: "the process of varying or being varied" – that's not the process, it's the result. The context says "Each variation, or change," so variation is the changed order itself. In change-ringing, a "change" is a specific ordering of the bells, and they are varied according to methods. So it's a countable noun meaning a particular permutation. The best fit is likely sense 1: "an instance of change". Note that the synonym "fluctuation" doesn't seem right, but the definition includes "rate or magnitude of change", which is not great either. But perhaps that's the best WordNet has. Sense 4 might be considered, but it's about being a different version of something, not necessarily an instance of change. The text also says "the ringers begin varying the order... Each variation, or change, can occur only once" – so variation = change = the particular sequence. In WordNet, there is no specific sense for bell-ringing. The closest might be sense 1. Let's see if any sense mentions change-ringing? No. So I'll pick sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occur
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "occur" in the sentence: "Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state." The context is about change-ringing, where bell ringers vary the order of the bells. Each variation (change) is allowed to happen only once. So "occur" here means "happen" or "take place." The first sense is "come to pass" with synonyms like happen, and examples like "What is happening?" That fits perfectly. The second sense is about coming to mind, not applicable. The third sense is about being found to exist, like "precious stones occur in a large area," which is more about existence or presence. The context is about an event happening. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to find the best sense for "only" in the given context. The target word is "only" and it appears in the sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." We need to pick from the candidate senses.

Let's examine the context: The text is about change-ringing, a bell-ringing method. It says: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." So, the rule is that each change can happen no more than one time; it is restricted to a single occurrence.

Now, look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
   This sense means "merely" or "just," often downplaying something. "I was merely asking" indicates that it's nothing more than asking. But in our sentence, "only once" is not downplaying; it's emphasizing exclusivity.

2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
   This sense means "exclusively" or "solely." "Only once" would mean "exclusively once" — i.e., one time and no more. That fits: each change can occur exclusively once, not more than once.

3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
   This is for indicating an unexpected or contrasting outcome. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
   This indicates that the effect will be something. "These news will only make you more upset" meaning it will result in making you more upset. Not our usage.

5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
   This is used to introduce an exception or contrast. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
   This is conditional: "only if" meaning "only in the case that." Not the same as "only once."

7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
   This indicates a recent time. Not applicable.

Clearly, sense 2 is the best match: "without any others being included or involved" → "exclusively once." Sense 1 ("merely") might seem close, but "only once" here is not "merely once" but rather "exclusively one time." For instance, if someone says "I saw him only once," it means I saw him just one time, no more. That uses "only" to mean "exclusively" or "solely." The WordNet example for sense 2 is "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children" — "entirely" being a synonym. But "only once" = "just once" is often given as an example of the "merely" sense? Let's think. "Merely" means "just, nothing more than." "I was merely asking" = I was just asking, nothing more. "It is simply a matter of time" = nothing more than a matter of time. But "only once" can be interpreted as "nothing more than one time." So sense 1 might also fit. However, the distinction: sense 1 is defined as "and nothing more," while sense 2 is "without any others being included or involved." In "only once," the "only" specifies that the number is exactly one, excluding others. So it's more about exclusivity. The example for sense 2 uses "entirely" and "exclusively," which are about restriction. "Only once" means once and no other times, so it's excluding other occurrences. That aligns with "without any others being included." Sense 1's synonyms "merely, simply, just, but" often have a diminishing effect: "I was merely asking" (downplaying the intention). "It is simply a matter of time" (nothing more serious). "Only once" doesn't necessarily diminish; it quantifies. So sense 2 is better.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "once" with three candidate senses. We need to select the best sense for its occurrence in the sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state."

Let's analyze the context: The passage discusses change-ringing, where ringers vary the order of bells. Each variation (change) can occur only once. So the meaning is "on one occasion" or "one time only". That matches sense 1: "on one occasion". The other senses: sense 2 is "as soon as" (temporal conjunction), sense 3 is "at a previous time" (formerly). Neither fits. Thus, sense 1 is correct.

Response: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rule
Target surface form: rules
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "rule" with surface form "rules" in a specific context. The context is about change-ringing, an English bell-ringing practice. The sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." Here, "rules" refers to the prescribed guidelines or regulations governing how the ringing is to be performed. It's about the rules of this particular activity, like a game or a system. The candidate senses need to be evaluated.

Let's go through the senses:
1. A principle or condition that customarily governs behavior (habitual practice) - Not exactly, the rules here are explicit guidelines for the ringing, not just customary behavior.
2. Something regarded as a normative example (convention) - Not quite; the rules are stated prescriptively, not just a norm.
3. Prescribed guide for conduct or action (prescript) - This fits well: rules that prescribe how to ring bells.
4. Linguistic rule - Not relevant.
5. Basic generalization accepted as true - Not exactly; these are specific instructions, not a general principle.
6. Duration of a monarch's power - No.
7. Dominance or power through legal authority - No.
8. Directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted - This is very close. Change-ringing is a kind of structured activity, like a game or sport. The rules state that each variation can occur only once, which is a game-like rule.
9. Rule of a religious order - No.
10. Rule about natural phenomenon - No.
11. Mathematical procedure - No.
12. Measuring stick - No.

Between sense 3 and sense 8: Sense 3 is more general (prescribed guide for conduct or action), while sense 8 is specific to games/sports. Change-ringing might be considered a traditional practice, not necessarily a "game" or "sport" in the modern sense, but it's a structured activity with rules. The context: "Each variation ... can occur only once, the rules state." This is a rule of the activity, much like the rules of chess (sense 8 example). The sense 8 definition: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted" and example "he knew the rules of chess". Change-ringing is often described as a "mind-boggling exercise" and involves physical dexterity, so it has sport-like qualities. I think sense 8 is the most precise. Alternatively, sense 3 is also a general prescript, but since WordNet has a more specific sense for game rules, that is likely the intended one. The context uses "rules" in the context of an activity with methods and patterns, similar to a game's rules.

I'll go with sense 8.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "state" with surface form "state" in context. We need to choose the best indexed sense among three candidate senses. The context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." So here, "state" is used as a verb, meaning the rules declare or specify that each variation can occur only once. Now, analyze the senses:

Sense 1: "express in words" with synonyms "say, tell". Examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you." This fits: the rules are expressing in words that each change can occur only once. It's like "the rules say".

Sense 2: "put before" with synonyms "submit, put forward, posit". Examples: "I submit to you that the accused is guilty." This is more formal and involves presenting something for consideration. Not as good a fit; rules don't "put before" in this context; they simply state a fact.

Sense 3: "indicate through a symbol, formula, etc." with synonyms "express". Examples: "Can you express this distance in kilometers?" This is about representing something in a different form, like a symbol or formula. Not fitting here; rules are not indicating through symbols.

Clearly, sense 1 is the best: the rules express in words that each variation can occur only once. The sense 2 is about submitting a proposition, and sense 3 is about symbolic representation. So answer should be sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: Ringers
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. <t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "Ringers" in the given context. The context is about change-ringing, a method of ringing church bells. The target is "Ringers" capitalized as the start of a sentence. The sentence says: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound..." And later: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes..." So clearly, ringers here are people who ring church bells. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms toller, bell ringer. This fits perfectly.

Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another" - dead ringer. Not relevant.

Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - not relevant.

Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg" - not relevant.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

We need to return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: method
Target surface form: methods
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "<t>methods</t>, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=method%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
2. sense_key=method%1:04:00:: | definition=an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "methods" in the given context. The target lemma is "method", surface form "methods". The context is about change-ringing, a bell-ringing tradition. The text says: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods', which have odd-sounding names..." So "methods" here refers to specific patterns or sequences in bell-ringing. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=method%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
2. sense_key=method%1:04:00:: | definition=an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting

Sense 1 is the general sense of a systematic way of doing something. Sense 2 is a specific acting technique. Clearly, sense 2 is irrelevant here. The context uses "methods" as technical jargon for patterns of changes in bell-ringing. It aligns with sense 1: a way of doing something, specifically a systematic pattern. So the best index is 1.

The instruction says: Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So we output {"sense_index": 1}.

But note: They said "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." So use the index. The indices are 1 and 2 as listed. We'll output index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: names
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding <t>names</t> like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%1:10:00:: | definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing
2. sense_key=name%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's reputation | examples=he wanted to protect his good name
3. sense_key=name%1:14:00:: | definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens | examples=he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name
4. sense_key=name%1:18:00:: | definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure, public figure | examples=they studied all the great names in the history of France; she is an important figure in modern music
5. sense_key=name%1:04:00:: | definition=by the sanction or authority of | examples=halt in the name of the law
6. sense_key=name%1:10:01:: | definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "name" with surface form "names" in the given context. We must choose the best indexed sense from the candidate senses provided. The context is about change-ringing of bells, mentioning methods with odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. The target is "names" in the phrase "odd-sounding <t>names</t>". So we need to pick the sense that best fits "names" as labels for methods.

Let's review candidate senses:

1. sense_key=name%1:10:00:: | definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing. This fits well: the methods have specific names that are language units by which they are known.

2. sense_key=name%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's reputation. This doesn't fit: no reputation involved.

3. sense_key=name%1:14:00:: | definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=name%1:18:00:: | definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure. Not about people.

5. sense_key=name%1:04:00:: | definition=by the sanction or authority of. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=name%1:10:01:: | definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet. The names are not defamatory; they are just odd-sounding.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best match. It refers to a name as a label for a thing (the methods). The examples "two names for the same thing" also fit the idea that methods have names.

Thus, {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: series
Target surface form: series
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A <t>series</t> of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other | examples=the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection | examples=the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers; his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: series, surface form: series. Context: "A <t>series</t> of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal' and takes about three hours." The context discusses change-ringing, where ringers vary the order of bells in a pattern called "changes". A series of 5,000 or so changes is a peal. So here "series" refers to a sequence of changes, one after another, in a specific order. The best sense is likely sense 1: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another". Examples: investigating a series of bank robberies. In the context, the "changes" are similar things (each change is a variation in bell order), happening one after another. So sense index 1.

Check other senses:
2: serialized set of programs (like TV series) - no.
3: periodical publication - no.
4: sports contests - no.
5: electronics connection - no.
6: group of postage stamps/coins - no.
7: mathematics sum of sequence - no.

Thus, sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: takes
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and <t>takes</t> about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "take", target surface form "takes", in the given context. We must choose the best indexed sense from the provided 42 candidate senses, using the sentence context, examples, and synonyms.

The context: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and <t>takes</t> about three hours." Here, "takes" refers to the duration required to complete a peal. So the meaning is about requiring time. Among the candidate senses, sense 2 is: "require (time or space)" with synonyms "occupy, use up" and example "It took three hours to get to work this morning". That perfectly matches. The context says a peal takes about three hours, meaning it requires that amount of time.

Let's confirm if any other sense could fit, but sense 2 is clearly about time duration. Other senses are about carrying out, taking physically, leading, etc. None others refer to requiring time. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes <t>about</t> three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal' and takes about three hours."

The target word is "about" in "takes about three hours". We need to choose the best sense from the candidate senses.

Candidate sense 1: definition="(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct", synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less, examples: "lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute". This fits perfectly: "about three hours" means approximately three hours, an imprecise quantity.

Sense 2: "all around or on all sides" (around) - doesn't fit.

Sense 3: "in the area or vicinity" (around) - no.

Sense 4: "used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction" (around) - no.

Sense 5: "in or to a reversed position or direction" (around) - no.

Sense 6: "in rotation or succession" - no.

Sense 7: "(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but" (almost, most, nearly) - doesn't fit here; "about three hours" means approximately three hours, not almost three hours (though sometimes "about" can be used interchangeably with "almost", but here the context is a duration of time, and "about" is more likely indicating approximation). The example for sense 7 is "the job is (just) about done", meaning nearly done. But in "takes about three hours", it's giving an approximate amount, not "nearly three hours" in the sense of slightly less. So sense 1 is more accurate.

Thus, the best sense is 1.

We return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hour
Target surface form: hours
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three <t>hours</t>. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hour%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day | synonyms=hr, 60 minutes | examples=the job will take more than an hour
2. sense_key=hour%1:28:01:: | definition=clock time | synonyms=time of day | examples=the hour is getting late
3. sense_key=hour%1:28:02:: | definition=a special and memorable period | examples=it was their finest hour
4. sense_key=hour%1:07:00:: | definition=distance measured by the time taken to cover it | synonyms=minute | examples=we live an hour from the airport; its just 10 minutes away

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "hours" in the context: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal' and takes about three hours." Here, "three hours" clearly refers to a duration of time. The candidate senses:
1. hour%1:28:00:: definition: a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day. Synonyms: hr, 60 minutes. Example: the job will take more than an hour. This fits perfectly: three hours is a period of time measured in hours.
2. clock time: e.g., "the hour is getting late" means a specific point in time (like "the hour of 10"). Not about duration.
3. a special and memorable period: not applicable.
4. distance measured by time: e.g., "an hour from the airport". Not duration of an activity.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look
Target surface form: look
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A <t>look</t> at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look%1:07:01:: | definition=the feelings expressed on a person's face | synonyms=expression, aspect, facial expression, face | examples=a sad expression; a look of triumph
2. sense_key=look%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually | synonyms=looking, looking at | examples=he went out to have a look; his look was fixed on her eyes
3. sense_key=look%1:07:00:: | definition=physical appearance | examples=I don't like the looks of this place
4. sense_key=look%1:26:00:: | definition=the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people | synonyms=spirit, tone, feel, feeling, flavor, flavour | examples=the feel of the city excited him; a clergyman improved the tone of the meeting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context: "A <t>look</t> at a Thursday night practice..." The word "look" is used as a noun in this phrase. Let's examine the senses.

Sense 1: "look" as expression on a person's face. Example: "a look of triumph". In the context, it says "A look at a Thursday night practice... gives an idea of the work involved." Here, "look" means an act of observing or examining, not a facial expression. So sense 1 is not correct.

Sense 2: "look" as the act of directing the eyes toward something, synonyms "looking, looking at". Example: "he went out to have a look". This matches: "A look at a Thursday night practice" means an observation or glance at the practice. It fits well.

Sense 3: "look" as physical appearance. Example: "I don't like the looks of this place". Here, "look" refers to the overall appearance, but the context is about examining the practice to get an idea of the work involved. It's not referring to the appearance of the practice itself, but rather an act of observing. So sense 3 is less appropriate.

Sense 4: "look" as general atmosphere or spirit. Synonyms: spirit, tone, feel. Example: "the feel of the city". That doesn't fit; "a look at" implies an act of looking, not the atmosphere.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: night
Target surface form: night
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday <t>night</t> practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=night%1:28:00:: | definition=the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside | synonyms=nighttime, dark
2. sense_key=night%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of ignorance or backwardness or gloom
3. sense_key=night%1:28:04:: | definition=the period spent sleeping | examples=I had a restless night
4. sense_key=night%1:28:02:: | definition=the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit | examples=three nights later he collapsed
5. sense_key=night%1:26:00:: | definition=darkness | examples=it vanished into the night
6. sense_key=night%1:28:05:: | definition=a shortening of nightfall | examples=they worked from morning to night
7. sense_key=night%1:28:03:: | definition=the time between sunset and midnight | examples=he watched television every night
8. sense_key=night%1:18:00:: | definition=Roman goddess of night; daughter of Erebus; counterpart of Greek Nyx | synonyms=Nox

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "night" in the context: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church..." Here, "night" is used as part of "Thursday night practice", meaning a practice session that occurs on Thursday evening/night. The sense should refer to the time period of night. Let's examine the candidates:

1. sense 1: the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside. Synonyms: nighttime, dark. This is a general sense of night as the dark period.
2. sense 2: a period of ignorance or backwardness or gloom. Not applicable here.
3. sense 3: the period spent sleeping. Example: "I had a restless night." This refers to night as the time one sleeps. The context is a practice, not sleeping.
4. sense 4: the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit. Example: "three nights later he collapsed." This treats night as a countable unit (a night). "Thursday night" is a specific night, so this could work.
5. sense 5: darkness. Example: "it vanished into the night." This is more about darkness itself, not a time period.
6. sense 6: a shortening of nightfall. Example: "they worked from morning to night." Means the time of day when night falls, evening. "Thursday night" might mean Thursday evening, not specifically the moment of nightfall.
7. sense 7: the time between sunset and midnight. Example: "he watched television every night." This is a specific part of night, but "Thursday night practice" likely refers to an evening practice, which could be before or after midnight, but typically "night" in such contexts is the evening.
8. sense 8: Roman goddess; obviously not.

We need to pick the best indexed sense. In WordNet, senses are ordered by frequency, but we must choose based on context. "Thursday night" is a noun phrase where "night" specifies the time of the practice. It is a specific instance of the diurnal cycle: the night of Thursday. Sense 4 (the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit) fits well because it treats night as a countable unit (Thursday night = one specific night). Sense 1 is more general "the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside" – also possible, but sense 4 is specifically about using night as a unit of time, like "three nights later". Sense 7 is limited to sunset to midnight, which might not be appropriate if the practice goes late. Sense 6 is "a shortening of nightfall" which is too narrow. The phrase "Thursday night practice" means the practice held on the night of Thursday, so it's that particular night as a time period. I think sense 4 is the best match because it frames night as a time unit in the diurnal cycle, allowing "Thursday night" to refer to that entire night period. But let's see: Sense 4's definition: "the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit" with example "three nights later he collapsed" – here "night" is a count noun. "Thursday night" is also a count noun usage. Sense 1 is "the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside" – this is the mass noun sense. Typically, in WordNet, the count noun sense (4) and mass noun sense (1) are differentiated. In context, "a Thursday night practice" – the article "a" doesn't directly modify "night" but "practice", but "Thursday night" functions as a modifier. It's still referring to the night of Thursday as a specific time period. I lean toward sense 4. However, sense 7 might also be a count sense: "the time between sunset and midnight" with example "he watched television every night" – that's also countable. But the definition says "time between sunset and midnight", which is more specific. Some senses in WordNet can be very fine-grained. Given the context, I think sense 4 is more general and fits "Thursday night" as a whole night, not necessarily just until midnight. I'll go with sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: practice
Target surface form: practice
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night <t>practice</t> at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=practice%1:04:00:: | definition=a customary way of operation or behavior | synonyms=pattern | examples=it is their practice to give annual raises; they changed their dietary pattern
2. sense_key=practice%1:04:02:: | definition=systematic training by multiple repetitions | synonyms=exercise, drill, practice session, recitation | examples=practice makes perfect
3. sense_key=practice%1:04:04:: | definition=translating an idea into action | synonyms=praxis | examples=a hard theory to put into practice; differences between theory and praxis of communism
4. sense_key=practice%1:04:03:: | definition=the exercise of a profession | examples=the practice of the law; I took over his practice when he retired
5. sense_key=practice%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge of how something is usually done | examples=it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: practice", "Target surface form: practice", a context paragraph, and candidate senses 1-5. In the context, the target word appears as: "A look at a Thursday night <t>practice</t> at St. Mary Abbot church ...". The context describes bell ringers practicing a certain method of ringing changes (methods). So "practice" here refers to a practice session for training.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key: practice%1:04:00:: | definition: a customary way of operation or behavior | synonyms: pattern | examples: it is their practice to give annual raises; they changed their dietary pattern
2. sense_key: practice%1:04:02:: | definition: systematic training by multiple repetitions | synonyms: exercise, drill, practice session, recitation | examples: practice makes perfect
3. sense_key: practice%1:04:04:: | definition: translating an idea into action | synonyms: praxis | examples: a hard theory to put into practice; differences between theory and praxis of communism
4. sense_key: practice%1:04:03:: | definition: the exercise of a profession | examples: the practice of the law; I took over his practice when he retired
5. sense_key: practice%1:09:00:: | definition: knowledge of how something is usually done | examples: it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner

In the sentence, "a look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church" clearly means a practice session. Sense 2 definition: "systematic training by multiple repetitions" with synonyms including "practice session". That matches perfectly. The example "practice makes perfect" also aligns with training.

Thus, sense index 2 is the best.

Answer: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: AtlasCloud