[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not <t>know</t> which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained word sense disambiguation for the target word "know" in the given context. The target surface form is "know". The context is a passage about Dr. Knudson, who found that some children with eye cancer had inherited a damaged chromosome 13. He assumed a missing piece contained a gene or genes that played a role in the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then a scientific team found the answer.

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided candidate senses. The candidate senses are listed with sense keys, definitions, synonyms, and examples.

Let's analyze the context: "But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared." Here, "know" means he lacked awareness or information about which specific gene or genes were missing. It's about not having knowledge of a fact or specific piece of information. He was aware that some genes were missing, but not the specific identity. So it's about being cognizant or aware of a fact or specific piece of information.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game! This matches exactly: he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared (i.e., he lacked that specific information).

2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook? This is about procedural knowledge, not relevant here.

3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun. This could apply to knowing a fact, but the context is about not knowing which specific genes, so it's more about information rather than a truth/belief. But it's close. However, the first sense explicitly mentions "possess knowledge or information about", which fits better. The example "I want to know who is winning the game!" is similar to "which gene had disappeared". So sense 1 seems more precise.

4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister? Not about information, but about acquaintance. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger? Not about factual information; about experiential knowledge. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs. This is about memorized knowledge, like knowing a language or facts by heart. But "know which gene" is not about having something fixed in the mind; it's about lacking information. Could be, but it's more about being aware of a specific fact, not having it memorized. The example "I know Latin" is about knowledge of a subject. Here, it's about not knowing a particular piece of information. Sense 1 is better.

8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | sexual intercourse; not relevant.

9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | know the nature or character of | example "we all knew her as a big show-off" - not about information of a fact.

10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | example "The child knows right from wrong" - not about specific factual information.

11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | perceive as familiar | example "I know this voice!" - not about lacking information, but about recognizing something familiar. Here, he doesn't know which gene, meaning he can't recognize/identify it. But it's not about perceiving as familiar; it's about not having the information to identify it. Sense 11 is about familiarity through perception. Not quite.

Sense 1 is clearly the best: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about". The example "I want to know who is winning the game!" is exactly analogous to "he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared". He wanted to know the specific identity. So sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}. But we need to return only the JSON object with the sense_index as a number. Note that the candidate senses are numbered 1 through 11 in the list. We choose the one with index 1 (since it's the first in the list). The sense key is know%2:31:01::, but we don't output that. We output the index. So {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. <t>Then</t>, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "Then" in the given context. The target is "Then" with a capital T, used at the beginning of a sentence. The sentence: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer." Wait, actually the text shows: "<t>Then</t>, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer." So there are two instances of "then" here: the first one is the target, and the second one is "then at the University of Utah" which is a different usage meaning "at that time". The target is the first "Then" which is at the start of the sentence, connecting the previous events to the next event. The context before: "But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team ... found the answer." So it's a narrative: after that previous situation, subsequently a team found the answer. This fits with sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)". The synonyms include "and so", "and then". The example: "then he left; go left first, then right" also shows a sequential action. Sense 3 is "at that time", which would be used as a temporal adverb specifying when something happened. But here, "Then" is used to introduce the next event in a sequence. Note that the second "then" in the sentence ("then at the University of Utah") is sense 3. But the target is the first one. So sense_index should be 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scientific
Target surface form: scientific
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a <t>scientific</t> team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scientific%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the practice of science | examples=scientific journals
2. sense_key=scientific%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming with the principles or methods used in science | examples=a scientific approach

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "scientific" in the given context. The target word is "scientific" in "a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee". We have two candidate senses:

1. of or relating to the practice of science (e.g., scientific journals)
2. conforming with the principles or methods used in science (e.g., a scientific approach)

We need to choose the best indexed sense. The context: "a scientific team" refers to a team that is engaged in science, i.e., conducting scientific research. The team is led by a molecular geneticist and used gene probes. So it is a team that practices science. That aligns with sense 1: "of or relating to the practice of science". Sense 2 is about conformity to scientific principles/methods. While the team likely uses scientific methods, the phrase "scientific team" is more about the team being involved in science, not necessarily emphasizing that their approach is scientific. Compare: "a scientific approach" would clearly be sense 2. Here, "scientific team" is analogous to "research team", meaning a team that does science. So sense 1 is better.

Thus, the answer is sense_index: 1. We return a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific <t>team</t> led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the context: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee... found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes'..." So, it's a group of scientists working together. The candidate senses are: 1. a cooperative unit (especially in sports) with synonym squad; 2. two or more draft animals that work together to pull something. Clearly, sense 1 fits the context. So we output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lead
Target surface form: led
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team <t>led</t> by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lead%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=take, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
2. sense_key=lead%2:42:04:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, result | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=lead%2:42:12:: | definition=tend to or result in | examples=This remark lead to further arguments among the guests
4. sense_key=lead%2:38:00:: | definition=travel in front of; go in advance of others | synonyms=head | examples=The procession was headed by John
5. sense_key=lead%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to undertake a certain action | examples=Her greed led her to forge the checks
6. sense_key=lead%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=lead%2:41:00:: | definition=be in charge of | synonyms=head | examples=Who is heading this project?
8. sense_key=lead%2:42:01:: | definition=be ahead of others; be the first | synonyms=top | examples=she topped her class every year
9. sense_key=lead%2:41:12:: | definition=be conducive to | synonyms=contribute, conduce | examples=The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing
10. sense_key=lead%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=conduct, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
11. sense_key=lead%2:42:03:: | definition=lead, extend, or afford access | synonyms=go | examples=This door goes to the basement; The road runs South
12. sense_key=lead%2:38:02:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=precede
13. sense_key=lead%2:42:02:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=run | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
14. sense_key=lead%2:32:01:: | definition=preside over | synonyms=moderate, chair | examples=John moderated the discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "lead" and surface form "led" in context: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee..." The candidate senses are 14 possible senses of "lead" as a verb. We need to choose the best one.

The context: "a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee" - here "led" is past participle of "lead", and it indicates that the team was headed or directed by Webster Cavenee. He was in charge of the team.

Looking at the senses:

1. take somebody somewhere (guide physically) - not applicable.
2. have as a result or residue - not applicable.
3. tend to or result in - not applicable; doesn't fit "team led by X".
4. travel in front of; go in advance of others - could be, but more about physical leading.
5. cause to undertake a certain action - not about causing action.
6. stretch out over distance - no.
7. be in charge of - synonyms: head. examples: "Who is heading this project?" This fits perfectly. A scientific team is being headed by someone.
8. be ahead of others; be the first - top - not about being first in a race.
9. be conducive to - not.
10. lead, as in performance of a composition - conducting an orchestra, not.
11. lead, extend, or afford access - not.
12. move ahead (of others) in time or space - not about being in charge.
13. cause something to pass or lead somewhere - not.
14. preside over - moderate, chair - could be, but "preside over" is more like a meeting or discussion. "Led" a team often means "headed" or "directed". Sense 7 "be in charge of" with synonyms "head" is the most direct. Also, "led by" in this context means the team was under his direction. Sense 7: "be in charge of" and "head". The example: "Who is heading this project?" matches. So sense 7 is best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 7}

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, <t>then</t> at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context with the target word "then" and three candidate senses. We need to choose the best sense based on context. The context: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer." The target surface form is the second "then". The first "Then" is at the beginning of the sentence, and the target is the second one in the phrase "then at the University of Utah". The meaning here is that at that time (when the team found the answer? But careful: The sentence says: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer." So the team found the answer, and at that time, Cavenee was at the University of Utah. So the second "then" means "at that time". Let's check the senses:
1. "subsequently or soon afterward" – this could match the first "Then" which indicates sequence: Then, a team... found the answer. But the target is the second "then".
2. "in that case or as a consequence" – doesn't fit.
3. "at that time" – this fits "then at the University of Utah" meaning "who was at that time at the University of Utah". So sense 3 is the best.

Thus, the answer should be sense index 3.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, <t>found</t> the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma: find, surface form: found, context paragraph. Target is marked with <t>found</t>. Let's parse context:

"Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, <t>found</t> the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell."

So "found the answer" – they discovered or determined the answer to which gene had disappeared. The team used gene probes to track genes. It's a scientific discovery. The sense is about discovering something after searching/investigation.

Candidate senses:
1. come upon by accident, meet with. Not really: they were actively searching using probes.
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of. Synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice. Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint." This fits: they found the answer (determined the fact). They detected/observed which gene.
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something missed or lost. Synonyms: regain. Example: find glasses. They didn't lose an answer; they were seeking it. This is about locating a lost object.
4. establish after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study. Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain. Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." This fits: they investigated and established the answer. Might be good.
5. come to believe on the basis of emotion. No.
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with: We found Republicans winning. Not.
7. get something for a specific purpose: I found this gadget. No.
8. make a discovery, make a new finding. Synonyms: discover. Example: Roentgen discovered X-rays. "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This is about making a discovery. The team discovered which gene. Could also fit.
9. make a discovery (that). Example: She found that he had lied to her. "The story is false, so far as I can discover." This is about discovering a fact/truth. Could be, but note the syntax: "found the answer" noun phrase, not a that-clause. Sense 9 is often with a clause: "found that...". The example "She found that he had lied to her" – here it's "found the answer". That's a direct object, not a clause. So sense 9 might be less fitting.
10. obtain through effort. No.
11. decide on and make a declaration: find someone guilty. No.
12. receive a specified treatment (abstract): His movie received a good review. No.
13. perceive oneself in a condition. No.
14. get back; recover. No.
15. succeed in reaching: arrow found its mark. No.
16. accept and make use of one's personality: find oneself. No.

Now, compare the good candidates: sense 2, 4, 8, 9.
- Sense 2: discover/determine existence, presence, fact. Detect, observe, discover, notice. Example: detect high levels, found traces. Here, they found the answer – they detected the fact of which gene. But "detect" implies noticing a presence, not necessarily establishing after study. Sense 4 specifically says "establish after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" and example includes physicist finding elusive particle. That seems more precise for a scientific team that used probes to track genes and thus ascertain the answer. Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding. Example: discovered X-rays, found a new particle. That is also about a novel discovery. Sense 9 is similar but often with clause. "Found the answer" could be sense 8: they made a discovery (the answer was a new finding). Or sense 4: they determined/ascertained the answer. The difference: sense 8 is about making a discovery (noun), whereas sense 4 is about establishing after investigation. Both are plausible. Check the WordNet hierarchy: sense 8 is find%2:36:00:: (discover, make a discovery). Sense 4 is find%2:32:00:: (determine, find out, ascertain). In context: "Then, a scientific team ... found the answer. The team used ... gene probes ... that can track a gene's presence." They used experimental methods to track and determine which gene. That is determining after investigation. It's not merely happening upon a discovery; it's a deliberate investigation. However, "discover" also fits: they discovered the answer. "Find the answer" is a common collocation. Which sense is more typical for "find the answer"? It's often synonymous with "determine the answer" or "discover the answer." Looking at examples: sense 4's example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." That's similar: finding an elusive particle is determining its existence through experiment. Sense 8: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" – that's also similar. So both 4 and 8 are close. Sense 2: "We found traces of lead in the paint" – that's more about detecting presence. The answer is not a physical trace; it's an intellectual conclusion. So 4 and 8 are better.

Now compare 4 and 8. Sense 4 explicitly includes "study" and "investigation", while sense 8 is just "make a discovery, make a new finding." The context: "used a battery of newly developed gene probes ... to track a gene's presence." They did an investigation/experiment to track genes. So they established after investigation. Therefore sense 4 seems more precise. Also, the syntax: "found the answer" – the answer is like a determination. "Find the answer to a problem" often means ascertain. I'll pick sense 4.

But let's double-check sense 9: "make a discovery (that)" – often with clause, but it can be "found the answer" as in "She found that he had lied" – that's a clause. Here it's "found the answer", a noun phrase. So unlikely.

Thus, I select sense index 4.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: answer
Target surface form: answer
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the <t>answer</t>. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of replying to a question
4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: | definition=the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims
5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: | definition=a nonverbal reaction | examples=his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "answer" in the given context. The context: a scientific team found the "answer" to what gene or genes had disappeared, i.e., they found the solution to the problem of identifying the missing gene. The answer here is not a reply to a question in a conversational sense, but rather a solution to a scientific problem. Let's check the options:

1. answer%1:10:01:: - a statement made to reply to a question or request or criticism. Examples: I waited several days for his answer. Not fitting; it's a direct reply.
2. answer%1:10:02:: - a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem. Synonyms: solution, result, resolution. Examples: they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book. This fits perfectly: the team found the answer (solution) to the problem of which gene had disappeared.
3. answer%1:10:00:: - the speech act of replying to a question. Again, a reply act, not a solution.
4. answer%1:10:03:: - a legal pleading. Not relevant.
5. answer%1:04:00:: - a nonverbal reaction. Examples: his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me. This is more about a response in behavior, not a scientific discovery.

Clearly, sense 2 is the best. So output {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The <t>team</t> used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "team" in the given context. The target is "team" as a noun. There are two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

We need to choose the best indexed sense based on the context. The context is about a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee. They used gene probes to analyze cells from eye tumors. Clearly, "team" here refers to a group of people working together cooperatively, not draft animals. So sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about animals pulling something, which is not relevant.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: used
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team <t>used</t> a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "used" in the context. The target lemma is "use". Let's look at the sentence: "The team used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell." The team used something (gene probes) to find the answer. That is, they employed the gene probes for a particular purpose. Sense 1 fits: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose" with synonyms utilize, utilise, apply, employ. Example: "use your head!" "we only use Spanish at home". Here, they employed the probes. Sense 2 is about consuming drugs regularly (habituate). Not applicable. Sense 3: use up, consume fully (expend). Not applicable. Sense 4: seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage (e.g., uses influential friends). Could that fit? The team used gene probes to achieve an end (finding the answer). But sense 1 is more direct: employ for a purpose. Sense 5: avail oneself to, practice, apply (apply a principle). Not exactly. Sense 6: past tense "used to". This is not "used to" meaning past habit; it's "used" as simple past of "use". So sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, sense_index: 1.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: battery
Target surface form: battery
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a <t>battery</t> of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=battery%1:14:02:: | definition=group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place
2. sense_key=battery%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that produces electricity; may have several primary or secondary cells arranged in parallel or series | synonyms=electric battery
3. sense_key=battery%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection of related things intended for use together | examples=took a battery of achievement tests
4. sense_key=battery%1:14:03:: | definition=a unit composed of the pitcher and catcher
5. sense_key=battery%1:06:03:: | definition=a series of stamps operated in one mortar for crushing ores | synonyms=stamp battery
6. sense_key=battery%1:04:01:: | definition=the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target | synonyms=barrage, barrage fire, bombardment, shelling | examples=they laid down a barrage in front of the advancing troops; the shelling went on for hours without pausing
7. sense_key=battery%1:04:00:: | definition=an assault in which the assailant makes physical contact | synonyms=assault and battery

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context with the target word "battery" used as: "a <t>battery</t> of the newly developed 'gene probes'...". This means a collection or set of gene probes used together. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. group of guns or missile launchers - not applicable.
2. device that produces electricity - not applicable.
3. a collection of related things intended for use together - example: "took a battery of achievement tests". This fits perfectly: a battery of gene probes, i.e., a set of probes used together.
4. unit composed of pitcher and catcher - baseball, not applicable.
5. series of stamps for crushing ores - not applicable.
6. heavy fire of artillery - not applicable.
7. assault in which the assailant makes physical contact - not applicable.

Thus, sense 3 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly <t>developed</t> "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "develop" and surface form "developed" in the given context. We need to choose the best sense from the list provided, indexed 1 through 21. We must return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

Let's analyze the context:

"Dr. Knudson found ... Then, a scientific team ... found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly <t>developed</t> 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell."

The target word is "developed" (past participle) modifying "gene probes". So it describes the probes as being newly created or invented. The phrase "newly developed" suggests that these gene probes are something that was recently made or created. The probes are "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence", so they are a kind of tool or technique.

Now examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material ...; They developed a new technique

This sense is about creating something new, a product or technique. The examples include "developed a new technique". Gene probes are a technique or tool. This seems very fitting.

2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution

This is about working out or evolving something like a theory. While related, gene probes are more tangible tools, not just a theory. But "work out" could apply, though sense 1 explicitly mentions "product or mental or artistic creation" and includes technique. Sense 2 says "work out" and example is a theory. Gene probes seem more like a technique/product.

3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong

Not applicable: gene probes are not gained through experience.

4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Not applicable: gene probes aren't physical features or attributes that one comes to have.

5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated; a love that sprang up

This is intransitive: something develops (comes into existence). But here "developed" is passive: "the newly developed gene probes" meaning "gene probes that were developed (by someone)". So it's transitive, not intransitive. So sense 5 doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources

This is about making something usable (like land or resources). Gene probes are not really developed in the sense of exploiting a resource; they are created from scratch.

7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis

Gene probes aren't elaborating something; they are the probes themselves.

8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=training violinists; develop leaders

Not applicable: gene probes aren't trained.

9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly

Intransitive, doesn't fit the passive use.

10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower

Intransitive again.

11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing

Intransitive, refers to countries becoming advanced, not a tool being created.

12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple

This is about causing natural growth, like plants or apples. Not about creating a man-made probe.

13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market

This is about developing something like a market or customer base over time. Not about creating a specific tool.

14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully

Intransitive, emotional growth, not relevant.

15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film

Clearly not relevant.

16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry

Not relevant.

17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly

Chess, not relevant.

18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook

Chess, not.

19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea ...

Music, not relevant.

20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce

Intransitive, meaning to happen or break out. Not relevant.

21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Mathematics, not relevant.

The best match is sense 1: "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation". The examples include "developed a new technique", and gene probes are clearly a new technique or tool that scientists created. The phrase "newly developed" perfectly fits that sense. So I'll choose sense index 1.

Thus, the answer is: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of <t>genetic</t> material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "genetic", target surface form is "genetic". The context is: "The team used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell." The word "genetic" modifies "material". In this context, "genetic material" means material related to genes, like DNA. We need to choose from four candidate senses.

Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" (syn: familial, hereditary, inherited, etc.). That's about traits passed down. Not about material.

Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" (syn: genic, genetical). Examples: genic combinations; genetic code. This fits perfectly: snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence. Genetic material = material of or relating to genes.

Sense 3: "pertaining to or referring to origin" – not relevant.

Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics" – this is about the scientific field. While genetics studies genes, the phrase "genetic material" is directly about genes, not the science. For example, "genetic research" is about the science, but "genetic code" is about the gene. The context mentions "gene probes" and "track a gene's presence", so it's directly about genes.

Thus, sense 2 is the best. So answer: {"sense_index": 2}. Make sure to return only JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic <t>material</t> that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation on the word "material" in the given context. The target surface form is "material," and we need to select the best indexed sense from the provided candidates. The context is:

"Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome."

The target word "material" appears in the phrase "snippets of genetic material." So we need to choose the sense that best fits "genetic material."

Let's analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread

This sense refers to tangible substance. Genetic material is indeed a substance (like DNA) that is tangible. This seems plausible.

2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography

This sense refers to information or data. Genetic material contains genetic information, so it could be considered a form of information. However, the phrase "snippets of genetic material" is typically understood as physical snippets of DNA, not just abstract information.

3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC

This is clearly not correct because genetic material is not fabric.

4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials

This sense refers to supplies or items used for an activity. Genetic material is not "things needed for doing something" in that general sense; it's a specific substance.

5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

This refers to a person's suitability, irrelevant here.

The most relevant senses are 1 and 2. We need to decide between substance and information. In biology, "genetic material" typically refers to DNA or RNA, which are physical molecules, so it's a tangible substance. Sense 1 says "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object." DNA is a tangible substance that makes up chromosomes. The example for sense 1 includes "coal is a hard black material" — that's a physical substance. "Genetic material" fits that pattern. Sense 2 is about information, and while genetic material carries information, the phrase "snippets of genetic material" here clearly refers to physical snippets used as gene probes. A "gene probe" is a physical piece of DNA or RNA used to detect complementary sequences. So it's a physical substance. Therefore, sense 1 is the best.

Thus, the answer is sense_index 1.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: presence
Target surface form: presence
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's <t>presence</t> in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=presence%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being present; current existence | examples=he tested for the presence of radon
2. sense_key=presence%1:15:00:: | definition=the immediate proximity of someone or something | synonyms=front | examples=she blushed in his presence; he sensed the presence of danger
3. sense_key=presence%1:18:00:: | definition=an invisible spiritual being felt to be nearby
4. sense_key=presence%1:09:00:: | definition=the impression that something is present | examples=he felt the presence of an evil force
5. sense_key=presence%1:07:00:: | definition=dignified manner or conduct | synonyms=bearing, comportment, mien
6. sense_key=presence%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

native_finish_reason: error


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: presence
Target surface form: presence
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's <t>presence</t> in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=presence%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being present; current existence | examples=he tested for the presence of radon
2. sense_key=presence%1:15:00:: | definition=the immediate proximity of someone or something | synonyms=front | examples=she blushed in his presence; he sensed the presence of danger
3. sense_key=presence%1:18:00:: | definition=an invisible spiritual being felt to be nearby
4. sense_key=presence%1:09:00:: | definition=the impression that something is present | examples=he felt the presence of an evil force
5. sense_key=presence%1:07:00:: | definition=dignified manner or conduct | synonyms=bearing, comportment, mien
6. sense_key=presence%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "presence" in the given context. The target is "presence" as used in the phrase: "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's <t>presence</t> in a cell." So we need to choose the best matching sense from the provided list.

Let's analyze the candidates:

1. sense_key=presence%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being present; current existence | examples=he tested for the presence of radon. This sense is about existence or being present in a location. The example mentions testing for radon presence. In the context, "track a gene's presence" means detecting whether the gene exists in the cell. So it's about existence.

2. sense_key=presence%1:15:00:: | definition=the immediate proximity of someone or something | synonyms=front | examples=she blushed in his presence; he sensed the presence of danger. This is about physical proximity and the feeling of someone/something nearby. Not applicable to gene presence in a cell.

3. sense_key=presence%1:18:00:: | definition=an invisible spiritual being felt to be nearby. That's a supernatural sense, not relevant.

4. sense_key=presence%1:09:00:: | definition=the impression that something is present | examples=he felt the presence of an evil force. This is about a perceived presence, not physical existence. Not fitting for a gene test.

5. sense_key=presence%1:07:00:: | definition=dignified manner or conduct. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=presence%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present. This could be considered, but the example might be attendance or act of being present somewhere. However, in the context, it's not about the act but the state of existing in a cell.

Clearly, sense 1 is the most appropriate: "the state of being present; current existence." The example given is "he tested for the presence of radon" which closely parallels "track a gene's presence in a cell." It's about detecting whether the gene exists there.

Thus, the best index is 1. The output should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a <t>cell</t>. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "The team used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a <t>cell</t>." The context is about analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, looking for defects in chromosomes. The target word is "cell" in a biological/genetic context. The senses include:
1. any small compartment (like honeycomb cells)
2. (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
3. electric cell
4. small unit as part of a political movement
5. cellular telephone
6. monk/nun's room
7. prison cell.

Clearly, the context refers to biological cells, as they are analyzing cells from tumors, genetic material, chromosomes, etc. Sense 2 is the biological cell. So the best indexed sense is 2.

Output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: analyze
Target surface form: analyzing
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By <t>analyzing</t> cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=analyze%2:31:00:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyse, study, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=analyze%2:31:01:: | definition=make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of; break down into components or essential features | synonyms=analyse, break down, dissect, take apart | examples=analyze a specimen; analyze a sentence
3. sense_key=analyze%2:31:04:: | definition=break down into components or essential features | synonyms=analyse | examples=analyze today's financial market
4. sense_key=analyze%2:31:03:: | definition=subject to psychoanalytic treatment | synonyms=analyse, psychoanalyze, psychoanalyse | examples=I was analyzed in Vienna by a famous psychiatrist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "analyzing" in the given context. The target lemma is "analyze" and surface form "analyzing". We have four candidate senses. The context: "By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13..." The sentence describes a scientific team using gene probes, and then analyzing cells to find defects in chromosomes. This is a biological, laboratory analysis. Let's examine the senses:

1. "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" – synonyms: analyse, study, examine, canvass, canvas. Examples: analyze a sonnet, analyze evidence. This is a general sense of careful examination, often of abstract things (sonnet, evidence). But the context is about physical cells, a scientific procedure.

2. "make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of; break down into components or essential features" – synonyms: analyse, break down, dissect, take apart. Examples: analyze a specimen, analyze a sentence. This sense explicitly mentions chemical analysis, and "analyze a specimen" fits perfectly with analyzing cells extracted from tumors. They are breaking down the cells or analyzing their genetic material to find defects. This seems the most precise.

3. "break down into components or essential features" – synonym: analyse. Example: analyze today's financial market. This is more metaphorical, like analyzing a market. Not about physical specimen.

4. "subject to psychoanalytic treatment" – clearly not applicable.

Thus, sense 2 is the best fit. It specifically includes "chemical" analysis and the example "analyze a specimen", which matches the biological context of analyzing cells. Sense 1 is also possible but sense 2 is more specific to scientific/technical analysis of a specimen. The context involves laboratory techniques, gene probes, chromosomes, so it's a molecular genetic analysis, which is akin to chemical/biological analysis. So I'll choose sense 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing <t>cells</t> extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: target lemma "cell", surface form "cells". Context: "...track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors..." So it's clearly about biological cells. The candidate senses: 1 is compartments (honeycomb), 2 is biological unit, 3 is electric cell, 4 is political movement, 5 is mobile phone, 6 is monk/nun room, 7 is prison cell. The correct sense is 2. So answer: {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extract
Target surface form: extracted
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells <t>extracted</t> from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extract%2:35:04:: | definition=remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense | synonyms=pull out, pull, pull up, take out, draw out | examples=pull weeds; extract a bad tooth
2. sense_key=extract%2:40:00:: | definition=get despite difficulties or obstacles | examples=I extracted a promise from the Dean for two new positions
3. sense_key=extract%2:36:00:: | definition=deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning) | synonyms=educe, evoke, elicit, draw out | examples=We drew out some interesting linguistic data from the native informant
4. sense_key=extract%2:30:00:: | definition=extract by the process of distillation | synonyms=distill, distil | examples=distill the essence of this compound
5. sense_key=extract%2:35:07:: | definition=separate (a metal) from an ore
6. sense_key=extract%2:35:05:: | definition=obtain from a substance, as by mechanical action | synonyms=press out, express | examples=Italians express coffee rather than filter it
7. sense_key=extract%2:31:00:: | definition=take out of a literary work in order to cite or copy | synonyms=excerpt, take out
8. sense_key=extract%2:31:02:: | definition=calculate the root of a number

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "extracted" in the given context. The target word is "extracted", a form of "extract". The sentence is: "By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects..." The candidate senses are listed with their definitions and examples.

We need to choose the best sense. Let's understand the context. Scientists are studying cells that were taken from eye tumors. They "extracted" cells from the tumors, meaning they removed or took out the cells for analysis. The action is physical removal of cells from a tumor. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. extract%2:35:04:: | remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense | synonyms: pull out, pull, pull up, take out, draw out | examples: pull weeds; extract a bad tooth. This seems fitting: removing cells from a tumor is like pulling out something, taking out. The example "extract a bad tooth" is similar to taking out cells. The word can be used in abstract sense too, but here it's physical removal.

2. extract%2:40:00:: | get despite difficulties or obstacles | examples: I extracted a promise from the Dean... This is about obtaining something non-material with effort, not physical removal.

3. extract%2:36:00:: | deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning) | synonyms: educe, evoke, elicit, draw out | examples: draw out interesting linguistic data. This is about deriving information.

4. extract%2:30:00:: | extract by the process of distillation | synonyms: distill, distil | examples: distill the essence. This is chemical extraction.

5. extract%2:35:07:: | separate (a metal) from an ore. This is metallurgy.

6. extract%2:35:05:: | obtain from a substance, as by mechanical action | synonyms: press out, express | examples: Italians express coffee. This is about pressing to get liquid, like juicing. Not about taking out whole cells.

7. extract%2:31:00:: | take out of a literary work in order to cite or copy | synonyms: excerpt, take out. This is about quoting text.

8. extract%2:31:02:: | calculate the root of a number. Mathematical.

The best match for physically removing cells from a tumor is sense 1. The definition says "remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense" and examples include "extract a bad tooth" which is a physical removal of a body part. Cells are like small parts removed from a tissue. Sense 6 is about mechanical obtaining from a substance, but "press out" implies squeezing, not necessarily removing a piece. Typically, extracting cells from a tumor might involve a biopsy, removal of a piece, not pressing. So sense 1 is more general removal. Thus, I'll choose sense index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from <t>eye</t> tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "eye" in the given context. The target surface form is "eye" and it appears in the phrase "eye tumors". The context is about scientists studying cancer, specifically they found defects in chromosome 13 in tumors. The phrase is "cells extracted from eye tumors". So "eye" here refers to the organ of sight, as in tumors of the eye. This matches sense 1: "eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic". The other senses don't fit: sense 2 is about "good discernment", sense 3 is about "attention", sense 4 is about a central area, sense 5 is a hole in a needle. Thus the best sense is 1.