[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "developed" in the given context. The target word is "developed", lemma "develop". The context: "The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged." So we are talking about a tumor developing. The tumor comes into existence or arises. Let's review the senses:

1. make something new (like a product). Not about a tumor.
2. work out (evolve, germinate) like a theory. Not exactly.
3. gain through experience (acquire, evolve). Not fitting.
4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) e.g., grew a beard, developed abdominal pains. This could fit: a tumor developed. A tumor is a physical feature or attribute? "Developed abdominal pains" is similar: a condition arises. This sense: grow, produce, get, acquire. Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains." That is very close: a tumor developed means the tumor came into existence or the patient got a tumor. But the definition says "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" and synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire. So "developed a tumor" would mean the patient developed (got) a tumor. In the context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged." So the tumor developed, meaning it came into existence. That fits sense 4 well. Check the example: "The patient developed abdominal pains" is exactly parallel.

5. come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow). Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship". This could also fit: the tumor came into existence. But note the distinction: sense 4 is about a person or organism developing something, like a feature or symptom. Sense 5 is more about things originating by themselves. However, the context says "the tumor developed" as an intransitive verb, not "he developed a tumor". So it's more like sense 5: the tumor came into existence. But sense 4 can also be intransitive? Actually, in the examples for sense 4: "He grew a beard" (transitive) and "The patient developed abdominal pains" (could be read as transitive: the patient developed pains; but pains are not a physical feature, they are a condition. Actually, the example shows transitive usage: "The patient developed abdominal pains." That means the patient got pains. So sense 4 is typically used with a human subject acquiring something. But here, the subject is "the tumor" itself: "The tumor... developed". So the tumor is the thing that developed. That is more like sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Sense 4 says "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". That implies a possessor. So "the tumor developed" is not the possessor; the person developed the tumor. Therefore, sense 5 is more likely.

But we should check the exact phrasing: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged." So the tumor developed (came into existence, formed) at that time. Sense 5 fits perfectly: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow. Example: "A new religious movement originated..." So a tumor can originate.

What about sense 20: happen? "happen" (break, recrudesce). Example: "Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time." That could also work: the tumor happened. But "happen" is more for events, not for a concrete entity like a tumor. Sense 5 is more specific to entities taking form.

Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process... Example: "A flower developed on the branch." That also could be interpreted as the tumor developing. But sense 10 has the idea of natural growth, differentiation. Sense 5 is more about coming into existence. In the context, the tumor develops when a second genetic defect occurs, so it's the origin of the tumor. Sense 5 might be better.

Let's compare definitions:
Sense 5: come into existence; take on form or shape
Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment
Sense 4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)

Given the subject "tumor", I'd go with sense 5. Because the tumor itself is the entity that comes into existence. The text does not say "the patient developed a tumor" (which would be sense 4), but "the tumor developed". So it's intransitive, and the tumor is the agent of the development. Therefore, sense 5 (originate, arise) is most appropriate.

I'll pick index 5.

provider: Alibaba


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "second" and its context. In the sentence: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged." Here, "second" is used as an ordinal number to indicate the second of two copies (the normal copy, after the inherited damaged copy). The sense that fits is "coming next after the first" which is sense index 1. Sense index 2 is about music, which is irrelevant. So the best indexed sense is 1.

Response: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "second" with context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

In the context, "the second, normal copy" clearly refers to the ordinal sense: the normal copy is one of two copies, and it is the one that comes after the first (the damaged copy). It's not about a musical part. So the correct sense is index 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The target lemma is "normal", target surface form is "normal", context provided. The sentence: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged." So "normal copy" refers to a gene copy that is not defective, not damaged, functioning properly. The sense needed: "normal" as in typical, standard, not abnormal. Looking at candidate senses:

1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Sense 4 is irrelevant (geometry). Sense 2: "in accordance with scientific laws" might apply to a "normal" gene in the sense of functioning as per biological laws, but that's a stretch. The context is about a gene copy that is not defective, contrasting with a damaged copy. So it's the opposite of abnormal/damaged. Sense 1: "not abnormal" fits perfectly. Sense 3 is about average intelligence/development, which is a specific usage, not applicable here. So best is sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate "copy" in the given context. The context is about genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes. The sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged." Here, "copy" refers to a version or instance of a gene. It is not a written record, printed matter, or journalistic material. It is a thing that is similar or identical to another thing, specifically one of the two alleles of a gene. Sense 2 defines: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples like "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor." That fits well: each parent provides a copy of the gene, so it's a biological copy, like a clone or reproduction. Sense 1 is about a written record (transcript), which doesn't fit. Sense 3 is printed matter, and sense 4 is journalistic material. So sense 2 is the best.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "damaged" and target surface form "damaged". The context is about tumor-suppressor genes, and the sentence: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged." The candidate senses are:

1. damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings

2. damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

We need to choose the best sense in context. The context is about genes being damaged, meaning harmed or injured, not about reputation. The gene copy is damaged biologically. So sense 1 fits. The examples for sense 1 include "damaged goods" and "damaged buildings", which relate to physical harm. Sense 2 is about reputation. So the answer is sense_index 1. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "way" in the given context. The context is: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..." Here, "way" means a method or means of doing something. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: manner, mode, style, fashion - how something is done. Could fit, but "no way to prove" is more about a means or method.

2. sense 2: means, agency - how a result is obtained or an end is achieved. This seems perfect: "no way to prove" means no means of proving. "no way of ferreting out" also means no means of ferreting out. The examples: "a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction" align with "way to do something" or "way of doing something".

3. sense 3: direction - a line leading to a place. Not fitting.

4. sense 4: condition of things generally - "that's the way it is" - not about method.

5. sense 5: course of conduct, path, way of life - not about a method to achieve an end.

6. sense 6: artifact consisting of a road or path - literal way, not metaphorical.

7. sense 7: journey or passage - not.

8. sense 8: space for movement - no.

9. sense 9: distance - no.

10. sense 10: doing as one pleases - no.

11. sense 11: category - no.

12. sense 12: portion - no.

So the best is sense 2. The index is 2.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prove
Target surface form: prove
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prove%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=turn out, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=prove%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=demonstrate, establish, show, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=prove%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, evidence, show | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=prove%2:31:02:: | definition=prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof
5. sense_key=prove%2:41:03:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
6. sense_key=prove%2:38:01:: | definition=increase in volume | synonyms=rise | examples=the dough rose slowly in the warm room
7. sense_key=prove%2:38:00:: | definition=cause to puff up with a leaven | synonyms=raise, leaven | examples=unleavened bread
8. sense_key=prove%2:36:00:: | definition=take a trial impression of
9. sense_key=prove%2:31:01:: | definition=obtain probate of | examples=prove a will

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for the target lemma "prove" in the given context. We must return a JSON object with the sense_index.

Let's analyze the context: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory." The target word is "prove". So, in this sentence, the meaning is about validating or establishing the truth of the theory. The theory is a scientific hypothesis. The context says that at that time, scientists couldn't ferret out specific genes, so they couldn't test or confirm the theory.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. prove%2:42:00:: | be shown or be found to be | synonyms: turn out, turn up | example: She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life. This sense is intransitive, meaning to end up being something. Here, "prove" is used transitively: "prove Dr. Knudson's theory". So not this one.

2. prove%2:31:00:: | establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms: demonstrate, establish, show, shew | examples: The experiment demonstrated the instability...; The mathematician showed the validity... This directly fits: they wanted to validate or establish the validity of the theory through evidence. The theory needed to be proved, meaning its validity needed to be established, likely through experiments or evidence. This seems perfect.

3. prove%2:32:00:: | provide evidence for | synonyms: testify, bear witness, evidence, show | examples: The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence. This is also close, but it's more about providing evidence for a fact. In the context, "prove a theory" could be interpreted as providing evidence for the theory. However, sense 2 explicitly mentions establishing the validity of something like a theory (note the example: "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture"). Sense 2 fits better because it's about demonstrating truth or validity through an experiment or explanation. Sense 3 is about evidence in a more testimonial sense. The two-hit theory is a scientific theory, so "prove" here means to demonstrate its correctness.

4. prove%2:31:02:: | prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof. This is too specific; the context is biological, not mathematical.

5. prove%2:41:03:: | put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms: test, try, try out, examine, essay | example: This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe. Here, "prove" would mean to test the theory, but the sentence says "there was no way to prove" meaning no way to confirm or establish it, not just test it. Also, "prove" in the sense of testing is less common for a theory; you test a theory to see if it is correct, but "prove" implies demonstrating its truth.

6. prove%2:38:01:: | increase in volume | synonyms: rise | example: the dough rose... Not relevant.

7. prove%2:38:00:: | cause to puff up with a leaven | Not relevant.

8. prove%2:36:00:: | take a trial impression of | Not relevant.

9. prove%2:31:01:: | obtain probate of | prove a will. Not relevant.

Thus, sense 2 is the best match. The action of proving a theory is about establishing its validity, synonymous with demonstrate, establish, show. In the context, they couldn't do that because they lacked the tools.

So answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theory
Target surface form: theory
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "<t>theory</t>. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theory%1:09:00:: | definition=a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena | examples=theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses; true in fact and theory
2. sense_key=theory%1:09:01:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, possibility | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
3. sense_key=theory%1:09:02:: | definition=a belief that can guide behavior | examples=the architect has a theory that more is less; they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "theory" with target surface form "theory" in the context. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=theory%1:09:00:: - a well-substantiated explanation; organized system of accepted knowledge.
2. sense_key=theory%1:09:01:: - a tentative insight; concept not yet verified; synonyms: hypothesis, possibility.
3. sense_key=theory%1:09:02:: - a belief that can guide behavior.

The context: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' <t>theory</t>." The preceding sentences describe Knudson's proposal: he theorized that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. The "two-hit" theory is his hypothesis about how the cancer develops. At the time, there was no way to prove it. So it is a tentative insight, a concept not yet verified. It is not a well-substantiated explanation (sense 1) because it was unproven at that time. It is not a belief guiding behavior (sense 3). The synonym "hypothesis" fits perfectly. The examples: "a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory" and "he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted..." show that sense 2 is used for a proposed explanation that is not yet proven. So sense_index 2 is the best.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: back
Target surface form: Back
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. <t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "back" and surface form "Back" in context. The context is: "<t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..." The phrase is "Back then," which means "at that past time." Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

"Back then" is an idiomatic phrase meaning "at that time in the past." The sense that fits is "in or to or toward a past time" (sense 4). The example "never look back" also relates to past time. The other senses don't fit: location, rear, original condition, reply, repayment. So the best sense is sense 4.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back <t>then</t>, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "then" in the sentence: "Back <t>then</t>, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..." The context: The story goes back to the 1970s, when Knudson proposed his theory. Then it says: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory. Back then, scientists had no way..." So "then" refers to a past time, specifically the time in the 1970s or that era. The candidate senses are: 1) subsequently (so, and then), 2) in that case or as a consequence, 3) at that time. The phrase "back then" clearly indicates "at that time" in the past. So sense 3 fits perfectly.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no <t>way</t> of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked for the target word "way" in the context: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory. Back then, scientists had no <t>way</t> of ferreting out specific genes..."

We need to choose among 12 senses. The context: "no way to prove" and "no way of ferreting out" indicate a means or method. Let's examine the senses:

1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: - manner, mode, style, fashion. Not about means but about how something is done in terms of style. The example: "her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking." Not a good fit.

2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: - means, agency. Definition: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved." Examples: "a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction." This fits perfectly: "no way to prove" = no means to prove, no method to prove. "no way of ferreting out" = no means of ferreting out.

3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: - direction, a line leading to a place. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: - condition of things generally. "that's the way it is." Not relevant.

5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: - a course of conduct. "path of virtue; we went our separate ways." Not about means.

6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: - artifact, road or path. Not.

7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: - journey or passage. "they are on the way." Not.

8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: - space for movement. "make way." No.

9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: - distance. "a long way." No.

10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: - doing as one pleases. "if I had my way." No.

11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: - "in the way of" expression. Not.

12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: - portion divided into shares. "split three ways." No.

Clearly, sense 2 is the best fit. The context talks about the inability to prove or to ferret out genes, indicating a lack of means/method. So answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: see
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could <t>see</t> the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the task of Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "see" in a specific context. The context is: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could <t>see</t> the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible."

The sentence with the target: "Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

We need to choose the best sense from the candidate senses provided. The candidate senses are numbered 1 to 24. Let's examine the context.

The action is: scientists using a microscope to look at chromosomes. They could "see" the 23 pairs of chromosomes. This is a physical act of perceiving by sight, using a microscope. So the primary sense is visual perception.

Now, let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
This is the core physical perception sense. Perfect fit.

Other senses might be considered but they don't fit the context. For example:
2. perceive mentally: not about mental understanding here, it's about seeing chromosomes physically.
3. perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness): they are not witnessing events, they are observing objects.
4. imagine: not imagining, they are actually seeing through a microscope.
5. deem to be: not relevant.
6. get to know accidentally: not relevant.
7. see or watch (like watching a show): they are not watching a show; they are looking at chromosomes, but this sense is more about watching a performance or something. "view a show on television". Might overlap, but sense 1 is more direct physical perception.
8. come together (meet): not.
9. find out with certainty: not, they are physically seeing.
10. be careful to do: not.
11. go to see for professional reasons: not.
12. social visit: not.
13. go to see a place: not.
14. take charge of: not.
15. receive as guest: not.
16. date: not.
17. see and understand, have a good eye: too artistic, not for scientists seeing chromosomes.
18. deliberate: not.
19. observe as if with an eye (camera): maybe, but they are using a microscope, so it's still an instrument for sight. But sense 1 is more direct.
20. inspect: they are inspecting, but the example "I must see your passport" is about examining. However, in this context, they are simply seeing the chromosomes under a microscope, not necessarily examining them in detail for inspection purposes. It's about the ability to view them. The sentence says "they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes" - it's about the act of perceiving them visually. Sense 20 is "examine" which implies a closer inspection. But the context is about just seeing them, as in making them visible. So sense 1 is more basic.
21. go through (experience): not.
22. escort: not.
23. match or meet (a bet): not.
24. interpret: not.

Sense 1 is clearly the best. It's the most literal and common sense of "see". Therefore, the answer is sense_index 1.

But let's double-check: The sentence says "under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes". This is exactly "perceive by sight". The example "Can you see the bird in that tree?" is similar. So I'll go with 1.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pair
Target surface form: pairs
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 <t>pairs</t> of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pair%1:14:01:: | definition=a set of two similar things considered as a unit | synonyms=brace
2. sense_key=pair%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=couple, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
3. sense_key=pair%1:14:00:: | definition=two people considered as a unit
4. sense_key=pair%1:14:02:: | definition=a poker hand with 2 cards of the same value

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "pair" (surface form "pairs") in the given context. The context is about chromosomes: "under a microscope they could see the 23 <t>pairs</t> of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes." We are to choose the single best indexed sense from the provided candidate senses.

Let's examine each candidate:

1. sense_index=1: "a set of two similar things considered as a unit". Synonyms: brace. Example? Not given, but the gloss says it's a set of two similar things considered as a unit. Chromosome pairs are indeed sets of two similar chromosomes (homologous chromosomes) considered as a unit (a pair). This seems plausible.

2. sense_index=2: "two items of the same kind". Synonyms: couple, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke. This sense emphasizes "items" and "of the same kind". Chromosomes in a pair are of the same kind (homologous), but this sense is more general for any two items, sometimes not necessarily considered as a unit. The distinction between sense 1 and 2 is subtle: sense 1 is "a set of two similar things considered as a unit", which fits the biological concept of chromosome pairs precisely. Sense 2 is just two items of the same kind, not necessarily a unit. Chromosomes are indeed considered as pairs (homologous pairs), so sense 1 seems more specific.

3. sense_index=3: "two people considered as a unit". This is clearly about people, not chromosomes.

4. sense_index=4: "a poker hand with 2 cards of the same value". This is a poker term, irrelevant.

Thus, the best match is sense_index=1. But let's double-check the context: "the 23 pairs of chromosomes". In genetics, a chromosome pair consists of two homologous chromosomes, one from each parent. They are similar (not identical) and considered as a unit. This is a classic use of "pair" as a set of two similar things considered as a unit. Sense 2 might also apply, but sense 1 is more precise because it explicitly says "considered as a unit", which aligns with the biological concept. Also, WordNet often has a specific sense for "two corresponding things" like a pair of shoes, etc. Sense 1 includes that. So I'll go with 1.

Thus, the JSON answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the <t>cells</t> that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "cell" with the target surface form "cells" in a context. The context is: "Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the list. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

The context is about scientists looking at chromosomes in cells under a microscope. The cells contain genes. This is clearly biological cells. Sense 2 is the biological sense: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals." This matches perfectly.

Other senses: sense 1 is compartment like honeycomb; sense 3 is electric cell/battery; sense 4 is political cadre; sense 5 is mobile phone; sense 6 is monk's room; sense 7 is prison cell. None of these fit the context of biological cells under a microscope containing chromosomes.

Thus the best indexed sense is 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contain
Target surface form: contain
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that <t>contain</t> the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contain%2:42:00:: | definition=include or contain; have as a component | synonyms=incorporate, comprise | examples=A totally new idea is comprised in this paper; The record contains many old songs from the 1930's
2. sense_key=contain%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, carry | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
3. sense_key=contain%2:41:00:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, hold, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
4. sense_key=contain%2:42:06:: | definition=be divisible by | examples=24 contains 6
5. sense_key=contain%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=take, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
6. sense_key=contain%2:33:00:: | definition=hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of | synonyms=check, turn back, arrest, stop, hold back | examples=Arrest the downward trend; Check the growth of communism in South East Asia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: target lemma "contain", target surface form "contain", and context: "in the cells that <t>contain</t> the genes." The word is used in "cells that contain the genes." So the sense is: cells that have the genes inside them. Looking at candidate senses:

1. sense_key=contain%2:42:00:: definition=include or contain; have as a component | synonyms=incorporate, comprise | examples=A totally new idea is comprised in this paper; The record contains many old songs from the 1930's. This is about including as a part, like a list includes items. It could work, but "cells contain genes" is more about holding within, physically.

2. sense_key=contain%2:42:13:: definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, carry | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water. This is about a container holding something inside. Cells are like containers that hold genes. This seems very fitting: cells contain genes (hold them within).

3. lessen the intensity, control - not relevant.

4. be divisible by - not relevant.

5. be capable of holding or containing - this is about capacity, e.g., "This box won't take all the items." Here, it's not about capacity, but actual containing: the cells contain the genes (they do have them inside). Sense 2 is about actually containing/holding, while sense 5 is about being capable of holding. The context says "the cells that contain the genes" means the genes are in the cells, so it's the actual holding, not the capacity. Sense 2 fits better.

6. hold back danger/enemy - not relevant.

Thus, the best sense is sense 2.

Now, we need to return JSON with "sense_index": 2.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: gross
Target surface form: gross
Context:
The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, <t>gross</t> chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=gross%3:00:00:: | definition=before any deductions | examples=gross income
2. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:general:00 | definition=lacking fine distinctions or detail | examples=the gross details of the structure appear reasonable
3. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:fat:01 | definition=repellently fat | synonyms=porcine | examples=a bald porcine old man
4. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:visible:00 | definition=visible to the naked eye (especially of rocks and anatomical features) | synonyms=megascopic
5. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:unmitigated:00 | definition=without qualification; used informally as (often pejorative) intensifiers | synonyms=arrant, complete, consummate, double-dyed, everlasting, perfect | examples=an arrant fool; a complete coward
6. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:indecent:00 | definition=conspicuously and tastelessly indecent | synonyms=crude, earthy, vulgar | examples=coarse language; a crude joke
7. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible | synonyms=crying, egregious, flagrant, glaring, rank | examples=a crying shame; an egregious lie

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the word "gross" in the given context. The context is about chromosome damage that is visible under a microscope. The phrase is "gross chromosome damage was visible." This suggests that the damage is large-scale or obvious, visible to the naked eye (via microscope, but still visible as opposed to molecular). Looking at the senses:

1. gross%3:00:00:: (before any deductions) - financial sense, doesn't fit.
2. gross%5:00:00:general:00 (lacking fine distinctions or detail) - "the gross details of the structure appear reasonable." This could fit, meaning large-scale, not detailed.
3. gross%5:00:00:fat:01 (repellently fat) - no.
4. gross%5:00:00:visible:00 (visible to the naked eye, especially of rocks and anatomical features) - synonyms: megascopic. This fits perfectly: chromosome damage visible under a microscope, meaning visible at a gross anatomical level, not requiring molecular analysis.
5. gross%5:00:00:unmitigated:00 (without qualification; used informally as intensifiers) - "gross negligence" etc. Doesn't fit.
6. gross%5:00:00:indecent:00 (conspicuously and tastelessly indecent) - no.
7. gross%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 (conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible) - "gross injustice". Could be "gross damage" meaning flagrant? But context is about visible chromosome damage, not moral outrage.

Sense 4 is explicitly "visible to the naked eye (especially of rocks and anatomical features)" and the example is megascopic. In medical contexts, "gross" often means macroscopic, visible without a microscope, but here they say "under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes... Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible." Actually, chromosomes are visible under a light microscope, so damage that is large enough to be seen at that level is "gross" damage. This aligns with sense 4.

Sense 2 "lacking fine distinctions or detail" could also be interpreted as "gross details" meaning overall, but sense 4 is more specific to visible anatomical features. Since they mention microscope and chromosomes, anatomical features are implied. So I'll go with sense 4.

Thus, the index is 4. Return JSON: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome <t>damage</t> was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: damage", "Target surface form: damage", and a context sentence: "Occasionally, gross chromosome <t>damage</t> was visible." We need to choose the best indexed sense among the five candidate senses.

Let's analyze the context: The passage discusses tumor-suppressor genes, retinoblastoma, and genetic defects. Specifically, the sentence is: "Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible." Here, "damage" refers to harm or injury to chromosomes, visible under a microscope. It's a change for the worse in the chromosomes. This is a biological/physical harm.

Now, examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment. This is a general sense of damage as an event or state where something becomes worse. Could apply to chromosome damage: it's a harmful change.

2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty. Clearly not applicable; context is biological, not military.

3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe. This is the act of causing damage. In the sentence, "chromosome damage was visible" likely refers to the resulting state of damage, not the act. It's the visible evidence of damage having occurred, i.e., the harm itself. So the act vs. the occurrence. The phrase "gross chromosome damage" is a noun phrase describing the damage that is visible, which is the harm/impairment itself, not the act. So sense 1 seems more fitting: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (i.e., the harm that has occurred). Sense 3 is "the act of damaging". That would be the process, but here it says "damage was visible" meaning the result, not the action. So sense 1 is better.

4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury. Not applicable; this is legal.

Thus, sense 1 is the best. It refers to the occurrence of a change for the worse, which matches chromosome damage visible under a microscope.

But wait: WordNet often has sense 1 as the most common. The context: "gross chromosome damage" – damage to chromosomes, meaning harm, impairment. So sense 1 is harm, impairment. Sense 3 is the act of damaging. The thing that is visible is the damage (the harm), not the action. Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

Now, return JSON with sense_index as integer. So {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: visible
Target surface form: visible
Context:
The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was <t>visible</t>. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=visible%3:00:00:: | definition=capable of being seen; or open to easy view | synonyms=seeable | examples=a visible object; visible stars
2. sense_key=visible%5:00:00:overt:00 | definition=obvious to the eye | examples=a visible change of expression
3. sense_key=visible%5:00:00:available:00 | definition=present and easily available | examples=the cash on hand is adequate for current needs; emergency police were on hand in case of trouble

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained word sense disambiguation for the word "visible" in the given context. The target lemma is "visible", surface form is "visible". The context is: "Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was <t>visible</t>." So the sentence is about chromosome damage being visible under a microscope. The candidate senses are:

1. capable of being seen; or open to easy view (seeable). Example: a visible object; visible stars.
2. obvious to the eye. Example: a visible change of expression.
3. present and easily available. Example: the cash on hand is adequate for current needs; emergency police were on hand in case of trouble.

The context talks about seeing chromosome damage under a microscope. It's about actually being able to see something. Sense 1 is about capability of being seen. Sense 2 is "obvious to the eye", which also implies being easily seen, but with a connotation of being noticeable or apparent. Sense 3 is about availability, not relevant here.

Look at the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2. Sense 1: "capable of being seen; or open to easy view." It emphasizes simply that something can be seen. Sense 2: "obvious to the eye" suggests that it is clearly visible, easily noticed. The context: "Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible." Gross damage meaning large-scale damage, which when present, can be seen under a microscope. It's not just that it is capable of being seen, but that it is apparent or obvious when it occurs. However, the WordNet examples for sense 2: "a visible change of expression" implies a change that is easily noticed. For sense 1, the examples are "a visible object; visible stars" — things that are simply capable of being seen. In the context, chromosome damage being visible means it can be seen, not necessarily that it is obvious to the eye in the sense of being prominent. But "gross" means large, so it might be obvious. However, the core idea is that it is able to be seen. In scientific contexts, "visible" often just means "can be seen" as opposed to invisible. I think sense 1 is more basic and fits better. Sense 2 might be an extension for things that are obvious, but here it's simply about detection under a microscope. I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson <t>found</t> that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to find the best sense for "found" in the context. The context: "Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease." He is discovering or determining a fact through his research. Which sense fits? Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice). Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain). They are similar. Sense 4 is more about establishing a fact through investigation, while sense 2 is more about discovering something's existence. The context: "found that some children ... had inherited ..." It's a discovery from his research. Sense 4 might be too specific to calculation/investigation; its example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is a scientific discovery. Sense 2 is about detecting the presence of something, like "detected high levels of lead". Here, he found that a fact was true (that they inherited a damaged copy). It's a finding based on observation. I'd lean toward sense 4 because it involves investigation/study to establish something. Sense 2's examples: "She detected high levels of lead" (detection) vs sense 4's "find the product of two numbers" and "The physicist who found the elusive particle" which is more discovery. But "found that..." often corresponds to sense 4: "establish after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". So sense 4. However, sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (synonyms: discover) with example "Roentgen discovered X-rays" might also fit. But sense 4 is "determine, find out, ascertain", which fits the "found that..." structure. The phrase "found that" is explicitly about ascertaining a fact. Yes, sense 4 seems spot on. Sense 9 is "make a discovery" with example "She found that he had lied to her" which is more about discovering a fact about someone. But that's a general discovery, not necessarily through investigation. The context is scientific, so sense 4 is better. Let's check sense 4: definition: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study. Dr. Knudson did that. So pick sense 4.