[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: party
Target surface form: party
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed <t>party</t> hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=party%1:14:01:: | definition=an organization to gain political power | synonyms=political party | examples=in 1992 Perot tried to organize a third party at the national level
2. sense_key=party%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people gathered together for pleasure | examples=she joined the party after dinner
3. sense_key=party%1:14:02:: | definition=a band of people associated temporarily in some activity | synonyms=company | examples=they organized a party to search for food; the company of cooks walked into the kitchen
4. sense_key=party%1:11:00:: | definition=an occasion on which people can assemble for social interaction and entertainment | examples=he planned a party to celebrate Bastille Day
5. sense_key=party%1:18:00:: | definition=a person involved in legal proceedings | examples=the party of the first part

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to disambiguate the word "party" in the phrase "changed party hands". The context is about political parties, specifically the Senate changing control from one party to another. The phrase "changed party hands" clearly means that control of the Senate shifted from one political party to another. Therefore, the sense relates to a political party. Looking at the candidate senses, sense 1 is "an organization to gain political power" with the example "in 1992 Perot tried to organize a third party at the national level". That fits perfectly. The other senses (pleasure gathering, temporary band, social occasion, legal person) do not fit the political context. So the correct sense index is 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reveal
Target surface form: reveals
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, <t>reveals</t> that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reveal%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible | synonyms=uncover, bring out, unveil | examples=Summer brings out bright clothes; He brings out the best in her
2. sense_key=reveal%2:32:00:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, discover, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
3. sense_key=reveal%2:39:04:: | definition=disclose directly or through prophets | examples=God rarely reveal his plans for Mankind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "reveal" with surface form "reveals" in the context: "An examination ... reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise...". The sentence is saying that the examination shows or uncovers something. The three senses:
1. make visible (something literally visible), e.g., bringing out clothes, best in her.
2. make known to the public information that was previously unknown or secret, e.g., disclosing a price, revealing age.
3. disclose directly or through prophets (religious context), e.g., God rarely reveal his plans.

In this context, the examination reveals (shows, makes known) a fact about staffing differences. It is about making information known, not about making something physically visible. So sense 2 fits best: making known information. Sense 1 is about physical visibility (clothes, best). Sense 3 is about divine revelation. Thus, sense 2 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personal
Target surface form: personal
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the <t>personal</t> staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "personal" in the context: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate...". The target is "personal". The context discusses "personal staff", "personal staffing decisions", and contrasts district vs. Washington offices. "Personal staff" refers to staff members who work directly for a particular legislator, as opposed to committee staff or other resources. The sense likely relates to being assigned to a particular person, not shared. Among the candidates:

1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

The context is about staff allocated to a particular person (the legislator), not shared with others. "Personal staff" in political science typically refers to staff employed by an individual member of Congress, as opposed to committee staff. This matches sense 2: "particular to a given individual." Sense 1 is broader, about private life, but "personal staff" doesn't necessarily relate to private life; it's about staff assigned to a specific person. Sense 2 seems more precise. The phrase "personal staffing decisions" means decisions about staff that are particular to each legislator. Also, the context contrasts "personal staff" with committee staff, emphasizing individual allocation. Thus, sense 2 fits best.

Answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: differences
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing <t>differences</t> noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the target lemma "difference" with the surface form "differences" in the given context. We have 5 candidate senses with definitions and examples. We need to choose the best indexed sense.

Let's read the context carefully. The target word is in: "reveals that the personal staffing <t>differences</t> noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise...". The context talks about political staffing patterns comparing Democrats and Republicans. Specifically, they are noting differences in how they allocate personal staffs, attendance rates, etc. The "differences noted in the table" refers to the observed variations between the two parties' staffing decisions. So it's about dissimilarities between groups.

Now, evaluate each sense:

1. sense 1: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" – examples: "there are many differences between jazz and rock". This fits: the differences noted in the table are dissimilarities between Democratic and Republican staffing patterns.

2. sense 2: "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm" – synonyms: deviation, divergence, departure. The context doesn't suggest deviation from a standard norm; it's comparing two groups directly, not measuring against a norm.

3. sense 3: "a disagreement or argument about something important" – synonyms: dispute, conflict. The context is not about a disagreement; it's about observed factual differences in staffing, not an argument.

4. sense 4: "a significant change" – example: "the difference in her is amazing". This would imply a change over time within one entity. The context compares two groups at a point in time (or across time, but the difference is between groups, not a change in one group). They mention changes in staffing decisions between 1986 and 1987 when control changed, but the differences noted are between parties' staffing patterns, not a change within one party. So sense 4 is not appropriate.

5. sense 5: mathematical remainder. Not relevant.

Thus, sense 1 is the best: the quality of being unlike or dissimilar. The examples also match using "differences between" two entities, just like in the context.

So the answer index is 1.

Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: note
Target surface form: noted
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences <t>noted</t> in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=note%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=observe, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
2. sense_key=note%2:39:00:: | definition=notice or perceive | synonyms=notice, mark | examples=She noted that someone was following her; mark my words
3. sense_key=note%2:39:02:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=take note, observe | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=note%2:32:01:: | definition=make a written note of | synonyms=take down | examples=she noted everything the teacher said that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "noted" in the given context. The target lemma is "note", and the surface form is "noted". The context is a passage about political staffing and attendance rates. The specific sentence containing "noted" is: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences <t>noted</t> in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff."

So, "noted" here is used as a past participle, describing the differences that are observed or mentioned in a table. Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=note%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=observe, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
   - This sense means to verbally mention or remark on something.

2. sense_key=note%2:39:00:: | definition=notice or perceive | synonyms=notice, mark | examples=She noted that someone was following her; mark my words
   - This sense means to become aware of something through observation, not necessarily through speech.

3. sense_key=note%2:39:02:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=take note, observe | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
   - This sense means to observe carefully, to take note of something.

4. sense_key=note%2:32:01:: | definition=make a written note of | synonyms=take down | examples=she noted everything the teacher said that morning
   - This sense means to write down or record in writing.

In the context, "the personal staffing differences noted in the table" means the differences that are observed/recorded/shown in the table. Since it's in a table, it's likely that these differences were observed and presented visually. The phrase "noted in the table" could mean either that the table notes (makes mention of) these differences, or that the differences are noticed/perceived from the table. Essentially, the table is presenting data, so the differences are "noted" as in they are observed or recorded there.

Looking at the synonyms and definitions:
- Sense 1 is "make mention of". In academic writing, a table might "note" something, meaning it shows or mentions it. But "noted" here describes the differences being present in the table. It's passive: differences are noted (by the table?). Tables don't actively mention things, but we can say "as noted in the table" to mean "as mentioned/shown in the table".
- Sense 2 is "notice or perceive". The differences are noticed by readers looking at the table, but the phrase is "differences noted in the table", which could be interpreted as differences that are noticeable in the table. However, it's more common to interpret "noted" as "indicated" or "shown" in the table.
- Sense 3 is "observe with care or pay close attention to". This is similar to sense 2 but implies careful observation. It might fit, but again, it's more about the action of observing than about the table containing the information.
- Sense 4 is "make a written note of". This sounds very literal, like writing down something. While a table is a written record, "noted" here is not about the act of writing notes; it's about the information being recorded in the table.

Often, in academic contexts, "as noted in Table X" means "as indicated/mentioned in Table X". This aligns with sense 1: make mention of. The examples for sense 1 include "They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing", which is about verbal remark. But it can extend to written mention as well. The definition is "make mention of", which covers both oral and written mention. In contrast, sense 4 is specifically "make a written note of", which suggests the act of jotting down, like taking notes. Here, the table itself is not "noting" in the sense of writing; it's the data that is noted.

Given that WordNet sense 1 includes "observe, mention, remark", it leans towards verbal observation or comment. Sense 2 is "notice", sense 3 is "observe with care", sense 4 is "make a written note". In this context, "noted" is part of a passive construction: differences noted in the table. The table is the location where one can note (observe) these differences. It's more about perception or observation than about making a remark. However, in academic usage, "noted" is often synonymous with "indicated" or "shown", which is closer to "make mention of" in a written form. The table doesn't literally speak, but it does "mention" the data.

Let's see the examples: For sense 1, "She observed that his presentation took up too much time" – that's a verbal observation. "They noted that it was a fine day" – also verbal. But "noted" in a table is often understood as "reported" or "indicated". In WordNet, sense 1 is specifically for verbal mention? The definition is "make mention of", which can include written mention. For instance, "The report notes several key findings." That's written. So sense 1 could apply.

Sense 2 is "notice or perceive". If I say "I noted the differences in the table", it means I noticed them. But the phrase "differences noted in the table" implies that the differences are presented in the table for anyone to notice. It's a passive where the agent is omitted. The differences are being noted by someone, but the phrase often means "differences that can be observed in the table". So sense 2 fits: notice or perceive. The example "She noted that someone was following her" means she became aware of it. In our case, the differences are perceived via the table.

Sense 3 "observe with care" is similar but with a nuance of careful attention. That might be a bit too strong; it's not necessarily about careful observation.

Sense 4 "make a written note of" is specifically about writing down. In a table, the data is written down, so it could be argued that the table notes the differences. But again, the verb "note" here is not an action of writing by the table; it's more that the table contains the information.

In many WSD tasks, for the phrase "noted in the table", the sense "make mention of" (sense 1) or "notice" (sense 2) are both possible. I recall that in some WordNet-based annotations, "note" in the sense of "remark" is used for written mentions as well. Since sense 1 includes "mention", it fits written context.

Let's look at the supersenses: Sense 1 is in the file note%2:32:00, sense 2 is note%2:39:00. 32 is communication, 39 is perception. In WordNet, verbs are divided into files: 32 is communication verbs (like tell, say, mention), 39 is perception verbs (see, hear, notice). So sense 1 is a communication verb, sense 2 is a perception verb. In our context, "noted in the table" – is it communication or perception? The table communicates information. We say "the table shows..." meaning communication. So "noted in the table" could be interpreted as "mentioned in the table", a communication sense. On the other hand, if we say "as one can note from the table", it's perception. The passive "differences noted in the table" could be paraphrased as "differences that are noticed in the table" (perception) or "differences that are mentioned/indicated in the table" (communication). It's ambiguous, but in academic writing, "noted" is often synonymous with "indicated", which leans communication.

I think the key is the context: the sentence is presenting evidence from a table. The author is saying the differences that we see in the table cannot be attributed to control. The table is a visual aid; one looks at the table and notices the differences. So it's about the act of noticing, but the words "differences noted in the table" are a fixed phrase. I'd lean towards perception because the act of looking at the table and seeing differences is central. However, we can also think of the table as containing notation. Sense 4: make a written note of. That is also plausible since the table is a written record. But "noted" here is not about the process of writing; it's about the content being there.

Let's consider how WordNet often defines these. Sense 1: "make mention of" – This is usually used when someone says or writes something to bring attention. Example: "The report notes that sales increased." That's a communication. Sense 2: "notice or perceive" – Example: "I noted a hint of sarcasm in his voice." That's perception. In our sentence, the differences are not actively being mentioned by the table; the table is a static display. We say "the differences noted in the table" meaning the differences that can be noted. It's like "the differences seen in the table." So it's closer to perception.

But many dictionaries list "note" meaning "to notice or observe" as one sense, and "to record or write down" as another. The example for sense 4 is "she noted everything the teacher said", which is an active note-taking. That doesn't fit because the table isn't taking notes. It could be argued that the table is a record, but the verb is not about the act of recording.

I'll go with sense 2: notice or perceive. The context: "the personal staffing differences noted in the table" means the differences that one can notice when looking at the table. That seems the most natural. Sense 1 might be too active: the table isn't remarking. Sense 3 is too strong: not necessarily with care.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index: 2.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: table
Target surface form: table
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the <t>table</t> can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=table%1:14:00:: | definition=a set of data arranged in rows and columns | synonyms=tabular array | examples=see table 1
2. sense_key=table%1:06:01:: | definition=a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs | examples=it was a sturdy table
3. sense_key=table%1:06:02:: | definition=a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it | examples=I reserved a table at my favorite restaurant
4. sense_key=table%1:17:00:: | definition=flat tableland with steep edges | synonyms=mesa | examples=the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water
5. sense_key=table%1:14:01:: | definition=a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game | examples=he entertained the whole table with his witty remarks
6. sense_key=table%1:13:01:: | definition=food or meals in general | synonyms=board | examples=she sets a fine table; room and board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "table" with context. The target surface form is "table" and appears in the context: "... as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion ...". There's also reference to "the table" later: "the personal staffing differences noted in the <t>table</t> can not be attributed...". So the word "table" is clearly referring to a data table, a set of data arranged in rows and columns, as in a book or report. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=table%1:14:00:: | definition=a set of data arranged in rows and columns | synonyms=tabular array | examples=see table 1
2. furniture
3. furniture with tableware for a meal
4. flat tableland (mesa)
5. company of people at a table
6. food or meals in general (board)

Sense 1 fits perfectly. The context explicitly says "as shown in the table" and later "the <t>table</t>", which is a data table. So the answer is index 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attribute
Target surface form: attributed
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be <t>attributed</t> to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attribute%2:31:00:: | definition=attribute or credit to | synonyms=impute, ascribe, assign | examples=We attributed this quotation to Shakespeare; People impute great cleverness to cats
2. sense_key=attribute%2:31:01:: | definition=decide as to where something belongs in a scheme | synonyms=assign | examples=The biologist assigned the mushroom to the proper class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "attribute" and surface form "attributed". The context is a sentence: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 ... reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be <t>attributed</t> to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff."

We need to choose between two senses:
1. attribute%2:31:00:: | definition=attribute or credit to | synonyms=impute, ascribe, assign | examples=We attributed this quotation to Shakespeare; People impute great cleverness to cats
2. attribute%2:31:01:: | definition=decide as to where something belongs in a scheme | synonyms=assign | examples=The biologist assigned the mushroom to the proper class

In the context, they are saying the differences cannot be attributed to the control Democrats exercise. That is, the differences are not caused by or not ascribable to the control. This matches sense 1: attribute or credit to, meaning to regard something as being caused by or as belonging to. Sense 2 is about assigning to a category or scheme, like classifying. Here, it's about causation/responsibility, not classification.

Thus, sense 1 is correct. Return JSON.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate <t>control</t> Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%1:07:00:: | definition=power to direct or determine | examples=under control
2. sense_key=control%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another | examples=measures for the control of disease; they instituted controls over drinking on campus
3. sense_key=control%1:04:02:: | definition=(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc | examples=the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired; he had lost control of his sphincters
4. sense_key=control%1:09:02:: | definition=a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment | synonyms=control condition | examples=the control condition was inappropriate for the conclusions he wished to draw
5. sense_key=control%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of managing or exerting control over something | examples=the control of the mob by the police was admirable
6. sense_key=control%1:26:00:: | definition=the state that exists when one person or group has power over another | synonyms=dominance, ascendance, ascendence, ascendancy, ascendency | examples=her apparent dominance of her husband was really her attempt to make him pay attention to her
7. sense_key=control%1:07:01:: | definition=discipline in personal and social activities | synonyms=restraint | examples=he was a model of polite restraint; she never lost control of herself
8. sense_key=control%1:09:01:: | definition=great skillfulness and knowledge of some subject or activity | synonyms=command, mastery | examples=a good command of French
9. sense_key=control%1:06:00:: | definition=a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine | synonyms=controller | examples=the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly; I turned the controls over to her
10. sense_key=control%1:18:00:: | definition=a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance
11. sense_key=control%1:10:00:: | definition=the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc. | examples=they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "control" in a specific context. The sentence: "...the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority-party status, over other resources such as committee staff."

We need to choose the best sense from the list. The context is about political control: Democrats exercising disproportionate control over resources because they are the majority party. The sense likely relates to power or authority to direct or determine something.

Let's examine the candidate senses:
1. power to direct or determine: examples "under control". This sounds plausible: Democrats have power to direct resources.
2. a relation of constraint of one entity by another: examples about controlling disease, controls over drinking. This seems more about limiting or regulating something, not exactly the political power sense.
3. physiology: regulation of a function. Not relevant.
4. scientific experiment control. Not relevant.
5. activity of managing or exerting control: examples "control of the mob by the police". This is about the activity, but here it's the "control Democrats exercise", which is more about the power they have, not the activity itself. Though it could be close.
6. state that exists when one person or group has power over another: synonyms dominance, ascendance. Example: "her apparent dominance of her husband..." This is a state. In the context, "disproportionate control Democrats exercise" – they exercise control, meaning they exert power. The word "control" here is the object of "exercise", so it's something they exercise, not a state. So it's more about the power they wield.
7. discipline in personal and social activities: self-control. Not relevant.
8. great skillfulness: command, mastery. Not relevant.
9. mechanism. Not relevant.
10. spiritual agency. Not relevant.
11. economic policy of controlling prices. Not relevant.

The closest are sense 1 and sense 6. Sense 1 is "power to direct or determine", and sense 6 is "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another". In the phrase "control Democrats exercise", they exercise control, meaning they exert power. Exercise typically takes an object that is an ability or power, not a state. For example, "exercise power", "exercise authority". You wouldn't typically say "exercise dominance" as a state? You might say "exercise dominance" meaning they exert their dominant power. But sense 6 defines it as a state. The example for sense 6: "her apparent dominance of her husband..." Here "dominance" is a state. But when you "exercise control", you're using your power to direct. In WordNet, "exercise" can take sense 1 as its object. Sense 1 is "power to direct or determine", which is an attribute. So control in this sense is the power itself. So sense 1 seems more directly on point: Democrats have disproportionate power to direct or determine the use of resources.

Sense 5: "activity of managing or exerting control" – that might also be exercised, but it's the activity. However, the phrase "exercise control" often means to use the power, not to perform the activity of managing. It's more abstract: they exercise the power. So I'll lean towards sense 1.

Let's check the gloss: sense 1 definition: "power to direct or determine". That fits perfectly: Democrats have the power to direct resources.

Thus, I choose sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control <t>Democrats</t> exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the token "Democrats" in the given context. The lemma is "democrat". Two senses are provided: sense 1 is "a member of the Democratic Party", sense 2 is "an advocate of democratic principles". The context clearly refers to political parties in the United States: mentions "congressional Republicans", "Democratic House", "Democrats", and discusses party control. The target token is "Democrats" referring to members of the Democratic Party. Thus, sense 1 is correct. Return JSON as specified.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exercise
Target surface form: exercise
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats <t>exercise</t>, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exercise%2:34:00:: | definition=put to use | synonyms=exert | examples=exert one's power or influence
2. sense_key=exercise%2:41:00:: | definition=carry out or practice; as of jobs and professions | synonyms=practice, practise, do | examples=practice law
3. sense_key=exercise%2:29:01:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=work, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
4. sense_key=exercise%2:29:00:: | definition=do physical exercise | synonyms=work out | examples=She works out in the gym every day
5. sense_key=exercise%2:31:00:: | definition=learn by repetition | synonyms=drill, practice, practise | examples=We drilled French verbs every day; Pianists practice scales

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "exercise", surface form "exercise", in the provided context. The context is a complex political science text. The target word is in the phrase: "the disproportionate control Democrats <t>exercise</t>, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the given candidates. The candidate senses are:
1. exercise%2:34:00:: | definition=put to use | synonyms=exert | examples=exert one's power or influence
2. exercise%2:41:00:: | definition=carry out or practice; as of jobs and professions | synonyms=practice, practise, do | examples=practice law
3. exercise%2:29:01:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=work, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
4. exercise%2:29:00:: | definition=do physical exercise | synonyms=work out | examples=She works out in the gym every day
5. exercise%2:31:00:: | definition=learn by repetition | synonyms=drill, practice, practise | examples=We drilled French verbs every day; Pianists practice scales

Now, in the context: "the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff." The word "exercise" is used as a verb, with the object "control". So Democrats exercise control over resources. The meaning is that they exert or put to use their control. This aligns with sense 1: "put to use" with synonyms "exert" and example "exert one's power or influence". Here, "control" is similar to power or influence. Sense 2 is about carrying out a profession or job, like "practice law". That doesn't fit. Senses 3 and 4 are about physical exercise. Sense 5 is about learning by repetition. None of these fit. So sense 1 is most appropriate.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: status
Target surface form: status
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party <t>status</t>, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=status%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=position | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic
2. sense_key=status%1:26:01:: | definition=a state at a particular time | synonyms=condition | examples=a condition (or state) of disrepair; the current status of the arms negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "status" in the given context. The target is "status" as part of "majority - party <t>status</t>". The context says: "due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff."

We need to choose between two senses:

1. sense_key=status%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=position | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic

2. sense_key=status%1:26:01:: | definition=a state at a particular time | synonyms=condition | examples=a condition (or state) of disrepair; the current status of the arms negotiations

In the context, "majority - party status" refers to the position or standing of being the majority party. It's about relative standing in a legislative body. That fits sense 1: "the relative position or standing ... in a society". Here, it's in a political context, not a general condition or state at a particular time. The example "he had the status of a minor" is analogous: "they had the status of majority party". Sense 2 would be more about a condition, like "the status of the negotiations". So sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over <t>other</t> resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "other" in the context: "can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over <t>other</t> resources such as committee staff." The target is "other" modifying "resources". We need to select from the given senses.

Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" – This fits perfectly here. "Other resources" means resources that are not the same as those already mentioned (presumably personal staffs, perhaps?). The context is about resources beyond the personal staffing decisions, like committee staff. So "other" in the sense of different/additional.

Sense 2: "recently past" – doesn't fit.

Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past" – no.

Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" – This would mean strange, but here "other" is simply "additional" or "different" resources.

Thus, sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: resource
Target surface form: resources
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other <t>resources</t> such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=resource%1:21:00:: | definition=available source of wealth; a new or reserve supply that can be drawn upon when needed
2. sense_key=resource%1:07:00:: | definition=a source of aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed | examples=the local library is a valuable resource
3. sense_key=resource%1:09:00:: | definition=the ability to deal resourcefully with unusual problems | synonyms=resourcefulness, imagination | examples=a man of resource

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the lemma "resource" with the surface form "resources" in the given context. The candidate senses are provided with definitions and optionally synonyms and examples. We must choose the single best indexed sense (1, 2, or 3) based on the context.

Let's analyze the context: The paragraph discusses political staffing and resource allocation. Specifically, the sentence with "<t>resources</t>" is: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 ... reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other <t>resources</t> such as committee staff."

Here, "resources" refers to things like "committee staff" which are resources available to legislators. The context is about how Democrats allocate personal staff to district offices and how differences in staffing might be due to control over other resources like committee staff. The word "resources" is used in a sense of a supply or source that can be drawn upon, like staff or assets. It is not about personal resourcefulness or imagination (sense 3), nor is it specifically about a source of wealth (sense 1 is "available source of wealth; a new or reserve supply that can be drawn upon when needed"). Sense 2 is "a source of aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed" with example "the local library is a valuable resource." This seems broader and fits: committee staff is a source of aid/support. Sense 1 emphasizes "wealth", which is more narrow. In politics, staff resources are not necessarily "wealth" but a source of support. Sense 2 is more general and fits better. Also, note that the definition of sense 2 says "a source of aid or support" which matches the idea of staff as a resource. Sense 1 is "available source of wealth", which might be a stretch.

Thus, I'll choose sense 2.

Now, output JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: committee
Target surface form: committee
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as <t>committee</t> staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=committee%1:14:00:: | definition=a special group delegated to consider some matter;  - Milton Berle | synonyms=commission | examples=a committee is a group that keeps minutes and loses hours
2. sense_key=committee%1:14:01:: | definition=a self-constituted organization to promote something | synonyms=citizens committee

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "committee" in a specific context. The context is about political staffing in the US Congress, specifically discussing how Democrats and Republicans allocate personal staff, and mentioning "committee staff" in the Senate. The sentence fragment: "...the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff." This refers to staff that work for congressional committees, which are special groups within the legislature that handle specific areas of policy.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=committee%1:14:00:: | definition=a special group delegated to consider some matter;  - Milton Berle | synonyms=commission | examples=a committee is a group that keeps minutes and loses hours

2. sense_key=committee%1:14:01:: | definition=a self-constituted organization to promote something | synonyms=citizens committee

Sense 1 is a general "committee" that is a group delegated to consider some matter. This fits the context of congressional committees, which are groups of legislators assigned to consider legislation and other matters. The example given is a humorous quote, but it's still referring to a typical committee. Sense 2 is more specific: a self-constituted organization to promote something, like a citizens committee. That doesn't fit the context of congressional committee staff. The context is about government resources, and "committee staff" refers to staff assigned to committees within the Senate. So the correct sense is sense 1.

Thus, we choose sense index 1.

Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: staff
Target surface form: staff
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee <t>staff</t>. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=staff%1:14:01:: | definition=personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task | examples=the hospital has an excellent nursing staff; the general relied on his staff to make routine decisions
2. sense_key=staff%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong rod or stick with a specialized utilitarian purpose | examples=he walked with the help of a wooden staff
3. sense_key=staff%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=faculty | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university
4. sense_key=staff%1:27:00:: | definition=building material consisting of plaster and hair; used to cover external surfaces of temporary structure (as at an exposition) or for decoration
5. sense_key=staff%1:10:01:: | definition=a rod carried as a symbol
6. sense_key=staff%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the system of five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written | synonyms=stave

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "staff" and target surface form "staff". The context is a lengthy passage discussing congressional politics, focusing on personal staff allocation, attendance rates, and staffing differences. The specific sentence containing the target is: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee <t>staff</t>."

The target is "staff" in the phrase "committee staff". So it's referring to the personnel working for a committee. Let's examine candidate senses:

1. sense_key=staff%1:14:01:: | definition=personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task | examples=the hospital has an excellent nursing staff; the general relied on his staff to make routine decisions. This fits: committee staff are personnel who assist committee members or the committee as a whole.

2. sense_key=staff%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong rod or stick with a specialized utilitarian purpose | examples=he walked with the help of a wooden staff. Not relevant.

3. sense_key=staff%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=faculty | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university. This specifically refers to school staff, not committee staff.

4. sense_key=staff%1:27:00:: | definition=building material consisting of plaster and hair; used to cover external surfaces of temporary structure. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=staff%1:10:01:: | definition=a rod carried as a symbol. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=staff%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the system of five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written | synonyms=stave. Not relevant.

Sense 1 is personnel who assist their superior. In a congressional context, committee staff are indeed personnel assisting the committee members. Sense 3 is specifically for a school staff, so that's too narrow. The context is clearly about political committees, not a school. So sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, the index is 1.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional <t>piece</t> of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "piece" in the context: "An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: ...". The target word is "piece" and it's used in "piece of evidence". Now we need to look at the candidate senses.

Sense 1: sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence. This seems directly relevant: "piece of the evidence" is similar to "piece of evidence". The definition is "a separate part of a whole", which fits evidence being a part of a larger body of evidence.

Sense 2: an item that is an instance of some type. Example: "a lovely piece of china". This doesn't fit "piece of evidence" as well, because evidence is not typically an instance of a type in that way.

Sense 3: a portion of a natural object. Not applicable.

Sense 4: musical work. No.

Sense 5: an instance of some kind. Synonyms: bit. Example: "it was a nice piece of work". This could potentially work for "piece of evidence" as an instance of evidence, but sense 1 specifically has an example with "evidence", so that's stronger.

Sense 6: artistic or literary composition. No.

Sense 7: firearm. No.

Sense 8: serving cut from a larger portion. No.

Sense 9: distance. No.

Sense 10: work of art. No.

Sense 11: period of time. No.

Sense 12: share. No.

Sense 13: game piece. No.

Clearly sense 1 is the best match because it explicitly mentions "a separate part of a whole" and the example includes "an important piece of the evidence", which is almost identical to the context "an additional piece of evidence". So I'll pick sense 1.

The answer format is a JSON object with a key "sense_index" and the number 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of <t>evidence</t> from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "evidence" in the given context. The context is from a political science text discussing attendance rates, staffing decisions, and voting patterns. The target sentence is: "An additional piece of <t>evidence</t> from the Senate: Holding other factors constant..." So, evidence here is used to mean a piece of information that supports a claim or argument. Let's analyze the senses:

1. evidence%1:09:00:: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" - example: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling". This sense seems to be about the grounds or basis for belief, often used in scientific or logical contexts. It is a mass noun (piece of evidence). The context says "an additional piece of evidence", which fits this sense well. It's talking about data or facts that support the argument.

2. evidence%1:10:01:: "an indication that makes something evident" - example: "his trembling was evidence of his fear". This sense is more about a sign or symptom that reveals something. It's often used for observable signs. Here, the context is not about a direct observable sign but about data or statistical evidence. So this might not fit as well.

3. evidence%1:10:00:: "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved". This is the legal sense, specifically about judicial trials. The context is not legal at all; it's about political science. So this is unlikely.

Thus, sense 1 is the best fit: it refers to information that serves as a basis for belief, and the example given fits the pattern of "piece of evidence" in an argumentative context. The context is presenting an argument with data, so "evidence" here means the factual information that supports the claim.

Therefore, we select sense index 1.

provider: DeepInfra