[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: realize
Target surface form: realize
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to <t>realize</t> their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=realize%2:31:01:: | definition=be fully aware or cognizant of | synonyms=recognize, recognise, realise, agnize, agnise
2. sense_key=realize%2:31:00:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realise, see | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=realize%2:36:00:: | definition=make real or concrete; give reality or substance to | synonyms=realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate | examples=our ideas must be substantiated into actions
4. sense_key=realize%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, make, earn, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
5. sense_key=realize%2:40:00:: | definition=convert into cash; of goods and property | synonyms=realise
6. sense_key=realize%2:36:07:: | definition=expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) by supplying the harmonies indicated in the figured bass | synonyms=realise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "realize" with surface form "realize" in the context: "... to encourage young men and women to <t>realize</t> their full academic potential."

We need to choose the best sense among the six candidates.

Let's analyze the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." Here, "realize" means to achieve or fulfill their potential, to make it real. It's not about becoming aware (sense 1 or 2), nor about earning money (4), converting to cash (5), or music (6). Sense 3 is "make real or concrete; give reality or substance to" with synonyms "actualize, actualise, substantiate". That fits perfectly: "actualize their full academic potential" is a common expression. The example "our ideas must be substantiated into actions" aligns with bringing something abstract (potential) into reality. So sense 3 is correct.

Sense 1: be fully aware or cognizant of – that would be if someone realizes something like "I realize I left the door open," but here it's not about awareness, it's about achieving.

Sense 2: perceive mentally – similar, not about achieving.

Sense 3: make real or concrete – correct.

Thus, the answer is sense index 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their <t>full</t> academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "full" in the given context. The target is "full" in the phrase "realize their full academic potential". We have 8 candidate senses from WordNet. We need to pick the best sense.

Let's analyze the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their <t>full</t> academic potential." This implies that they should reach the maximum or complete extent of their academic potential. It's about achieving the entire amount or extent of something, not about being filled with liquid, sound, food, etc.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. containing as much or as many as possible or normal (like a full glass) - not about potential.
2. constituting the full quantity or extent; complete; synonyms: entire, total. Examples: gave full attention. "realize their full academic potential" fits perfectly with "entire" or "total" extent.
3. complete in extent or degree; synonyms: total. Example: a full game. This is similar to sense 2, but note the sense keys: 2 is full%5:00:01:whole:00 (adjective satellite, derived from 'whole'), 3 is full%5:00:00:complete:00 (adjective satellite, derived from 'complete'). Both are similar, but sense 2 explicitly mentions "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with examples like "gave full attention". Sense 3 says "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" with example "a full game". In the phrase "realize their full academic potential", it's about achieving the entire potential, the complete extent. I'd lean toward sense 2 because it's about full quantity/extent/complete, while sense 3 is "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" which is slightly different. But both could apply. However, sense 2 has the synonym "entire, total" and example "gave full attention" which is similar to giving full attention to potential. Sense 3's example "a full game" is less metaphorical. Let's check other senses.

4. filled with food - no.
5. sound - no.
6. having the normally expected amount (gives full measure) - that could be about giving full measure of something, but "full measure" means the expected amount, not necessarily maximal. Here "full academic potential" means maximal or entire, not just normally expected. So not 6.
7. being at a peak or culminating point (broad daylight, full summer) - that doesn't fit "potential".
8. having ample fabric (wide) - no.

So the choice is between 2 and 3. Let's compare definitions:
2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" - it directly says "full quantity or extent". Example: gave full attention -> gave entire attention. "realize their full academic potential" = realize the entire extent of their potential.
3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" - emphasizes completeness in every detail. Example: a full game (a complete game). For potential, "full" probably means entire, not "in every particular". Academic potential is a general capacity, not a collection of details. Sense 2 seems more straightforward: entire, total.

Also, look at the synonyms: sense 2 has "entire, total"; sense 3 has "total". Both have total, but sense 2's definition uses "full quantity or extent". I'd pick sense 2.

Thus, sense_index: 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full <t>academic</t> potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate "academic" in the context. The target word appears twice: "academic potential" and "full academic potential". The context is about education, students moving up the educational ladder, mastering basic skills, and tracking to ensure less gifted get necessary grounding. The focus is on the practical, measured potential in educational settings, not a theoretical or trivial aspect. "Academic potential" here means the capacity for academic achievement, related to schooling and academia. So sense 1, "associated with academia or an academy," fits because it's about the actual academic curriculum and educational progress. Sense 2 is theoretical, not practical result - that doesn't fit because the context is about real educational outcomes. Sense 3 is about a narrow focus on trivial aspects, which doesn't fit either. Therefore, the best sense is 1.

Output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "potential" as used in the provided context. We have two candidate senses. We must choose the best one and return a JSON object with "sense_index" (1 or 2).

Context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Here, "potential" clearly refers to the capacity for development or achievement, especially in an academic context. Sense 1: "the inherent capacity for coming into being" with synonyms potentiality, potency. This fits perfectly: academic potential means the inherent capacity for academic achievement. Sense 2 is about electrical potential, which is completely unrelated. So sense_index = 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "actually" in the given context. The context is: "No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

We have four candidate senses:

1. in actual fact (synonym: really, examples: "to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark")
2. used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly (synonym: in reality, examples: "you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin")
3. at the present moment (example: "the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air")
4. as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis (examples: "actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film")

Now, we analyze the sentence: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." The word "actually" modifies "believes". It does not seem to be used as a sentence modifier (sense 4), because it is not at the beginning or set off by commas. It is not talking about the present moment (sense 3). It is not expressing surprise or contrast to expectation (sense 2) because the sentence is straightforward: it asserts that no sane person truly believes in equal academic potential. It is emphasizing that this belief is not held in actual fact. Thus, it fits best with sense 1: "in actual fact" or "really". The examples given for sense 1 include "no one actually saw the shark" which is very similar in structure: "No one in his right mind actually believes..." So, sense 1 is the most appropriate.

Therefore, the answer is sense 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually <t>believes</t> that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Target lemma: believe" and "Target surface form: believes". The sentence is: "No one in his right mind actually <t>believes</t> that we all have an equal academic potential." So the target word "believes" appears in the context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

We need to choose the best indexed sense from the five candidate senses.

Let's analyze the sentence: The phrase is "believes that we all have an equal academic potential." The verb "believe" here takes a that-clause complement expressing a proposition. The meaning is: to accept that something is true or to hold an opinion. It's about the truth of the proposition "we all have an equal academic potential." The context argues that tracking is not undemocratic because not everyone has equal potential, and nobody really thinks that we all have equal potential. So "believes" here means to accept that something is the case, to think that something is true.

Now, look at the candidates:

1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War. This sense involves accepting something as true. The examples show believing a report or stories. This fits: "believes that we all have an equal academic potential" means accepting that proposition as true.

2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart. This is about having an opinion about someone/something, often with a complement like "to be" or "that" clause with evaluation: "I believe her to be very smart." This could also fit: "believes that we all have an equal academic potential" can be seen as holding an opinion: "I believe (think/consider) that we all have an equal potential." This is a close call.

3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war. This involves confidence or trust, often about a future event or someone's character, like "I believe in you." Here, it's more about trusting that something will happen. The example shows a future event. The sentence in question is about a general state: "we all have an equal academic potential" is a proposition about a fact, not a future event or trust. So this doesn't fit as well.

4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too. This is religious faith or belief in a doctrine. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer? This is about believing what someone says, trusting their truthfulness. The example "We didn't believe his stories from the War" actually appears in sense 1, but sense 5 is about "credit with veracity" meaning to believe a person/source. In the sentence, there is no person or source being credited with veracity; it's about believing a proposition. So this is not it.

Thus, the best fits are sense 1 and sense 2. We need to choose one. Sense 1: accept as true; take to be true. Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon. The phrase "believes that we all have an equal academic potential" is essentially accepting the proposition as true. "Believes that" could be paraphrased as "thinks that" or "considers that". In many contexts, "believe that" is synonymous with "think that". However, WordNet's sense 2 (think, consider, conceive) specifically includes the example "I think he is very smart" and "I believe her to be very smart" which uses a complement structure. The example "I think he is very smart" is with a that-clause: "I think that he is very smart". Similarly, "I believe her to be very smart" can be rephrased as "I believe that she is very smart." So sense 2 is explicitly about using "believe" to express an opinion, often with a that-clause. Sense 1, on the other hand, is about accepting something as true, which could also include that-clauses, but its examples focus on believing stories/reports. The difference is subtle: Sense 1 is "accept as true" often about reported information; sense 2 is "judge or regard" more about subjective evaluation. In the sentence, it's an opinion: "No one actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential" is an opinion about a state of affairs, not necessarily a reported fact. So it leans toward sense 2, the cognitive verb "think". Additionally, the synonyms for sense 2 are think, consider, conceive. Often "believe" as a synonym of "think" is used for opinions. The definition also says "judge or regard; look upon". In "judge or regard", you could substitute "No one in his right mind actually thinks that we all have an equal academic potential." So sense 2 is a strong candidate.

Let's check the examples for sense 2: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart." That "believe" takes an object and an infinitive complement. In our sentence, it's "believes that...". It's a that-clause. Both sense 1 and sense 2 can take that-clauses. But sense 2 explicitly says "judge or regard; look upon", which often involves an attribute (smart). "That we all have an equal academic potential" is a state, so you judge that. Sense 1 is accept as true, typically of reports. Here, the belief is not a reported fact but a general notion about human potential. I'd argue sense 2 is more natural. WordNet's sense indices: we have 1: believe%2:31:00:: (accept as true); 2: believe%2:31:04:: (judge or regard). The sense numbers are 1 through 5. We need to output the index. In the candidate list, 1 is sense_key=believe%2:31:00::, 2 is sense_key=believe%2:31:04::, etc. The order is given:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true...
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard...
etc.
So "sense_index" will be either 1 or 2.

I'd pick sense_index 2. But let's double-check with some usage of "believe that". Many dictionaries differentiate between "believe" meaning to accept as true (I believe that he is telling the truth) vs. to have an opinion (I believe that it's going to rain). The latter is more of a judgement. In this context, "no one believes that we all have an equal academic potential" is not about a piece of information being true; it's about a judgement. The author is making a claim about what people think, not about accepting a report. So sense 2 (judge/regard) seems more precise.

Yes, I'll go with 2.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "equal" in the sentence: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

From the context: the text discusses tracking in education, saying that students have different academic potentials, and the notion that tracking is undemocratic is absurd. The sentence specifically says: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." This clearly means that not everyone has the same academic potential. Hence, "equal" here means "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another." WordNet sense 1 fits: "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another; on equal terms; all men are equal before the law."

Sense 2: "having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task; adequate." That would be "adequate" or "sufficient," which doesn't fit because it talks about having the same potential, not adequate potential.

Thus, the correct sense is sense 1. The index is 1 (if we count 1 and 2). The task says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked: choose the single best indexed sense for "academic" in the context. The target is "academic potential" in the sentence: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." And earlier: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." So the word is clearly about scholastic, educational potential, not about being theoretical or pedantic. Sense 1: associated with academia or an academy. Example: the academic curriculum. This fits perfectly. Sense 2: theoretical, not practical. That doesn't fit "academic potential" which refers to learning ability. Sense 3: pedantic, donnish. That's negative and narrow, not about potential. So sense 1 is correct.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "potential" in the given context. The target word is "potential" and appears in: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." The context discusses academic potential, students' capacity to learn, tracking, etc. So it's about inherent capacity, not electrical. Sense 1 is about inherent capacity (potentiality, potency). Sense 2 is electrical. So sense 1 is correct. We need to output a JSON object with the sense index. The sense indices are 1 and 2. So {"sense_index":


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "generally" with surface form "generally" in a specific context. The context is a passage about education, tracking, and textbooks. The sentence containing the target is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones." We need to choose the best sense among three candidate senses.

We have three senses with definitions and examples:
1. usually; as a rule (syn: by and large, more often than not, mostly; ex: by and large it doesn't rain much here)
2. without distinction of one from others (syn: in general, in the main; ex: he is interested in snakes in general)
3. without regard to specific details or exceptions (syn: broadly, loosely, broadly speaking; ex: he interprets the law broadly)

In the sentence, "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks rather than newer ones." The word "generally" modifies "desirable." It indicates to what extent it is desirable. It likely means "in most cases" or "usually." It does not mean "without distinction" (i.e., considering all older textbooks as a category), nor does it mean "broadly speaking" without regard to details. Sense 1 fits best: usually, as a rule.

Check: "It is usually desirable to use older textbooks..." That makes sense. Sense 2 would be odd: "It is in general desirable..." could work but that sense is "without distinction of one from others," which is more about considering a group as a whole rather than individuals, e.g., "he likes snakes in general" means he likes snakes as a category, not necessarily every snake. In our sentence, "generally desirable" means typically or mostly desirable, not "desirable without regard to specific older textbooks." Sense 3: "broadly" or "loosely" doesn't fit as well.

Thus, sense_index 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "desirable" in the given context. We need to choose between two candidate senses provided. The target word is "desirable" in the sentence: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks..." We are to pick the best sense index (1 or 2).

First, understand the context. The text discusses education, saying that older textbooks are better than newer ones. The sentence: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks..." Meaning that it is worth doing, a good thing to do.

Now, examine the candidate senses:

Sense 1: definition: worth having or seeking or achieving. Examples: a desirable job; computer with many desirable features. This sense refers to something that is desired because it is beneficial, advantageous, or pleasing.
Sense 2: definition: worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse. Synonyms: suitable, worthy. Examples: the parents found the girl suitable for their son. This sense is clearly about suitability as a marriage partner.

Given the context, "desirable" refers to the action of using older textbooks. It means it is a good thing to do, worth doing, beneficial. It does not refer to choosing a spouse. So Sense 1 is the correct one.

Thus, the answer should be sense index 1.

Return as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "use" in a specific context. The context discusses education, older textbooks vs newer ones, and argues that it's desirable to use older textbooks. The sentence: "It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones." So "use" here means to employ or make use of older textbooks for educational purposes.

We need to choose the best sense from the candidate list. Let's analyze each:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: definition: put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose. synonyms: utilize, utilise, apply, employ. examples: use your head!; we only use Spanish at home. This fits well: using textbooks for the purpose of education.

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: definition: take or consume (regularly or habitually). synonyms: habituate. examples: She uses drugs rarely. This is about consuming substances, not applicable to textbooks.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: definition: use up, consume fully. synonyms: expend. examples: The legislature expended its time on school questions. This implies using something until it's gone, but textbooks are not consumed fully; they are reused.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: definition: seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage. examples: She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections. This is about exploiting people or connections, not things like textbooks.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: definition: avail oneself to. synonyms: practice, apply. examples: apply a principle; practice a religion. This is about following a practice or principle, not directly about using objects.

6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: definition: habitually do something (use only in the past tense). examples: She used to call her mother... This is the "used to" construction, which is past tense only, not applicable here.

Clearly, sense 1 is the most straightforward: employing textbooks for their purpose. Sense 1's synonyms include "utilize, utilise, apply, employ" and examples like "use your head!" and "we only use Spanish at home" match the instrumental sense. The context is about using older textbooks as an educational tool.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "rather" in the given context. The target word appears in the phrase: "use older textbooks ... rather than newer ones."

Let's check each sense:

Sense 1: "on the contrary" with examples: "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter." This sense often indicates a contrast or replacement, similar to "instead of." In the context, "use older textbooks ... rather than newer ones" fits this sense: it's a choice between alternatives, contrasting older with newer. "Rather than" here functions like "instead of."

Sense 2: "to some (great or small) extent" like "rather cold" or "rather nice." This is a degree adverb, but here "rather" is part of "rather than," not modifying an adjective.

Sense 3: "more readily or willingly" like "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" or "preferably." This expresses preference, but in the context it's not about preference per se; it's about choosing one thing over another. The phrase "use older textbooks rather than newer ones" is a statement of what is desirable (from the author's perspective), but the word "rather" is not emphasizing willingness or readiness. It's simply contrasting the options.

Sense 4: "to a degree (not used with a negative)" like "quite." This is a degree modifier, which doesn't apply here.

Given the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones." The sense of "rather than" is contradictory, choosing one thing over another. Sense 1 fits best: "on the contrary" with synonym "instead." The example "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks" shows a similar structure: choosing an alternative action to avoid something. So sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "new" and the form "newer" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks ... rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial." So "newer" refers to textbooks that are more recently produced, as opposed to older ones. The contrast is between older and newer. The newer ones are described as modish, trendy, silly, insubstantial. This implies "new" in the sense of recently made or come into being. Looking at the senses:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars. This fits: newer textbooks are those recently made/acquired.

2. novel/original: not fitting, because the contrast is not about originality but recency.

3. lacking training or experience: not about textbooks.

4. unprecedented: not fitting.

5. other than the former one(s); different: This would imply a different set of textbooks, but the context emphasizes recency, not just different. However, "they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles" shows the sense of "other than the former". In context, "newer" could mean "more recently acquired" but also simply "different from the older ones". The description says they are modish, trendy, which implies they are recently published, so recency is key. The definition of sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different" might apply if we think of replacing old textbooks with new ones, but the example "my new car is four years old" shows it's not about recency per se but about being a replacement. Here, "newer" is comparative of "new", likely meaning more recently produced. The context explicitly contrasts older textbooks with newer ones, focusing on their age. So sense 1 is the best.

6. unaffected by use or exposure: condition, not recency. Newer textbooks might be in better condition, but the context doesn't say that; it says they are modish, trendy, insubstantial.

7. newfangled: This is about gratuitously new fashion. It might fit because they are modish, trendy. But the sense is "gratuitously new", i.e., unnecessarily novel. The examples: "newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines". The context says "modish, trendy, often downright silly", which aligns with newfangled. However, the core meaning of "newer" here is simply more recent, not necessarily newfangled. The description "modish, trendy" could be a consequence. But sense 7 is more specific: "of a new kind or fashion" gratuitously new. This might be a good candidate. The gloss: "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new". The context says the newer ones are modish, trendy, silly, insubstantial. This suggests they follow passing fads, which aligns with "gratuitously new". However, the primary contrast is between older and newer textbooks. The newer ones happen to have these negative qualities. The word "newer" itself is not inherently negative; it's just comparative. So sense 1 is the most straightforward: having recently come into being. The sense 7 is too specific, and the example uses "newfangled" as a synonym, which is a marked word. In the sentence, "newer" is a normal comparative, not necessarily conveying "gratuitously new". The context provides additional judgment, but the word sense shouldn't be tainted by that unless it's explicitly part of the meaning. So sense 1 is better.

Other senses: 8, 9 are about historical periods, not relevant. 10 about crops. 11 unfamiliar: "new experiences" – not about textbooks being unfamiliar.

Thus, I'll go with sense 1.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "one", surface form "ones". The context is: "...rather than newer ones." The sentence is talking about using older textbooks rather than newer textbooks. So "ones" here is a pronoun standing for "textbooks". It refers to a plural entity, referring to "textbooks" as things. The candidate senses are:

Sense 1: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number (e.g., the number one). Synonyms: 1, I, ace, single, unity. Example: "he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one". This sense is for the numeral.

Sense 2: a single person or thing. Examples: "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered". This sense is a pronoun used to refer to a single entity.

In the context, "ones" is plural: "newer ones" refers to multiple textbooks. It is not a numeral, nor does it refer to a single person or thing. However, note that the surface form is "ones", which is the plural of "one" used as a pronoun. The sense we need is for "one" as a pronoun, but the given sense 2 says "a single person or thing". That seems to be for singular "one". But in the context, "ones" is plural. However, WordNet often has a single sense for "one" as a pronoun, which can be used both singular and plural. The examples for sense 2: "he is the best one" (singular), "this is the one I ordered" (singular). The context uses "ones" plural, but it is the same pronominal sense, just plural form. So the appropriate sense is the one that means "a single person or thing" – but that is for the singular. However, WordNet might not have a separate sense for plural "ones". Typically, the pronoun "one" has a sense that is "an unidentified person or thing" or "a person or thing". Looking at the given senses, only sense 2 fits the pronominal use. Sense 1 is the number. So clearly the target word is not the number. It is the pronoun.

But we must choose the single best indexed sense among the two. Sense 2 is the only candidate for the pronoun. Even though it's defined as singular, it's the pronominal sense. In context, "ones" is plural, but it's still the same lexical meaning. So we select sense 2.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: NextBit


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "often" in the given context. The target lemma is "often", surface form "often". The context is: "The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial." The word "often" is used in a sentence describing newer textbooks: they are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. The three candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

We need to choose the single best indexed sense based on context. The target word appears as an adverb modifying "downright silly". The sentence says newer textbooks are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. "Often" here means that in many cases, they are downright silly; it is not about frequency of meeting over coffee (sense 1) or great quantities (sense 2). Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" fits perfectly. For example, "in many cases, they are downright silly". Thus, sense_index 3 is correct.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "dubious" in the given context. The target word is "dubious" in the sentence: "They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience." We must choose among three candidate senses.

Let's examine each candidate:

1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt. Examples: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted." Synonyms: doubtful. This sense is about uncertainty, like when you're not sure about something.

2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion. Examples: "the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed". Synonyms: doubtful, dubitable, in question. This sense implies something is questionable, suspect, not reliable.

3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced. Example: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious". This sense is about a person who is not convinced or skeptical.

Now, in the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience." The word "dubious" modifies "theories". The theories are described as "dubious". The context says these theories are used instead of educational experience, and the overall passage criticizes newer textbooks as modish, trendy, silly, insubstantial, and based on these theories. So "dubious" here means the theories are of questionable value or reliability, not simply uncertain, but more like suspect or questionable. It's not about a person being unconvinced (sense 3), nor just about uncertainty (sense 1). It's about being questionable or suspicious. So sense 2 ("open to doubt or suspicion") fits. The example "he has a dubious record" aligns with "dubious theories" meaning questionable. Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

Answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: psychological
Target surface form: psychological
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do word sense disambiguation for the target lemma "psychological". The context is: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience." The candidate senses given are:

1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

We need to choose the best indexed sense. The target word appears as "psychological theories" in the context. Sense 2 specifically mentions "psychological theories" as an example, and it defines as "of or relating to or determined by psychology". Sense 1 is about mental/emotional vs physical. In the phrase "dubious psychological and sociological theories", "psychological" clearly modifies "theories" and is about theories from the field of psychology. So sense 2 is more appropriate. The sense index: they are listed as 1 and 2. So we choose sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "rather" in the given context. The context is about textbooks, saying: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks ... rather than newer ones." Then later: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience." So "rather" is used in the construction "rather than", indicating a preference or contrast.

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter. This sense is used for contrast, often used in "rather than" to indicate one thing is done instead of another. Example: "rather than disappoint" means "instead of disappointing". This seems very close to our context: "rather than newer ones" means "instead of newer ones". Similarly, "rather than on educational experience" means "instead of on educational experience".

2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice. This is a degree adverb, modifying an adjective or adverb. Not applicable here because "rather" is not modifying an adjective.

3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia. This sense expresses preference. The example "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" uses "rather" with a verb. It can also be used in "rather than" constructions to indicate preference. However, in the context, there's no explicit expression of willingness or readiness; it's more about stating a contrast or substitution. But sometimes "rather than" can be synonymous with "preferably". Compare: "use older textbooks rather than newer ones" could mean "use older textbooks, preferably not newer ones". But the definition #3 says "more readily or willingly", which fits with "I'd rather", but in the given context, it's not about someone's willingness; it's a general recommendation. The phrase "rather than" is often considered a preposition or conjunction meaning "instead of". In WordNet, sense 1 is specifically for "on the contrary" with the example "rather than disappoint...". That example uses "rather than" meaning "instead of". So sense 1 captures the "instead" meaning. Sense 3 captures the "preferably" meaning, often used with "would". In our context, there is no "would". So sense 1 seems more fitting.

4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon. This is like "quite", modifying adjectives. Not applicable.

The context: "rather than" is used twice. The first: "use older textbooks ... rather than newer ones." The second: "based on ... theories rather than on educational experience." In both cases, it sets up a contrast and indicates that the first option is chosen over the second. The WordNet example for sense 1: "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left" - here, "rather than" means "instead of". It's not about preference or willingness; it's about doing one thing instead of another. Similarly, sense 3 example: "clean it well, preferably with warm water" uses "preferably" but not "rather than" directly. The second example "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" is a clear preference. In our sentence, it's not someone's preference but a general statement about desirable action. So sense 1 fits better.

Thus, the best sense is 1.

Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: Target lemma "educational", target surface form "educational", context: "...rather than on educational experience." The candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

We want to disambiguate "educational" in "educational experience". The context is about textbooks and teaching methods, critiquing modern ones based on dubious theories rather than on educational experience. Here, "educational experience" likely means experience in the field of education, i.e., the practical experience of teaching and educating. So it is relating to the process of education, not providing knowledge. The phrase "educational experience" in this context refers to the accumulated wisdom from teaching and learning, not an experience that is instructive. Thus sense 1 fits best.

Therefore, we return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational <t>experience</t>. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience." The target word is "experience" as a noun. The senses:

1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

In the context, "educational experience" refers to the practical knowledge and skill gained from actual teaching and learning, as opposed to theories. The phrase "based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience" suggests that textbooks should be grounded in the practical wisdom accumulated from direct involvement in education, not just theoretical ideas. This aligns with sense 1: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities." The example "a man of experience" fits, as does "experience is the best teacher." Sense 2 is more about the content of an event, like a specific experience. Sense 3 is about an event itself. Here, "educational experience" is not a single event but the overall accumulated expertise.

Thus, sense 1 is best.

JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to disambiguate the word "reasons" in the given sentence: "One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests... is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods." The context discusses the cause of poor math performance. The target is the plural "reasons," but the lemma is "reason." We need to choose the best sense from the six provided.

Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
   This is about a rational motive, often for a belief or action. Example: reason for declaring war. In our context, we're talking about a cause for poor performance, not a motive for a belief or action.

2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
   This sense is about an explanation of a cause. It fits: "One of the explanations of the cause for why American students do poorly..." But note the nuance: it defines reason as an explanation of the cause. So it's a statement that explains the cause. In context, the "reason" is the influence of "New Math", which is indeed an explanation of the cause.

3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
   This is about the faculty of reason, not applicable here (plural "reasons" usually doesn't refer to the capacity; it's usually singular "reason"). Context is plural, so unlikely.

4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
   Also about the quality of being reasonable. Not applicable in plural "reasons" for a cause.

5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
   This sense is about a justification or cause. "They had good reason to rejoice" means justification. In our context, "reasons American students do poorly" sounds like a cause or justification. The synonyms "cause, grounds" are strong matches. The example "good reason to rejoice" uses singular, but plural "reasons" is often used in similar contexts: "reasons for something." Here, "reasons" is synonymous with "causes." This sense seems very close.

6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying
   This is about logical justification, often singular "reason" meaning grounds for belief. Plural? It could be "reasons to believe", but in context, it's about the cause of poor performance, not a logical justification for a conclusion per se.

Now, between sense 2 and sense 5:
- Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon." Here, the reason is the explanation: "the reason X is Y" means "the explanation for X is Y." The example: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that..." That matches directly: "the reasons American students do poorly ... are ..." So it's an explanation of the cause.
- Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds." This seems more like a cause or justification for an action or state. The example "he had no cause to complain" suggests a reason to do something. But "they had good reason to rejoice" can be rephrased as "reasons to rejoice." In our sentence: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly..." Here, it's more like a factor causing the poor performance. Both sense 2 and sense 5 overlap. But note the subtle distinction: sense 2 emphasizes the explanatory role ("the reason that ... was that..."), while sense 5 is more about a cause or grounds. In the context, the sentence directly follows the pattern "One of the reasons X happens is Y," which is a classic explanatory structure. So sense 2 seems more precise because it's explicitly "an explanation of the cause." Sense 5 includes "cause" as a synonym, but the definition "justification" might lean toward intentional or normative reasons rather than purely causal explanations. However, the example "they had good reason to rejoice" is a justification. Another example for sense 5 could be: "The reason for the accident was ice on the road." That's a cause. So both could work.

Let's check the full context: The author argues that American students do poorly in math due to the influence of "New Math." That's an explanation of the cause. Sense 2 is specifically "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon." That seems tailor-made. Sense 5 might be slightly more common, but WordNet often has multiple similar senses. We need to pick the best indexed sense. The key phrase "reason%1:10:01::" vs "reason%1:10:00::". Note that both are in the 10% file for nouns, probably both causal senses. Sense 2 is "an explanation of the cause" and sense 5 is "a justification for something existing or happening". In many uses, "reason" meaning cause is sense 5. For example, "the reason for the delay" is a cause. But sense 2 is specifically when it's an explanation. In the sentence, "One of the reasons American students do so poorly... is..." is providing an explanation. So I lean toward sense 2.

However, let's examine the examples for sense 2: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly." That uses "reason" as a subject with a clause. Our sentence: "One of the reasons [that] American students do so poorly ... is ..." That's exactly the same construction: "the reason [that] X is Y." So it's directly parallel. Sense 5 examples: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice." These are more about having a reason to do something. So for the specific slot of "reason+clause", sense 2 is a better match.

Also, note that sense 1 is "a rational motive", which implies intentional action. The poor math performance is not an action taken by American students intentionally, but a result. So not sense 1.

Thus, I think sense 2 is the best fit.

So the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons <t>American</t> students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "American" in the given context. The target lemma is "american" (lowercase in the lemma, but the surface form is "American" in the text). Two candidate senses are provided, both adjectives: sense 1 is "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture" with examples "American citizens; American English"; sense 2 is "of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas" with examples "the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna".

We need to choose the single best indexed sense based on context, synonyms, examples, and not hedge. The context mentions: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods." Also mentions "Caleb Nelson ... a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."
Here, "American students" clearly refers to students from the United States of America, as they are compared to British, French, German, Japanese students. "American textbooks" refers to textbooks in the U.S. "American Spectator" is a magazine (likely The American Spectator, a U.S. publication). So all instances refer to the United States, not to the broader continents of the Americas. Therefore, sense 1 is the appropriate choice.

We need to output JSON: {"sense_index": 1} since it is the first sense in the list (indexed as 1). The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}" meaning we should output a JSON with key "sense_index" and the number (1 or 2). So we output {"sense_index": 1}.