[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nail
Target surface form: nail
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "nail" in the context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

The context is about identifying the specific gene. The phrase "nail the identity" means to determine or pinpoint exactly. Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 6: "locate exactly; synonyms=pinpoint; examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome" – This matches perfectly. The example even includes "nail the identity of the chromosome" which is very similar to the context.

Other senses: 1 is about attaching with nails, 2 is arrest, 3 is hit hard, 4 is succeed in obtaining a position, 5 is succeed easily, 7 is complete a pass. None fit as well as sense 6.

Thus, the best sense index is 6.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identity
Target surface form: identity
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We are given: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." So it's about identifying a specific gene. The context is about finding which gene is responsible. Candidate sense 2: "the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known" with example "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it". That matches exactly. Sense 1 is about personal identity (personality), sense 3 is mathematical, sense 4 is sameness. So best is sense 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: GMICloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We need to determine which sense of "damaged" fits best in the context. The context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." and later "but Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." The word "damaged" here refers to genes being affected or altered in a way that leads to cancer. This is about inflicting damage (as in causing harm or alteration) rather than being susceptible to damage. The first sense (damage%2:30:00) is "inflict damage upon" which matches the idea that a gene is damaged (e.g., by mutation or deletion). The second sense (damage%2:30:01) is "suffer or be susceptible to damage" which would be like "these cups damage easily" meaning they are prone to damage. In the context, the gene is being damaged by some process (like deletion) rather than being susceptible. So sense 1 is appropriate. But note: The target surface form is "damaged" (past participle) but the sense is still the same. So answer should be sense 1. However, the output format requires a JSON with sense_index (the number after the colon?). The sense keys are like damage%2:30:00, where the index is 2? Actually, the indices are given as 1 and 2 in the candidate senses list. So sense 1 is damage%2:30:00, sense 2 is damage%2:30:01. So we need to return {"sense_index": 1}. But careful: The instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". So we need to output the index number (1 or 2). I'll pick 1.

Thus final output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
We need to determine which sense of "damaged" fits best in the context. The context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." and later "but Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." The word "damaged" here refers to genes being affected or altered in a way that leads to cancer. This is about inflicting damage (as in causing harm or alteration) rather than being susceptible to damage. The first sense (damage%2:30:00) is "inflict damage upon" which matches the idea that a gene is damaged (e.g., by mutation or deletion). The second sense (damage%2:30:01) is "suffer or be susceptible to damage" which would be like "these cups damage easily" meaning they are prone to damage. In the context, the gene is being damaged by some process (like deletion) rather than being susceptible. So sense 1 is appropriate. But note: The target surface form is "damaged" (past participle) but the sense is still the same. So answer should be sense 1. However, the output format requires a JSON with sense_index (the number after the colon?). The sense keys are like damage%2:30:00, where the index is 2? Actually, the indices are given as 1 and 2 in the candidate senses list. So sense 1 is damage%2:30:00, sense 2 is damage%2:30:01. So we need to return {"sense_index": 1}. But careful: The instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". So we need to output the index number (1 or 2). I'll pick 1.

Thus final output: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content: We need to output the sense index. The correct one is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to find the best sense for "flipped" in the context: "the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." Here, "flipped" means changed or transformed the cell's state from benign to malignant. It's a metaphorical use meaning to cause a change in state or condition. Looking at candidate senses, sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" with synonyms like switch, alternate, flip-flop. That fits: damaging the gene flips the cell into malignancy, i.e., changes its state. Other senses like tossing or flipping a coin don't fit. Sense 9 or 10 about reacting excitedly or going crazy don't fit. So sense 11 is best.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "colon" in context. The context is about colon cancer, polyps, malignancy, and a colon cell. Clearly, it refers to the part of the large intestine. So sense 1 is correct. The other senses are about currency, a port city, or punctuation. So answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a context about colon cancer, genes, and malignancy. The target word 'cell' appears in: "flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy." This clearly refers to a biological cell, specifically a colon cell. So the relevant sense is the biological one: "the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms." That is sense 2. No other sense makes sense. So answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are to choose between two senses. The context: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." Malignancy is a state, not a fruit. The sense "fully ripe" is for a rose. The second sense: "having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness" fits better: a full-blown malignancy means a fully developed, complete malignancy. So sense 2.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "malignancy" in a context about colon cancer development. The context discusses benign polyps progressing to malignancy, and then later "full-blown malignancy". This is clearly medical, referring to cancerous state. Candidate sense 1 is about medical malignant state, while sense 2 is about evil disposition. The context is medical. So sense 1 is correct. The output should be {"sense_index": 1} (since the list indices are 1-based as shown).

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers... experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..." The target is "months". The two senses: sense 1 is calendar month, sense 2 is a time unit of approximately 30 days. In context, it says "For months" meaning a duration of time, not a specific calendar month. It refers to a period of time, likely several months. Sense 2 is "a time unit of approximately 30 days" and the example "he was given a month to pay the bill" also indicates duration. Sense 1 is more about the divisions of the calendar year, like January, February. Here, "months" is used as a period of time, not referring to specific calendar months. So sense 2 fits better. The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "using" in the context: "the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17". The target word is the gerund "using". The context indicates that the researchers employed gene probes as a tool to explore chromosome 17. This matches sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose". Synonyms: utilize, utilise, apply, employ. Example: "use your head!" which is analogous to using gene probes. Other senses: sense 2 is about consuming regularly (drugs), sense 3 is about consuming fully (expend), sense 4 is about using people for advantage, sense 5 is about applying a principle, sense 6 is habitual past action. Clearly sense 1 is the best.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We are asked to choose the best sense for 'down' in the context: "experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17". The context describes moving along the length of a chromosome, from one end to another. This is a spatial movement along a line. The senses include: 1: spatially from a higher to a lower level; 2: away from a more central or northerly place; 3: paid in cash; 4: from an earlier time; 5: to a lower intensity; 6: in an inactive state.

The phrase "crawled down the length" suggests moving along the chromosome, perhaps from one point to another. 'Down' here is used metaphorically as moving along a length. Sense 1: "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position" fits well. It is a metaphorical use of moving along. Synonyms include downward. The example "rode the lift up and skied down" shows similar movement. Sense 2: "away from a more central or a northerly place" might also be possible but less specific. However, the context doesn't indicate a particular direction relative to center or north; it's just along the length. Sense 1 seems best.

We need to output the sense index. The indices are 1-6. So sense_index 1 is appropriate. But let's double-check: The target word is 'down' as an adverb. Sense 1 is the most common. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
We are asked to choose the best sense for 'down' in the context: "experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17". The context describes moving along the length of a chromosome, from one end to another. This is a spatial movement along a line. The senses include: 1: spatially from a higher to a lower level; 2: away from a more central or northerly place; 3: paid in cash; 4: from an earlier time; 5: to a lower intensity; 6: in an inactive state.

The phrase "crawled down the length" suggests moving along the chromosome, perhaps from one point to another. 'Down' here is used metaphorically as moving along a length. Sense 1: "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position" fits well. It is a metaphorical use of moving along. Synonyms include downward. The example "rode the lift up and skied down" shows similar movement. Sense 2: "away from a more central or a northerly place" might also be possible but less specific. However, the context doesn't indicate a particular direction relative to center or north; it's just along the length. Sense 1 seems best.

We need to output the sense index. The indices are 1-6. So sense_index 1 is appropriate. But let's double-check: The target word is 'down' as an adverb. Sense 1 is the most common. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "down" in the context: "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17". The phrase indicates movement along a linear structure. Sense 1: spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position. This fits the metaphorical movement along the chromosome. Sense 2: away from a more central or northerly place, but that's less fitting. Others are irrelevant. So sense index 1 is correct.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We need to select the best sense for "length" in the context. The sentence: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Here, "length" refers to the physical extent of chromosome 17 along its linear structure. Chromosomes are linear DNA molecules, so "length" here means the linear extent from one end to the other. That matches sense 1: "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place". The example is "the length of the table was 5 feet". Chromosome 17 has a physical length. Sense 2 (continuance in time) doesn't fit. Sense 3 (property of being the extent from beginning to end) might be similar but is more about textual length or extent of something like an article. Sense 4 (distance between two places) is not exactly right because it's about the whole chromosome. Sense 5 (a section of something long and narrow) could be ambiguous, but "the length of chromosome 17" means the entire extent, not a section. So best is sense 1.

Thus, {"sense_index": 1}.{"sense_index": 1"}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "look_for" in the context of researchers searching for a specific genetic material. The context clearly indicates they are trying to locate or discover something. Sense 1 matches this: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" with synonyms "search, seek". Sense 2 is about being excited or anxious about something, which does not fit. Therefore, the best sense is sense 1. The output should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "common" in the phrase "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." The context: they are looking for a piece of DNA that is lost in all tumor cells, so it is shared among those cells. This is about something that is common to or shared by multiple parties (the tumor cells). Sense 3: "common to or shared by two or more parties" with synonyms "mutual". That fits well. Other senses like "ordinary" or "usual" don't capture the shared aspect. So sense index 3.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "bit" in the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." The context is about genetic material, DNA. The word "bit" here means a small piece or quantity of something. That matches sense 1: "a small piece or quantity of something" (synonyms: spot, examples: a spot of tea; a bit of paper). Sense 2 is similar but specifically "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole" (chip, flake). The context says "smallest common bit of genetic material" - it's a piece, not necessarily broken off. Sense 1 is more general. Sense 8 is "a small fragment" with synonym "snatch", which is more about audible fragments. Sense 6 is about information theory (bits), but here it's physical genetic material. So best is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "genetic" in the given context. The target surface form is "genetic" and it appears in the phrase "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." The context discusses genes, DNA, and tumor cells. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

The phrase "genetic material" is a common term in biology referring to DNA or RNA, which carries genetic information. This clearly relates to sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene." The context mentions "gene probes" and "DNA", so it's about genes and their material. Sense 1 is about heredity within families, but here it's not specifically about family inheritance, but about the material that constitutes genes. Sense 3 is about origin in a more abstract sense, like origin of a literary work, not relevant. Sense 4 is about the science of genetics (the field), but here "genetic material" refers to the material itself, not the science. So sense 2 is the best.

Thus, output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "material" in the context of genetic material. The sentence: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." The term "genetic material" refers to DNA, which is the tangible substance that makes up chromosomes. This aligns with sense 1: "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object". The other senses are about fabric, writing materials, or a person judged suitable. So sense 1 is the best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma 'lose' in the surface form 'lost' in the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells." The context is about genetic material that is missing or absent in tumor cells. The phrase 'lost' here means missing or not present. Among the senses, sense 1 is "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense." That seems appropriate: the genetic material is not present; it has been lost. Sense 5 is "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of" but that is more about physical objects. Sense 2 is "fail to win", not relevant. Sense 3 is "suffer the loss of a person through death or removal" - not relevant. Sense 4 is "place (something) where one cannot find it again" - not quite. Sense 6 is "allow to go out of sight" - not. Sense 7 is financial loss. Sense 8 is "fail to get or obtain" - that could be close but sense 1 seems better. Sense 9 is retreat. Sense 10 is fail to perceive. Sense 11 is be set at a disadvantage. So sense 1 is the best: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have". The genetic material is not maintained in the tumor cells; it is absent. So sense index 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "cells" in the context. The context is about colon cancer, genetic material, tumor cells. This is clearly biological cells. Sense 2 is "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms". That matches. Other senses are about compartments, electric cells, political groups, phones, rooms. So sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for 'piece' in the context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." The context is about a small common bit of genetic material lost in tumor cells. So 'piece' refers to a portion or segment of DNA. Among the senses, sense 3 is "a portion of a natural object" (synonyms: part). That fits well. Sense 1 is "a separate part of a whole" but that is more general. Sense 3 specifically mentions "a portion of a natural object". DNA is a natural object. So sense 3 is best. Also sense 2: "an item that is an instance of some type" could fit but less specific. Sense 5: "an instance of some kind" is too vague. So sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between two senses. The context: "Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene." The first sense is about likelihood: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt." The second sense is about plausibility: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence." The word "probably" here indicates a high likelihood that the piece of DNA would be a gene. The synonyms for sense 1: likely, in all likelihood, etc. Sense 2 synonyms: credibly, believably, plausibly. The context is scientific: they are searching for a gene, and when they find a common bit of genetic material lost, it would likely be a gene. This matches sense 1 more: it's about probability, not just plausibility. Also the example "he will probably win the election" aligns with probability. So sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constitute
Target surface form: constitute
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably <t>constitute</t> a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." The target word is "constitute". The context is about finding genetic material that likely forms or makes up a gene. Sense 1: "form or compose" with synonyms represent, make up, comprise, be. Sense 2: appoint. Sense 3: "to compose or represent" with synonyms form, make. Sense 4: set up or lay the groundwork.

The sentence means that the piece of DNA would probably be a gene, i.e., form or compose a gene. Sense 1 and sense 3 both seem similar. However, sense 1 has synonyms "represent, make up, comprise, be" and example "This money is my only income". Sense 3 has synonyms "form, make" and example "This wall forms the background". Both are about composition. Looking at WordNet, sense 1 might be the more general "be" sense? Actually, the definition for sense 1 is "form or compose" and sense 3 is "to compose or represent". They are very similar but sense 3 seems redundant. Possibly sense 3 is the same as sense 1 but with different examples. Since the instructions say to choose the single best indexed sense, I should look at the context and see which fits better. The phrase "constitute a gene" means to be or form a gene. That matches sense 1 as well. But sense 1 examples include "This money is my only income" which is a copular use. Sense 3 example "This wall forms the background" is more active. In the context, "constitute" is used in a definitional sense: the DNA would be a gene. So sense 1 seems appropriate. However, note that sense 3 also says "to compose or represent" and the example is about forming. I think sense 1 is the most direct. But let's check the sense numbers: sense index 1,2,3,4. I'll pick sense_index 1. But to be thorough, notice that sense 3 is a separate entry in the candidate list. The definitions are nearly identical. Maybe sense 1 is the primary one. In WordNet, there is often a hypernym-like structure. The context does not involve appointing or establishing. So it is either 1 or 3. Since both are given, I need to choose one. Perhaps sense 3 is a more specific sense? But the example for sense 3 is about a wall forming a background, which is similar to forming a gene. However, sense 1 includes "be" as a synonym, which fits "would probably be a gene". I think sense 1 is the best.

Alternatively, consider the definition of sense 1: "form or compose" and the synonyms "represent, make up, comprise, be". The sentence "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" can be paraphrased as "Such a piece of DNA would probably be a gene" or "Such a piece of DNA would probably form a gene". So both work. But sense 3 says "to compose or represent" with synonyms "form, make". That also works. Possibly sense 1 has a more abstract sense of being, while sense 3 is more about physical composition. The context is about genetic material making up a gene, which is compositional. I lean towards sense 1 because it includes "be" which is the simplest. However, I'll note that in many WSD tasks, "constitute" in this sense is often sense 1. I'll go with sense index 1.

Thus, output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "find" with surface form "found" in context: "When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." The context describes researchers searching for a specific piece of DNA (a gene) by crawling down chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in tumor cells. They eventually found it. This is a discovery after a deliberate search. Sense 8 (make a discovery, make a new finding) seems appropriate: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" aligns with finding a new gene. Sense 2 (discover or determine the existence) could also fit, but sense 8 emphasizes discovery after search. Sense 4 (establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study) is also plausible. However, the examples for sense 8 include "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" which closely matches the scientific discovery context. Sense 2 is more about detecting something's existence. Given the phrase "found it" after months of searching, sense 8 emphasizes the discovery aspect. Also note that the context says "When they found it last winter" - it's the culmination of a search. Therefore, I choose sense 8.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to determine the sense of "last" in the context: "When they found it last winter". Here "last winter" means the most recent winter before the current time. The context is about research that happened in the past winter. Sense 1 is "immediately past" with examples like "last Thursday". This fits perfectly: "last winter" means the winter immediately preceding the current time. Sense 2 is "coming after all others" which doesn't fit because "last winter" is not about being the final winter but the most recent. Other senses are about endings, unlikeliness, etc. So sense 1 is correct


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "dubious" in a specific context. The sentence is: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." The context describes his doubts about whether the search was over, stemming from earlier findings. The three senses are: 1) fraught with uncertainty or doubt (synonym: doubtful, example: they were doubtful that the cord would hold), 2) open to doubt or suspicion (synonym: doubtful, dubitable, in question, example: the candidate's doubtful past), 3) not convinced (example: they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious). The context: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." This indicates he was not convinced that the search was over; he had doubts. Sense 3 is "not convinced" which fits well. Sense 1 is more general uncertainty, sense 2 is about being open to suspicion/questionable. The sentence structure "dubious that..." matches the example for sense 3: "remained dubious" (though no explicit "that" in the example). But sense 1 also has "doubtful that" example. However, the nuance: "dubious that the search was over" suggests he is not convinced it is over, not just that it's uncertain. The phrase "remained dubious" in sense 3 example is exactly the same usage. Also, the context says "His doubts stemmed from..." confirming doubt, so sense 3 is most precise. Therefore, answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "search" in the context. The context: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over." The search refers to the months-long effort to find the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. This is a thorough investigation seeking answers. Sense 2: "an investigation seeking answers" fits. Sense 1 is "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone" - that's also possible, but sense 2 emphasizes investigation, which matches the scientific research context. The examples for sense 2 include "a thorough search of the ledgers" and "the outcome justified the search". Sense 3 is about computer lookup, sense 4 is examination of hypotheses, sense 5 is boarding ships. So best is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "doubt" and the surface form "doubts" in the context. The context shows that Dr. Vogelstein had doubts about whether the search was over. He was dubious that the search was over, and his doubts stemmed from a previous finding. This indicates a state of being unsure about something, specifically about the conclusion. Sense 1 is "the state of being unsure of something" with synonyms uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness. Sense 2 is "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" with synonyms dubiousness, doubtfulness, question. The examples for sense 2 are "the dubiousness of his claim" and "there is no question about the validity of the enterprise". In the context, the doubts are about whether the search is over, which is about the truth or factuality of a claim (that the search is over). But sense 1 is more general "state of being unsure". Given the synonyms, sense 1 includes "dubiousness" as a synonym too. However, the definition of sense 2 specifically mentions uncertainty about truth or factuality or existence. The context is about the truth of whether the search is over. Also, the synonyms for sense 2 include "dubiousness", which matches the word "dubious" used in the context. But sense 1 also has "dubiousness". The distinction is subtle. The example for sense 2 is "the dubiousness of his claim", which matches the idea of doubting a claim. In the context, it's about the claim that the search is over. So sense 2 might be more appropriate. However, sense 1 is "the state of being unsure" which is broader. Both could fit, but we need to choose the best indexed sense. The WordNet glosses are schematic, so we rely on the context and examples. The context uses "dubious" which is a synonym for both. But note that the definition of sense 1 says "state of being unsure of something", while sense 2 says "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something". The context is specifically about the truth of whether the search is over. So sense 2 seems more precise. Also, the examples for sense 2 include "the dubiousness of his claim" which resembles the situation. Therefore, I'll choose sense 2. So the output should be {"sense_index": 2}.