[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "more" in context. The sentence: "we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world". The word "more" here is used as a comparative of "much" (in terms of amount of money spent). It compares the amount spent per pupil to other countries. It is not used to form the comparative of adjectives/adverbs like "more interesting" (sense 1). Instead, it is used as a comparative adverb meaning "to a greater degree or extent" with respect to spending. That matches sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent". The example "they eat more than they should" aligns with "spend more than others". So answer should be sense index 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupil
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: We need to determine which sense of "pupil" is used in the given context. The context is about education, school governance, classroom, academic performance, and expenditures. The phrase "we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country" refers to spending per student. So "pupil" here means a student, a learner in an educational institution. Among the senses: sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" (synonyms: student, educatee). Sense 2 is about the eye. Sense 3 is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)" (synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child). The context doesn't specify age; it talks about "pupils" in general, likely including all ages. But the phrase "spend per pupil" is common in education contexts. Both senses 1 and 3 could apply, but sense 1 is broader (any learner, not necessarily young). However, the example in sense 1 likely includes all ages. The context mentions "classroom" and "academic performance," so it's about students. Sense 3 is more specific to young children, but the text says "the pupils" and doesn't specify age. The best choice is sense 1 because it's the general sense for a learner in an educational institution. Sense 3 is more specific to school-age children, but the context might include college? But "pupil" is often used for school students. However, the sentence "we now spend more per pupil than any other country" is typically about primary and secondary education. But sense 1 is fine. I'll choose sense 1. The instruction says to return only a JSON object with sense_index. So I'll output {"sense_index": 1}. But wait, the candidate senses are numbered 1,2,3. So the index is 1. Let's confirm: sense 1 is the first one. Yes.{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Wafer

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupil
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] We need to determine which sense of "pupil" is used in the given context. The context is about education, school governance, classroom, academic performance, and expenditures. The phrase "we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country" refers to spending per student. So "pupil" here means a student, a learner in an educational institution. Among the senses: sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" (synonyms: student, educatee). Sense 2 is about the eye. Sense 3 is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)" (synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child). The context doesn't specify age; it talks about "pupils" in general, likely including all ages. But the phrase "spend per pupil" is common in education contexts. Both senses 1 and 3 could apply, but sense 1 is broader (any learner, not necessarily young). However, the example in sense 1 likely includes all ages. The context mentions "classroom" and "academic performance," so it's about students. Sense 3 is more specific to young children, but the text says "the pupils" and doesn't specify age. The best choice is sense 1 because it's the general sense for a learner in an educational institution. Sense 3 is more specific to school-age children, but the context might include college? But "pupil" is often used for school students. However, the sentence "we now spend more per pupil than any other country" is typically about primary and secondary education. But sense 1 is fine. I'll choose sense 1. The instruction says to return only a JSON object with sense_index. So I'll output {"sense_index": 1}. But wait, the candidate senses are numbered 1,2,3. So the index is 1. Let's confirm: sense 1 is the first one. Yes.{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content: The previous answer was flagged as invalid, but I need to reconsider. The context is about education spending per pupil, which clearly refers to students. Both sense 1 and sense 3 are related to students. Sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" (synonyms: student, educatee). Sense 3 is "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)" (synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child). The phrase "spend per pupil" typically refers to students in K-12 education, which aligns with sense 3, but sense 1 is also plausible. However, WordNet often distinguishes between general student (sense 1) and young schoolchild (sense 3). The context mentions "classroom" and "academic performance" and "school governance," which suggests primary/secondary education, so sense 3 might be more specific. But the sentence says "the pupils" without age specification. I think sense 3 is more appropriate because "pupil" in education often implies school-age children, as opposed to "student" which can be broader. Moreover, sense 1's definition includes "enrolled in an educational institution," which could include college, but the context is about "school governance" and "classroom" typically associated with K-12. I'll choose sense 3. Return {"sense_index": 3}.

format: unknown

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to select the best sense for "other" in the context: "we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world". The word "other" here is used in a comparative sense: "any other country" means "any different country from the US" or "any additional country". This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". The example "the construction of highways and other public works" shows similar usage. The other senses (past, strange) do not fit. So answer is sense 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other <t>country</t> in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "country" in a specific context. The sentence is: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". The context is about educational expenditures. The target word is used as a noun referring to a nation or state. Which sense best fits?

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - synonyms: state, nation, land, etc. Examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations". This seems appropriate as it refers to a nation as a political entity. But note: the example includes "African nations", so "country" can be synonymous with "nation".

2. sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" - synonyms: state, land. Example: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries". This focuses on territory. In the context, "any other country" could be interpreted as a territorial entity, but it's more about the nation as a whole.

3. sense 3: "the people who live in a nation or country" - synonyms: nation, land. Example: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation". This emphasizes the people. In the context, spending per pupil is likely about the country as a whole, including its government and territory, not specifically the people. But "the nation's mood" refers to the people. In "any other country", it's ambiguous but typically refers to the nation as an entity.

4. sense 4: "an area outside of cities and towns" - synonyms: rural area. Example: "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country". This is clearly not the intended meaning; the context is about educational spending per pupil compared to other nations.

5. sense 5: "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary" - synonyms: area. Example: "it was a mountainous area; Bible country". This is too vague and not political.

The most appropriate sense is sense 1 or sense 2. Often, in comparative statements like "any other country", it refers to a sovereign state or nation. Sense 1 emphasizes the political organization, while sense 2 emphasizes territory. Given that the context is about spending per pupil, it is about the nation as a whole, including its government structure. Sense 1 seems more fitting because it includes the concept of a government. However, the example for sense 2 includes "he visited several European countries", which is a common usage. But note: sense 1's definition includes "a politically organized body of people under a single government", which perfectly matches the concept of a country as a sovereign state. Also, the synonym "nation" is used in sense 1. In the context, "any other country" is interchangeable with "any other nation". Therefore, I think sense 1 is best.

Let's double-check: In the example for sense 1, "African nations" is given, which directly parallels "country". So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- <t>educational</t> performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "educational" in context. The context discusses educational research, educational expenditures, and educational performance. The word is used as an adjective modifying "research", "expenditures", and "performance". These all relate to the process of education. For "educational research", it's research about education. For "educational expenditures", it's spending on education. For "educational performance", it's performance in education. So the sense is relating to the process of education, not necessarily providing knowledge (like an educational film). The examples given for sense 1 include "educational psychology". The context fits sense 1. Sense 2 is more about something that is instructive or informative. But here "educational research" is research about education, not necessarily instructive research. So sense 1 is the best. Thus answer {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Morph


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational <t>performance</t> has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target word "performance" in a context about educational performance. The context discusses academic performance of pupils, and later says "educational performance has declined". This clearly refers to how well students are doing academically, i.e., the quality or success of their learning. This is not a dramatic or musical entertainment (sense 1), not the act of presenting a play (sense 2), not a specific accomplishment under stress (sense 4), and not the functioning of a machine (sense 5). Instead, it aligns with sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" with examples like "experience generally improves performance". In educational context, "academic performance" is a common phrase referring to how well students perform in their studies. So sense 3 is the best match.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decline
Target surface form: declined
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has <t>declined</t>. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decline%2:30:01:: | definition=grow worse | synonyms=worsen | examples=Conditions in the slum worsened
2. sense_key=decline%2:40:00:: | definition=refuse to accept | synonyms=refuse, reject, pass up, turn down | examples=He refused my offer of hospitality
3. sense_key=decline%2:32:00:: | definition=show unwillingness towards | synonyms=refuse | examples=he declined to join the group on a hike
4. sense_key=decline%2:30:00:: | definition=grow smaller | synonyms=go down, wane | examples=Interest in the project waned
5. sense_key=decline%2:38:00:: | definition=go down | examples=The roof declines here
6. sense_key=decline%2:38:03:: | definition=go down in value | synonyms=slump, correct | examples=the stock market corrected; prices slumped
7. sense_key=decline%2:32:01:: | definition=inflect for number, gender, case, etc., | examples=in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "declined" in the context. The sentence: "educational performance has declined." This clearly means it got worse, not refused or went down in value, etc. The context is about educational performance worsening. So sense 1: grow worse. The example "Conditions in the slum worsened" matches. So answer: sense_index 1.

provider: Io Net


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
-- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the <t>way</t> the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "way" in the sentence: "That is the <t>way</t> the system works." The context discusses how educational expenditures increase but performance declines, and the phrase "That is the way the system works" means that's how the system operates or functions. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: how something is done or how it happens (manner, mode, style, fashion). This fits: "the way the system works" means the manner in which it operates.
2. sense 2: how a result is obtained or an end is achieved (means, agency). Less direct; it's about the result/end, not the general operation.
3. sense 3: a line leading to a place or point (direction). Not relevant.
4. sense 4: the condition of things generally. Example: "that's the way it is". This could also fit: "that's the way the system works" is similar to "that's the way things are". But check definition: "the condition of things generally". That is more about the state, not the mechanism. The phrase "the way the system works" emphasizes the manner or mode of operation, not just the condition.
5. sense 5: a course of conduct (path, way of life). Not quite.
6. sense 6: artifact like road/path. No.
7. sense 7: journey/passage. No.
8. sense 8: space for movement. No.
9. sense 9: property of distance. No.
10. sense 10: doing as one pleases. No.
11. sense 11: general category. No.
12. sense 12: portion of shares. No.

Between sense 1 and sense 4, sense 1 is more precise. "The way the system works" is about the manner in which it functions. Sense 4 is more about the general state ("that's the way it is"), which is also plausible but less specific. The example for sense 4: "that's the way it is" uses "way" to mean the condition. But here it's "the way the system works", which is more about the mechanism. I think sense 1 is better.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: Students
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- <t>Students</t> should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2. The context is about education, classroom, pupils, academic performance, etc. The target word "Students" appears in "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." This clearly refers to learners enrolled in educational institutions, not necessarily scholars who have mastered a discipline. Also, the synonyms for sense 1 include "pupil" which matches the context where earlier "pupils" is used. So sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the <t>educational</t> ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "educational" in context. The context discusses educational research, educational expenditures, educational performance, and the educational ladder. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

The context uses "educational" in phrases like "educational research", "educational expenditures", "educational performance", and "educational ladder". These all refer to the process of education, not specifically to providing knowledge in an instructive sense. For example, "educational research" is research about education, not research that is instructive. Similarly, "educational ladder" is a metaphor for the stages of education. The second sense is more about something that is instructive or informative, like an educational film. The context does not use "educational" in that sense; it is about the system and process of education. Therefore, the best sense is the first one.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their <t>academic</t> potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "academic" in the context: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their <t>academic</t> potential allows." The context is about education, school, learning. Sense 1: associated with academia or an academy. That fits: academic potential means potential related to school subjects, learning. Sense 2: hypothetical/theoretical not practical - doesn't fit. Sense 3: pedantic, narrow focus - doesn't fit. So sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic <t>potential</t> allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to select the best sense for "potential" in the context. The context is about educational performance and students moving up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. This clearly refers to inherent capacity or ability, not electrical potential. So sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allows
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential <t>allows</t>. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "allow" in the given context. The target surface form is "allows". The sentence: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." The context discusses educational performance and expenditures. The phrase "as their academic potential allows" means that students should progress according to what their academic potential makes possible.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen" - synonyms: let, permit. Example: "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement." This sense implies enabling through action or inaction. In the context, academic potential is enabling movement, but it's not an action or lack of action by someone; it's a capacity. So maybe not perfect.

2. Sense 2: "consent to, give permission" - synonyms: permit, let, countenance. Example: "She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband." This involves giving permission, which usually involves an authority. Here, "academic potential" is not an authority giving permission; it's a condition.

3. Sense 3: "let have" - synonyms: grant. Example: "Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison." This sense is about granting something, like allowing someone to have something. Not directly fitting.

4. Sense 4: "give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause" - synonyms: appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve. This is about allocating resources, not relevant.

5. Sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain" - synonyms: leave, allow for, provide. Example: "This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion." This sense seems close: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for" and "permit to be attainable". "Academic potential allows" means that potential makes progress possible, i.e., provides the opportunity.

6. Sense 6: "allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something" - synonyms: take into account. This is about planning for a possibility or conceding, like "I allow for this possibility." Not quite.

7. Sense 7: "afford possibility" - synonyms: admit. Example: "This short story allows of several different interpretations." This is similar but with "allow of" structure. The sentence uses "allows" without "of", but it's similar. However, WordNet distinguishes sense 5 and 7; sense 5 is more about making possible or providing opportunity, while sense 7 is about affording possibility with "allow of". The target sentence uses "allows" without "of", so sense 5 might be more appropriate.

8. Sense 8: baseball score - irrelevant.

9. Sense 9: grant as a discount - irrelevant.

10. Sense 10: "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" - synonyms: permit, tolerate. Example: "We don't allow dogs here." This is about permission or tolerance, not about inherent possibility.

The best sense seems to be sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain." The phrase "as their academic potential allows" means to the extent that their potential makes it possible. The example "The evidence allows only one conclusion" is structurally similar: "the evidence allows" where evidence provides a possibility. Similarly, "academic potential allows" provides the possibility for moving up.

Sense 1 could also be argued, but it involves "through a specific action or lack of action", which is more about human agency. In this context, academic potential is not an action. Sense 5 more directly fits.

Thus, I choose sense index 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No <t>student</t> should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target sentence: "No <t>student</t> should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago."

The context discusses educational system, pupils, and academic performance. The word "student" here refers to a learner in an elementary school. The sentence talks about "graduated from elementary school" and "mastered the 3 R's". This matches sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" with synonyms pupil, educatee. Sense 2 is about a learned person, a scholar, which does not fit the context of elementary school students. Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: permit
Target surface form: permitted
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be <t>permitted</t> to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "permitted" in the given context. The context: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's..." This is about giving permission or allowing someone to do something. Sense 1: "consent to, give permission" with synonyms allow, let, countenance. Sense 2: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen" - this is more about enabling or allowing a process. Sense 3: "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" with synonyms allow, tolerate. The context is about not allowing students to graduate unless they meet a condition. This is a clear act of giving permission or denial of permission. Sense 1 fits best because it is about giving permission to a person. Sense 3 is more about allowing presence or activity without opposing, but here it's about a formal permission. Sense 2 is about making something possible, but the sentence is about an intentional prohibition. So sense 1 is best.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: graduate
Target surface form: graduated
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be <t>graduated</t> from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=graduate%2:40:00:: | definition=receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies | examples=She graduated in 1990
2. sense_key=graduate%2:40:01:: | definition=confer an academic degree upon | examples=This school graduates 2,000 students each year
3. sense_key=graduate%2:30:00:: | definition=make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuring | synonyms=calibrate, fine-tune | examples=calibrate an instrument; graduate a cylinder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "graduated" in the context: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's..." The target surface form is "graduated" (past participle). The context is about students being allowed to move up or complete elementary school. Sense 1: "receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies" - this is intransitive (student graduates). Sense 2: "confer an academic degree upon" - transitive (school graduates student). In the sentence, "be graduated" is passive voice: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school..." This is a passive construction where the student is the recipient of the action of being conferred a degree or completion. In American English, "graduate" as a transitive verb is common: "The school graduated the students." The passive "be graduated" fits sense 2. Sense 3 is about calibrating instruments, not relevant. So sense 2 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: master
Target surface form: mastered
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having <t>mastered</t> the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=master%2:31:01:: | definition=be or become completely proficient or skilled in | synonyms=get the hang | examples=She mastered Japanese in less than two years
2. sense_key=master%2:33:00:: | definition=get on top of; deal with successfully | synonyms=overcome, get over, subdue, surmount | examples=He overcame his shyness
3. sense_key=master%2:41:00:: | definition=have dominance or the power to defeat over | synonyms=dominate | examples=Her pain completely mastered her; The methods can master the problems
4. sense_key=master%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=control | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "mastered" in context: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." The 3 R's refer to reading, writing, and arithmetic. The context implies that students should have achieved proficiency or skill in these basic subjects.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. master%2:31:01:: - "be or become completely proficient or skilled in" with synonym "get the hang" and example "She mastered Japanese in less than two years". This seems to fit well: mastering the 3 R's means becoming proficient in them.

2. master%2:33:00:: - "get on top of; deal with successfully" with synonyms "overcome, get over, subdue, surmount". This is more about overcoming a difficulty or problem, not about learning a skill. The 3 R's are skills to be learned, not problems to be overcome.

3. master%2:41:00:: - "have dominance or the power to defeat over" with synonym "dominate". This is about having power over something, like "Her pain completely mastered her". This does not fit the context of learning academic skills.

4. master%2:31:00:: - "have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of" with synonym "control". This is similar to sense 1 but more about understanding/knowledge. The example "Do you control these data?" is about control, not necessarily skill. Sense 1 explicitly mentions "completely proficient or skilled", which matches better with mastering the 3 R's (which are skills).

Given the context, the target word "mastered" refers to becoming proficient in the basic skills. Sense 1 is the most appropriate. So the answer should be sense index 1.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the <t>level</t> that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "level" in the context: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the <t>level</t> that prevailed 20 years ago." This refers to a standard or degree of mastery. The phrase "at the level that prevailed 20 years ago" indicates a position on a scale of quality or amount. Among the candidate senses, sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" with synonyms degree, grade fits well. Sense 2 is about "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" but that seems more about hierarchical grouping. Sense 3 is "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" which could also fit, but the example "at what stage are the social sciences?" is more about stage. The context emphasizes the standard of mastery, which is a degree or level of quality. Sense 1 has examples like "a high level of care is required" which matches. Sense 3 is more about a point in a process, but the context is about a standard of performance. So sense 1 is best.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevailed
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that <t>prevailed</t> 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago." The target word is "prevailed". The context discusses educational performance and standards. The phrase "the level that prevailed 20 years ago" means the level that was in effect or existed at that time. Among the senses:

Sense 1: "be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance" - not fitting because it's about a level, not about dominance.
Sense 2: "be valid, applicable, or true" - close: the level that was valid/applicable. Synonyms: hold, obtain. Example: "This theory still holds." That sense fits: the level that held true or was applicable 20 years ago.
Sense 3: "continue to exist" - but the phrase is about a past state, not continuing to exist. It says "prevailed 20 years ago", implying it was the case then, not necessarily that it continues. But sense 3 is about persisting; here it's about a past standard.
Sense 4: "prove superior" - not fitting.
Sense 5: "use persuasion" - not fitting.

The best is sense 2: "be valid, applicable, or true". The level that was true/applicable 20 years ago. So sense_index = 2.

We must output JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 <t>years</t> ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "years" in the context: "that prevailed 20 <t>years</t> ago". The context is about educational performance declining compared to 20 years ago. This refers to a period of time of 20 years. The sense must be a period of time containing 365 days. Sense 1 matches: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days". Sense 2 is about a regular part of a calendar year for a particular activity (like school year) but not here. Sense 3 is about planetary revolution, not applicable. Sense 4 is about a body of students. So the best is sense 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mean
Target surface form: means
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This <t>means</t> "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mean%2:32:01:: | definition=mean or intend to express or convey | synonyms=intend | examples=You never understand what I mean!; what do his words intend?
2. sense_key=mean%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a logical consequence | synonyms=entail, imply | examples=The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers
3. sense_key=mean%2:32:03:: | definition=denote or connote | synonyms=intend, signify, stand for | examples=`maison' means `house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means
4. sense_key=mean%2:31:00:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, think | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
5. sense_key=mean%2:42:03:: | definition=have a specified degree of importance | examples=My ex-husband means nothing to me; Happiness means everything
6. sense_key=mean%2:31:01:: | definition=intend to refer to | synonyms=think of, have in mind | examples=I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!
7. sense_key=mean%2:31:05:: | definition=destine or designate for a certain purpose | examples=These flowers were meant for you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "mean" and the surface form "means" in context. The sentence is: "This <t>means</t> 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish ..." So here "means" is used as a verb, and it is introducing an explanation or definition. The author says that the situation means "tracking" - i.e., that the logical consequence or implication is tracking. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key mean%2:32:01:: "mean or intend to express or convey" - this is about intending to say something, like "what do you mean?" But in this context, it's not about intention to express; it's about what the situation implies.

2. sense_key mean%2:42:00:: "have as a logical consequence" - synonyms: entail, imply. This fits well: the water shortage means we have to stop taking showers. Here, the educational situation means tracking. The context is about a logical consequence of the system.

3. sense_key mean%2:32:03:: "denote or connote" - more about what a word signifies. But here "means" is used in the sense of "this implies" rather than a word definition.

4. sense_key mean%2:31:00:: "have in mind as a purpose" - like "I mean no harm." Not fitting.

5. sense_key mean%2:42:03:: "have a specified degree of importance" - like "Happiness means everything." Not fitting.

6. sense_key mean%2:31:01:: "intend to refer to" - similar to sense 1, more about referring. Not fitting.

7. sense_key mean%2:31:05:: "destine or designate for a certain purpose" - like "these flowers were meant for you." Not fitting.

Thus, sense 2 is the best: "have as a logical consequence." The sentence says "This means 'tracking'..." meaning that the situation entails tracking. So the answer is sense_index 2.

But note: the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So we need to output the sense index number, which is 2.

Thus output: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: main
Target surface form: main
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose <t>main</t> purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=main%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=most important element | synonyms=chief, primary, principal, master | examples=the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass
2. sense_key=main%3:00:02:: | definition=(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence | synonyms=independent | examples=the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb
3. sense_key=main%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=of force; of the greatest possible intensity | examples=by main strength

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "main" in the context: "...whose <t>main</t> purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish...". The word "main" here modifies "purpose". The candidate senses are:

1. main%5:00:00:important:00 - "most important element" with synonyms chief, primary, principal, master. Example: "the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass".
2. main%3:00:02:: - "(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence". This is a grammatical sense, unrelated.
3. main%5:00:00:intense:00 - "of force; of the greatest possible intensity" with example "by main strength".

The context is about the primary purpose of tracking. Clearly sense 1 fits: "main purpose" means the most important purpose. Sense 2 is about grammar, and sense 3 is about physical strength/intensity. Thus the correct sense is sense 1. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purpose
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main <t>purpose</t> is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to determine the correct sense of "purpose" in the given context. The sentence: "This means 'tracking', whose main <t>purpose</t> is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work."

The word "purpose" here refers to the intended outcome or reason for tracking. It is about what tracking is meant to achieve. That aligns with sense 1: "an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions". Sense 2 is about what something is used for (function/use), but that is similar. However, sense 1 explicitly mentions "intended" and "aim". The context talks about the main purpose being less to permit flourishing than to ensure grounding. That is about intention. Sense 3 is about determination, which does not fit. So sense 1 is best.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: permit
Target surface form: permit
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to <t>permit</t> the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "permit" in the context: "the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow 'undemocratic' is absurd." The target phrase is "to <t>permit</t> the gifted youngsters to flourish". The context is about tracking in education. The verb "permit" here means to allow or make it possible. Let's examine the three senses:

1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement. This sense is about giving permission, often with authority.

2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement. This sense is about enabling or making possible through action or inaction.

3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point. This sense is about tolerating or not prohibiting.

In the context, "to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish" means to allow them to flourish, but it is more about making it possible through the system (tracking) rather than giving explicit permission. The sentence says: "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding." So tracking is a system that enables or allows gifted youngsters to flourish. Sense 2 (make it possible) seems most appropriate because tracking is a structural mechanism that makes flourishing possible. Sense 1 implies a direct act of granting permission, which is less fitting. Sense 3 implies tolerating their presence or activity, which is also less fitting. Therefore, best sense is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flourish
Target surface form: flourish
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to <t>flourish</t> (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flourish%2:30:01:: | definition=grow vigorously | synonyms=boom, thrive, expand | examples=The deer population in this town is thriving; business is booming
2. sense_key=flourish%2:40:00:: | definition=make steady progress; be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance | synonyms=thrive, prosper, fly high | examples=The new student is thriving
3. sense_key=flourish%2:35:00:: | definition=move or swing back and forth | synonyms=brandish, wave | examples=She waved her gun

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the correct sense for "flourish" in the context. The context: "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..." This is about gifted youngsters developing or thriving academically. Sense 1: grow vigorously (like plants or populations) but the example "business is booming" suggests economic growth. Sense 2: make steady progress; be at high point in career or historical significance. Synonyms: thrive, prosper, fly high. Example: "The new student is thriving." That fits academic context: gifted youngsters flourishing in their studies. Sense 3: move or swing back and forth - not relevant. So sense 2 is best.

provider: Alibaba