[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: social
Target surface form: Social
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of <t>Social</t> Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=social%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to human society and its members | synonyms=societal | examples=social institutions; societal evolution
2. sense_key=social%3:00:00:: | definition=living together or enjoying life in communities or organized groups | examples=a human being is a social animal; mature social behavior
3. sense_key=social%3:01:02:: | definition=relating to or belonging to or characteristic of high society | examples=made fun of her being so social and high-toned; a social gossip colum
4. sense_key=social%5:00:00:sociable:00 | definition=composed of sociable people or formed for the purpose of sociability | examples=a purely social club; the church has a large social hall
5. sense_key=social%5:00:00:gregarious:00 | definition=tending to move or live together in groups or colonies of the same kind | examples=ants are social insects
6. sense_key=social%5:00:00:friendly:01 | definition=marked by friendly companionship with others | examples=a social cup of coffee

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "social" in the context of "Spanish Ministry of <t>Social</t> Affairs". The phrase "Social Affairs" typically refers to matters relating to society, welfare, and social policy. This is a government ministry dealing with societal issues. Among the given senses, sense 1 is "relating to human society and its members" with synonyms "societal". That fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about living together in communities, but not as specific to societal matters. Sense 3 is about high society, which doesn't fit. Others are about sociable or friendly. So best is sense index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: affairs
Target surface form: Affairs
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social <t>Affairs</t> and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=affairs%1:09:00:: | definition=matters of personal concern | synonyms=personal business, personal matters | examples=get his affairs in order
2. sense_key=affairs%1:04:00:: | definition=transactions of professional or public interest | examples=news of current affairs; great affairs of state
3. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
4. sense_key=affair%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, involvement, amour
5. sense_key=affair%1:11:00:: | definition=a vaguely specified social event | synonyms=affair, occasion, social occasion, function, social function | examples=the party was quite an affair; an occasion arranged to honor the president

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "Affairs" in the context: "the Spanish Ministry of Social <t>Affairs</t>". This is a government ministry, so it refers to public or professional transactions. Sense 2: transactions of professional or public interest. Sense 1 is personal matters, sense 3 is vague concern, sense 4 is sexual, sense 5 is social event. So sense 2 is correct.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: regional
Target surface form: regional
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician <t>regional</t> government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=regional%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of a region | examples=regional flora
2. sense_key=regional%5:00:00:territorial:00 | definition=related or limited to a particular region | examples=a regional dialect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "regional" with surface form "regional". The context includes "the Galician <t>regional</t> government". We need to choose between two senses.

Sense 1: "characteristic of a region" with example "regional flora". This suggests inherent characteristics.

Sense 2: "related or limited to a particular region" with example "a regional dialect". This suggests belonging to or being associated with a specific region.

In the context, "Galician regional government" means the government of the region of Galicia. It is a government that is limited to that region, not necessarily characteristic of the region in a descriptive sense. The word "regional" here specifies that it is the government of that region, as opposed to national or local. This aligns more with sense 2: related or limited to a particular region.

Thus, the best sense is sense 2. The output JSON should have "sense_index": 2.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: government
Target surface form: government
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional <t>government</t>, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=government%1:14:00:: | definition=the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit | synonyms=authorities, regime | examples=the government reduced taxes; the matter was referred to higher authorities
2. sense_key=government%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=governing, governance, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government
3. sense_key=government%1:09:00:: | definition=(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed | examples=tyrannical government
4. sense_key=government%1:09:01:: | definition=the study of government of states and other political units | synonyms=politics, political science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "government" in the context. The context mentions "the Galician regional government" which refers to a specific governing body or authority of a political unit. That aligns with sense 1: "the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit". Sense 2 is about the act of governing, sense 3 about the system or form of government, and sense 4 about the study. The phrase "regional government" clearly indicates the organization. So sense_index 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conference
Target surface form: conference
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European <t>conference</t> on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conference%1:14:00:: | definition=a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)
2. sense_key=conference%1:14:01:: | definition=an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members | synonyms=league
3. sense_key=conference%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic | synonyms=group discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "conference" in a context about organizing a conference on social exclusion. The context mentions "organising a conference", "a European conference on social exclusion", and it is a formal event with participants, debates, etc. This matches sense 1: "a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)". Sense 2 is about sports teams, not relevant. Sense 3 is "a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic" but that is more informal and not necessarily a prearranged meeting. The context clearly indicates a formal conference event. So sense 1 is best.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: social
Target surface form: social
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on <t>social</t> exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=social%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to human society and its members | synonyms=societal | examples=social institutions; societal evolution
2. sense_key=social%3:00:00:: | definition=living together or enjoying life in communities or organized groups | examples=a human being is a social animal; mature social behavior
3. sense_key=social%3:01:02:: | definition=relating to or belonging to or characteristic of high society | examples=made fun of her being so social and high-toned; a social gossip colum
4. sense_key=social%5:00:00:sociable:00 | definition=composed of sociable people or formed for the purpose of sociability | examples=a purely social club; the church has a large social hall
5. sense_key=social%5:00:00:gregarious:00 | definition=tending to move or live together in groups or colonies of the same kind | examples=ants are social insects
6. sense_key=social%5:00:00:friendly:01 | definition=marked by friendly companionship with others | examples=a social cup of coffee

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "social" in the context "social exclusion". The phrase is "social exclusion". This refers to the process by which individuals or groups are excluded from full participation in society. It relates to human society and its members. Sense 1 is "relating to human society and its members" with synonyms "societal". That fits well. Other senses: sense 2 is about living together or enjoying life in communities; sense 3 is about high society; sense 4 is about sociable groups; sense 5 is about animals living in colonies; sense 6 is about friendly companionship. "Social exclusion" is a term in sociology about societal exclusion, so sense 1 is most appropriate. Thus answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Morph


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exclusion
Target surface form: exclusion
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social <t>exclusion</t>: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exclusion%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being excluded
2. sense_key=exclusion%1:26:01:: | definition=the state of being excommunicated | synonyms=excommunication, censure
3. sense_key=exclusion%1:09:00:: | definition=a deliberate act of omission | synonyms=exception, elision | examples=with the exception of the children, everyone was told the news
4. sense_key=exclusion%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of forcing out someone or something | synonyms=ejection, expulsion, riddance | examples=the ejection of troublemakers by the police; the child's expulsion from school

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "exclusion" in the context. The context is about social exclusion as a major challenge for public welfare services. That clearly refers to the state of being excluded from society or social participation. Sense 1: "the state of being excluded" fits best. Sense 2 is about excommunication, which is religious. Sense 3 is about omission (exception/elision) not fitting social context. Sense 4 is about forcing out someone, which could be related but more active ejection. The phrase "social exclusion" is a common term for the state of being marginalized. So sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a <t>major</t> challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
6. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
7. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age
8. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are to choose the best sense for "major" in the context: "a major challenge for public welfare services." The context indicates that "major" modifies "challenge," meaning a challenge of great importance, scope, or seriousness. Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. of greater importance or stature or rank - fits, as a major challenge is important.
2. greater in scope or effect - also fits, a challenge that is significant in scope.
3. greater in number or size or amount - less fitting; challenge is not about number.
4. of the field of academic study - irrelevant.
5. of a scale or mode - irrelevant.
6. of greater seriousness or danger - fits, a major challenge is serious.
7. of full legal age - irrelevant.
8. of the elder of two boys - irrelevant.

Senses 1, 2, and 6 are all plausible. But which is best? The context mentions "social exclusion" and "critical challenge." The phrase "major challenge" often implies both importance and seriousness. Sense 1 emphasizes importance/stature, sense 2 emphasizes scope/effect, sense 6 emphasizes seriousness/danger. Given that "challenge" is often about difficulty and danger, sense 6 might be a good fit. However, sense 1 is also common. I need to choose the single best indexed sense.

Looking at the examples: "a major artist; a major role" for sense 1, which are about importance. Sense 2: "a major contribution; a major improvement" – about scope/effect. Sense 6: "a major earthquake; a major hurricane" – about seriousness/danger. The context does not imply danger like an earthquake, but rather a significant problem. "Major challenge" is often used to mean a significant or important challenge, not necessarily dangerous. I lean towards sense 1 ("of greater importance or stature or rank") because "challenge" in this context is about importance in the field of public welfare. Alternatively, sense 2 "greater in scope or effect" also works. But sense 1 seems more about rank/importance, which fits well.

I think sense 1 is the most appropriate. The challenge is important and of high rank. So I will choose sense index 1.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: challenge
Target surface form: challenge
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major <t>challenge</t> for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=challenge%1:26:00:: | definition=a demanding or stimulating situation | examples=they reacted irrationally to the challenge of Russian power
2. sense_key=challenge%1:10:00:: | definition=a call to engage in a contest or fight
3. sense_key=challenge%1:10:01:: | definition=questioning a statement and demanding an explanation | examples=his challenge of the assumption that Japan is still our enemy
4. sense_key=challenge%1:10:02:: | definition=a formal objection to the selection of a particular person as a juror
5. sense_key=challenge%1:10:03:: | definition=a demand by a sentry for a password or identification

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "challenge" and its surface form "challenge" in context. The context discusses a conference on social exclusion, describing it as "a major challenge for public welfare services". The definition of sense 1 is "a demanding or stimulating situation", which fits well because social exclusion is a difficult issue that public welfare services must address. The other senses involve contests, objections, or sentry demands, which do not fit the context. So sense index 1 is correct.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: public
Target surface form: public
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for <t>public</t> welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=public%3:00:00:: | definition=not private; open to or concerning the people as a whole | examples=the public good; public libraries
2. sense_key=public%5:00:00:common:02 | definition=affecting the people or community as a whole | examples=community leaders; community interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "public" in the context "public welfare services" and "public welfare". The context discusses public authorities, public welfare, etc. The two candidate senses are: sense 1: "not private; open to or concerning the people as a whole" and sense 2: "affecting the people or community as a whole". Both are similar. However, sense 1 emphasizes "not private" and "open to or concerning the people as a whole". Sense 2 is specifically "affecting the people or community as a whole" and has a synonym "community" with example "community leaders". In the context, "public welfare services" refers to services provided by the government (public authorities) for the community. It is not about "open to the public" in the sense of accessible to everyone, but rather about services that affect the community. The example for sense 2 is "community interests", which fits better with "public welfare" as community welfare. Also, the word "public" in "public authorities" and "public welfare" is about the collective community. Sense 1's example "public libraries" suggests a place open to people, but here it's about welfare services which are for the community. So sense 2 seems more precise. Therefore, I choose sense 2. The instruction says to return a JSON object with "sense_index". The index for sense 2 is 2. So output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: welfare
Target surface form: welfare
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public <t>welfare</t> services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=welfare%1:04:00:: | definition=governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need | synonyms=social welfare, public assistance | examples=she lives on welfare
2. sense_key=welfare%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=benefit | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=welfare%1:26:00:: | definition=a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous | synonyms=wellbeing, upbeat, eudaemonia, eudaimonia | examples=the town was finally on the upbeat after our recent troubles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "public welfare" and "public <t>welfare</t> services". The context discusses social exclusion and public welfare services. The sentence: "Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare" and "a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services." This clearly refers to governmental provision of economic assistance and social services. Sense 1 is "governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need" with synonyms social welfare, public assistance. That fits perfectly. Sense 2 is more general "something that aids or promotes well-being" which is broader. Sense 3 is about a state of happiness and prosperity, not the system. So sense 1 is best.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foundation
Target surface form: Foundation
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The <t>Foundation</t> recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foundation%1:24:00:: | definition=the basis on which something is grounded | examples=there is little foundation for his objections
2. sense_key=foundation%1:14:00:: | definition=an institution supported by an endowment
3. sense_key=foundation%1:06:00:: | definition=lowest support of a structure | synonyms=base, fundament, foot, groundwork, substructure, understructure | examples=it was built on a base of solid rock; he stood at the foot of the tower
4. sense_key=foundation%1:09:01:: | definition=education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field of knowledge | synonyms=grounding | examples=he lacks the foundation necessary for advanced study; a good grounding in mathematics
5. sense_key=foundation%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=basis, base, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
6. sense_key=foundation%1:06:01:: | definition=a woman's undergarment worn to give shape to the contours of the body | synonyms=foundation garment
7. sense_key=foundation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, institution, origination, creation, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a context where "Foundation" is used repeatedly. It appears to be a proper noun referring to an organization. The text says: "The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference..." and "The Foundation organised... a European conference..." and "The Foundation recently published a comparative study..." This clearly indicates it is an institution, likely a foundation (as in an organization with an endowment). Candidate sense 2 is "an institution supported by an endowment." That fits perfectly. The other senses are either abstract (basis, groundwork) or physical (base of a structure, undergarment) or act of founding. The context explicitly mentions the Foundation as an actor organizing conferences and publishing studies. So the best sense is sense 2

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: publish
Target surface form: published
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently <t>published</t> a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=publish%2:36:01:: | definition=put into print | synonyms=print | examples=The newspaper published the news of the royal couple's divorce; These news should not be printed
2. sense_key=publish%2:32:00:: | definition=prepare and issue for public distribution or sale | synonyms=bring out, put out, issue, release | examples=publish a magazine or newspaper
3. sense_key=publish%2:36:00:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=write | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "published" in the context. The sentence: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project..." The study is a written document. The verb "published" refers to making the study available to the public. Sense 1: "put into print" - fits but is more about printing physical copies? The example includes "The newspaper published the news" which is about printing news. Sense 2: "prepare and issue for public distribution or sale" - synonyms include "issue, release", and example "publish a magazine or newspaper". This seems broader and more about distribution. Sense 3: "have (one's written work) issued for publication" - synonyms "write", but the example "She published 25 books" - this sense focuses on the author having their work published. In the sentence, the Foundation is the entity that published the study, not necessarily the author. The Foundation is acting as the publisher, not the writer. So sense 2 is more appropriate: preparing and issuing for public distribution. Sense 1 is about putting into print, but the context doesn't specify print vs digital. Sense 2 includes "issue" which is common for reports. Therefore, best sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: comparative
Target surface form: comparative
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a <t>comparative</t> study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=comparative%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or based on or involving comparison | examples=comparative linguistics
2. sense_key=comparative%3:00:00:: | definition=estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete | synonyms=relative | examples=a relative stranger

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "comparative" in the context of a sentence: "The Foundation recently published a <t>comparative</t> study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=comparative%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or based on or involving comparison | examples=comparative linguistics
2. sense_key=comparative%3:00:00:: | definition=estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete | synonyms=relative | examples=a relative stranger

The context mentions a "comparative study" that assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. This study likely compares different aspects, possibly between different organizations or conditions. It is a study that involves comparison. The first sense is clearly about involving comparison, as in comparative linguistics. The second sense is more about being relative or estimated by comparison, like "a relative stranger" meaning not absolute. In the context, "comparative study" is a study that compares things, not necessarily that the study itself is relative or incomplete. The study is comparative in nature. So the best sense is sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative <t>study</t> as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to determine the best sense for "study" in the context. The sentence: "The Foundation recently published a comparative <t>study</t> as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability." This is clearly a written document describing findings. Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "report, written report" matches. The example also includes "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". So sense_index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: part
Target surface form: part
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as <t>part</t> of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=part%1:24:00:: | definition=something determined in relation to something that includes it | synonyms=portion, component part, component, constituent | examples=he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself; I read a portion of the manuscript
2. sense_key=part%1:06:00:: | definition=something less than the whole of a human artifact | synonyms=portion | examples=the rear part of the house; glue the two parts together
3. sense_key=part%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=piece | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=part%1:09:02:: | definition=that which concerns a person with regard to a particular role or situation | examples=it requires vigilance on our part; they resisted every effort on his part
5. sense_key=part%1:15:00:: | definition=the extended spatial location of something | synonyms=region | examples=the farming regions of France; religions in all parts of the world
6. sense_key=part%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
7. sense_key=part%1:09:01:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, role, theatrical role, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
8. sense_key=part%1:21:00:: | definition=assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group | synonyms=share, portion, percentage | examples=he wanted his share in cash
9. sense_key=part%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole | synonyms=section, division | examples=the written part of the exam; the finance section of the company
10. sense_key=part%1:08:01:: | definition=a line of scalp that can be seen when sections of hair are combed in opposite directions | synonyms=parting | examples=his part was right in the middle
11. sense_key=part%1:10:00:: | definition=the melody carried by a particular voice or instrument in polyphonic music | synonyms=voice | examples=he tried to sing the tenor part
12. sense_key=part%1:04:03:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=contribution, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to determine the correct sense of "part" in the context: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as <t>part</t> of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability."

Here, "part of the EPOC project" means the study is a component or element of the larger project. This aligns with sense 1: "something determined in relation to something that includes it" (portion, component part, component, constituent). The example "I read a portion of the manuscript" fits. Also sense 9: "one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole" (section, division) could also fit, but sense 1 is more general and includes the idea of a component part. The phrase "as part of" typically indicates being a component. Sense 1's synonyms include "component", which is apt. Sense 9 is more about a section or division, but here it's a study that is part of a project, so component is better.

Thus, the best sense index is 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: assess
Target surface form: assesses
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which <t>assesses</t> the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=assess%2:31:00:: | definition=evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of | synonyms=measure, evaluate, valuate, appraise, value | examples=I will have the family jewels appraised by a professional; access all the factors when taking a risk
2. sense_key=assess%2:40:01:: | definition=charge (a person or a property) with a payment, such as a tax or a fine
3. sense_key=assess%2:40:00:: | definition=set or determine the amount of (a payment such as a fine) | synonyms=tax
4. sense_key=assess%2:31:01:: | definition=estimate the value of (property) for taxation | examples=Our house hasn't been assessed in years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "assesses" in the given context. The context: "the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability." This is about evaluating or estimating the extent or significance of something. That matches sense 1: "evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of". The synonyms include measure, evaluate, etc. The example also includes "access all the factors when taking a risk" (note: "access" might be a typo for "assess"). The other senses involve charging payment or taxation, which are not relevant. So sense index 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extent
Target surface form: extent
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the <t>extent</t> to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law
2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "the <t>extent</t> to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability." This is about a degree or point to which something extends (like "the extent to which"). This matches sense 1: "the point or degree to which something extends". Sense 2 is about physical distance/area/volume. Here it's an abstract extent. So sense_index = 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: direct
Target surface form: direct
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which <t>direct</t> participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=direct%3:00:00:: | definition=direct in spatial dimensions; proceeding without deviation or interruption; straight and short | examples=a direct route; a direct flight
2. sense_key=direct%5:00:00:immediate:00 | definition=having no intervening persons, agents, conditions | synonyms=unmediated | examples=in direct sunlight; in direct contact with the voters
3. sense_key=direct%3:00:02:: | definition=straightforward in means or manner or behavior or language or action | examples=a direct question; a direct response
4. sense_key=direct%3:00:04:: | definition=in a straight unbroken line of descent from parent to child | synonyms=lineal | examples=lineal ancestors; lineal heirs
5. sense_key=direct%3:00:05:: | definition=moving from west to east on the celestial sphere; or--for planets--around the sun in the same direction as the Earth
6. sense_key=direct%3:00:03:: | definition=similar in nature or effect or relation to another quantity | examples=a term is in direct proportion to another term if it increases (or decreases) as the other increases (or decreases)
7. sense_key=direct%3:00:01:: | definition=(of a current) flowing in one direction only | examples=direct current
8. sense_key=direct%5:00:00:primary:00 | definition=being an immediate result or consequence | examples=a direct result of the accident
9. sense_key=direct%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=in precisely the same words used by a writer or speaker | synonyms=verbatim | examples=a direct quotation; repeated their dialog verbatim
10. sense_key=direct%5:00:00:absolute:00 | definition=lacking compromising or mitigating elements; exact | examples=the direct opposite

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "direct" used as an adjective in the context: "the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability". The context discusses participation of individuals without intermediaries. The phrase "direct participation" implies that there is no intervening agents or conditions; it is participation that is immediate and unmediated. This aligns with sense 2: "having no intervening persons, agents, conditions" with synonym "unmediated" and example "in direct contact with the voters". Sense 1 is about spatial direction, which does not fit. Sense 3 is about straightforward manner, but here it is about participation without intermediaries. Sense 4 is about lineage. Sense 5 is astronomical. Sense 6 is about proportion. Sense 7 is about electric current. Sense 8 is about immediate result, but here it's about the nature of participation, not a result. Sense 9 is about exact wording. Sense 10 is about lacking compromising elements, but "direct participation" is more about being unmediated. So sense 2 is the best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: participation
Target surface form: participation
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct <t>participation</t> can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=participation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, involvement, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=participation%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=involvement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2. The context: "direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability". The phrase "direct participation" refers to employees being involved in decision-making or work processes. The definition of sense 1: "the act of sharing in the activities of a group" with synonyms engagement, involvement, involution. Sense 2: "the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.)". The context is about participation in work activities, which is an act of sharing in activities, not just a condition. Also the example for sense 1: "the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities" aligns with the idea of active involvement. Thus sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise <t>work</t> while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something | examples=she checked several points needing further work
2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing | synonyms=piece of work | examples=it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works; the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work
3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=employment | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=study | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force | examples=work equals force times distance
6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done | synonyms=workplace | examples=he arrived at work early today
7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it) | synonyms=oeuvre, body of work | examples=he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre; Picasso's work can be divided into periods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "work" in the context. The sentence: "assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability." Here "work" likely refers to the activity or occupation of doing something, likely in a workplace or employment context. The study is about direct participation in work (maybe job design, employee involvement). The sense 3: "the occupation for which you are paid" (employment) fits well. Also sense 1: "activity directed toward making or doing something" could also fit, but the context mentions profitability, so it's about paid work. Sense 3 has synonym "employment" and example "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work." That seems appropriate. Sense 1 is more general activity, but the context is about work in a paid job setting. So sense 3 is best.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increasing
Context:
The Foundation has recently been involved in organising a conference which dealt with this critical challenge. Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while <t>increasing</t> profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability." The target word is "increasing" as a verb form. The context is that direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. So "increasing" here means making profitability bigger or more. This fits sense 2: "make bigger or more" (transitive). Sense 1 is "become bigger or greater in amount" (intransitive). Here, "increasing" is used transitively: "increasing profitability" means making profitability increase. So sense 2 is correct. Therefore the sense index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The <t>study</t> is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to find the best sense for "study" in the given context. The target sentence is: "The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project... The <t>study</t> is based on 195 personal interviews..." This clearly refers to a written document describing findings. That matches sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "report, written report". The example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" is similar. So sense_index 3 is correct.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: base
Target surface form: based
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is <t>based</t> on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=base%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
2. sense_key=base%2:42:04:: | definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
3. sense_key=base%2:34:00:: | definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "based" in context. The sentence is: "The study is <t>based</t> on 195 personal interviews with senior officials..." This clearly matches the first sense: "use as a basis for; found on". The study uses the interviews as a basis. The other senses are not applicable: sense 2 is about situating a center of operations, and sense 3 is about cocaine. So the correct sense index is 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personal
Target surface form: personal
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 <t>personal</t> interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "The study is based on 195 <t>personal</t> interviews with senior officials..." The word "personal" modifies "interviews". In this context, "personal interviews" likely means interviews conducted one-on-one with individuals, as opposed to group interviews or surveys. This is about the method of interview. The senses: 1: concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality; 2: particular to a given individual; 3: of or arising from personality; 4: intimately concerning a person's body or physical being; 5: indicating grammatical person. Sense 1 fits: it is about a particular person, but "personal interviews" are typically interviews with a specific individual, not necessarily about private life. Sense 2 is similar but more specific: "particular to a given individual". The example for sense 1 includes "for your personal use", which is about private use. Sense 2 is defined as "particular to a given individual". In this context, "personal interviews" are interviews that are individual, not group. That aligns with sense 2 or 1. Sense 1 includes "concerning or affecting a particular person" and "private life and personality". However, in this context, the interviews are with senior officials about their roles, not necessarily private life. So it's more about the format: each interview is with one person individually. That is "particular to a given individual". Sense 2 seems more appropriate. Sense 3: "of or arising from personality" doesn't fit. Sense 4: "intimately concerning a person's body" doesn't fit. Sense 5: grammatical person doesn't fit. So best is sense 2. But we need to be careful: sense 2 is an adjective sense with a specific domain? The sense key indicates it's a derived adjective? Actually sense 2 is "particular to a given individual". That is a good match. Therefore, I'll choose sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interview
Target surface form: interviews
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal <t>interviews</t> with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interview%1:10:01:: | definition=the questioning of a person (or a conversation in which information is elicited); often conducted by journalists | examples=my interviews with teenagers revealed a weakening of religious bonds
2. sense_key=interview%1:10:00:: | definition=a conference (usually with someone important) | synonyms=consultation, audience | examples=he had a consultation with the judge; he requested an audience with the king

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2. The context: "195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners". This is a research study where they interviewed people to gather information. It's not a conference or audience with someone important, but rather a questioning session to elicit information. The examples for sense 1 include "my interviews with teenagers revealed..." which matches this context. Sense 2 is about a conference or formal meeting with someone important, like an audience with a king. That doesn't fit. So sense 1 is correct. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: senior
Target surface form: senior
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with <t>senior</t> officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=senior%3:00:00:: | definition=older; higher in rank; longer in length of tenure or service | examples=senior officer
2. sense_key=senior%5:00:00:last:00 | definition=used of the fourth and final year in United States high school or college | synonyms=fourth-year | examples=the senior prom
3. sense_key=senior%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=advanced in years; (`aged' is pronounced as two syllables) | synonyms=aged, elderly, older | examples=aged members of the society; elderly residents could remember the construction of the first skyscraper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "senior" in a specific context. The context is about a study with personal interviews with "senior officials" of social partners. The word "senior" modifies "officials". We need to choose among the three candidate senses.

Sense 1: "older; higher in rank; longer in length of tenure or service" with example "senior officer". This seems appropriate because "senior officials" typically means officials who are higher in rank or have more tenure. The context does not specify age but rather position in organizations.

Sense 2: "used of the fourth and final year in United States high school or college" – this is about academic years, not applicable here as we are talking about officials in organizations.

Sense 3: "advanced in years; aged, elderly, older" – this is about being old in age. The context does not indicate that these officials are elderly specifically; it's more about their rank and experience.

The context mentions "senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organizations". This implies high-ranking officials, not necessarily elderly. The word "senior" often denotes rank/tenure in such contexts. Also, sense 1 explicitly includes "higher in rank; longer in length of tenure or service". So sense 1 is the best fit.

Thus, the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: officials
Context:
Over 100 participants from the main interest groups attended and debated issues such as the role of key actors including public authorities, social partners, voluntary and community organisations as well as service users. There were relatively few cases reported of attempts to involve users in service planning but their involvement in service provision was found to be more common. Note was also taken of the variety of different roles played by public welfare The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior <t>officials</t> of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "senior <t>officials</t> of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations". This refers to people holding positions in organizations, not sports officials. So sense 1 (functionary) is appropriate. Sense 2 is for sports officials. So answer sense_index 1.