[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: power
Target surface form: power
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of <t>power</t> in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=power%1:07:00:: | definition=possession of controlling influence | synonyms=powerfulness | examples=the deterrent power of nuclear weapons; the power of his love saved her
2. sense_key=power%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) the rate of doing work; measured in watts (= joules/second)
3. sense_key=power%1:09:01:: | definition=possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done | synonyms=ability | examples=danger heightened his powers of discrimination
4. sense_key=power%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=office | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=power%1:18:00:: | definition=one possessing or exercising power or influence or authority | synonyms=force | examples=the mysterious presence of an evil power; may the force be with you
6. sense_key=power%1:10:00:: | definition=a mathematical notation indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself | synonyms=exponent, index
7. sense_key=power%1:07:02:: | definition=physical strength | synonyms=might, mightiness
8. sense_key=power%1:14:00:: | definition=a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world | synonyms=world power, major power, great power, superpower
9. sense_key=power%1:18:01:: | definition=a very wealthy or powerful businessman | synonyms=baron, big businessman, business leader, king, magnate, mogul | examples=an oil baron

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "power" in the context. The sentence: "To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies..." Here, "power" refers to influence or control in Congress. Sense 1: "possession of controlling influence" fits well. Sense 4: "being in power" (office) is also possible, but the phrase "held a disproportionate share of power" suggests influence rather than just holding office. The context mentions "clout" which is synonymous with influence. So sense 1 is best.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been <t>able</t> to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "able" in context. The sentence: "To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office."

The phrase "have been able to translate such clout" means they had the means or skill to do so. Sense 1 is "(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something" with example "able to swim; she was able to program her computer". This fits perfectly because "able to" is followed by an infinitive verb. Sense 2 is about having skills and qualifications to do things well, but it is used attributively (able teachers). Sense 3 is about inherent ability, but the context is about having the means given their power. Sense 4 is about physical health. Clearly sense 1 is the best.

Thus answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: translate
Target surface form: translate
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to <t>translate</t> such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=translate%2:32:00:: | definition=restate (words) from one language into another language | synonyms=interpret, render | examples=I have to translate when my in-laws from Austria visit the U.S.; Can you interpret the speech of the visiting dignitaries?
2. sense_key=translate%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=transform | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
3. sense_key=translate%2:31:00:: | definition=make sense of a language | synonyms=understand, read, interpret | examples=She understands French; Can you read Greek?
4. sense_key=translate%2:35:00:: | definition=bring to a certain spiritual state
5. sense_key=translate%2:30:00:: | definition=change the position of (figures or bodies) in space without rotation
6. sense_key=translate%2:42:03:: | definition=be equivalent in effect | examples=the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power
7. sense_key=translate%2:42:00:: | definition=be translatable, or be translatable in a certain way | examples=poetry often does not translate; Tolstoy's novels translate well into English
8. sense_key=translate%2:38:04:: | definition=subject to movement in which every part of the body moves parallel to and the same distance as every other point on the body
9. sense_key=translate%2:32:06:: | definition=express, as in simple and less technical language | examples=Can you translate the instructions in this manual for a layman?; Is there a need to translate the psychiatrist's remarks?
10. sense_key=translate%2:32:05:: | definition=determine the amino-acid sequence of a protein during its synthesis by using information on the messenger RNA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "translate" in the context. The context: "Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies." Here, "translate" means to convert or transform one thing into another, i.e., convert political clout into local benefits. That matches sense 2: "change from one form or medium into another" with synonym "transform". Sense 6: "be equivalent in effect" also fits, but it's more about equivalence rather than active conversion. The sentence says "able to translate such clout into... benefits", which is an active transformation. Sense 2 is a better fit. Sense 9 is about simplifying language, not applicable. So sense_index 2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more <t>local</t> benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target surface form "local" in the context: "Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies". The word "local" here modifies "benefits". The context discusses how legislators use their power to bring benefits to their specific constituencies (districts in the South). The sense that fits best is "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" (sense 1) because it refers to benefits for a particular district or constituency as opposed to national benefits. Sense 2 "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood" could also fit, but sense 1 specifically mentions administration and district, which aligns with the political context of legislators bringing benefits to their districts. Sense 3 is about medical local anesthesia, which is irrelevant. Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice. So output {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefits
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local <t>benefits</t> for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "benefit" with surface form "benefits" in context. The context describes how Democratic legislators from the South have held power and have been able to translate clout into relatively more local benefits for their constituencies. The word "benefits" here refers to things that are advantageous or helpful to the local constituencies, likely tangible or intangible advantages. The three candidate senses are:

1. financial assistance in time of need
2. something that aids or promotes well-being (with synonym "welfare" and example "for the benefit of all")
3. a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

The context does not refer to a performance or financial assistance in time of need specifically. It refers to "local benefits" that legislators provide to their constituencies, which could be pork-barrel projects, favorable policies, etc. This aligns with sense 2: something that aids or promotes well-being. Also the example "for the benefit of all" is similar to "for the benefit of their respective constituencies." So sense index 2 is the best.

Thus, output should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Morph


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: have
Target surface form: had
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have <t>had</t> an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France
3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?
5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant
8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left
10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess
11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up
12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis
13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift
16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "had" in the sentence: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office." The phrase is "have had an incentive". This is about possessing an incentive, i.e., having a reason or motivation. The sense is possession or having something abstract. Comparing candidates: sense 1: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense" fits well. Sense 2: "have as a feature" is similar but "incentive" is not a feature of something. Sense 3: "go through (mental or physical states or experiences)" could fit if "incentive" is seen as an experience, but it's more about possessing. Sense 4: ownership, too concrete. Others are not appropriate. So sense 1 is best.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strong
Target surface form: strong
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially <t>strong</t> incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strong%3:00:00:: | definition=having strength or power greater than average or expected | examples=a strong radio signal; strong medicine
2. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=not faint or feeble | examples=a strong odor of burning rubber
3. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:powerful:00 | definition=having or wielding force or authority | synonyms=potent | examples=providing the ground soldier with increasingly potent weapons
4. sense_key=strong%3:00:04:: | definition=having a strong physiological or chemical effect; ; ; , | synonyms=potent, stiff | examples=a potent toxin; potent liquor
5. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:invulnerable:00 | definition=immune to attack; incapable of being tampered with | synonyms=impregnable, inviolable, secure, unassailable, unattackable | examples=an impregnable fortress; fortifications that made the frontier inviolable
6. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:sound:01 | definition=of good quality and condition; solidly built | synonyms=solid, substantial | examples=a solid foundation; several substantial timber buildings
7. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:irregular:00 | definition=of verbs not having standard (or regular) inflection | examples=`sing' is a strong verb
8. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:alcoholic:00 | definition=being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content | synonyms=hard | examples=hard liquor
9. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=freshly made or left | synonyms=warm | examples=a warm trail; the scent is warm
10. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:forceful:00 | definition=strong and sure | synonyms=firm | examples=a firm grasp; gave a strong pull on the rope

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "strong" in the context: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office." The word modifies "incentive", meaning a powerful or great incentive. Among the senses, sense 1: "having strength or power greater than average or expected" fits well. Sense 2: "not faint or feeble" could also apply, but sense 1 is more general and appropriate for "incentive". Sense 3 is about power/authority, but not directly about incentives. Sense 4 is physiological/chemical effect. Sense 5 is immune to attack. Sense 6 is solidly built. Sense 7 is grammar. Sense 8 is alcoholic. Sense 9 is fresh. Sense 10 is forceful/strong and sure (firm grasp). Sense 10 could also apply, but it's more about physical strength or certainty. The context is about a strong incentive, which is a force or power. Sense 1 is the most straightforward. The example "strong radio signal" is similar in meaning to "strong incentive" in terms of intensity. So I'll go with sense 1

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: incentive
Target surface form: incentive
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong <t>incentive</t> to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=incentive%1:16:00:: | definition=a positive motivational influence | synonyms=inducement, motivator
2. sense_key=incentive%1:21:00:: | definition=an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output | synonyms=bonus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between two senses. The context: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office." This is about a motivational influence, not an additional payment. So sense 1 is correct. Output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: keep
Target surface form: keep
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to <t>keep</t> such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools?
19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry
20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips
21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school
22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office." The target word is "keep". We need to select the best sense from the provided list.

The context: voters have an incentive to keep Democrats in office. This means they want to retain those Democrats in their positions. So the sense is about retaining possession or allowing to remain in a place or position.

Let's examine candidate senses:

1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place. This could fit because it's about keeping someone in a position. But the examples are about keeping something clean or holding in place, not necessarily retaining in office. However, "keep in a certain state, position" could apply.

2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night. This is about continuing an activity, not retaining someone.

3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married. This is about retaining possession. That seems close: retaining Democrats in office is like retaining possession of them as representatives.

4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep. This is about preventing, not retaining.

5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone. This could be about having charge of, but not exactly retaining in office.

8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record. Not relevant.

9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders. Not relevant.

10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer. This seems very relevant: "allow to remain in a place or position" exactly matches keeping Democrats in office. The example "She retains a lawyer" is similar. Synonyms: retain, continue, keep on.

11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause. Not relevant.

12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time. Not relevant.

13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas. Not relevant.

14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper. Not relevant.

15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you. Not directly relevant.

16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees. Not relevant.

17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please. This is about retaining rights to something, like a job or seat. That could also apply: keeping Democrats in office is like retaining their rights to the office.

18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools? Not relevant.

19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry. Not relevant.

20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips. This could be interpreted as maintaining something for use, but not specifically about retaining in office.

21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school. This is about detaining, not retaining in office in a positive sense.

22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh. Not relevant.

The best candidates are sense 3 (retain possession), sense 10 (allow to remain in a place or position), and sense 17 (retain rights to). Sense 10 seems most precise because it explicitly mentions "allow to remain in a place or position". Sense 3 is more about retaining possession of objects. Sense 17 is about retaining rights, but the context is about the voters' incentive to keep Democrats in office, which is about ensuring they remain in their positions (offices). Sense 10's definition "allow to remain in a place or position" fits perfectly. Also, the synonyms "retain, continue, keep on" align. The example "She retains a lawyer" is analogous to retaining a Democrat as a representative.

Thus, I choose sense_index 10.

But note: the list indices are 1 to 22. The sense keys are given with numbers. So sense_index 10 corresponds to sense_key=keep%2:41:02::.

Therefore, output {"sense_index": 10}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such <t>Democrats</t> in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target surface form "Democrats" in context. The context discusses Democratic legislators from the South and voters keeping such Democrats in office. Clearly, this refers to members of the Democratic Party, not advocates of democratic principles in general. So the correct sense is sense 1. The output should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: office
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in <t>office</t>. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a context where the target word "office" appears in the phrase "keep such Democrats in <t>office</t>". The context discusses congressional office, Republican and Democratic candidates, and being in power. The sentence: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office." This clearly refers to holding a political position or being in power. Among the senses, sense 4 is: "(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power" with synonyms "power" and example "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office". This matches the context perfectly. Sense 7 ("a job in an organization") could also be considered, but sense 4 is more specific to holding a governmental office and being in power. The context is about political office and staying in power. Therefore, sense index 4 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggests
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory <t>suggests</t> why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House." The context is about a theory providing an explanation or indicating a reason. The word "suggests" here means that the theory indicates or implies a reason. Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. suggest%2:32:00:: - make a proposal, declare a plan. Not fitting, as it's not proposing.
2. suggest%2:32:04:: - drop a hint; intimate by a hint. Possibly, but more about hinting.
3. suggest%2:32:02:: - imply as a possibility. This fits: the theory implies a reason.
4. suggest%2:32:03:: - suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine. Not relevant.
5. suggest%2:32:01:: - call to mind; evoke. Could be argued but it's more about reminding or evoking a memory.

The best fit is sense 3: "imply as a possibility". The theory implies or indicates why something is the case. The example for sense 3 is "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification", which is similar in structure. So choose sense index 3.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why <t>Republicans</t> generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "republican" with surface form "Republicans" in context. The context discusses the Republican Party, Republican candidates, and comparisons with Democrats. The target word appears as "Republicans" referring to members or supporters of the Republican Party. Sense 1 is "a member of the Republican Party". Sense 2 is "an advocate of a republic". Sense 3 is a river. Clearly, the context is about the political party. So sense 1 is correct. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fare
Target surface form: fared
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have <t>fared</t> better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fare%2:42:00:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, make out, come, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
2. sense_key=fare%2:34:00:: | definition=eat well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2 for "fared" in the context: "Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House." The verb "fared" here means "proceed or get along" (sense 1), as in "How is she doing?" The other sense "eat well" doesn't fit. So sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: races
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate <t>races</t> than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "races" in the context: "Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House." The context clearly refers to electoral competitions, i.e., contests for a political office. Among the candidate senses, sense 1 is "any competition" with the example "the race for the presidency". Sense 2 is "a contest of speed". The context is about political campaigns, not speed contests. Therefore, sense 1 is the appropriate sense. The sense index for sense 1 is 1. So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: campaign
Target surface form: campaigns
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in <t>campaigns</t> for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=campaign%1:11:00:: | definition=a race between candidates for elective office | synonyms=political campaign, run | examples=I managed his campaign for governor; he is raising money for a Senate run
2. sense_key=campaign%1:04:02:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=cause, crusade, drive, movement, effort | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace
3. sense_key=campaign%1:04:00:: | definition=several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints) | synonyms=military campaign
4. sense_key=campaign%1:04:01:: | definition=an overland journey by hunters (especially in Africa) | synonyms=hunting expedition, safari

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We are analyzing the target word "campaigns" in the context: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House."

The context discusses Senate races and campaigns for the House, referring to electoral races for legislative office. The sentence contrasts "Senate races" with "campaigns for the House." This clearly indicates political campaigns for elective office. The first sense (sense_key=campaign%1:11:00::) is defined as "a race between candidates for elective office" with synonyms "political campaign, run" and examples including "I managed his campaign for governor; he is raising money for a Senate run." That fits perfectly. The other senses are about military campaigns, hunting, or series of actions for a cause. Here, it's clearly about electoral campaigns. So the best sense is sense 1.{"sense_index": 1}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since <t>local</t> benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "local" in the context of political science, specifically about benefits for constituencies. The context mentions "local benefits" and "local benefit-seeking" repeatedly. The target word appears in the phrase "local benefit - seeking" and later "local benefit - seeking". So the sense is about benefits that are specific to a particular locality or district, not about city administration or medical anesthesia.

Comparing the senses:
Sense 1: "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" – this could fit, but it emphasizes administration. The context is about benefits for constituencies, which is more about locality/neighborhood.

Sense 2: "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood" – this seems more appropriate because it's about benefits that are specific to a locality. The synonyms and examples include "local customs", "local schools" – these are things specific to a place. "Local benefits" are benefits that are characteristic of a particular locality.

Sense 3: "affecting only a restricted part or area of the body" – clearly not relevant.

Thus, the best sense is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and <t>national</t> policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "national" in a specific context. The sentence in question is: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and <t>national</t> policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress..."

We need to select the best sense from the provided list. The context contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making". The word "national" here is used to describe policy making that is at the level of the entire nation, as opposed to local. It is about the scope of policy.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country" – this is a general sense, but the examples "national hero; national anthem" suggest it's about being related to a nation, not necessarily about scope.

2. sense 2: "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation" – this emphasizes being confined to one nation, but here it's contrasting with local, so it's about the entire nation, not necessarily limited to it.

3. sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" – examples: "the national government; national elections". This directly fits: "national policy making" is policy making applicable to the entire nation. This is the best fit.

4. sense 4: "owned or maintained for the public by the national government" – e.g., national parks. Not relevant to policy making.

5. sense 5: "inside the country" – synonyms home, interior, internal. This might work but is more about being internal rather than nationwide.

6. sense 6: "characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation" – e.g., a national trait. Not fitting.

7. sense 7: "of or relating to nationality" – e.g., national origin. Not fitting.

Thus, sense 3 is the most appropriate.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national <t>policy</t> making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context about congressional politics, local benefits, and national policy making. The target word is "policy" in the phrase "national <t>policy</t> making". The context discusses how local benefit-seeking matters more in the House, while national policy making matters less. This refers to the overall plans or actions of the government at the national level. Among the candidate senses:

1. A plan of action adopted by an individual or social group. This could fit, but the context is about national policy making, which is typically governmental.
2. A line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government. This seems more about the reasoning behind policy, not the policy itself. The phrase "national policy making" suggests the creation of policies, not just rationalization.
3. Written contract or certificate of insurance. This is clearly not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1, as it refers to a plan of action, and in the context of national policy making, it's about the plans adopted by the government. Sense 2 is about rationalizing, which is not the primary meaning here. So sense index 1.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy <t>making</t> matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "making" in the context: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy <t>making</t> matters less in the lower chamber of Congress..." The target surface form is "making" as part of "policy making". The candidates are three senses: sense 1: the act that results in something coming to be (devising, fashioning); sense 2: an attribute that must be met (qualification); sense 3: (usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something.

In context, "national policy making" refers to the process of creating or formulating national policy. That aligns with sense 1: "the act that results in something coming to be" – here, policy making is the act of creating policy. Sense 2 does not fit because it is about qualifications. Sense 3 is about components (like ingredients), not the act itself. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chamber
Target surface form: chamber
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower <t>chamber</t> of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chamber%1:06:00:: | definition=a natural or artificial enclosed space
2. sense_key=chamber%1:08:00:: | definition=an enclosed volume in the body | examples=the chambers of his heart were healthy
3. sense_key=chamber%1:06:02:: | definition=a room where a judge transacts business
4. sense_key=chamber%1:14:00:: | definition=a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly | examples=the upper chamber is the senate
5. sense_key=chamber%1:06:01:: | definition=a room used primarily for sleeping | synonyms=bedroom, sleeping room, sleeping accommodation, bedchamber

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a context where "chamber" is used in "the lower chamber of Congress". This refers to the House of Representatives, which is a legislative body. Among the candidate senses, sense 4 is "a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly" with the example "the upper chamber is the senate". This matches the usage. Sense 1 is a general enclosed space, sense 2 is body part, sense 3 is a judge's room, sense 5 is a bedroom. So the correct sense is sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expect
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would <t>expect</t> if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "expect" in the given context. The context: "this is precisely the pattern one would <t>expect</t> if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts." Here, "expect" means to regard something as probable or likely, i.e., anticipate. That matches sense 1 (regard something as probable or likely) or sense 3 (look forward to the probable occurrence of). Sense 3 has synonyms "look, await, wait" which are more about looking forward to something that is going to happen. Sense 1 is "regard something as probable or likely" with synonym "anticipate". In this context, it's about what one would anticipate or expect as a pattern. Sense 1's example: "The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow" is about likelihood. Sense 3's example: "We were expecting a visit from our relatives" is more about looking forward to an event. The context is about a pattern that is likely, not about looking forward to it. So sense 1 seems better. But let's check other senses: sense 2 is about obligation, sense 4 is about considering reasonable or due (like expecting an explanation), sense 5 and 6 are about pregnancy. None fit. So best is sense 1. However, we must output JSON with sense_index. The sense indices given are 1 to 6. So answer {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if <t>Republicans</t> are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "republican" with surface form "Republicans" in context. The context discusses political parties, Democratic opponents, Republican candidates, congressional races, etc. Clearly, the target word refers to members of the Republican Party in the United States.

Candidate sense 1 is "a member of the Republican Party". Sense 2 is "an advocate of a republic" which is a more general political philosophy and not party-specific. Sense 3 is a river.

The context explicitly mentions "Republicans" in contrast to "Democratic counterparts" and discusses political strategies. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: willing
Target surface form: willing
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less <t>willing</t> to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=willing%3:00:00:: | definition=disposed or inclined toward | examples=a willing participant; willing helpers
2. sense_key=willing%5:00:00:voluntary:01 | definition=not brought about by coercion or force | synonyms=uncoerced, unforced | examples=the confession was uncoerced

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "willing" in the context: "...Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking..." The context indicates that Republicans are less disposed or inclined to engage in local benefit-seeking. The first sense is "disposed or inclined toward" with examples like "a willing participant". The second sense is "not brought about by coercion or force" (synonyms: uncoerced, unforced). In the sentence, it's about being willing to do something, which aligns with the first sense of being inclined or disposed. The second sense would apply if the action itself is not coerced, but here it's about the willingness of the subject. So sense 1 is correct. The response should be {"sense_index": 1}.