[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differential
Target surface form: differentials
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary <t>differentials</t> result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differential%1:09:00:: | definition=the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx | synonyms=derived function, derivative, differential coefficient, first derivative
2. sense_key=differential%1:07:00:: | definition=a quality that differentiates between similar things
3. sense_key=differential%1:06:00:: | definition=a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves | synonyms=differential gear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "differentials" in context. The sentence: "salary differentials result in educational differentials." Here, "differentials" means differences or variations. Sense 2: "a quality that differentiates between similar things" fits well. Sense 1 is mathematical derivative, sense 3 is gear. So answer sense_index 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: result
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials <t>result</t> in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%2:42:00:: | definition=issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end | synonyms=ensue | examples=result in tragedy
2. sense_key=result%2:42:02:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, lead | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=result%2:30:00:: | definition=come about or follow as a consequence | examples=nothing will result from this meeting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are to choose the best sense for "result" in the sentence: "salary differentials result in educational differentials." The context is about whether salary differences cause educational differences. The verb "result" here means to have as a consequence or outcome. Let's examine the candidates:

1. sense_key=result%2:42:00:: | definition=issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end | synonyms=ensue | examples=result in tragedy
   This sense seems to fit: "result in" is used, and the definition mentions "issue or terminate (in a specified way)". The example "result in tragedy" matches the structure "result in educational differentials". So this is likely correct.

2. sense_key=result%2:42:02:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, lead | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
   This sense is more about leaving a residue or byproduct. It doesn't fit the "result in" construction as naturally. The synonyms "leave, lead" might work, but the example shows a physical residue. Not the best.

3. sense_key=result%2:30:00:: | definition=come about or follow as a consequence | examples=nothing will result from this meeting
   This sense is for "result" without a preposition, often used as "result from" or "result in" but the definition "come about or follow as a consequence" is general. However, the example "nothing will result from this meeting" uses "result from". In our context, it's "result in". This sense could also fit, but sense 1 is more specific to "result in" and has an example with that exact structure.

Given that the context uses "result in", sense 1 is the most directly matching. Also, the synonyms for sense 1 include "ensue", which means to happen as a result. Sense 3's example uses "result from", not "result in". So sense 1 is best.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in <t>educational</t> differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "educational" in context. The sentence: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in <t>educational</t> differentials." Here "educational differentials" refers to differences in educational outcomes or quality of education. The context discusses the educational crisis and whether teacher pay affects education. The first sense (relating to the process of education) seems more appropriate here: it's about educational differentials in the sense of differences in the educational process or outcomes. The second sense (providing knowledge, like an educational film) is more about something that instructs. The context is not about a film or material that provides knowledge, but about the educational system itself. Therefore, sense 1 is the best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differential
Target surface form: differentials
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational <t>differentials</t>. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differential%1:09:00:: | definition=the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx | synonyms=derived function, derivative, differential coefficient, first derivative
2. sense_key=differential%1:07:00:: | definition=a quality that differentiates between similar things
3. sense_key=differential%1:06:00:: | definition=a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves | synonyms=differential gear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "differential" in the context: "salary differentials result in educational differentials". The context discusses differences in salaries and education. The candidate senses are: 1) mathematical derivative, 2) a quality that differentiates between similar things, 3) a bevel gear in automobiles. Clearly, the context is about differences or disparities. Sense 2 is "a quality that differentiates between similar things". That fits "salary differentials" meaning differences in pay, and "educational differentials" meaning differences in educational outcomes. So sense_index 2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such <t>evidence</t>, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "evidence" in the given context. The context is about a statement: "there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials." The speaker is saying there is no proof or basis for that belief. The sentence: "If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it." This refers to factual information that would support a claim. The three senses:
1. "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" - synonyms: grounds. Example: evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling. This sense is about a basis for belief, often factual.
2. "an indication that makes something evident" - example: his trembling was evidence of his fear. This is more about a sign or symptom.
3. "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact... is established or disproved" - legally specific.

The context is not specifically legal; it's a general argument about educational equity. It uses "evidence" in the sense of factual information or proof that supports a claim. The phrase "one shred of evidence" and "you would have heard of it" suggests a basis for belief. Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief". The example given about smoking causing lung cancer is analogous to this context: evidence as factual support. Sense 2 is more about an indication (like trembling), which is less fitting. Sense 3 is legal, not used here. So sense 1 is best.

Thus, return {"sense_index": 1}.{"sense_index": 1}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such <t>evidence</t>, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
We are asked to choose the best sense for "evidence" in the given context. The context is about a statement: "there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials." The speaker is saying there is no proof or basis for that belief. The sentence: "If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it." This refers to factual information that would support a claim. The three senses:
1. "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" - synonyms: grounds. Example: evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling. This sense is about a basis for belief, often factual.
2. "an indication that makes something evident" - example: his trembling was evidence of his fear. This is more about a sign or symptom.
3. "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact... is established or disproved" - legally specific.

The context is not specifically legal; it's a general argument about educational equity. It uses "evidence" in the sense of factual information or proof that supports a claim. The phrase "one shred of evidence" and "you would have heard of it" suggests a basis for belief. Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief". The example given about smoking causing lung cancer is analogous to this context: evidence as factual support. Sense 2 is more about an indication (like trembling), which is less fitting. Sense 3 is legal, not used here. So sense 1 is best.

Thus, return {"sense_index": 1}.{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between sense 1, 2, or 3. The context: "there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials." This is about factual basis for a belief. Sense 1: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" fits perfectly. Sense 2: "an indication that makes something evident" is more like a symptom or sign (e.g., trembling as evidence of fear) not appropriate here. Sense 3: legal context - not specifically legal here. So sense 1 is best. Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sure
Target surface form: sure
Context:
Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be <t>sure</t> you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sure%3:00:00:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=certain | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
2. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=certain | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors
3. sense_key=sure%3:00:04:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=certain | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
4. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:secure:02 | definition=physically secure or dependable | examples=a sure footing; was on sure ground
5. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=certain | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
6. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=(of persons) worthy of trust or confidence | synonyms=trusted | examples=a sure (or trusted) friend
7. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=infallible or unfailing | examples=a sure (or true) sign of one's commitment
8. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:steady:00 | definition=certain not to fail | examples=a sure hand on the throttle
9. sense_key=sure%5:00:02:certain:01 | definition=impossible to doubt or dispute | synonyms=indisputable | examples=indisputable (or sure) proof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to determine the correct sense of "sure" in the context: "If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it." The phrase "you can be sure" indicates certainty or confidence about a proposition. Looking at the senses:

1. having no doubt; confident. This fits: "you can be sure" means you can be confident that you would have heard of it.
2. careful: "be sure to lock doors" - not applicable.
3. certain to occur; destined - not applicable because it's about a hypothetical situation.
4. physically secure - no.
5. reliable in operation - not exactly.
6. trustworthy person - not person.
7. infallible or unfailing - could be but more about sign.
8. certain not to fail - not.
9. impossible to doubt or dispute - this could also fit, but sense 1 is more directly about personal certainty.

The context is about having no doubt: "you can be sure" = you can be certain. Synonyms in sense 1: certain, confident. So sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wish
Target surface form: wish
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we <t>wish</t> to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wish%2:37:00:: | definition=hope for; have a wish | examples=I wish I could go home now
2. sense_key=wish%2:37:02:: | definition=prefer or wish to do something | synonyms=care, like | examples=Do you care to try this dish?; Would you like to come along to the movies?
3. sense_key=wish%2:32:02:: | definition=make or express a wish | examples=I wish that Christmas were over
4. sense_key=wish%2:37:01:: | definition=feel or express a desire or hope concerning the future or fortune of | synonyms=wish well
5. sense_key=wish%2:32:01:: | definition=order politely; express a wish for
6. sense_key=wish%2:32:00:: | definition=invoke upon | synonyms=bid | examples=wish you a nice evening; bid farewell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a sentence: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do..." The target word is "wish". The context is about wanting to be serious or intending to be serious. This is not a simple desire like "I wish I could go home". Rather, it expresses a preference or intention to do something. Among the candidate senses, sense 2 is "prefer or wish to do something" with synonyms "care, like" and example "Do you care to try this dish?" That fits: "If we wish to be serious" means "if we want to be serious" or "if we intend to be serious". Sense 1 is more about hoping for something (like "I wish I could go home"), but here it's a conditional statement about action. Sense 3 is about making a wish (like "I wish that Christmas were over") - not fitting. Sense 4 is about expressing a desire for someone's fortune (wish well). Sense 5 is order politely. Sense 6 is invoke upon (wish you a nice evening). So the best is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: serious
Target surface form: serious
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be <t>serious</t> about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=serious%3:00:00:: | definition=concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities | examples=a serious student of history; a serious attempt to learn to ski
2. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of great consequence | examples=marriage is a serious matter
3. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, severe, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
4. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good | examples=good music; a serious book
5. sense_key=serious%3:00:02:: | definition=completely lacking in playfulness | synonyms=unplayful, sober
6. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:difficult:00 | definition=requiring effort or concentration; complex and not easy to answer or solve | examples=raised serious objections to the proposal; the plan has a serious flaw

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "serious" in the context. The sentence: "If we wish to be <t>serious</t> about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." The context is about education reform, and the author argues that salary increases aren't evidence-based. "Serious" here means earnest, concerned with important matters, not trivial. This aligns best with sense 1: "concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities". The example "a serious attempt to learn to ski" fits. Sense 2 "of great consequence" is close but more about importance of the matter itself, whereas here it's about attitude. Sense 3 is about danger/threat, not applicable. Sense 4 is about intellectual appeal, not exactly. Sense 5 is "lacking playfulness", that might be secondary but the primary meaning here is about being earnest about education. Sense 6 "requiring effort" is plausible but the context is about being serious in approach. Best is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about <t>American</t> education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "american" with surface form "American". The context is about American education, specifically mentioning "American education" in the sentence: "If we wish to be serious about <t>American</t> education". The context discusses teachers, unions, politicians, and education in what appears to be the United States. Sense 1 is "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture" with examples including "American citizens; American English". Sense 2 is more general: "of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas" including the American hemisphere. Given the specific reference to education in a national context (teachers' unions, politicians, etc.), it is clearly referring to the United States. Therefore, sense 1 is the best. The output should be a JSON object with sense_index. Since sense 1 corresponds to index 1, we return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American <t>education</t>, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "education" in the context. The context is about American education, discussing salary differentials, teachers, and successful schools. The phrase "If we wish to be serious about American education" refers to the overall system or process of education. Among the senses: 1 is activities of educating, 2 is knowledge acquired, 3 is gradual process of acquiring knowledge, 4 is profession, 5 is upbringing, 6 is department. The context is about the system and process, not a specific profession or department. "Education" here seems to refer to the general concept of schooling and learning, which aligns with sense 1 (activities) or sense 3 (process). Sense 3's example "education is a preparation for life" fits the broader discussion. Also the phrase "American education" often refers to the educational system. Sense 1 also fits but sense 3 emphasizes the process. I think sense 3 is most appropriate.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we <t>know</t> exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "know" in the sentence: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."

The context is about having definite knowledge of what actions to take. It is not about being aware of a fact (sense 1) or knowing how to perform something (sense 2) or belief (sense 3) specifically. It's more about having fixed in mind what to do, or being cognizant of a plan. The phrase "know exactly what to do" implies having the knowledge or understanding of the correct actions. Sense 7: "have fixed in the mind" fits well, as it says "know Latin" or "know her irregular verbs" - here it's "know what to do". Also sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact" could work, but the examples there are about knowing facts like "who is winning". Sense 3: "be aware of the truth" is about belief. Sense 7 seems more appropriate for knowing a set of actions. Alternatively, sense 10: "be able to distinguish" could be possible but less direct. Sense 11: "perceive as familiar" doesn't fit. I think sense 7 is best.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know <t>exactly</t> what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a sentence: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know <t>exactly</t> what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." The word "exactly" here is used to mean "precisely" or "clearly" in the sense of knowing precisely what to do. The context emphasizes knowing with precision, not just "as it should be" (sense 2) or indicating exactness/preciseness (sense 1) which is similar, but sense 1 says "indicating exactness or preciseness" while sense 3 says "in a precise manner". However, the usage in the sentence is "we know exactly what to do" - it is an adverb modifying "know". Sense 1 examples: "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do" - that is similar. Sense 3: "she always expressed herself precisely" - that is about manner of expression. Here it's about knowledge. The best fit is sense 1: indicating exactness or preciseness. Sense 2 is more like an interjection or confirmation: "Precisely, my lord." Not fitting. So sense index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, <t>just</t> as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "just" in context: "...we know exactly what to do -- and, <t>just</t> as important, what not to do." The phrase "just as important" indicates that something is equally important. The candidate senses:

1. "and nothing more" (merely, simply, only, but) - this would be like "just a moment" meaning only a moment, but here it's "just as important" meaning equally important, not "only as important."

2. "indicating exactness or preciseness" (precisely, exactly) - "just as important" could mean "exactly as important" which fits well. The example "it was just as he said" uses "just" to mean exactly. So sense 2 seems appropriate.

3. "only a moment ago" - not relevant; it's not temporal.

4. "absolutely" (simply) - "just as important" could be interpreted as "absolutely as important" but that seems less precise. The example "I just can't take it anymore" is different.

5. "only a very short time before" (barely, hardly) - not relevant.

6. "exactly at this moment" - not relevant.

Thus, sense 2 ("indicating exactness or preciseness") fits best. The JSON should be {"sense_index": 2

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We are asked to perform WSD on the word "important" in the given context. The context is about education and a specific phrase: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do." The word "important" here is used in a comparative sense: "just as important" meaning equally significant. The sentence is saying that knowing what to do and what not to do are both of great significance.

Now we need to choose the best sense from the given candidates. Let's examine each:

1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day. This is a general sense of being significant or valuable.

2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution. This sense emphasizes effect or meaning.

3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election. This sense implies urgency or crisis resolution.

4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner. This sense is about having authority or influence.

5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office. This sense is about being self-important or showing off one's status.

In the context, "just as important" is referring to the necessity of both knowing what to do and what not to do. It does not indicate a crisis or crucial moment, but rather a matter of significance. The word is used in a general sense of being of great importance or value. It does not have an authoritative or influential connotation. It is not about being self-important. It is simply stating that the two things (what to do and what not to do) are both important. Sense 1 (important%3:00:00::) seems most fitting: "of great significance or value". The example "important people; the important questions of the day" aligns with this general usage. However, note that sense 2 (significant) is also similar. But the definition for sense 2 says "important in effect or meaning" which might be more specific to changes. The context is about knowing what to do and not do, which is a general significance. Sense 3 (crucial) might fit if it were a crisis, but it's not. Sense 4 and 5 are off. So I think sense 1 is best. But let's check the phrasing: "just as <t>important</t>" - that is a common usage of "important" meaning "equally significant". So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus the answer: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
We are asked to perform WSD on the word "important" in the given context. The context is about education and a specific phrase: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do." The word "important" here is used in a comparative sense: "just as important" meaning equally significant. The sentence is saying that knowing what to do and what not to do are both of great significance.

Now we need to choose the best sense from the given candidates. Let's examine each:

1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day. This is a general sense of being significant or valuable.

2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution. This sense emphasizes effect or meaning.

3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election. This sense implies urgency or crisis resolution.

4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner. This sense is about having authority or influence.

5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office. This sense is about being self-important or showing off one's status.

In the context, "just as important" is referring to the necessity of both knowing what to do and what not to do. It does not indicate a crisis or crucial moment, but rather a matter of significance. The word is used in a general sense of being of great importance or value. It does not have an authoritative or influential connotation. It is not about being self-important. It is simply stating that the two things (what to do and what not to do) are both important. Sense 1 (important%3:00:00::) seems most fitting: "of great significance or value". The example "important people; the important questions of the day" aligns with this general usage. However, note that sense 2 (significant) is also similar. But the definition for sense 2 says "important in effect or meaning" which might be more specific to changes. The context is about knowing what to do and not do, which is a general significance. Sense 3 (crucial) might fit if it were a crisis, but it's not. Sense 4 and 5 are off. So I think sense 1 is best. But let's check the phrasing: "just as <t>important</t>" - that is a common usage of "important" meaning "equally significant". So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus the answer: {"sense_index": 1}{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 5. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

raw_output: We need to select the best sense for "important" in the given context. The context: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do." The phrase "just as important" means "equally of great significance" in a general sense. None of the senses imply crisis, authority, or self-importance. Sense 1 (of great significance or value) fits perfectly. Sense 2 (significant in effect or meaning) is also close but more specific to changes. Sense 3 (crucial) implies crisis, not present. Sense 4 (influential) not applicable. Sense 5 (immodest) wrong. So sense 1 is best.{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful <t>schools</t> scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "schools" in the context of a discussion about American education, successful and unsuccessful schools. The context refers to educational institutions, not buildings, not the process, not a group of fish, etc. The phrase "successful schools" and "unsuccessful schools" clearly refers to educational institutions as organizations. Sense 1 is "an educational institution" with example "the school was founded in 1900". That fits. Sense 2 is "a building where young people receive education" - that is more about the physical building, but the context is about the institution's success, not the building. Sense 3 is "the process of being formally educated at a school" - that is schooling, not the school itself. Sense 4 is a group of artists, etc. Sense 5 is the period of instruction. Sense 6 is "an educational institution's faculty and students" - that could also fit, but the context talks about "schools" as entities that can be successful or unsuccessful, which is more about the institution as a whole. Sense 1 is broader and more appropriate. Sense 6 is more about the people, but the context says "there are many successful schools" - that likely means the institution as a whole. However, sense 1 is the most general and typical. Also, the example for sense 1 is "the school was founded in 1900" which aligns with the idea of a school as an institution. So I'll choose sense 1.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scattered
Target surface form: scattered
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools <t>scattered</t> throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:distributed:00 | definition=occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space | examples=scattered showers; scattered villages
2. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:incoherent:00 | definition=lacking orderly continuity | synonyms=confused, disconnected, disjointed, disordered, garbled, illogical | examples=a confused set of instructions; a confused dream about the end of the world

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "There are many successful schools <t>scattered</t> throughout this nation". The word "scattered" here refers to schools being distributed over different places, not being disorganized or incoherent. Sense 1 is about distribution over spaced intervals, with examples like "scattered showers" and "scattered villages". That matches. Sense 2 is about lacking coherence, like confused or disordered. The context talks about schools being located in various places, not about being disordered. So answer sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: poor
Target surface form: poorest
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the <t>poorest</t> of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 | definition=deserving or inciting pity; ; ; - Galsworthy | synonyms=hapless, miserable, misfortunate, pathetic, piteous, pitiable | examples=a hapless victim; miserable victims of war
2. sense_key=poor%3:00:00:: | definition=having little money or few possessions | examples=deplored the gap between rich and poor countries; the proverbial poor artist living in a garret
3. sense_key=poor%3:00:03:: | definition=characterized by or indicating poverty | examples=the country had a poor economy; they lived in the poor section of town
4. sense_key=poor%3:00:02:: | definition=lacking in specific resources, qualities or substances | examples=a poor land; the area was poor in timber and coal
5. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=not sufficient to meet a need | synonyms=inadequate, short | examples=an inadequate income; a poor salary
6. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:bad:00 | definition=unsatisfactory | examples=a poor light for reading; poor morale

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "poor" in the form "poorest" in the context: "some of them in the poorest of ghettos". The context describes ghettos, which are typically impoverished areas. The phrase "poorest of ghettos" indicates ghettos that have very little money or resources. Among the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 - "deserving or inciting pity" with synonyms like hapless, miserable. This sense is more about evoking pity, but the context is about poverty, not necessarily evoking pity directly.

2. sense_key=poor%3:00:00:: - "having little money or few possessions". This is a straightforward sense of lacking wealth. The examples include "poor countries" and "poor artist". This seems fitting for "poorest of ghettos" as ghettos are areas with little money.

3. sense_key=poor%3:00:03:: - "characterized by or indicating poverty". This is similar to sense 2 but more about characterizing poverty. The example "they lived in the poor section of town" aligns with ghettos. This could also be appropriate.

4. sense_key=poor%3:00:02:: - "lacking in specific resources, qualities or substances". This is about lacking something specific, like "poor land" lacking in timber. But ghettos are primarily about financial poverty, not necessarily lacking a specific resource.

5. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:insufficient:00 - "not sufficient to meet a need". This is about inadequacy, like inadequate income. While ghettos may have insufficient resources, the phrase "poorest of ghettos" emphasizes the degree of poverty.

6. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:bad:00 - "unsatisfactory". This is too general; "poor light" or "poor morale". Not specific to poverty.

Between sense 2 and sense 3, sense 2 is "having little money or few possessions" and sense 3 is "characterized by or indicating poverty". The phrase "poorest of ghettos" is describing the ghettos themselves as having extreme poverty. Sense 3 seems more directly about characterizing the area as poor. In WordNet, sense 2 is the basic sense for lacking money, but sense 3 is specifically for indicating poverty. The context says "in the poorest of ghettos" - the word "poorest" modifies "ghettos" and indicates that these ghettos are the most impoverished. This aligns with both senses, but sense 3's example "they lived in the poor section of town" is very similar. I think sense 3 is more precise because it is about the condition of poverty characterizing a place.

Looking at the glosses: sense 2: "having little money or few possessions" - this is more about individuals' financial state. Sense 3: "characterized by or indicating poverty" - this is more about the state of something like a neighborhood. The context is about ghettos, which are areas, so sense 3 seems better.

Also note that sense 2 has no example about places, while sense 3 explicitly has "poor section of town". So I'll go with sense 3.

Thus the JSON is {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the <t>same</t> message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "same" in the given context. The context: "they are all sending us the <t>same</t> message." The word "same" here modifies "message". The sentence says successful schools are sending us the same message. The sense is about the message being identical or similar in kind. Let's evaluate candidate senses.

1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice. This sense emphasizes identity, i.e., exactly the same entity. But here "message" is not a specific identical message; it's a message that is the same in content. It could be interpreted as identical in identity, but likely it's about being similar in kind.

2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age. This sense is about similarity in kind or quality. The message from successful schools is the same in kind, not necessarily identical in every word. This fits well.

3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts. This is about equality in amount or value, not relevant here.

4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever. This is about being unchanged, but here the message is not about being unchanged; it's about being the same across different schools.

The context says "they are all sending us the same message" meaning that the message is consistent or identical in content. This is closest to sense 2 (closely similar or comparable in kind). Sense 2 is about similarity in kind, not necessarily identity. But the phrase "the same message" often means identical in content. However, sense 1 is about identity, like "the same man I saw yesterday" means the exact same individual. Here, the message is not a physical entity but a concept. So sense 2 seems more appropriate. Also, the example "curtains the same color as the walls" indicates similarity in property. So I think sense 2 is best.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index 2. But wait, the instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." That's an example; I need to put the correct index. I'll output {"sense_index": 2}.{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the <t>same</t> message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "same" in the given context. The context: "they are all sending us the <t>same</t> message." The word "same" here modifies "message". The sentence says successful schools are sending us the same message. The sense is about the message being identical or similar in kind. Let's evaluate candidate senses.

1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice. This sense emphasizes identity, i.e., exactly the same entity. But here "message" is not a specific identical message; it's a message that is the same in content. It could be interpreted as identical in identity, but likely it's about being similar in kind.

2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age. This sense is about similarity in kind or quality. The message from successful schools is the same in kind, not necessarily identical in every word. This fits well.

3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts. This is about equality in amount or value, not relevant here.

4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever. This is about being unchanged, but here the message is not about being unchanged; it's about being the same across different schools.

The context says "they are all sending us the same message" meaning that the message is consistent or identical in content. This is closest to sense 2 (closely similar or comparable in kind). Sense 2 is about similarity in kind, not necessarily identity. But the phrase "the same message" often means identical in content. However, sense 1 is about identity, like "the same man I saw yesterday" means the exact same individual. Here, the message is not a physical entity but a concept. So sense 2 seems more appropriate. Also, the example "curtains the same color as the walls" indicates similarity in property. So I think sense 2 is best.

Thus, I'll choose sense_index 2. But wait, the instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." That's an example; I need to put the correct index. I'll output {"sense_index": 2}.{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 4. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
We need to pick the best sense for "same" in the context: "they are all sending us the same message." The phrase "the same message" means an identical message in terms of content. The schools are sending the same message, meaning the message is identical across schools. Sense 1 is "same in identity" with examples "the same man I saw yesterday" – that refers to one specific entity. Here, the message is the same content, not necessarily a single physical message, but the identity of the message is identical. Sense 2 is "closely similar or comparable in kind" – that would be like same color, same age, meaning similar but not necessarily identical. In the context, "the same message" likely means identical in content, not just similar. So sense 1 fits better. Also, note that sense 4 is "unchanged in character" – that could apply if the message hasn't changed, but here it's about multiple schools sending the same message, not about a single school's message being unchanged. Sense 3 is about equal amount/value, not relevant. Therefore, the best is sense 1.

Thus, JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: majority
Target surface form: majority
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the <t>majority</t> of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=majority%1:07:00:: | definition=the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part | synonyms=bulk | examples=the majority of his customers prefer it; the bulk of the work is finished
2. sense_key=majority%1:23:00:: | definition=(elections) more than half of the votes | synonyms=absolute majority
3. sense_key=majority%1:28:00:: | definition=the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs | synonyms=legal age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "majority" in context. The context discusses unsuccessful schools, and says "there are the <t>majority</t> of unsuccessful schools". This means that most schools are unsuccessful. That aligns with sense 1: the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part. The synonyms include "bulk", and the example given is "the majority of his customers prefer it". This matches the usage: "the majority of unsuccessful schools" means most schools. Sense 2 is about elections (more than half of votes), which is not relevant here. Sense 3 is about age of majority, also not relevant. So the best sense is sense 1. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful <t>schools</t>, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "schools" in the given context. The context discusses successful and unsuccessful schools, and the majority of unsuccessful schools. It is about educational institutions. Sense 1: "an educational institution" seems most appropriate. Sense 2 is a building, but the context talks about schools as institutions, not just buildings. Sense 3 is the process of being educated, but here it's plural "schools" referring to entities. Sense 4 is a style or movement, not relevant. Sense 5 is the period of instruction. Sense 6 is faculty and students, but the context says "there are the majority of unsuccessful schools", likely referring to institutions. Sense 7 is fish. So sense 1 is best.

provider: Io Net


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "know" in a context. The context is about American education: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. ... and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking."

We need to choose the best sense from the list.

Let's analyze each candidate sense in relation to the context.

Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" – This seems plausible. The speaker is saying they know what to do and what not to do, and they know which efforts are doomed. This is about being aware of facts.

Sense 2: "know how to do or perform something" – This could also fit because "know exactly what to do" implies knowing how to do something. But the context also includes "know which efforts...are doomed" which is more factual knowledge. However, the phrase "know exactly what to do" is more about knowing the method. But overall the passage is about having knowledge about education reform.

Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" – This is similar to sense 1 but emphasizes truth and certainty. The context says "we know exactly what to do" and "we know which efforts...are doomed" – these are presented as certain knowledge.

Sense 4: "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" – Not relevant.

Sense 5: "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" – Not directly about experiencing, but rather cognitive knowledge.

Sense 6: "accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority" – Not relevant.

Sense 7: "have fixed in the mind" – This is about memorized knowledge, like knowing facts. Could fit, but less specific.

Sense 8: "have sexual intercourse with" – Not relevant.

Sense 9: "know the nature or character of" – This could be about knowing the character of something, but the context is about knowing what to do, not knowing the nature.

Sense 10: "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different" – This fits "know right from wrong" but in context they are distinguishing which efforts are doomed. However, the phrase "know which efforts...are doomed" is more about knowing a fact than distinguishing.

Sense 11: "perceive as familiar" – Not relevant.

The context has two uses: "we know exactly what to do" and "we <t>know</t> which efforts...are doomed" and "We really do know all we need to know". The first instance is about knowing the correct actions, which is close to sense 2 (know how to do). But the second instance is about knowing which efforts are doomed, which is factual knowledge. The final "know all we need to know" is general knowledge.

Given that the passage is about possessing knowledge about education, sense 1 seems broad and appropriate. Sense 3 emphasizes truth beyond doubt, which also fits the certainty of the statements. Sense 2 is specifically about know-how, but the phrase "know exactly what to do" does imply know-how, but the rest of the context leans more toward factual knowledge.

The target word is tagged as <t>know</t> in the sentence: "and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." That is clearly about being aware of a fact: which efforts are doomed. So sense 1 or sense 3. Sense 3 has "regard as true beyond any doubt" which matches the certainty. Sense 1 is more general.

Looking at the definitions: sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information". sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt". The context says "we know which efforts...are doomed" – that is a fact, and they are certain. So either could work. But sense 3 seems more specific to truth. However, sense 1 is the most general sense of knowing a fact.

Often in WordNet, sense 1 (know%2:31:01) is the primary sense for knowing facts. I think sense 1 is the best fit.

But let's also consider the collocation "know what to do" – that is more like sense 2 (know how). But the specific instance we have to pick is the one with <t>know</t> in the sentence: "and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." That is clearly factual knowledge.

Thus, I will choose sense 1.

However, we need to return only the JSON with sense_index. The sense_index is the number before the colon in the sense_key? The sense keys are like know%2:31:01:: so sense_index 1 corresponds to that. In the list, they are numbered 1 through 11. So I should output {"sense_index": 1}.

Double-check: The user said "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." So I should not output the key, just the index.

Thus, final answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Morph


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effort
Target surface form: efforts
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which <t>efforts</t> at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effort%1:04:00:: | definition=earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something | synonyms=attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try | examples=made an effort to cover all the reading material; wished him luck in his endeavor
2. sense_key=effort%1:04:01:: | definition=use of physical or mental energy; hard work | synonyms=elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat | examples=he got an A for effort; they managed only with great exertion
3. sense_key=effort%1:04:02:: | definition=a notable achievement | synonyms=feat, exploit | examples=he performed a great feat; the book was her finest effort
4. sense_key=effort%1:04:03:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to select the best sense for "efforts" in the context. The context: "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." The phrase "efforts at educational reform" suggests a series of actions aimed at a particular end (reform). That aligns with sense 4: "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" with synonyms campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement. The other senses: sense 1 is about earnest conscientious activity (attempt), sense 2 is hard work, sense 3 is a notable achievement. Here "efforts" refers to particular reform initiatives, which fits sense 4. So answer sense_index: 4.

provider: Novita