[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at <t>educational</t> reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "educational" in context. The sentence: "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." The word "educational" modifies "reform". The two candidate senses are: (1) relating to the process of education, and (2) providing knowledge. In the context of "educational reform", it's about reforms in the education system, not necessarily about providing knowledge directly. The phrase "educational reform" typically refers to reforms within the educational system, which aligns with sense 1. Sense 2 is about providing knowledge, like an educational film. So sense 1 is more appropriate. Therefore, the answer should be sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reform
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational <t>reform</t> are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content: We are given a target lemma "reform" in the context of educational reform. The context discusses "efforts at educational reform" and knowing which are doomed. The sense should be about a change or campaign to correct abuses or improve. Sense 1 is "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses" with example about law courts. Sense 2 is "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices" with example about radical reforms. Sense 3 is "self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice" with example about drunkard's reform. The context is about educational reform, which is a campaign to improve education. It's not about self-improvement. It is about a campaign to correct abuses or malpractices. But sense 1 also fits as a change for the better. However, the phrase "efforts at educational reform" suggests a campaign. So sense 2 seems more appropriate. But we need to choose the single best. The gloss for sense 2 specifically says "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices", and the context talks about knowing which efforts are doomed, implying a campaign. So I think sense_index 2 is correct.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: GMICloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doomed
Target surface form: doomed
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are <t>doomed</t> beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:dead:01 | definition=marked for certain death | examples=the black spot told the old sailor he was doomed
2. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:lost:02 | definition=in danger of the eternal punishment of Hell | synonyms=cursed, damned, unredeemed, unsaved | examples=poor damned souls
3. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 | definition=marked by or promising bad fortune; ; ; ; - W.H.Prescott | synonyms=ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred, unlucky | examples=their business venture was doomed from the start; an ill-fated business venture
4. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:certain:03 | definition=(usually followed by `to') determined by tragic fate | synonyms=fated | examples=doomed to unhappiness; fated to be the scene of Kennedy's assassination

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "doomed" in context. The sentence is: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." The context discusses unsuccessful schools and that certain efforts at reform are doomed beforehand, meaning they are predestined to fail. Sense 3: "marked by or promising bad fortune" fits well, with examples like "their business venture was doomed from the start." Sense 1 is about certain death, which is too specific. Sense 2 is about eternal punishment. Sense 4 is about being determined by tragic fate, but the example "doomed to unhappiness" also fits, but sense 3 seems more directly about bad fortune. However, sense 4 includes "determined by tragic fate" and the phrase "doomed to unhappiness." The context says "doomed beforehand" implying predetermined failure. Sense 3 includes "ill-fated" and "unlucky." Given the educational reform context, it's about failure, not death or damnation. So sense 3 is best.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: really
Target surface form: really
Context:
But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We <t>really</t> do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=really%4:02:03:: | definition=in accordance with truth or fact or reality | synonyms=truly, genuinely | examples=she was now truly American; a genuinely open society
2. sense_key=really%4:02:04:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=actually | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
3. sense_key=really%4:02:02:: | definition=in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers) | synonyms=in truth, truly | examples=in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it
4. sense_key=really%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=very, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word 'really' in the context: "We <t>really</t> do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking."

The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=really%4:02:03:: | definition=in accordance with truth or fact or reality | synonyms=truly, genuinely | examples=she was now truly American; a genuinely open society
2. sense_key=really%4:02:04:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=actually | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
3. sense_key=really%4:02:02:: | definition=in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers) | synonyms=in truth, truly | examples=in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it
4. sense_key=really%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=very, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well

We need to choose the best indexed sense. The context is: "We really do know all we need to know". Here, 'really' is used as an intensifier to emphasize the verb "do know". It is similar to "truly" or "indeed". Sense 3 says "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)" and synonyms "in truth, truly". That matches well. Sense 1 is about truth or reality, but it's more about being genuine. Sense 2 is about actual fact. Sense 4 is about intensity like "very". In the sentence, "really" intensifies the assertion that we know. It is not simply "very" (which would be an adverb of degree, but here it modifies the whole assertion). Also note the example for sense 3: "really, you shouldn't have done it" shows it as an intensifier. So sense 3 seems most appropriate.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do <t>know</t> all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "know" in the context: "We really do <t>know</t> all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking." The context is about knowing what to do and what not to do in education reform. The phrase "know all we need to know" suggests having knowledge or awareness of facts/information. Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" fits well. Sense 3 is about being aware of the truth of something, but that is more about belief beyond doubt. The context is about knowing what works and what doesn't, which is factual knowledge. Sense 1 seems best. Also note the examples: "I know that the President lied" matches the structure "we know exactly what to do" and "we know which efforts... are doomed". So sense 1.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: need
Context:
But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we <t>need</t> to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "need" in the context: "We really do know all we need to know". The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

The phrase "all we need to know" means that the knowledge is necessary or required for some purpose. It is not about lacking something (want) or feeling a need for something (like needing friends). It is about requiring something as necessary. Sense 1 fits: "require as useful, just, or proper". The example "success usually requires hard work" matches the sense of necessity. Sense 2 and 3 imply a lack or desire, which is not the primary meaning here. So the best sense is sense 1.

Thus, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to <t>know</t>, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We are given a target word "know" in context. The context is a paragraph about American education, and the key phrase is: "We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking." The preceding sentences: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do." and "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." This indicates that "know" here means being aware of facts or having knowledge about what to do and what not to do, i.e., having certain knowledge. It is not about knowing how to do something (sense 2), nor about being familiar with a person (sense 4), nor about experience (sense 5), nor about acknowledging (sense 6), nor about having fixed in mind (sense 7) which is more about memorization, nor about sexual intercourse (sense 8), nor about knowing the nature (sense 9), nor about distinguishing (sense 10), nor about perceiving as familiar (sense 11). The closest is sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" and sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt". The context suggests that they are certain about what they know: "we know exactly what to do" and "we know which efforts ... are doomed". It implies a strong conviction. Also, the phrase "we know all we need to know" implies a state of having sufficient knowledge. Sense 3 emphasizes "beyond any doubt". The context uses "know" in a way that suggests certainty about the right course of action. Sense 1 is more about general awareness. I think sense 3 fits better because it conveys a sense of certainty about what to do and what not to do. However, note that sense 3's example: "I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" – these are about certain knowledge. In the context, the speaker is asserting that they know exactly what to do, implying a truth they are certain of. So I'll go with sense 3.

But let's check the definitions: sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information". That could also work. The key difference is that sense 3 is about "have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt". The context says "we know exactly what to do" – that is more than just being aware; it's knowing the right thing. Also, "we know which efforts are doomed" – that's a certainty. So I think sense 3 is better.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 3}{"sense_index": 3"}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: assimilate
Target surface form: assimilate
Context:
But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could <t>assimilate</t> this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=assimilate%2:31:00:: | definition=take up mentally | synonyms=absorb, ingest, take in | examples=he absorbed the knowledge or beliefs of his tribe
2. sense_key=assimilate%2:30:00:: | definition=become similar to one's environment | examples=Immigrants often want to assimilate quickly
3. sense_key=assimilate%2:30:01:: | definition=make similar | examples=This country assimilates immigrants very quickly
4. sense_key=assimilate%2:35:00:: | definition=take (gas, light or heat) into a solution | synonyms=imbibe
5. sense_key=assimilate%2:30:02:: | definition=become similar in sound | examples=The nasal assimilates to the following consonant

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "assimilate" in context: "if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking." The context refers to taking up knowledge mentally. Sense 1: "take up mentally" with synonyms absorb, ingest, take in. That matches perfectly. Sense 2 is about becoming similar to environment (immigrants). Sense 3 is making similar (country assimilates immigrants). Sense 4 is about solution. Sense 5 is about sound. So sense 1 is correct. JSON with sense_index 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: respect
Target surface form: respect
Context:
If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this <t>respect</t>, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=respect%1:09:00:: | definition=(usually preceded by `in') a detail or point | synonyms=regard | examples=it differs in that respect
2. sense_key=respect%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of being honored (esteemed or respected or well regarded) | synonyms=esteem, regard | examples=it is held in esteem; a man who has earned high regard
3. sense_key=respect%1:09:01:: | definition=an attitude of admiration or esteem | synonyms=esteem, regard | examples=she lost all respect for him
4. sense_key=respect%1:04:03:: | definition=a courteous expression (by word or deed) of esteem or regard | synonyms=deference | examples=his deference to her wishes was very flattering; be sure to give my respects to the dean
5. sense_key=respect%1:04:02:: | definition=behavior intended to please your parents | synonyms=obedience | examples=their children were never very strong on obedience; he went to law school out of respect for his father's wishes
6. sense_key=respect%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of friendship and esteem | synonyms=regard | examples=she mistook his manly regard for love; he inspires respect
7. sense_key=respect%1:07:00:: | definition=courteous regard for people's feelings | synonyms=deference, respectfulness | examples=in deference to your wishes; out of respect for his privacy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to do WSD for the target lemma "respect" in the given context. The context includes the phrase "In this <t>respect</t>". The candidate senses are listed with definitions and examples. The phrase "in this respect" is a common expression meaning "in this particular detail or aspect." Sense 1 explicitly says "(usually preceded by `in') a detail or point" with example "it differs in that respect". This matches perfectly. The sentence says "In this respect, it would be helpful..." So sense 1 is the correct one. Other senses are about esteem, regard, deference, etc. They do not fit the "in this respect" usage. So the answer should be sense index 1.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, <t>rather</t> than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "rather" in the context: "In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently 'concerned.'" The phrase "rather than" indicates a contrast or alternative. The sentence suggests that being mute is preferable to being eloquently concerned. This aligns with the sense of "rather" meaning "on the contrary" or "instead." Looking at the candidates:

Sense 1: "on the contrary" (instead) - fits "rather than" structure.
Sense 2: "to some extent" - does not fit.
Sense 3: "more readily or willingly" - that would be for "I would rather" constructions, not "rather than."
Sense 4: "to a degree (quite)" - also does not fit.

Thus, sense 1 is correct. The sense_index is 1.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concerned
Target surface form: concerned
Context:
If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "<t>concerned</t>. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concerned%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
2. sense_key=concerned%5:00:00:involved:00 | definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
3. sense_key=concerned%5:00:01:involved:00 | definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a sentence: "In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently 'concerned.'" The context is about educational reform and political leaders. The word "concerned" is used ironically: the author says it would be better if leaders were mute (quiet) rather than eloquently "concerned." The quotes around concerned suggest that the author is skeptical of their supposed concern. They are "echoing conventional pap," meaning they are saying what is expected but not genuinely worried. So the sense is likely about showing worry or solicitude, but in a perfunctory or insincere way. However, the WordNet sense 1 is "feeling or showing worry or solicitude." That seems to match the literal meaning, even if the author is being ironic. Sense 2 is "interested" or involved, which might also fit because political leaders are involved in education, but the context emphasizes their expression of concern. Sense 3 is "culpably involved" which is more about blame, not relevant here. So sense 1 is the best. The example for sense 1 includes "concerned parents" which is similar. So I choose sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inclined
Target surface form: inclined
Context:
If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably <t>inclined</t> to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inclined%3:00:02:: | definition=(often followed by `to') having a preference, disposition, or tendency | examples=wasn't inclined to believe the excuse; inclined to be moody
2. sense_key=inclined%3:00:01:: | definition=at an angle to the horizontal or vertical position | examples=an inclined plane
3. sense_key=inclined%5:00:00:willing:00 | definition=having made preparations | synonyms=disposed, fain, prepared | examples=prepared to take risks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "inclined" in the context: "They are inevitably <t>inclined</t> to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them." The context indicates that the political leaders have a tendency or disposition to echo conventional pap. This matches sense 1: "(often followed by `to') having a preference, disposition, or tendency". The example "wasn't inclined to believe the excuse" and "inclined to be moody" support this. Sense 2 is about physical angle, not applicable. Sense 3 is about being prepared or willing, but the context is about a tendency, not preparation. So sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: echo
Target surface form: echo
Context:
If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to <t>echo</t> the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=echo%2:32:00:: | definition=to say again or imitate | synonyms=repeat | examples=followers echoing the cries of their leaders
2. sense_key=echo%2:39:00:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, ring, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=echo%2:42:00:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=recall | examples=His words echoed John F. Kennedy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: We are given a context where the word "echo" appears: "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap". Here "echo" means to repeat or say again something that is conventional or typical. This matches sense 1: "to say again or imitate" with synonyms "repeat". The example given is "followers echoing the cries of their leaders" which aligns. Sense 2 is about sound reverberating, not applicable here. Sense 3 is "call to mind" which is about recalling, not repeating. So the best is sense 1. But careful: the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." So we need to output the sense index number. The candidate senses are listed with numbers 1, 2, 3. So we choose sense 1. However, note that the instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." That is just an example. So we need to output the correct sense index, which is 1. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: echo
Target surface form: echo
Context:
If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to <t>echo</t> the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=echo%2:32:00:: | definition=to say again or imitate | synonyms=repeat | examples=followers echoing the cries of their leaders
2. sense_key=echo%2:39:00:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, ring, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=echo%2:42:00:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=recall | examples=His words echoed John F. Kennedy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] We are given a context where the word "echo" appears: "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap". Here "echo" means to repeat or say again something that is conventional or typical. This matches sense 1: "to say again or imitate" with synonyms "repeat". The example given is "followers echoing the cries of their leaders" which aligns. Sense 2 is about sound reverberating, not applicable here. Sense 3 is "call to mind" which is about recalling, not repeating. So the best is sense 1. But careful: the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." So we need to output the sense index number. The candidate senses are listed with numbers 1, 2, 3. So we choose sense 1. However, note that the instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." That is just an example. So we need to output the correct sense index, which is 1. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content: We need to reconsider. The context: "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap" – "echo" here means to repeat or say again, which is sense 1. However, the example for sense 3 is "His words echoed John F. Kennedy" which can also be interpreted as repeating or recalling. But sense 3 definition is "call to mind" which is different from simply repeating. The word "echo" in the context is about repeating conventional wisdom, not just calling to mind. So sense 1 is appropriate. But the previous answer was invalid – perhaps because the output format was wrong? I'll output exactly {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conventional
Target surface form: conventional
Context:
If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the <t>conventional</t> pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conventional%3:00:00:: | definition=following accepted customs and proprieties | examples=conventional wisdom; she had strayed from the path of conventional behavior
2. sense_key=conventional%5:00:00:orthodox:00 | definition=conforming with accepted standards | synonyms=established | examples=a conventional view of the world
3. sense_key=conventional%3:00:02:: | definition=(weapons) using energy for propulsion or destruction that is not nuclear energy | examples=conventional warfare; conventional weapons
4. sense_key=conventional%3:00:01:: | definition=unimaginative and conformist | examples=conventional bourgeois lives; conventional attitudes
5. sense_key=conventional%5:00:00:nonrepresentational:00 | definition=represented in simplified or symbolic form | synonyms=formal, schematic
6. sense_key=conventional%5:00:00:traditional:00 | definition=in accord with or being a tradition or practice accepted from the past | examples=a conventional church wedding with the bride in traditional white; the conventional handshake
7. sense_key=conventional%5:00:00:formal:01 | definition=rigidly formal or bound by convention | synonyms=ceremonious | examples=their ceremonious greetings did not seem heartfelt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "conventional" in a context. The sentence: "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them." The word "pap" means trivial or worthless writing or ideas. So "conventional pap" refers to ideas that are commonplace, unoriginal, and accepted without question. The context suggests that political leaders echo these trite, accepted ideas because they are uncontroversial. This implies a sense of following accepted customs or being unimaginative.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=conventional%3:00:00:: | definition=following accepted customs and proprieties | examples=conventional wisdom; she had strayed from the path of conventional behavior. This seems fitting: "conventional pap" could be the same as "conventional wisdom" which is accepted but often trite.

2. sense_key=conventional%5:00:00:orthodox:00 | definition=conforming with accepted standards | synonyms=established | examples=a conventional view of the world. Also close, but more about standards.

3. sense_key=conventional%3:00:02:: | definition=(weapons) using energy for propulsion or destruction that is not nuclear energy. Clearly not applicable.

4. sense_key=conventional%3:00:01:: | definition=unimaginative and conformist | examples=conventional bourgeois lives; conventional attitudes. This has a negative connotation, which fits "pap" (trivial). The context is critical of the leaders echoing such pap.

5. sense_key=conventional%5:00:00:nonrepresentational:00 | definition=represented in simplified or symbolic form | synonyms=formal, schematic. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=conventional%5:00:00:traditional:00 | definition=in accord with or being a tradition or practice accepted from the past | examples=a conventional church wedding with the bride in traditional white; the conventional handshake. This could be close, but "conventional pap" is more about ideas than traditions.

7. sense_key=conventional%5:00:00:formal:01 | definition=rigidly formal or bound by convention | synonyms=ceremonious | examples=their ceremonious greetings did not seem heartfelt. This is about formality.

The context implies that the leaders echo ideas that are accepted and trite. Both senses 1 and 4 seem plausible. Sense 1 is "following accepted customs and proprieties" with example "conventional wisdom" which directly matches "conventional pap" as in "conventional wisdom". Sense 4 is "unimaginative and conformist" which also fits the negative tone. However, the word "pap" itself is disparaging, so sense 4 might capture the negative evaluation better. But note that sense 1 also includes "conventional wisdom" which is a common phrase. The context says "conventional pap", so it's a slight variation. Considering the examples, sense 1 explicitly uses "conventional wisdom". Sense 4 uses "conventional attitudes" which is similar. However, sense 1's definition "following accepted customs and proprieties" is more neutral, while sense 4's "unimaginative and conformist" is more negative. Given that the author is criticizing these ideas as "pap" (worthless), sense 4 seems more appropriate because it implies lack of imagination. But sense 1 also implies acceptance without question. Both are fine. Let's see the overall sentence: "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them." The leaders are echoing what is already accepted to avoid controversy. That aligns with sense 1's "following accepted customs". But sense 4's "conformist" also works. I think sense 1 is the most direct because it is often used with "wisdom" and "pap" is a synonym for trivial wisdom. However, sense 4 might be a better fit because the word "pap" connotes something trivial and worthless, which ties to "unimaginative". I'll lean towards sense 1 because "conventional wisdom" is a set phrase, and "conventional pap" is a play on that. But the instruction says to choose the best indexed sense. Let's check the sense keys: sense 1 is conventional%3:00:00::, sense 4 is conventional%3:00:01::. Both are in the same part of speech and different numbered senses.

Given the context, the intended meaning is likely the commonly accepted, unoriginal ideas. I think both could work, but since sense 1 gives the example "conventional wisdom", that is very close to "conventional pap". So I'll go with sense 1.

Thus the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pap
Target surface form: pap
Context:
If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional <t>pap</t>, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pap%1:10:00:: | definition=worthless or oversimplified ideas | synonyms=pablum
2. sense_key=pap%1:13:00:: | definition=a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders | synonyms=soft diet, spoon food
3. sense_key=pap%1:08:00:: | definition=the small projection of a mammary gland | synonyms=nipple, mammilla, mamilla, teat, tit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "pap" in the given context. The context: political leaders echo conventional pap. This refers to worthless or oversimplified ideas. That matches sense 1: worthless or oversimplified ideas (synonyms: pablum). Sense 2 is about a diet, sense 3 is about a body part. So sense 1 is correct. Return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thus
Target surface form: Thus
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. <t>Thus</t> at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thus%4:02:00:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, so | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
2. sense_key=thus%4:02:01:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thusly, so | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "thus" in the context. The context shows: "<t>Thus</t> at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that ...". Here, "Thus" is used to introduce a logical conclusion from the previous statements. The previous sentences talk about knowing what needs to be done but politicians echoing conventional pap. Then "Thus" introduces an example that illustrates that point: the governor's announcement is an example of the conventional pap. So "thus" is used as "therefore" or "as a result". That matches sense 1: "used to introduce a logical conclusion". Sense 2 is "in the way indicated" which would be like "hold the brush so" meaning in that manner. Here, "Thus" is not indicating manner but rather consequence. Therefore sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the <t>recent</t> governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between two senses. The context: "Thus at the <t>recent</t> governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced..." The conference is described as "recent" meaning it happened in the near past. Sense 2 says "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" with synonyms "late". Sense 1 says "new" with examples "recent graduates; a recent addition to the house". Here "recent governors' conference" is not about something new but about something that just happened. The conference is in the immediate past. So sense 2 is more appropriate. Therefore sense_index should be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: governor
Target surface form: governors
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent <t>governors</t>' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=governor%1:18:00:: | definition=the head of a state government
2. sense_key=governor%1:06:00:: | definition=a control that maintains a steady speed in a machine (as by controlling the supply of fuel) | synonyms=regulator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "governor" with surface form "governors". The context is about political leaders, specifically mentioning "Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas" and "governors' conference on education". Clearly, this refers to state government heads. Sense 1 is "the head of a state government". Sense 2 is a technical term for a regulator in a machine, which does not fit the context. So the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conference
Target surface form: conference
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' <t>conference</t> on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conference%1:14:00:: | definition=a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)
2. sense_key=conference%1:14:01:: | definition=an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members | synonyms=league
3. sense_key=conference%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic | synonyms=group discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a context where the target word is "conference" in the phrase "the recent governors' conference on education". The context describes a meeting of governors discussing education, with a specific agenda (child-development policy). This fits sense 1: "a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)". Sense 2 is about sports teams, not applicable. Sense 3 is "a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic", which is similar but less specific to a formal meeting; the context mentions "recent governors' conference on education" which implies a formal meeting. Sense 1 has the explicit mention of "formal agenda". So sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on <t>education</t>, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context about education, specifically a discussion about educational reform, successful and unsuccessful schools, and a mention of a governors' conference on education. The target word is "education" in the phrase "governors' conference on education". The context is about the state of education in schools, reform, etc.

We need to choose the best sense among the six provided. Let's analyze each sense:

1. "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - this is about the process of teaching/instruction. Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity. Example: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed." This sense seems to refer to the actual act or process of educating.

2. "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - this is about the knowledge that a person gains from education. Example: "it was clear that he had a very broad education." This is more about the result or content of education.

3. "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - this is about the process of learning over time. Example: "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's." This is similar to sense 1 but emphasizes the gradual process.

4. "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)" - this is about the career or profession.

5. "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" - this is about upbringing and social manners. Example: "a woman of breeding and refinement." This seems less relevant.

6. "the United States federal department..." - this is a specific department, like the Department of Education. But note the context mentions "governors' conference on education", which is likely a general topic, not the department itself.

In the context: "Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that..." This is a conference about education in general, not specifically about the department. The governor is discussing a policy for children under five, which is about education/development. So it's about the field or process of education.

Sense 1 and 3 both refer to activities/processes. Sense 1 says "activities of educating or instructing" and sense 3 says "gradual process of acquiring knowledge". The example for sense 1 includes "he received no formal education" which is about being taught. The example for sense 3 includes "education is a preparation for life" which is a more general statement. In the context, the speaker says "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five" which is about early childhood education/development. That seems more about the process of education, not just the knowledge. Also, the context discusses successful and unsuccessful schools, which relates to the activities of education (schools are places where education activities happen). So sense 1 seems to fit.

But let's see the synonyms: sense 1 has "instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity". Sense 3 has no synonyms listed. The context mentions "educational reform", which is about reforming the activities of education. So sense 1 is about the activities.

Also, note the phrase "governors' conference on education" - this is likely a conference about the topic of education, i.e., the activities and policies. So I think sense 1 is most appropriate.

However, sense 2 is about knowledge acquired, but the context is not about a person's knowledge, it's about a policy. Sense 3 is about process, but it's similar to sense 1. Sense 4 is profession, but not relevant. Sense 5 is upbringing, not relevant. Sense 6 is department, but the conference is not about the department.

Thus, I choose sense 1. But note the instructions say to return only a JSON object with {"sense_index": 3}. But the question asks for the "best indexed sense" and we need to output the sense_index as a number. So I will output the sense index number (1,2,3, etc.). I believe sense 1 is best.

But let's double-check: The example for sense 1 includes "our instruction was carefully programmed" which is similar to the idea of reform. The context says "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed" - that is about the activities of education. So yes.

Thus I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: announce
Target surface form: announced
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas <t>announced</t> that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=announce%2:32:00:: | definition=make known; make an announcement | synonyms=denote | examples=She denoted her feelings clearly
2. sense_key=announce%2:32:02:: | definition=announce publicly or officially | synonyms=declare | examples=The President declared war
3. sense_key=announce%2:32:07:: | definition=give the names of | examples=He announced the winners of the spelling bee
4. sense_key=announce%2:32:01:: | definition=foreshadow or presage | synonyms=annunciate, harbinger, foretell, herald

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "announced" in the context. The context: Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy..." This is a public announcement of a policy position. Sense 2: "announce publicly or officially" with synonym "declare" fits well. Sense 1 is more general "make known" but the example "She denoted her feelings clearly" is less public/official. Sense 3 is about giving names, not relevant. Sense 4 is foreshadow, not relevant. So sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this <t>country</t> needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context: "this <t>country</t> needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five." The speaker is Bill Clinton, referring to the United States. The context is about the nation as a political entity. The candidate senses:
1. politically organized body of people under a single government
2. territory occupied by a nation
3. the people who live in a nation or country
4. rural area
5. a particular geographical region

The best fit is sense 1 (politically organized body) or sense 3 (the people). The phrase "this country needs" often refers to the nation as a political entity or the people. However, sense 1 is more about the government/organization, while sense 3 is about the people. In context, "needs" is about what is required for the nation, likely referring to the nation as a whole, including its people. But sense 1 includes synonyms like state, nation, land, commonwealth. The example "the state has elected a new president" is about political entity. Sense 3 example: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood" is about the people. In the sentence, the focus is on needing a policy, which is typically something a government enacts for the people. It could be interpreted as either. However, the phrase "this country" often means this nation as a political entity. I think sense 1 is more appropriate because it's about the organized body. But let's see the exact definition: "a politically organized body of people under a single government". That fits the United States. Sense 3 is "the people who live in a nation or country". While the policy is for the people, the subject "this country" is the entity that needs. Usually we say "the country needs" meaning the nation as a whole. I'll go with sense 1.

But note: the instruction says "Choose the single best indexed sense." So I need to output the index. I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needs
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country <t>needs</t> a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma 'need' with surface form 'needs' in the sentence: "this country <t>needs</t> a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five." The context is about educational reform and the need for a policy. We need to choose among three senses.

Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" with synonyms necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve. Example: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work." This implies necessity or requirement in a general sense.

Sense 2: "have need of" with synonyms want, require. Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner." This is more about lacking something and needing it.

Sense 3: "have or feel a need for" with example "always needing friends and money." This is about personal need or desire.

In the context, "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy" sounds like a requirement or necessity, which aligns with sense 1 (require as useful, just, or proper). Sense 2 also sounds similar but the example is about wanting attention. Sense 3 is more about personal feeling. The sentence is stating a need in a policy context, so sense 1 is most appropriate. Also note the synonyms: necessitate, require. So sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development <t>policy</t> for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "policy" in the context: "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five." The context is about educational reform and a governor's statement. Sense 1 is "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" with example "a politician keeps changing his policies." That fits well: a comprehensive child-development policy is a plan of action. Sense 2 is "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - that seems more about debating the rationale, not the plan itself. Sense 3 is about insurance contract. Clearly sense 1 is best

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for <t>children</t> under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to determine the correct sense of "children" in the given context. The context: "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five." The phrase "children under five" refers to young people, specifically those under age five. This aligns with sense 1: "a young person of either sex" as opposed to sense 2 which is about offspring of any age. Sense 1 includes "young person" and examples like "she writes books for children." The context is about policy for children under five, so they are young persons. Sense 2 could also apply because they are offspring, but the emphasis is on age. The phrase "child-development policy" and "under five" suggests young age. Also, the governor is talking about a policy for young children, not necessarily his own offspring. So sense 1 is most appropriate. Sense 3 is about an immature person, not fitting. Sense 4 is about a member of a tribe. So answer is sense_index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive <t>development</t> policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "development" in the context: "A comprehensive <t>development</t> policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need." The author is contrasting "comprehensive child-development policy" with "development policy for governors over 30". The term "development" here is used in a metaphorical sense for personal growth or improvement, not for biological growth or land use. The context is about educational reform and personal development. The phrase "development policy for governors over 30" suggests a policy that aims to improve or develop the skills or knowledge of governors. This aligns with sense 1: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining". Sense 2 is about a process passing to a different stage, which could also fit, but sense 1 specifically has an example "development of a plan" and is about improvement. Sense 3 is biological and specifically about individual organism growth. Sense 4 is about recent events. Sense 5 is about land use. Sense 6 is a district. Sense 7 is about a state of improvement (like chess). Sense 8 is photography. Sense 9 is music. The best is sense 1 because it involves active improvement, as in a policy for development of governors. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development <t>policy</t> for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "policy" in the given context. The context discusses a "comprehensive child-development policy" and later "a comprehensive development policy for governors over 30". This is about a plan of action, specifically governmental or organizational. Sense 1: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" fits well. Sense 2 is about a line of argument rationalizing government action, which is more about debating the wisdom of a policy, not the policy itself. Sense 3 is about insurance. So sense 1 is the best.

provider: WandB