[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: governor
Target surface form: governors
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for <t>governors</t> over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=governor%1:18:00:: | definition=the head of a state government
2. sense_key=governor%1:06:00:: | definition=a control that maintains a steady speed in a machine (as by controlling the supply of fuel) | synonyms=regulator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target word "governors" in context. The context is about a governors' conference on education, and mentions Gov. Bill Clinton. So clearly "governors" refers to people who are heads of state governments (like state governors). The second sense is about a mechanical control device. That doesn't fit. So the correct sense is sense 1. But the instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." Wait, the candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2. But the example JSON says {"sense_index": 3}. That seems like a mistake. Probably it should be the index number of the chosen sense. Since we have two senses, the answer should be 1. But the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." That's confusing: the example has 3, but our options are 1 and 2. Possibly they mean the index number from the list, but the list shows 1 and 2. Perhaps it's a placeholder. I'll follow the instruction to output a JSON object with the sense_index as the number of the chosen sense. Since the context is about government officials, sense 1 is correct. So I'll output {"sense_index": 1}. But the example says "3". That might be a typo. I'll stick to the correct answer.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seem
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would <t>seem</t> to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the sentence: "...A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need." The target word is "seem". We need to choose among 4 senses.

Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" with synonyms look, appear. Example: "She seems to be sleeping." This is about outward appearance.

Sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" with synonym appear. Example: "It seems that he is very gifted." This is about appearing to be true.

Sense 3: "appear to exist". Example: "There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now." This is about existence.

Sense 4: "appear to one's own mind or opinion". Example: "I seem to be misunderstood by everyone." This is about personal opinion.

In the context, the author is saying that a policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. This is expressing an opinion or judgment. It is not about outward appearance (sense 1) because it's not about how something looks physically. It is not about probability (sense 2) as in "it appears that" but rather it's a judgment. It could be sense 4: "appear to one's own mind or opinion" because it's the author's opinion that it seems to be a more pressing need. However, sense 2 also could fit: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". The phrase "would seem" often indicates something that appears to be the case. Let's examine the examples: "It seems that he is very gifted" is similar to "It seems that a policy is needed." But the specific structure here is "would seem to be", which is a bit more tentative. Sense 4 has examples like "I seem to be misunderstood" which is about personal perception. The author is not saying "I seem to think" but rather "would seem" as a general observation. I think sense 2 is more appropriate: it seems to be true or apparent that a policy for governors over 30 is a more pressing need. Sense 3 is about existence: "There seems no reason" - here it's about existence of a reason, but in our context it's about the need seeming pressing, not just existing. So sense 2 is best.

Thus I choose sense 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a <t>more</t> pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a <t>more</t> pressing need." The target word is "more". It is used to modify the adjective "pressing", forming the comparative "more pressing". This matches the first sense: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs. The second sense is used as a comparative of much, typically as an adverb or determiner (e.g., "he works more now"). In this context, "more" is directly modifying an adjective, so sense 1 is appropriate.

Thus the answer is sense_index 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: need
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing <t>need</t>. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%1:26:00:: | definition=a condition requiring relief | synonyms=demand | examples=she satisfied his need for affection; God has no need of men to accomplish His work
2. sense_key=need%1:17:00:: | definition=anything that is necessary but lacking | synonyms=want | examples=he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs; I tried to supply his wants
3. sense_key=need%1:03:00:: | definition=the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior | synonyms=motivation, motive | examples=we did not understand his motivation; he acted with the best of motives
4. sense_key=need%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of extreme poverty or destitution | synonyms=indigence, penury, pauperism, pauperization | examples=their indigence appalled him; a general state of need exists among the homeless

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to pick the best sense for "need" in the context: "a more pressing <t>need</t>". The sentence talks about a comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 being a more pressing need. This refers to something that is necessary or required. It is not about psychological motivation, not about poverty, and not exactly a condition requiring relief (though similar). Sense 1: "a condition requiring relief" fits well because it is a pressing need, a demand. Sense 2: "anything that is necessary but lacking" also fits, but the example "he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs" is similar. However, the context uses "pressing need" which aligns with "condition requiring relief". Also, the sentence is ironic: a comprehensive policy for governors is a more pressing need than for children. So it's a demand/requirement. Sense 1 seems best. Sense 3 is about motivation, not appropriate. Sense 4 is about poverty. So answer is sense_index 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extend
Target surface form: extending
Context:
We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is <t>extending</t> the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extend%2:30:01:: | definition=extend in scope or range or area | synonyms=widen, broaden | examples=The law was extended to all citizens; widen the range of applications
2. sense_key=extend%2:42:03:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, lead | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
3. sense_key=extend%2:42:01:: | definition=span an interval of distance, space or time | synonyms=cover, continue | examples=The war extended over five years; The period covered the turn of the century
4. sense_key=extend%2:40:05:: | definition=make available; provide | synonyms=offer | examples=extend a loan; The bank offers a good deal on new mortgages
5. sense_key=extend%2:29:01:: | definition=thrust or extend out | synonyms=exsert, stretch out, put out, hold out, stretch forth | examples=He held out his hand; point a finger
6. sense_key=extend%2:42:02:: | definition=reach outward in space | synonyms=poke out, reach out | examples=The awning extends several feet over the sidewalk
7. sense_key=extend%2:40:04:: | definition=offer verbally | synonyms=offer | examples=extend my greetings; He offered his sympathy
8. sense_key=extend%2:29:00:: | definition=extend one's limbs or muscles, or the entire body | synonyms=stretch | examples=Stretch your legs!; Extend your right arm above your head
9. sense_key=extend%2:30:09:: | definition=expand the influence of | synonyms=expand | examples=The King extended his rule to the Eastern part of the continent
10. sense_key=extend%2:30:02:: | definition=lengthen in time; cause to be or last longer | synonyms=prolong, protract, draw out | examples=We prolonged our stay; She extended her visit by another day
11. sense_key=extend%2:38:10:: | definition=extend or stretch out to a greater or the full length | synonyms=unfold, stretch, stretch out | examples=Unfold the newspaper; stretch out that piece of cloth
12. sense_key=extend%2:38:14:: | definition=cause to move at full gallop | synonyms=gallop | examples=Did you gallop the horse just now?
13. sense_key=extend%2:35:10:: | definition=open or straighten out; unbend | examples=Can we extend the legs of this dining table?
14. sense_key=extend%2:34:00:: | definition=use to the utmost; exert vigorously or to full capacity | synonyms=strain | examples=He really extended himself when he climbed Kilimanjaro; Don't strain your mind too much
15. sense_key=extend%2:30:15:: | definition=prolong the time allowed for payment of | examples=extend the loan
16. sense_key=extend%2:30:06:: | definition=continue or extend | synonyms=carry | examples=The civil war carried into the neighboring province; The disease extended into the remote mountain provinces
17. sense_key=extend%2:30:12:: | definition=increase in quantity or bulk by adding a cheaper substance | synonyms=stretch | examples=stretch the soup by adding some more cream; extend the casserole with a little rice

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense for "extending" in the context: "What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years."

This means making the educational system cover a wider scope, including earlier years. So it's about expanding the range or scope of the educational system.

Looking at candidate senses:

1. extend in scope or range or area (widen, broaden) - "The law was extended to all citizens" - this fits well: extending the educational system to cover younger years.

2. stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope - but the example "Service runs all the way to Cranbury" is more about physical or temporal extension. Can be similar but sense 1 is more about broadening scope.

3. span an interval - "The war extended over five years" - temporal, not quite.

4. make available; provide - "extend a loan" - not matching.

5. thrust or extend out - physical.

6. reach outward in space - physical.

7. offer verbally - "extend my greetings" - no.

8. extend one's limbs - no.

9. expand the influence of - "The King extended his rule" - this is about influence, could be similar but sense 1 is more general.

10. lengthen in time - no.

11. unfold or stretch out - physical.

12. cause to move at full gallop - no.

13. open or straighten out - no.

14. use to the utmost - no.

15. prolong time for payment - no.

16. continue or extend - "The civil war carried into the neighboring province" - this is about extending into new areas, similar to sense 1 and 9. But sense 1 has "extend in scope or range or area" which is most fitting.

17. increase in quantity by adding cheaper substance - no.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "extend in scope or range or area" with synonyms "widen, broaden". The context is about making the educational system cover a broader age range.

Thus, the best sense index is 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the <t>educational</t> system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "educational" in context. The context discusses extending the educational system down to pre-kindergarten years. The word is used as an adjective modifying "system". The two candidate senses are: sense 1: "relating to the process of education" with example "educational psychology"; sense 2: "providing knowledge" with example "an educational film". In the context, "educational system" refers to the system of education, not necessarily that it provides knowledge (though it does, but the primary meaning is relational). The phrase "educational system" is a common collocation meaning the system of education. Also, the sentence says "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years" which clearly refers to the system of education. Therefore, sense 1 is more appropriate. So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: system
Target surface form: system
Context:
We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational <t>system</t> down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=system%1:06:00:: | definition=instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity | examples=he bought a new stereo system; the system consists of a motor and a small computer
2. sense_key=system%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole | synonyms=scheme | examples=a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going
3. sense_key=system%1:27:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium | examples=in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface; a system generating hydrogen peroxide
4. sense_key=system%1:09:00:: | definition=a complex of methods or rules governing behavior | synonyms=system of rules | examples=they have to operate under a system they oppose; that language has a complex system for indicating gender
5. sense_key=system%1:09:02:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, organisation | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
6. sense_key=system%1:08:00:: | definition=a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts | examples=the body has a system of organs for digestion
7. sense_key=system%1:09:01:: | definition=a procedure or process for obtaining an objective | examples=they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation
8. sense_key=system%1:08:01:: | definition=the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole | examples=exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system
9. sense_key=system%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, organisation | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to do Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "system" in the given context. The context is about extending the educational system down to pre-kindergarten years. The target word is in the phrase "extending the educational system". This refers to the organized structure or institution of education. Let's look at the candidate senses.

Sense 1: instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts. This is more about a physical system like a stereo system. Not fitting.

Sense 2: a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole. This could apply to an educational system as a whole, but the definition mentions "a vast system of production and distribution" etc. It's broad.

Sense 3: (physical chemistry) a sample of matter... Not relevant.

Sense 4: a complex of methods or rules governing behavior. This is about a system of rules, like a legal system or language system. Educational system could be seen as a system of rules and methods, but it's more about the institution.

Sense 5: an organized structure for arranging or classifying. This is about classification or arrangement, like a filing system. Not perfect.

Sense 6: a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts. Biological.

Sense 7: a procedure or process for obtaining an objective. This is about a method or procedure.

Sense 8: the living body considered as made up of interdependent components.

Sense 9: an ordered manner; orderliness.

The context says "extending the educational system". This refers to the entire institution of education, including schools, policies, etc. This is best captured by sense 2: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole". The example "a vast system of production and distribution" is analogous to an educational system. Sense 4 might also be plausible as a system of rules, but educational system is more than rules; it's a whole structure. Sense 2 seems the most fitting.

Thus, the answer should be sense_index 2.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether <t>desirable</t> or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best indexed sense for "desirable" in the given context. The context is about whether extending educational system to pre-kindergarten years is desirable or not. The sentence: "Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program." Here, "desirable" is used in the general sense of being worth having or achieving. The second sense is about being worthy of being chosen as a spouse, which is not relevant at all. So sense 1 is correct.

Thus output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care <t>program</t>, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "program" in context. The context is about a child-care program vs. an educational program. The candidate senses include definitions. The best sense is likely sense 2: "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" because the context discusses a child-care program as a service. The example given for sense 2 includes "working mothers rely on the day care program," which matches the context. Sense 1 is about a plan, but here it's more about a service. Sense 6 is about academic studies, but the context distinguishes child-care program from educational program, so not that. Therefore, sense 2 is the best. So answer: {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an <t>educational</t> program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to determine which sense of "educational" is used in the context. The sentence: "this is a child-care program, not an educational program." The context contrasts child-care with educational. The author is saying that extending the educational system down to pre-kindergarten is actually a child-care program, not an educational one. This suggests that "educational" here refers to providing knowledge, instruction, or relating to formal education. The two candidate senses: 1) relating to the process of education (educational psychology) and 2) providing knowledge (an educational film). The contrast is between child-care (caring for children) and educational (teaching/instruction). The sense "providing knowledge" seems more fitting because it emphasizes the instructive aspect. However, sense 1 is broader. In the context, the program is not an educational program because it is just child-care, not providing instruction/knowledge. So sense 2 "providing knowledge" is more precise. But note that the definition of sense 1 is "relating to the process of education" which could also apply. However, the example "educational psychology" is about the study of education, not about providing knowledge. The context says "not an educational program" meaning it does not educate (provide knowledge). So sense 2 is better. Therefore, answer sense_index=2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational <t>program</t>. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "program" in a specific context. The context is about a child-care program versus an educational program. The sentence: "Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational <t>program</t>." The discussion is about extending educational system to pre-kindergarten years, and the author argues that what is being advocated is a child-care program, not an educational program. This relates to a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need. That matches sense 2: "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" with synonyms program, programme, and example "working mothers rely on the day care program". The context specifically mentions "child-care program" and contrasts it with "educational program". So sense 2 is appropriate.

Sense 1 is about a series of steps or goals (plan), which is not as specific to services. Sense 3 is a radio or TV show. Sense 4 is a political party platform. Sense 5 is an event announcement. Sense 6 is an academic course of study. Sense 7 is computer program. Sense 8 is a performance. None of these fit as well as sense 2.

Thus the best sense is sense 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We <t>know</t> that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a context: "We <t>know</t> that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." The target word is "know". We need to choose the best sense from the list.

Let's examine the context: The sentence states "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance..." This is stating a fact or piece of information that is known. It is not about knowing how to do something, not about being familiar with a person, not about experiencing something, not about accepting authority, not about having fixed in mind (like memorizing), not about sexual intercourse, not about knowing nature or character, not about distinguishing, and not about perceiving as familiar. It is about being aware of a fact.

Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - This fits perfectly. The example "I know that the President lied to the people" matches the structure "We know that ...".

Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - This is similar but emphasizes truth beyond doubt. The context is stating a known fact from research, so it could also fit. However, sense 1 is more general and directly matches the structure.

Sense 2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 are less appropriate.

Between sense 1 and sense 3, sense 1 is more straightforward for "know that" statements. Sense 3 is more about having a belief or faith, which might be stronger. But the context is presenting a research finding, so it's a fact. I think sense 1 is best.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: very
Target surface form: very
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that <t>very</t> early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=very%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=really, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well
2. sense_key=very%4:02:01:: | definition=precisely so | examples=on the very next page; he expected the very opposite

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "very" in context. The sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

The word "very" here is used as an intensifier, modifying "early". It means "extremely" or "to a high degree". That matches sense 1: "used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal". The examples include "she was very gifted" and "he played very well". Sense 2 means "precisely so" and is used in phrases like "on the very next page" or "the very opposite". In our context, "very early" does not mean "precisely early" but rather "extremely early". So sense 1 is correct.

Therefore, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very <t>early</t> exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to determine the best sense for "early" in the context: "We know that very <t>early</t> exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." The phrase "early exposure" refers to exposure at a young age, before the usual school age. The target word is an adjective modifying "exposure". Let's examine candidate senses:

1. early%3:00:00:: - at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time. Example: early morning; an early warning. This sense is about being before the expected time. "Early exposure" could be before the typical school age, which is before the usual time. But it's not exactly a period of time like morning.

2. early%3:00:02:: - being or occurring at an early stage of development. Example: in an early stage; early forms of life. This seems very relevant: "early exposure" is exposure at an early stage of a child's development. "Early stage of development" fits the context of a child's development.

3. early%5:00:00:past - belonging to the distant past. Not relevant.

4. early%5:00:00:young - very young. Example: at an early age. This is also relevant: "early exposure" means exposure at a very young age. But note that sense 2 is "at an early stage of development" which is broader, while sense 4 is specifically "very young". The context says "very early exposure" emphasizing young age. But sense 4 is a satellite sense (indicated by %5) derived from "young". WordNet satellite senses are often more specific. However, the definition "very young" directly matches. But the example "at an early age" is exactly the context: exposure at an early age. But we need to see if sense 2 or sense 4 is more appropriate.

5. early%3:00:01:: - of an early stage in the development of a language or literature. Not relevant.

6. early%5:00:01:future - expected in the near future. Not relevant.

Between sense 2 and sense 4: Both relate to being early in development or age. Sense 2 is more general about development stages, while sense 4 is specifically about age. The context is about children under five, so age is key. The phrase "very early exposure" emphasizes the young age. Sense 4's definition "very young" and example "at an early age" fit perfectly. However, note that sense 2's example "in an early stage" could also apply to development. But "exposure to schooling" is about age, not necessarily developmental stage. I think sense 4 is more precise. But let's check the WordNet hierarchy: sense 4 is a satellite of "young", so it's a specific adjectival sense. Sense 2 is a direct adjective sense. Both are plausible, but I lean towards sense 4 because it directly addresses age.

However, the instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms together." The example for sense 4 is "at an early age" which matches. Also, sense 2 says "being or occurring at an early stage of development" which could be development in general, not necessarily age. In the context, "early exposure" is about children being exposed to schooling before age 5, which is an early age. I think sense 4 is best.

But let's double-check: Could it be sense 1? "Before the usual or expected time" - yes, before kindergarten is before the usual time. But that sense is more about temporal position. The example "early morning" is different. "Early warning" is also about warning before something. The phrase "early exposure" might be interpreted as exposure before the usual age. However, the context explicitly says "very early exposure" and then discusses that it improves first grade but later washes out. That aligns with young age. Sense 1 is broader.

Given the options, sense 4 seems most specific and appropriate.

Thus, answer should be {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exposure
Target surface form: exposure
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early <t>exposure</t> to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exposure%1:07:00:: | definition=vulnerability to the elements; to the action of heat or cold or wind or rain;  or | examples=exposure to the weather; they died from exposure
2. sense_key=exposure%1:04:06:: | definition=the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience | examples=she denounced the exposure of children to pornography
3. sense_key=exposure%1:10:00:: | definition=the disclosure of something secret | examples=they feared exposure of their campaign plans
4. sense_key=exposure%1:09:00:: | definition=aspect resulting from the direction a building or window faces | examples=the studio had a northern exposure
5. sense_key=exposure%1:26:01:: | definition=the state of being vulnerable or exposed | synonyms=vulnerability | examples=his vulnerability to litigation; his exposure to ridicule
6. sense_key=exposure%1:23:00:: | definition=the intensity of light falling on a photographic film or plate | examples=he used the wrong exposure
7. sense_key=exposure%1:06:00:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, picture, pic
8. sense_key=exposure%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of exposing film to light
9. sense_key=exposure%1:04:05:: | definition=presentation to view in an open or public manner | examples=the exposure of his anger was shocking
10. sense_key=exposure%1:04:01:: | definition=abandoning without shelter or protection (as by leaving as infant out in the open)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "exposure" in the context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..." The context is about early exposure to schooling, meaning the act of being subjected to an influencing experience (schooling). Sense 2: "the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience" with example "she denounced the exposure of children to pornography" fits well. Sense 1 is about weather, sense 3 about disclosure of secrets, sense 4 about direction, sense 5 about vulnerability, sense 6-8 about photography, sense 9 about public presentation, sense 10 about abandonment. Clearly sense 2 is the best. So answer {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: schooling
Target surface form: schooling
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to <t>schooling</t> improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=schooling%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of teaching at school
2. sense_key=schooling%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=school | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
3. sense_key=schooling%1:04:01:: | definition=the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "schooling" in the given context. The context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." Here "schooling" refers to the act of attending school or being educated formally. Sense 2: "the process of being formally educated at a school" with synonym "school" and example "what will you do when you finish school?" matches well. Sense 1 is "the act of teaching at school" which is more about teaching, not the process of being a student. Sense 3 is animal training. So best is sense 2.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: improve
Target surface form: improves
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling <t>improves</t> performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=improve%2:30:01:: | definition=to make better | synonyms=better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The editor improved the manuscript with his changes
2. sense_key=improve%2:30:00:: | definition=get better | synonyms=better, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The weather improved toward evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "improve" in the context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." The target surface form is "improves". The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=improve%2:30:01:: | definition=to make better | synonyms=better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The editor improved the manuscript with his changes
2. sense_key=improve%2:30:00:: | definition=get better | synonyms=better, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The weather improved toward evening

The context: "very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade" - here, the exposure to schooling causes performance to become better. This is a transitive use: exposure improves performance. The first sense is transitive ("to make better"), while the second is intransitive ("get better"). In the sentence, "improves" is used transitively: it has a direct object "performance". Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1.

Thus, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves <t>performance</t> in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "performance" in a context about education. The sentence: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." The context discusses educational reforms, child development, and testing. The candidate senses are:

1. A dramatic or musical entertainment (public presentation)
2. The act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment
3. The act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it (execution, carrying out)
4. Any recognized accomplishment
5. Process or manner of functioning or operating (operation, functioning)

The context is about improving performance in first grade, which likely refers to academic performance, not a dramatic entertainment. The synonyms for sense 3 include "execution" and "carrying out", and the example "experience generally improves performance" fits well. Sense 4 is about recognized accomplishment, but "performance in the first grade" is more about how well the children are doing academically, which aligns with the act of performing/doing something successfully. Sense 5 is about functioning or operating (like a machine), not suitable. Therefore, the best sense is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the <t>first</t> grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "first" in the context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the <t>first</t> grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." The target surface form is "first" modifying "grade". The context is about the first grade in school. Candidate senses:

1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

The context "first grade" clearly refers to the initial year of formal schooling, i.e., the first in a series of grades. Sense 2 "indicating the beginning unit in a series" fits perfectly. Sense 1 could also be considered (preceding all others in time), but sense 2 is more specific to ordinal positions. Sense 4 "serving to begin" could also apply, but it is more about beginning something rather than being the first in a sequence. The example "first verse" is similar to "first grade" in that it indicates the initial part. However, sense 2 is explicitly for ordinal use. Sense 5 (ranking above all others) is not appropriate because "first grade" is not about being best but about the ordinal position. Sense 3 and 6 are not relevant.

Thus, the best sense is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: grade
Target surface form: grade
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=grade%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
2. sense_key=grade%1:26:00:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=level, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=grade%1:07:01:: | definition=the gradient of a slope or road or other surface | examples=the road had a steep grade
4. sense_key=grade%1:23:00:: | definition=one-hundredth of a right angle | synonyms=grad
5. sense_key=grade%1:10:00:: | definition=a degree of ablaut | synonyms=gradation
6. sense_key=grade%1:09:00:: | definition=a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance) | synonyms=mark, score | examples=she made good marks in algebra; grade A milk
7. sense_key=grade%1:07:02:: | definition=the height of the ground on which something stands | synonyms=ground level | examples=the base of the tower was below grade
8. sense_key=grade%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
9. sense_key=grade%1:05:00:: | definition=a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "grade" in context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." The context is about education, specifically about early exposure to schooling improving performance in the first grade. This refers to the first year of formal schooling, often called "first grade" in the U.S. educational system. So "grade" here refers to a level or stage of schooling, i.e., a class or year group. That aligns with sense 1: "a body of students who are taught together" with synonyms "class, form, course". The example "early morning classes are always sleepy" is not exactly the same, but it's about a group of students. However, note that "first grade" typically means the first year of primary school, which is a specific grade level. Sense 1 is about a group of students taught together, but it could also refer to a particular level. Sense 2 is "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" (like lumber grade), not about education. Sense 8 is "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality", but that's more general. Sense 6 is about quality (marks, scores), but that's not it. So the best is sense 1. But wait: WordNet also has a sense for "grade" as a level in school? Actually, looking at the candidate senses: sense 1 is explicitly "a body of students who are taught together" - that is the typical meaning for "first grade" as a class of students. So yes, that fits. The context says "in the first <t>grade</t>" - meaning the first year of schooling. So sense 1 is correct. We must output only the JSON with the sense index. Do not output sense key. So answer {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." The target word is "difference". We need to choose the best sense from the given list.

Let's examine the context: The sentence is about early exposure to schooling improving first-grade performance, but then the difference (presumably the advantage or effect) is quickly washed away. So it's talking about an effect or change that occurs due to early schooling.

Looking at the senses:
1. sense 1: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" - This is about dissimilarity. But in context, it's not about a dissimilarity between two things; it's about the effect of early schooling on performance.
2. sense 2: "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm" - This could be a deviation, but the context is about an improvement that fades. Not exactly a deviation.
3. sense 3: "a disagreement or argument about something important" - That doesn't fit; there's no argument.
4. sense 4: "a significant change" - This seems plausible. "The difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference." The context is about the difference in performance due to early schooling. It is a significant change or effect.
5. sense 5: "the number that remains after subtraction" - That's a mathematical difference, not relevant.

The phrase "the difference is quickly washed away" suggests that the advantage or effect (the change) is temporary. So sense 4 "a significant change" fits best. The example "his support made a real difference" is similar in meaning.

Thus, sense index 4. However, note that the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." But we are to return a JSON with sense_index. The sense indices given are 1 to 5. So we need to output the number.

Let's double-check: The sentence: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." Here, "difference" refers to the improvement in performance that is then lost. That is a change or effect, not a dissimilarity. So sense 4.

Thus, answer: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: quickly
Target surface form: quickly
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "quickly" in the context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." The candidate senses are:

1. quickly%4:02:00: with rapid movements (synonyms: rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace; example: he works quickly)
2. quickly%4:02:02: with little or no delay (synonyms: promptly, quick; example: the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!)
3. quickly%4:02:03: without taking pains (synonyms: cursorily; example: he looked cursorily through the magazine)

In the context, "the difference is quickly washed away" suggests that the difference disappears soon after the initial period, i.e., with little delay. The meaning is about time, not about speed of movement or carelessness. The sense "with little or no delay" (sense 2) fits best. "Rapid movements" (sense 1) would imply the washing away happens with fast motions, but that's not the intended meaning. "Without taking pains" (sense 3) would imply carelessly, which doesn't fit. Therefore, the best sense is sense 2.

Thus, the JSON output should be {"sense_index": 2


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wash_away
Target surface form: washed away
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." The target phrase is "washed away" (surface form "washed away", lemma "wash_away").

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

The context: "the difference is quickly washed away" refers to the beneficial effect disappearing over time. It is not literally being cleaned with water. The definition "eliminate" fits: wash away all the differences. So sense 1 is likely correct.

We need to output JSON with sense_index. Since sense 1 has index 1? The candidate senses are listed as 1 and 2. So sense_index: 1.

Thus {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sum_up
Target surface form: sum up
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "sum up" in the context. The context: "Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education..." This is an invitation to summarize or give a summary of known facts. Sense 1: "give a summary (of)" with examples like "he summed up his results" fits perfectly. Sense 2 is "be a summary of" which is more about something being a summary itself, not an action. Sense 3 is about determining the sum of numbers. So sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for 'know' in the context. The sentence: "Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work". This is about possessing knowledge or information about a specific subject (education reforms). Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" fits well. Sense 3 is about being aware of the truth of something, which is similar but more about certainty. The context is summarizing what is known, not necessarily truth beyond doubt. Sense 1 seems most appropriate. Also note the example "I know that the President lied" matches the structure "we do know about education". Sense 1.

provider: Venice