[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: get
Target surface form: get
Context:
No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to <t>get</t> a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=get%2:40:00:: | definition=come into the possession of something concrete or abstract | synonyms=acquire | examples=She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet
2. sense_key=get%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=become, go | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
3. sense_key=get%2:30:02:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=let, have | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
4. sense_key=get%2:30:03:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
5. sense_key=get%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, come | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
6. sense_key=get%2:35:03:: | definition=go or come after and bring or take back | synonyms=bring, convey, fetch | examples=Get me those books over there, please; Could you bring the wine?
7. sense_key=get%2:39:00:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, have | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
8. sense_key=get%2:33:00:: | definition=take vengeance on or get even | synonyms=pay back, pay off, fix | examples=We'll get them!; That'll fix him good!
9. sense_key=get%2:40:01:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
10. sense_key=get%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
11. sense_key=get%2:35:09:: | definition=succeed in catching or seizing, especially after a chase | synonyms=catch, capture | examples=We finally got the suspect; Did you catch the thief?
12. sense_key=get%2:29:01:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, produce, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
13. sense_key=get%2:29:00:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, take | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia
14. sense_key=get%2:32:03:: | definition=communicate with a place or person; establish communication with, as if by telephone | examples=Bill called this number and he got Mary; The operator couldn't get Kobe because of the earthquake
15. sense_key=get%2:30:01:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=make | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
16. sense_key=get%2:32:08:: | definition=move into a desired direction of discourse | synonyms=drive, aim | examples=What are you driving at?
17. sense_key=get%2:31:09:: | definition=grasp with the mind or develop an understanding of | synonyms=catch | examples=did you catch that allusion?; We caught something of his theory in the lecture
18. sense_key=get%2:35:00:: | definition=attract and fix | synonyms=catch, arrest | examples=His look caught her; She caught his eye
19. sense_key=get%2:35:10:: | definition=reach with a blow or hit in a particular spot | synonyms=catch | examples=the rock caught her in the back of the head; The blow got him in the back
20. sense_key=get%2:31:03:: | definition=reach by calculation | examples=What do you get when you add up these numbers?
21. sense_key=get%2:40:14:: | definition=acquire as a result of some effort or action | examples=You cannot get water out of a stone; Where did she get these news?
22. sense_key=get%2:40:13:: | definition=purchase | examples=What did you get at the toy store?
23. sense_key=get%2:39:13:: | definition=perceive by hearing | synonyms=catch | examples=I didn't catch your name; She didn't get his name when they met the first time
24. sense_key=get%2:39:09:: | definition=suffer from the receipt of | synonyms=catch | examples=She will catch hell for this behavior!
25. sense_key=get%2:39:14:: | definition=receive as a retribution or punishment | synonyms=receive | examples=He got 5 years in prison
26. sense_key=get%2:38:15:: | definition=leave immediately; used usually in the imperative form | synonyms=scram, buzz off, fuck off, bugger off | examples=Scram!
27. sense_key=get%2:38:12:: | definition=reach and board | examples=She got the bus just as it was leaving
28. sense_key=get%2:37:12:: | definition=irritate | synonyms=get under one's skin | examples=Her childish behavior really get to me; His lying really gets me
29. sense_key=get%2:37:11:: | definition=evoke an emotional response | examples=Brahms's `Requiem' gets me every time
30. sense_key=get%2:36:14:: | definition=apprehend and reproduce accurately | synonyms=catch | examples=She really caught the spirit of the place in her drawings; She got the mood just right in her photographs
31. sense_key=get%2:36:00:: | definition=earn or achieve a base by being walked by the pitcher | synonyms=draw | examples=He drew a base on balls
32. sense_key=get%2:35:12:: | definition=overcome or destroy | examples=The ice storm got my hibiscus; the cat got the goldfish
33. sense_key=get%2:31:10:: | definition=be a mystery or bewildering to | synonyms=perplex, vex, stick, puzzle, mystify, baffle | examples=This beats me!; Got me--I don't know the answer!
34. sense_key=get%2:30:12:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
35. sense_key=get%2:29:11:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, have | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
36. sense_key=get%2:29:08:: | definition=make children | synonyms=beget, engender, father, mother, sire, generate | examples=Abraham begot Isaac; Men often father children but don't recognize them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "get" in the context: "parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood". The phrase "get a decent education" means to receive or obtain an education. The candidate senses: sense 1 is "come into the possession of something concrete or abstract" with synonyms "acquire". That fits well: get education = acquire education. Sense 4 is "receive a specified treatment (abstract)" but that's more like "receive a review". Sense 21 is "acquire as a result of some effort or action" also fits but sense 1 is broader and includes abstract. Actually sense 1 explicitly includes "abstract" in its definition: "come into the possession of something concrete or abstract". And examples: "She got a lot of paintings" (concrete) but can be abstract. Sense 21 is more specific "as a result of some effort or action" but the context doesn't emphasize effort, just desire. Sense 1 is the most general and appropriate. So sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decent
Target surface form: decent
Context:
No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a <t>decent</t> education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decent%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=nice | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
2. sense_key=decent%5:00:00:proper:00 | definition=according with custom or propriety | synonyms=becoming, comely, comme il faut, decorous, seemly | examples=her becoming modesty; comely behavior
3. sense_key=decent%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to conventions of sexual behavior; - George Santayana | examples=speech in this circle, if not always decent, never became lewd
4. sense_key=decent%5:00:00:sufficient:00 | definition=sufficient for the purpose | synonyms=adequate, enough | examples=an adequate income; the food was adequate
5. sense_key=decent%5:00:02:modest:01 | definition=decently clothed | examples=are you decent?
6. sense_key=decent%5:00:00:modest:01 | definition=observing conventional sexual mores in speech or behavior or dress | examples=a modest neckline in her dress; though one of her shoulder straps had slipped down, she was perfectly decent by current standards

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood". The target word is "decent" modifying "education". The parents want a "decent education" meaning a proper, adequate, or respectable education. Let's evaluate each sense:

1. Sense 1: "socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous" - This could fit, but "decent education" often means a good, adequate education, not necessarily refined or virtuous.

2. Sense 2: "according with custom or propriety" - Similar, but "decent education" as traditionally understood implies an education that meets certain standards, not just custom.

3. Sense 3: "conforming to conventions of sexual behavior" - Not relevant here.

4. Sense 4: "sufficient for the purpose; adequate" - This seems appropriate. "A decent education" can mean an adequate education, sufficient for the purpose of learning basic skills.

5. Sense 5: "decently clothed" - Not relevant.

6. Sense 6: "observing conventional sexual mores in speech or behavior or dress" - Not relevant.

The context emphasizes "as traditionally understood" and "common sense to know what that demands". It suggests an education that is satisfactory and meets basic standards. Sense 4 (adequate) seems best. Also, the synonym "adequate" fits. Therefore, sense_index 4.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent <t>education</t> as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "education" in the given context. The context discusses a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, and then says parents want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood. The target is "education" in "get a decent education as traditionally understood". This refers to the process or result of learning, not the activities of instructing (sense 1) because it says "as traditionally understood" contrasting with romantic notions. It is about knowledge acquired or the process. Sense 2: knowledge acquired by learning; sense 3: gradual process of acquiring knowledge. The phrase "get a decent education" often means acquire a good knowledge base. But the context contrasts "creativity" with disciplined instruction, and parents want the traditional education. The example for sense 3: "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's" aligns with the idea of a general education. Sense 2 example: "it was clear that he had a very broad education" also fits. But the phrase "get a decent education" is more about the result or the process? In context, "get a decent education as traditionally understood" implies the outcome of being educated. Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" might be less about the outcome. Sense 2: "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" is more about the result. However, the example for sense 2 uses "had a very broad education" which is akin to having knowledge. Sense 1 is about activities, e.g., "he received no formal education" could also fit, but "received" is about the activity. In the sentence, "get a decent education" could be interpreted as receiving instruction. But the context emphasizes "as traditionally understood" which likely means formal instruction and knowledge acquisition. The phrase "get an education" is ambiguous. The best clue is the contrast with "creativity" in education (sense 1? Actually "creativity in education" in the previous sentence refers to the field or activities). But the target is specifically "get a decent <t>education</t>". The parents want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood. This likely means the outcome of being well-educated, i.e., knowledge acquired. Sense 2 has the example "it was clear that he had a very broad education" which matches the idea of having education as knowledge. Sense 3 is the process. Since the phrase "get a decent education" often implies acquiring knowledge, and the context is about what the children will end up with (ignorance vs. decent education), sense 2 seems more appropriate. Alternatively, sense 4 (profession of teaching) doesn't fit. Sense 5 (good upbringing) might be too narrow. Sense 6 is a department. So best is sense 2. I'll go with sense_index 2.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to <t>know</t> what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "know" in the context: "they have enough common sense to know what that demands." The parents have common sense to know what a decent education demands. This is about being aware of a fact or truth. Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information" fits. Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" also fits. But sense 3 emphasizes certainty and truth, while sense 1 is more general awareness. The context is about knowing what a decent education demands, which is a factual understanding. Both are close, but sense 1 is broader. Also, the example "I know that the President lied to the people" matches the structure "know what that demands". Sense 3 example "I know that I left the key on the table" also matches. However, sense 1 has synonyms "cognize, cognise" and sense 3 does not have synonyms listed. The distinction: sense 1 is about possessing knowledge or information, sense 3 is about being aware of truth beyond doubt. In this context, "know what that demands" is more about understanding the requirements, which is factual knowledge. I lean toward sense 1. But note that sense 10 "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different" might also apply (know right from wrong) but not exactly here. The phrase "know what that demands" is about understanding the implications, not distinguishing. So sense 1 is best. However, let's check the list: sense 7 "have fixed in the mind" (know Latin) is about memorized knowledge, not relevant. So answer is likely sense 1. But the instruction says to return only JSON with sense_index. The candidate senses are numbered 1 to 11. So I'll choose 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: demand
Target surface form: demands
Context:
No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that <t>demands</t>. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=demand%2:32:00:: | definition=request urgently and forcefully | examples=The victim's family is demanding compensation; The boss demanded that he be fired immediately
2. sense_key=demand%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
3. sense_key=demand%2:32:02:: | definition=claim as due or just | synonyms=exact | examples=The bank demanded payment of the loan
4. sense_key=demand%2:32:09:: | definition=lay legal claim to
5. sense_key=demand%2:32:05:: | definition=summon to court
6. sense_key=demand%2:32:06:: | definition=ask to be informed of | examples=I demand an explanation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "demands" in the context: "they have enough common sense to know what that demands." The phrase "what that demands" refers to what a decent education requires. The context is about parents wanting their children to get a decent education, and they know what it demands. This aligns with sense 2: "require as useful, just, or proper" with synonyms like need, require, take. The example "success usually requires hard work" fits. Sense 1 is about requesting urgently, but here it's more about requirement. Sense 3 is claiming as due, etc. So sense 2 is best. Return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: commitment
Target surface form: commitment
Context:
In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their <t>commitment</t> to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=commitment%1:07:01:: | definition=the trait of sincere and steadfast fixity of purpose | synonyms=committedness | examples=a man of energy and commitment
2. sense_key=commitment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action | synonyms=allegiance, loyalty, dedication | examples=his long commitment to public service; they felt no loyalty to a losing team
3. sense_key=commitment%1:04:02:: | definition=an engagement by contract involving financial obligation | examples=his business commitments took him to London
4. sense_key=commitment%1:10:00:: | definition=a message that makes a pledge | synonyms=dedication
5. sense_key=commitment%1:04:01:: | definition=the official act of consigning a person to confinement (as in a prison or mental hospital) | synonyms=committal, consignment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a sentence: "Their <t>commitment</t> to 'creativity' can not survive adolescent illiteracy." The context discusses parents' belief in creativity in education, but they also want decent education. The commitment here is their adherence to the idea of creativity. It is not a financial obligation (sense 3), not a consignment (sense 5), not a message (sense 4). It's more about a steadfast fixity of purpose (sense 1) or a binding intellectually/emotionally to a course of action (sense 2). The example for sense 1: "a man of energy and commitment" – that matches the idea of steadfast purpose. Sense 2: "his long commitment to public service" – also fits emotional/intellectual binding. However, the phrase "commitment to 'creativity'" suggests a dedication or allegiance to a concept. The word "dedication" is a synonym in sense 2. Also, the context mentions "they do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood" and "their commitment to creativity can not survive adolescent illiteracy" – it's about their intellectual/emotional attachment. Sense 1 is about a trait, but it's more about personal fixity of purpose. The phrase "commitment to 'creativity'" could be seen as an allegiance (sense 2). I think sense 2 is slightly more appropriate because it involves binding oneself to a course of action (promoting creativity). The example "his long commitment to public service" aligns. So I choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survive
Target surface form: survive
Context:
In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not <t>survive</t> adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survive%2:42:01:: | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=last, live, live on, go, endure, hold up | examples=We went without water and food for 3 days; These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America
2. sense_key=survive%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.) | synonyms=pull through, pull round, come through, make it | examples=He survived the cancer against all odds
3. sense_key=survive%2:42:00:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?
4. sense_key=survive%2:42:03:: | definition=live longer than | synonyms=outlive, outlast | examples=She outlived her husband by many years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to determine the best sense for "survive" in the context: "Their commitment to 'creativity' can not <t>survive</t> adolescent illiteracy." The phrase "can not survive adolescent illiteracy" means that the commitment to creativity will not continue to exist or endure in the face of adolescent illiteracy. The context is about the commitment lasting or persisting despite a challenge. Compare the senses:

1. continue to live through hardship or adversity (e.g., survive a drought) - here the subject is a commitment, not a person. But can be applied metaphorically. Synonyms: last, live, go, endure, hold up. Example: "These superstitions survive in the backwaters" - that's about continuing to exist. So sense 1 fits.

2. continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.) - similar but often used with a direct object (survive the cancer). In the sentence, there is no direct object; it's "cannot survive adolescent illiteracy" - "adolescent illiteracy" is like an adversity. But sense 2's example: "He survived the cancer" uses a direct object. In our sentence, "adolescent illiteracy" is not an object but a cause? Actually the syntax is "cannot survive adolescent illiteracy" - "adolescent illiteracy" is the thing that the commitment cannot survive. That is like surviving an adversity. Sense 2 is defined as "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)" and the example "He survived the cancer" uses a direct object. So it's similar. But sense 1 is "continue to live through hardship or adversity" without necessarily a direct object. Both are plausible. However, sense 1 often used intransitively (e.g., "These superstitions survive") or with "through" or "in". Sense 2 is transitive. In the sentence, it is transitive: "cannot survive adolescent illiteracy" - it takes a direct object meaning "cannot survive the adversity of adolescent illiteracy". So sense 2 might be more precise.

3. support oneself - clearly not, as it's about financial existence.

4. live longer than - no.

Between 1 and 2, the key difference is transitivity. In WordNet, sense 1 (survive%2:42:01) is often intransitive or with "through", while sense 2 (survive%2:42:02) is transitive. The context uses a direct object: "survive adolescent illiteracy". So sense 2 is the best fit. Also the example for sense 2 is "He survived the cancer" which parallels "survive adolescent illiteracy". Therefore, sense_index=2.

But check the synonyms for sense 2: pull through, pull round, come through, make it. Those are more about enduring and coming out alive. In our context, the commitment is not a person, but metaphorically it endures. "Come through" works. So I'll go with sense 2.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: adolescent
Target surface form: adolescent
Context:
In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive <t>adolescent</t> illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=adolescent%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent | examples=adolescent problems
2. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=being of the age 13 through 19 | synonyms=teen, teenage, teenaged | examples=teenage mothers; the teen years
3. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:immature:02 | definition=displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity | synonyms=jejune, juvenile, puerile | examples=adolescent insecurity; jejune responses to our problems
4. sense_key=adolescent%5:00:00:immature:01 | definition=in the state of development between puberty and maturity | examples=adolescent boys and girls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "adolescent" in the context: "Their commitment to 'creativity' can not survive <t>adolescent</t> illiteracy." The word is used as an adjective modifying "illiteracy". The context is about the failure of creativity-based education leading to illiteracy among young people. The term "adolescent illiteracy" likely refers to illiteracy that is characteristic of adolescents or the state of being adolescent. But consider the senses:

1. relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent. Examples: adolescent problems. This is a general adjective meaning pertaining to adolescents.
2. being of the age 13 through 19. Synonyms: teen, teenage, teenaged. This is more about age range.
3. displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity. Synonyms: jejune, juvenile, puerile. Example: adolescent insecurity; jejune responses. This sense has a negative connotation of immaturity.
4. in the state of development between puberty and maturity. Example: adolescent boys and girls.

The context is critical of the education system and the resulting "ignorance and intellectual incompetence" matched by "good opinion of themselves". The phrase "adolescent illiteracy" could be read as "illiteracy typical of adolescents" (sense 1) or "illiteracy that is immature" (sense 3). Sense 3 has a connotation of immaturity, which fits the critical tone. The text says "adolescent illiteracy" as something that the commitment to creativity cannot survive, implying that the illiteracy is a negative outcome. The surrounding text talks about "ignorance and intellectual incompetence" and "good opinion of themselves", which aligns with immaturity. Sense 3 specifically says "displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity" with examples like "adolescent insecurity". So sense 3 seems most appropriate.

Also note that sense 1 is very general, sense 2 is about age range but doesn't carry the negative connotation, sense 4 is neutral developmental state. The context clearly criticizes the state of education and the resulting illiteracy as a sign of immaturity. So I'll choose sense 3.

Thus output: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: illiteracy
Target surface form: illiteracy
Context:
In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent <t>illiteracy</t>. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=illiteracy%1:09:01:: | definition=ignorance resulting from not reading
2. sense_key=illiteracy%1:09:00:: | definition=an inability to read | synonyms=analphabetism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2. Sense 1: "ignorance resulting from not reading." Sense 2: "an inability to read." Context: "adolescent illiteracy" – referring to the state of being illiterate, i.e., unable to read. The sentence: "Their commitment to 'creativity' can not survive adolescent illiteracy." This means that when faced with the fact that adolescents cannot read (illiteracy), parents' commitment to creativity will not last. The focus is on the inability to read, not just ignorance from not reading. So sense 2 is more appropriate. Also, synonyms: analphabetism. Sense 1 is "ignorance resulting from not reading," which is a consequence, but the primary meaning here is inability. Thus, JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. <t>American</t> education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "american" with surface form "American" in a context about American education. The context discusses "American education's future" and refers to "the United States of America" implicitly. The two candidate senses are: sense 1: of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture; sense 2: of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas. The context clearly refers to the United States, as it talks about "American education" and "the education establishment" in a way that is typical of US discourse. There is no mention of the broader Americas. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice. The output should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American <t>education</t>'s future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to select the best sense for "education" in the given context. The context discusses American education's future, the education establishment, and parents wanting a decent education as traditionally understood. It talks about the notion of creativity in education and romantic rebellion. The target phrase is "American education's future". This refers to the system or activities of educating. Sense 1 is about activities of educating or instructing. Sense 2 is knowledge acquired, sense 3 is gradual process, sense 4 is profession, sense 5 is upbringing, sense 6 is department. The context is about the system and activities, not just knowledge or process. Also "education establishment" suggests the profession or system. But "American education's future" is broad. The best fit is sense 1: activities of educating. Sense 4 is profession, but that's more specific to teaching profession. Sense 1 includes instruction, teaching, etc. The examples include "he received no formal education". The context mentions "a decent education as traditionally understood" which implies the instruction itself. So sense 1 is most appropriate.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: future
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's <t>future</t> will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "future" in the context. The context is about American education's future being determined by common sense. The word "future" here refers to the time yet to come, not a verb tense or commodities. So sense 1 is correct. Answer with sense_index 1.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: determine
Target surface form: determined
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be <t>determined</t> by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
2. sense_key=determine%2:31:02:: | definition=shape or influence; give direction to | synonyms=shape, mold, influence, regulate | examples=experience often determines ability; mold public opinion
3. sense_key=determine%2:31:01:: | definition=fix conclusively or authoritatively | synonyms=set | examples=set the rules
4. sense_key=determine%2:32:03:: | definition=decide upon or fix definitely | synonyms=specify, set, define, fix, limit | examples=fix the variables; specify the parameters
5. sense_key=determine%2:31:00:: | definition=reach, make, or come to a decision about something | synonyms=decide, make up one's mind | examples=We finally decided after lengthy deliberations
6. sense_key=determine%2:31:03:: | definition=fix in scope; fix the boundaries of | examples=the tree determines the border of the property
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:05:: | definition=settle conclusively; come to terms | synonyms=settle, square off, square up | examples=We finally settled the argument
8. sense_key=determine%2:32:01:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=check, find out, see, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "determined" in the context: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

The word "determined" here means that the future will be shaped or influenced by something. It's not about calculating or finding out, nor about setting rules or deciding. It's about being influenced or shaped by a factor. Sense 2: "shape or influence; give direction to" fits well. Synonyms: shape, mold, influence, regulate. Example: "experience often determines ability" matches the usage: the future is determined by the degree to which common sense prevails.

Thus sense_index = 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degree
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the <t>degree</t> to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to select the best sense for "degree" in the context. The sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the <t>degree</t> to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share." Here "degree" means the extent or level to which something happens. Looking at the candidate senses: sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" with synonyms grade, level. That fits: the degree to which common sense prevails is a level or amount. Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" also fits, but sense 1 seems more directly about intensity/amount. Sense 3 is academic degree, not relevant. Sense 4 is arc measure, no. Sense 5 is mathematical power, no. Sense 6 is temperature unit, no. Sense 7 is seriousness of a burn/crime, not here. So between sense 1 and 2, both could work, but sense 1 explicitly mentions "intensity or amount or quality", which matches the phrase "the degree to which". The example "a high level of care" parallels the usage. Sense 2 also works but is more about a specific point in a process. Here it's about the extent of prevalence. I think sense 1 is best. So answer with {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allow
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- <t>allow</t> this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "allow" in the context. The sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

The meaning is about letting common sense prevail, i.e., not hindering it, making it possible for common sense to dominate. This aligns with sense 1: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen" (permit, let). Sense 2 is about giving permission, which is slightly different (consent). Sense 5 is about making a possibility or providing opportunity, similar to sense 1. However, the context is about not opposing common sense, letting it prevail. Sense 1's example: "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement" matches the idea of not blocking. Sense 10 is about allowing presence/activity without opposing, but that's more about tolerating. The best fit is sense 1. Also, the synonyms "let, permit" fit. So sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevail
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to <t>prevail</t> over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "prevail" in the context: "allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions". The context is about common sense winning out over illusions. This suggests a sense of being victorious or dominant. Sense 4: "prove superior" with synonym "triumph" fits well. Sense 1 is about being larger in number or importance, but the context is about common sense overcoming illusions, which is more about triumph. Sense 2 is about being valid or true, but "prevail over" suggests overcoming. Sense 3 is about continuing to exist, not overcoming. Sense 5 is about persuasion, not fitting. So best is sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: illusion
Target surface form: illusions
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the <t>illusions</t> that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=illusion%1:09:01:: | definition=an erroneous mental representation | synonyms=semblance
2. sense_key=illusion%1:09:00:: | definition=something many people believe that is false | synonyms=fantasy, phantasy, fancy | examples=they have the illusion that I am very wealthy
3. sense_key=illusion%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas | synonyms=delusion, head game
4. sense_key=illusion%1:04:02:: | definition=an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers | synonyms=magic trick, conjuring trick, trick, magic, legerdemain, conjuration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "illusions" in the context. The text discusses false beliefs that people share, like the romantic notion of creativity and the rejection of disciplined instruction. The "illusions that we also share" refers to commonly held false beliefs. Sense 2 is "something many people believe that is false" with synonyms fantasy, phantasy, fancy, and example "they have the illusion that I am very wealthy". This fits perfectly. Sense 1 is "an erroneous mental representation" which is more individual. Sense 3 is about deception, and sense 4 is about magic tricks. So best is sense 2. Return {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: share
Target surface form: share
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also <t>share</t>. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=share%2:42:00:: | definition=have in common | examples=Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border
2. sense_key=share%2:40:02:: | definition=use jointly or in common
3. sense_key=share%2:40:01:: | definition=have, give, or receive a share of | synonyms=partake, partake in | examples=We shared the cake
4. sense_key=share%2:40:00:: | definition=give out as one's portion or share | synonyms=divvy up, portion out, apportion, deal
5. sense_key=share%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate | examples=I'd like to share this idea with you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "share" in the context: "allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also <t>share</t>." The context is about common sense vs illusions. The illusions are shared by "we" (presumably society). The word "share" here means to have in common, as in both have the same illusions. That matches sense 1: "have in common" with examples like "Our children share a love of music" and "The two countries share a long border." Sense 2 is "use jointly or in common" but more about physical objects? Sense 3 is about dividing or receiving a share, sense 4 is about giving out portions, sense 5 is about communicating. The best is sense 1. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The <t>education</t> establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target word "education" in context. The context discusses the notion of creativity in education, parents wanting a decent education as traditionally understood, the education establishment fighting against common sense. The candidate senses are:

1. activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill
2. knowledge acquired by learning and instruction
3. the gradual process of acquiring knowledge
4. the profession of teaching
5. the result of good upbringing (knowledge of correct social behavior)
6. the United States federal department

The context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction... parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood... American education's future will be determined... The education establishment will fight against common sense..."

Here, "education" is being discussed as a system, a field, or an institution. The phrase "the education establishment" suggests the institutional aspect. The earlier mentions refer to the concept of education as a system or process. Sense 1 (activities of educating) and sense 3 (gradual process) are both relevant. Sense 4 (profession of teaching) is also possible but less central. Sense 2 (knowledge acquired) is more about the result in an individual, but the context talks about the system. Sense 5 (upbringing) is social behavior, not fitting. Sense 6 is a department, not fitting.

The phrase "education establishment" leans toward sense 4 (profession) or sense 1 (activities). But note: "the education establishment" is a common phrase referring to the institutional and professional structures of education. Sense 4 is specifically "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)". That fits well with "establishment". However, the broader context also talks about the concept of creativity in education, and getting a decent education as traditionally understood. That broader use seems more like sense 1 (activities of educating) or sense 3 (process). But sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" which is more about the individual's learning process. The context is more about the system and the societal view.

Looking at the examples for sense 1: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed" - that matches the idea of formal education system. Sense 3: "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's" - that also fits the societal view. But the specific phrase "the education establishment" strongly suggests the institutional sense, which is sense 4. However, sense 4 is defined as "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)". That could be the 'establishment' referent.

Let's examine the sentence: "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way." Here, "education establishment" refers to the people and institutions involved in education, likely meaning the professional educators, administrators, etc. That aligns with sense 4. But also sense 1 ("activities of educating") could encompass that. But sense 1 is more about the activities themselves, not the people.

Given the options, sense 4 seems most specific to the profession, which matches "establishment". However, note that in WordNet, sense 4 is "the profession of teaching", which is a different sense from the activities. The context also earlier says "American education's future" which is broader.

I think the best fit is sense 1, because the entire passage is about education as a system of activities (teaching, instruction) and the rebellion against disciplined instruction. The phrase "education establishment" is part of that system. But sense 1 explicitly includes "educational activity" as a synonym. Let's see the synonyms for sense 1: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity. That covers the activities. Sense 4 is specifically the profession. The context talks about "the education establishment" as an entity that will fight, which is more like the profession/people, so sense 4 might be better.

However, the first sentence: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..." Here, "education" is the field or system. That could be sense 1 or 4. But the phrase "disciplined instruction" suggests educational activities.

Also, the sentence: "parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood" - that "education" is the product or process, likely sense 1 or 3. "Traditionally understood" likely means the traditional activities of schooling.

Then: "American education's future" - again, the system.

Finally: "The education establishment" - clearly the institutional part.

So the target word appears multiple times, but the one marked with <t> is the last occurrence: "The <t>education</t> establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way." So we only disambiguate that specific occurrence. That occurrence is part of the phrase "education establishment". In that phrase, "education" is an attributive noun modifying "establishment", meaning the establishment related to education. The sense of "education" here likely refers to the field or system. Which sense best captures that? Sense 4 "the profession of teaching" is a specific profession, but an "education establishment" would be the establishment of that profession, which fits. Sense 1 "activities of educating" might also work as "the establishment concerned with educational activities". But sense 4 is more directly about the profession/institution.

I think sense 4 is the best for this specific occurrence, as it denotes the professional/institutional aspect. However, many might argue that sense 1 is broader and also fits. But the examples for sense 1 include "he received no formal education" which is more about the individual's experience. Sense 3 is about the process. Sense 4 seems most precise for the phrase "education establishment".

Let's check WordNet definitions exactly: sense 4: "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)". That is exactly the profession. An "education establishment" would be the collective of those professionals and institutions. So sense 4 is appropriate.

Therefore, I'll choose sense_index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education <t>establishment</t> will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "establishment" in context. The sentence is: "The education <t>establishment</t> will fight against common sense every inch of the way." The context discusses American education, parents, common sense, etc. The phrase "the education establishment" refers to a group of people or organizations that are part of the education system, likely administrators, policymakers, etc.

Now analyze the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: the act of forming or establishing something. Not suitable because it's about an action, not a group.

2. Sense 2: an organization founded and united for a specific purpose. This could be an institution like a school, but here "establishment" likely refers to a collective body, not a single organization.

3. Sense 3: the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something. Synonyms include administration, governing body. This fits well with "education establishment" meaning the administrative body or those in charge of education.

4. Sense 4: a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment. This is a physical structure, not appropriate.

5. Sense 5: any large organization. This is similar to sense 2 but broader. However, the context emphasizes the people making decisions, not the organization itself.

6. Sense 6: ecology term, not relevant.

7. Sense 7: cognitive process of establishing proof, not relevant.

Thus, the best sense is 3. The phrase "the education establishment" is commonly used to refer to the administrative and bureaucratic leadership in education.

Therefore, output: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fight
Target surface form: fight
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fight%2:33:00:: | definition=be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight | synonyms=contend, struggle | examples=the tribesmen fought each other; Siblings are always fighting
2. sense_key=fight%2:33:01:: | definition=fight against or resist strongly | synonyms=oppose, fight back, fight down, defend | examples=The senator said he would oppose the bill; Don't fight it!
3. sense_key=fight%2:41:00:: | definition=make a strenuous or labored effort | synonyms=struggle | examples=She struggled for years to survive without welfare; He fought for breath
4. sense_key=fight%2:41:10:: | definition=exert oneself continuously, vigorously, or obtrusively to gain an end or engage in a crusade for a certain cause or person; be an advocate for | synonyms=crusade, press, campaign, push, agitate | examples=The liberal party pushed for reforms; She is crusading for women's rights

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to choose the best sense index for "fight" in the context. The context: "The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way." This means they will resist or oppose common sense. Looking at the senses:

Sense 1: be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight (e.g., tribesmen fought each other). That is more physical or direct conflict. Not appropriate for "fight against common sense".

Sense 2: fight against or resist strongly (synonyms: oppose, fight back, fight down, defend). Example: "The senator said he would oppose the bill; Don't fight it!" This fits well: "fight against common sense" means to oppose or resist strongly.

Sense 3: make a strenuous or labored effort (struggle). Example: "He fought for breath" - this is about effort, not necessarily opposition. While there is effort, the phrase "fight against" implies opposition, not just effort.

Sense 4: exert oneself continuously... to gain an end or engage in a crusade (crusade, campaign). This is more about advocating for a cause. The education establishment is not crusading for a cause; they are resisting common sense.

Thus sense 2 is best. The sense index for sense 2 is 2 (as shown in the list: second one). So answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "reasons" in the context: "The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." The context discusses the education establishment fighting against common sense, and that the reasons for that are complex. The word "reasons" here refers to the motivations or causes for the education establishment's behavior. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. reason%1:16:00: a rational motive for a belief or action. Synonyms: ground. Example: "the reason that war was declared". This fits: the reasons (motives) are complex.

2. reason%1:10:01: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. This is more about explaining a phenomenon, but the context is about why the education establishment fights common sense, so it could be explanation.

3. reason%1:09:00: the capacity for rational thought. Not appropriate.

4. reason%1:26:00: the state of having good sense. Not appropriate.

5. reason%1:10:00: a justification for something existing or happening. Synonyms: cause, grounds. Example: "he had no cause to complain". This is similar to sense 1, but sense 1 specifies "rational motive for a belief or action", while sense 5 is "justification for something existing or happening". The context is about why the establishment fights, so it's a motive/justification. Both could work, but we need to pick the best.

6. reason%1:09:01: a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion. Example: "there is reason to believe he is lying". This is more about a fact that justifies a conclusion, not necessarily a motive.

Given the context: "The reasons are complex" refers to the causes or motives for the establishment's behavior. The most fitting is sense 1 or sense 5. Sense 1 explicitly mentions "rational motive for a belief or action" - the action is the education establishment fighting. Sense 5 says "a justification for something existing or happening" - that also fits. However, sense 5's example is "he had no cause to complain", which is a justification. The difference is subtle. In WordNet, sense 1 is often used for "reason" as in motive, and sense 5 is more for cause/grounds. Since the sentence says "the reasons are complex" and then gives "one simple reason", it is likely referring to the justification or motive. I lean towards sense 1 because it is the most common sense for "reasons" as motives. Also sense 5's definition mentions "justification for something existing or happening" which is broader. But let's see the context: "one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" - that reason is that progressive education is more interesting to teachers. That is a motive for their behavior. So sense 1 fits perfectly.

Thus, the best sense is 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita