[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: classes
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller <t>classes</t> have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "classes" in the context: "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". The discussion is about education, school governance, and classroom sizes. The phrase "smaller classes" refers to groups of students taught together, i.e., the size of the class. So the sense is about a body of students taught together. That matches sense 2: "a body of students who are taught together" with synonyms like form, grade, course. The example "early morning classes are always sleepy" also fits. The context is about class size and its effect on performance. So sense 2 is correct. Other senses: 1 is too broad (collection of things), 3 is social class, 4 is course of study, 5 is league, 6 is year, 7 is biological, 8 is elegance. So the best is sense 2. Return as JSON.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We are given a sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

The context is about education and the impact of smaller classes on academic performance. The word "effect" here means a result or outcome, specifically something that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. In this case, it's saying that smaller classes have no effect on academic performance, meaning they do not cause any change or result in that area.

Let's evaluate the senses:

Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - synonyms include consequence, outcome, result. This fits perfectly: smaller classes are a phenomenon (or a change), and their effect on academic performance is the result. The example "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise" also shows a causal relationship. So sense 1 seems correct.

Sense 2: "an outward appearance" - not relevant; it's about impression. Here, it's about actual impact, not appearance.

Sense 3: "an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)" - like "he just did it for effect" - that's about creating a specific impression or show. Not relevant.

Sense 4: "the central meaning or theme" - not applicable.

Sense 5: "having legal validity" - "the law is still in effect" - not applicable.

Sense 6: "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug" - e.g., "the effects of sleep loss" - but here it's about academic performance, not a symptom. Though could be loosely, but the context says "academic performance" not a symptom of illness. Better to stick with sense 1.

Thus, the best is sense 1. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Wafer

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
We are given a sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

The context is about education and the impact of smaller classes on academic performance. The word "effect" here means a result or outcome, specifically something that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. In this case, it's saying that smaller classes have no effect on academic performance, meaning they do not cause any change or result in that area.

Let's evaluate the senses:

Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - synonyms include consequence, outcome, result. This fits perfectly: smaller classes are a phenomenon (or a change), and their effect on academic performance is the result. The example "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise" also shows a causal relationship. So sense 1 seems correct.

Sense 2: "an outward appearance" - not relevant; it's about impression. Here, it's about actual impact, not appearance.

Sense 3: "an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)" - like "he just did it for effect" - that's about creating a specific impression or show. Not relevant.

Sense 4: "the central meaning or theme" - not applicable.

Sense 5: "having legal validity" - "the law is still in effect" - not applicable.

Sense 6: "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug" - e.g., "the effects of sleep loss" - but here it's about academic performance, not a symptom. Though could be loosely, but the context says "academic performance" not a symptom of illness. Better to stick with sense 1.

Thus, the best is sense 1. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "effect" in the given context. The context: "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils". This clearly refers to a result or consequence, which matches sense 1. The other senses are about appearance, legal validity, symptom, etc. So sense 1 is correct. Return JSON.

format: unknown

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the <t>academic</t> performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "academic" in the context: "academic performance of the pupils". The context is about education, and "academic performance" refers to performance in school subjects, which is associated with academia or an academy. Sense 1: "associated with academia or an academy" fits directly. Sense 2 is about hypothetical/theoretical, not applicable here. Sense 3 is about pedantic display of learning, which is not the meaning. So sense 1 is correct.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic <t>performance</t> of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "performance" in context. The context discusses education, classroom, academic performance of pupils. The sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocably that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils..."

We need to choose from 5 candidate senses. Let's analyze each:

1. Sense 1: a dramatic or musical entertainment. This is about public presentation. Not relevant to academic context.

2. Sense 2: the act of presenting a play or piece of music. Again, related to entertainment. Not relevant.

3. Sense 3: the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it. Synonyms: execution, carrying out. Example: "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance." This fits well with "academic performance" which refers to how well pupils execute or carry out academic tasks, using their knowledge.

4. Sense 4: any recognized accomplishment. Example: "they admired his performance under stress" and baseball example. This could also fit, but it's more about accomplishment. However, the context is about effect of class size on performance, implying a general measure of doing well, not necessarily a specific recognized accomplishment. Sense 3 seems more general.

5. Sense 5: process or manner of functioning or operating. Synonyms: operation, functioning. Example: "the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds." This is more about mechanical or system functioning. Could be stretched to academic performance as functioning, but typical usage of "academic performance" is about achievement, not just functioning.

The phrase "academic performance" is a common collocation referring to how well students do in their studies, which aligns with sense 3 (using knowledge successfully). Also, the example in sense 3 includes "experience generally improves performance" which is similar to "academic performance improves or not". So sense 3 is best.

Thus, answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupils
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the <t>pupils</t> -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "pupil" with surface form "pupils". The context clearly discusses education, schools, classrooms, academic performance. The target word appears in "academic performance of the pupils". This clearly refers to students. Candidate senses 1 and 3 both relate to students. Sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" with synonyms student, educatee. Sense 3: "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)" with synonyms schoolchild, school-age child. The context mentions "New York City", "locally elected school boards", "education", "classroom", "academic performance". There is no specific indication of age, but "young person" in sense 3 is more specific. However, sense 1 is broader and includes all learners. In WordNet, pupil%1:18:00 is the general student sense, and pupil%1:18:01 is the schoolchild sense. The context does not specify age, but typically "pupils" in K-12 education are schoolchildren. Also, the text mentions "up through senior high school", which aligns with the context. But note that the sentence says "academic performance of the pupils" and mentions "teachers", suggesting primary/secondary education. Given that, sense 3 seems more specific and appropriate. However, sense 1 is also valid. But we need to choose the single best indexed sense. Often in WordNet, the more specific sense is preferred if context supports it. Since the context is about schools, "schoolchild" fits. Also, sense 1 says "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" which could include college students, but the context is about K-12 because it talks about "locally elected school boards", "Chicago and other cities", "smaller classes", "teachers". So likely it's schoolchildren. Therefore, sense 3 is best. We return {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be <t>desirable</t> for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "desirable" in context. The sentence is: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

The two candidate senses are:
1. worth having or seeking or achieving (e.g., a desirable job, computer with many desirable features)
2. worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse (synonyms: suitable, worthy; example: the parents found the girl suitable for their son)

The context talks about smaller classes being desirable for other reasons, not for academic performance. The sense here is that smaller classes are worth having or seeking for other reasons (like maybe social interaction or teacher attention). It is not about being a spouse. So sense 1 is the correct one. The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for <t>other</t> reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "other" in the context: "...though they may sometimes be desirable for <t>other</t> reasons." The word "other" here means "different" or "additional" reasons beyond the ones previously mentioned (like academic performance). The context is about smaller classes having zero effect on academic performance but being desirable for other reasons. This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." Sense 2 is "recently past" (the other evening), sense 3 is "distant past", sense 4 is "very unusual". Clearly sense 1 fits. So answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Io Net


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other <t>reasons</t>. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "reasons" in the phrase "for other <t>reasons</t>". The context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." Here "reasons" refers to justifications or motives for desiring smaller classes beyond academic performance. It is not about rational capacity, nor about explanation of cause in a scientific sense. Among the candidates, sense 1 is "a rational motive for a belief or action" with synonym "ground". Sense 5 is "a justification for something existing or happening" with synonyms "cause, grounds". Both are similar. But sense 1 specifically says "a rational motive for a belief or action" and examples include "the reason that war was declared". Sense 5 says "a justification for something existing or happening" with example "they had good reason to rejoice". The context is about desirability for other reasons, meaning other justifications or motives. Sense 1 seems a bit more about belief/action, while sense 5 is about justification. However, the phrase "for other reasons" typically uses "reasons" as grounds or justifications. Also note sense 2 is an explanation of cause of phenomenon, which is more scientific. Sense 3 and 4 are about rational capacity, not applicable. Sense 6 is a fact that logically justifies premise. That might also fit, but "for other reasons" is idiomatic. The best match is likely sense 5 or sense 1. Let's see synonyms: sense 1 has "ground", sense 5 has "cause, grounds". Both are similar. The example for sense 1: "the reason that war was declared" - that is a motive. For sense 5: "they had good reason to rejoice" - that is justification. In the context, "desirable for other reasons" means there are other justifications or motives. I think sense 5 is slightly more general and fits "for other reasons" better because it's about justification for something existing or happening (the desirability). Sense 1 is about rational motive for belief or action, but the desirability is not necessarily a belief or action, it's a state. However, it's close. I'll check sense 5 definition: "a justification for something existing or happening". That fits: smaller classes may be desirable for other justifications (e.g., social, emotional). So sense 5 is good. Also note that sense 1 has "a rational motive" which might imply a reason for doing something, whereas here it's about desirability. I think sense 5 is more appropriate. Let's also consider sense 6: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" - that is more about a fact, not a reason in the sense of a justification. The phrase "for other reasons" doesn't necessarily refer to a fact. So best is sense 5. But we need to output only the index. The sense indices are given as 1 to 6. So answer: {"sense_index": 5}. However, note that sense 1 and 5 are very similar. But I'll go with 5 because it's specifically about justification for something existing/happening.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The <t>new</t> money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "new" in a specific context. The sentence is: "The <t>new</t> money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..." The context discusses increased expenditures on education, and specifically "new money" that flows into the administrative structure. The term "new" here refers to additional or recently added money, not necessarily novel or original. It is used in contrast to the existing money. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "not of long duration; having just come into being or been made" - This could fit if the money is newly allocated.
2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This implies novelty, but the money is likely just additional, not necessarily innovative.
3. "lacking training or experience" - Not applicable to money.
4. "having no previous example or precedent" - Not likely.
5. "other than the former one(s); different" - This could fit, as "new money" is different from the existing money, but it's not a replacement; it's additional.
6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Not applicable.
7. "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new" - Not fitting.
8. "in use after medieval times" - Not applicable.
9. "used of a living language; being the current stage" - Not applicable.
10. "(of crops) harvested at an early stage" - Not applicable.
11. "unfamiliar" - Could be possible, but the money is not unfamiliar; it's additional funding.

The best sense seems to be sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". The phrase "new money" in this context refers to additional funds that have recently been allocated. The example "new cars" is analogous. Also sense 5 ("other than the former one(s); different") is possible, but sense 1 is more precise because the money is newly added, not just different.

Thus, I choose sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new <t>money</t> flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to determine which sense of "money" is used in the context. The sentence: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." Then later: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..." The context discusses educational expenditures and financial resources. The word "money" here refers to financial resources or funds, not specifically physical currency or a specific currency. Sense 2: "wealth reckoned in terms of money" fits because it's about money as a resource or wealth. Sense 1 is about medium of exchange, sense 3 about official currency. The context talks about influence of money, new money flowing into administrative structure - it's about financial resources, not specifically coins/bills or a national currency. So best sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money <t>flows</t> into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%2:38:01:: | definition=move or progress freely as if in a stream | synonyms=flux | examples=The crowd flowed out of the stadium
2. sense_key=flow%2:38:00:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=run, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
3. sense_key=flow%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to flow | examples=The artist flowed the washes on the paper
4. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: | definition=be abundantly present | examples=The champagne flowed at the wedding
5. sense_key=flow%2:35:04:: | definition=fall or flow in a certain way | synonyms=hang, fall | examples=This dress hangs well; Her long black hair flowed down her back
6. sense_key=flow%2:30:00:: | definition=cover or swamp with water
7. sense_key=flow%2:29:00:: | definition=undergo menstruation | synonyms=menstruate | examples=She started menstruating at the age of 11

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure". The context is about money flowing into administrative structure, not a liquid. It's metaphorical. Sense 1: "move or progress freely as if in a stream" with synonym "flux" and example "The crowd flowed out of the stadium" - this seems abstract, like a flow of people or things. Sense 2: "move along, of liquids" - for liquids. Here, "money" is not a liquid, but it's metaphorical. However, sense 1 specifically says "as if in a stream" and includes "flux". That seems appropriate for money flowing. Sense 3: "cause to flow" - that is transitive, but here "flows" is intransitive. Sense 4: "be abundantly present" - "The champagne flowed" - that is more about abundance, but here it's about movement into a structure. Sense 5: "fall or flow in a certain way" like hair. Sense 6: "cover or swamp with water" - not. Sense 7: "undergo menstruation" - no.

Best is sense 1: move or progress freely as if in a stream. The context: money flows into administrative structure, a metaphorical stream. So sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pile
Target surface form: piling
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself <t>piling</t> more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pile%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
2. sense_key=pile%2:38:00:: | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
3. sense_key=pile%2:35:03:: | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to select the best sense for "piling" in the context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers." This is clearly about adding work onto teachers. Sense 3 is "place or lay as if in a pile" with example "The teacher piled work on the students". That matches exactly. Sense 1 is about arranging in stacks of physical objects, not paperwork metaphorically. Sense 2 is about pressing tightly together or cramming people. So sense 3 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target word "more" in the context: "which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers." The phrase is "more and more paper work." The word "more" here is modifying the mass noun "paper work" (or "paperwork" as a mass noun). It is used as a quantifier meaning greater in amount or degree. The first sense (index 1) is for mass nouns: "(comparative of 'much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support". The second sense (index 2) is for count nouns: "(comparative of 'many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas". Here, "paper work" is uncountable (mass noun). So the appropriate sense is sense 1. Also, note the collocation "more and more" is typically used with mass nouns or plural count nouns, but here it's "paper work". Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

Thus, output: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "more" in the context: "...piling more and more paper work on the teachers." The target surface form is the second "more" in "more and more". The context is about increasing paperwork. The sense should be about greater amount. The candidate senses: sense 1 is for mass nouns (greater in size or amount, e.g., more land), sense 2 is for count nouns (greater in number, e.g., more seats). The target "paper work" is a mass noun (uncountable). So the correct sense is the comparative of 'much' used with mass nouns. Therefore sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the <t>teachers</t>. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose between sense 1 (a person whose occupation is teaching) and sense 2 (a personified abstraction that teaches). The context: "piling more and more paper work on the teachers." The teachers here are clearly human educators working in schools, not personified abstractions. So sense 1 is correct. Answer: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mystery
Target surface form: mystery
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither <t>mystery</t> nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: | definition=something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained | synonyms=enigma, secret, closed book | examples=how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets
2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: | definition=a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie | synonyms=mystery story, whodunit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: We are asked to choose the best sense for "mystery" in the context. The context is about education and expenditures: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact..." This refers to something that is not baffling or unexplained. So it's about something that can be explained, not a mystery. The first sense is "something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained". The second sense is about a crime story. Clearly the first sense fits. So answer sense_index=1.{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the <t>fact</t> that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "fact" in the context: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures ... have increased sharply ... educational performance has declined."

The candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. Example: first you must collect all the facts of the case.
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. Example: he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts.
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. Example: your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell.
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | a concept whose truth can be proved. Example: scientific hypotheses are not facts.

In the sentence, "the fact that X has happened" refers to a particular situation or circumstance that is true. The phrase "the fact that" introduces a clause that is presented as a known truth. This aligns most closely with sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." The example "your fears have no basis in fact" also fits: here, "fact" refers to something that is actual or true. Sense 1 is about a piece of information, but it's more about discrete pieces like data. Sense 2 is about a statement or assertion, but here it's not a statement but the actual occurrence. Sense 4 is about a concept that can be proved, but this is more about a general truth or proposition; here it's a specific event (expenditures increased, performance declined). So sense 3 is best.

Thus: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Morph


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as <t>educational</t> expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to determine which sense of "educational" is used in the context. The context discusses "educational research", "educational expenditures", "educational performance". The word is used attributively. Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" (e.g., educational psychology). Sense 2: "providing knowledge" (e.g., an educational film). In the context, "educational research" is research about education, not necessarily providing knowledge (though it might). "Educational expenditures" are expenditures on education. "Educational performance" is performance in education. All these are relating to the process of education. The phrase "educational research tell us" is research about education. So sense 1 fits. Sense 2 would be something like an educational film that teaches something. Here, it's not about providing knowledge; it's about the field of education. So answer sense index 1.

provider: WandB


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational <t>expenditures</t> (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "expenditures" in the context. The context discusses increasing expenditures on education, and mentions money spent per pupil. The first sense is about money paid out, an amount spent. The second is the act of spending money. The third is the act of consuming something. The context clearly refers to money spent, not the act of consuming something. Also, it says "increasing expenditures" and "as educational expenditures have increased sharply" referring to amounts, not the act. So sense 1 is most appropriate.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: real
Target surface form: real
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in <t>real</t> terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=real%3:00:00:: | definition=being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory; ; ; ; ; ; - Longfellow | synonyms=existent | examples=real objects; real people; not ghosts
2. sense_key=real%3:00:02:: | definition=no less than what is stated; worthy of the name | examples=the real reason; real war
3. sense_key=real%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=not to be taken lightly | examples=statistics demonstrate that poverty and unemployment are very real problems; to the man sleeping regularly in doorways homelessness is real
4. sense_key=real%5:00:00:concrete:00 | definition=capable of being treated as fact | synonyms=tangible | examples=tangible evidence; his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor
5. sense_key=real%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something; ; - G.K.Chesterton | synonyms=actual, genuine, literal | examples=her actual motive; a literal solitude like a desert
6. sense_key=real%3:00:01:: | definition=of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation | examples=real prices; real income
7. sense_key=real%3:00:03:: | definition=having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary; ; ; - Shakespeare | synonyms=substantial, material | examples=the substantial world; a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical
8. sense_key=real%5:00:00:tangible:02 | definition=(of property) fixed or immovable | examples=real property consists of land and buildings
9. sense_key=real%5:00:02:realistic:00 | definition=coinciding with reality; - F.A.Olafson | synonyms=veridical | examples=perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "real" in the context of "educational expenditures (in <t>real</t> terms)". The phrase "in real terms" is an economic term meaning adjusted for inflation. This matches sense 6: "of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation". The example given is "real prices; real income". So the correct sense index is 6.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have <t>increased</t> sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "increase" in the surface form "increased". The context is: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century". The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

The first sense is intransitive (become bigger), the second is transitive (make bigger). In the sentence, "educational expenditures have increased" is intransitive; there is no direct object. The subject "educational expenditures" is what increased. So it matches sense 1. The example "The amount of work increased" is parallel. Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

We need to output JSON with sense_index. Since the senses are numbered 1 and 2, we output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sharply
Target surface form: sharply
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased <t>sharply</t> in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sharply%4:02:00:: | definition=in an aggressive manner | synonyms=aggressively | examples=she was being sharply questioned
2. sense_key=sharply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a well delineated manner | synonyms=crisply | examples=the new style of Minoan pottery was sharply defined
3. sense_key=sharply%4:02:02:: | definition=changing suddenly in direction and degree | synonyms=sharp, acutely | examples=the road twists sharply after the light; turn sharp left here
4. sense_key=sharply%4:02:03:: | definition=very suddenly and to a great degree | synonyms=precipitously | examples=conditions that precipitously increase the birthrate; prices rose sharply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the sentence: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century" The context is about spending increasing. The candidate sense 4: "very suddenly and to a great degree" with example "prices rose sharply" matches exactly. Sense 3 is about direction change, not applicable. Sense 1 is aggressive manner, sense 2 is well delineated, not fitting. So sense_index=4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to choose the best sense for "past" in the context: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century". The target word is used as an adjective modifying "quarter-of-a-century". The sense is about time: earlier than the present. Sense 1: "earlier than the present time; no longer current" fits perfectly. Sense 2 is about a person who has held a position, which does not apply. So sense_index 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world". The target word is "now". The context is about current educational expenditures. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. "in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events" - This is used for narrating past events as if they are present. But here, the sentence is not a historical narration; it's stating a fact about current spending. Not appropriate.

2. "in these times" with synonyms nowadays, today. This fits the context: "we now spend more..." meaning currently, in these times.

3. "used to preface a command or reproof or request" - Not applicable.

4. "at the present moment" - This is similar to sense 2 but narrower, just the present moment. The sentence is about a current state, not necessarily the exact moment but a general current situation. Sense 2 says "in these times" which is broader. However, sense 4 says "at the present moment" and includes "goods now on sale" as example. The sentence says "we now spend more per pupil" which is a present situation. Both 2 and 4 could be candidates. But note that sense 2 has "nowadays" as synonym, which fits better because the sentence is about a general trend over recent times, not just this second. Also, sense 4's example "the now-aging dictator" suggests "now" as an adjective? Actually, the example is "the now-aging dictator" where "now" modifies "aging" meaning currently aging. But in our sentence, "now" is an adverb modifying "spend". Sense 2's example: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" is similar structure: "we now ...". So sense 2 seems better.

5. "without delay or hesitation" - Not applicable.

6. "(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject" - Not used here.

7. "in the immediate past" - "told me just now" - Not applicable.

Thus, the best sense is 2. But let's double-check: The context includes "in our current circumstances" and "the new money flows". So "now" refers to the present time period. Sense 2 is "in these times". Sense 4 is "at the present moment". The difference is subtle, but "now" in this sentence is not just the exact moment but a general statement about current spending levels. The example for sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" is very similar. So sense 2 is most appropriate.

Therefore, answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spend
Target surface form: spend
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spend%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=pass | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
2. sense_key=spend%2:40:00:: | definition=pay out | synonyms=expend, drop | examples=spend money
3. sense_key=spend%2:40:01:: | definition=spend completely | examples=I spend my pocket money in two days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We need to determine the correct sense of "spend" in the given context. The context is about educational expenditures, and the phrase "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world" – that refers to spending money, not passing time. The candidate senses:
1. "pass time in a specific way" – not relevant.
2. "pay out" – synonyms: expend, drop; example: "spend money" – this is the general sense of spending money.
3. "spend completely" – example: "I spend my pocket money in two days" – this implies using up all money quickly.

The context says "spend more per pupil" – it's about the amount of money spent, not about completing it or using it up entirely. It's about expenditures. So sense 2 is appropriate. However, sense 3 is "spend completely" which might imply exhausting funds, but the context is about overall spending levels, not about depleting. Also "spend more" suggests an ongoing expenditure. The example for sense 3 is about spending all pocket money in two days, which is a complete dissipation. But here it's "we now spend more per pupil" – it's a comparative statement about total spending, not about spending until it's gone. So sense 2 is better.

Thus, sense_index 2. But the instruction says "do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and return JSON with sense_index. So answer {"sense_index": 2}. However, note that the sense keys are given as "spend%2:42:00::" etc. The indices are 1,2,3. So I'll output 2.{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spend
Target surface form: spend
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spend%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=pass | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
2. sense_key=spend%2:40:00:: | definition=pay out | synonyms=expend, drop | examples=spend money
3. sense_key=spend%2:40:01:: | definition=spend completely | examples=I spend my pocket money in two days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
We need to determine the correct sense of "spend" in the given context. The context is about educational expenditures, and the phrase "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world" – that refers to spending money, not passing time. The candidate senses:
1. "pass time in a specific way" – not relevant.
2. "pay out" – synonyms: expend, drop; example: "spend money" – this is the general sense of spending money.
3. "spend completely" – example: "I spend my pocket money in two days" – this implies using up all money quickly.

The context says "spend more per pupil" – it's about the amount of money spent, not about completing it or using it up entirely. It's about expenditures. So sense 2 is appropriate. However, sense 3 is "spend completely" which might imply exhausting funds, but the context is about overall spending levels, not about depleting. Also "spend more" suggests an ongoing expenditure. The example for sense 3 is about spending all pocket money in two days, which is a complete dissipation. But here it's "we now spend more per pupil" – it's a comparative statement about total spending, not about spending until it's gone. So sense 2 is better.

Thus, sense_index 2. But the instruction says "do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and return JSON with sense_index. So answer {"sense_index": 2}. However, note that the sense keys are given as "spend%2:42:00::" etc. The indices are 1,2,3. So I'll output 2.{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense. The context is about educational spending money. Sense 2 is "pay out" (expend, drop) with example "spend money". Sense 3 is "spend completely" (use up all). The phrase "we now spend more per pupil" doesn't indicate spending completely; it's about amount expended. So sense 2 is correct. But the assistant previously answered 2 and got invalid? Possibly the instruction said "do not answer with a WordNet sense key" but we are giving sense_index. That's fine. Re-evaluate: The target surface form is "spend" in "we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil". That clearly means expend money. Sense 2 is best. So answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.