[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: affect
Target surface form: affecting
Context:
Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not <t>affecting</t> squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=affect%2:30:00:: | definition=have an effect upon | synonyms=impact, bear upon, bear on, touch on, touch | examples=Will the new rules affect me?
2. sense_key=affect%2:29:00:: | definition=act physically on; have an effect upon | examples=the medicine affects my heart rate
3. sense_key=affect%2:42:00:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=involve, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
4. sense_key=affect%2:32:00:: | definition=make believe with the intent to deceive | synonyms=feign, sham, pretend, dissemble | examples=He feigned that he was ill; He shammed a headache
5. sense_key=affect%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=impress, move, strike | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "affect" in the surface form "affecting". The context is about medical treatment and patients' cancer affecting squamous cells. The sentence: "patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times" and "patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times". Here, "affecting" means the cancer involves or has an effect on squamous cells. It is not about emotional impact (sense 5) or pretending (sense 4). It is about having an effect. Sense 1 is generic "have an effect upon", sense 2 is "act physically on; have an effect upon" with example "the medicine affects my heart rate", sense 3 is "connect closely and often incriminatingly" with synonyms involve, regard. The context is about cancer involving specific cell types. "Affecting squamous cells" means the cancer involves those cells. This fits sense 3: connect closely, involve. The example "This new ruling affects your business" shows a sense of involvement. Also sense 1 or 2 could apply, but sense 3 specifically includes "involve" as a synonym. The context is about which cells the cancer involves. So sense 3 is best.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: long
Target surface form: longer
Context:
Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had <t>longer</t> survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=long%3:00:02:: | definition=primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified | examples=a long life; a long boring speech
2. sense_key=long%3:00:01:: | definition=primarily spatial sense; of relatively great or greater than average spatial extension or extension as specified | examples=a long road; a long distance
3. sense_key=long%5:00:00:tall:00 | definition=of relatively great height; - Sherwood Anderson | examples=a race of long gaunt men; looked out the long French windows
4. sense_key=long%3:00:00:: | definition=good at remembering | synonyms=retentive, recollective, tenacious | examples=a retentive mind; tenacious memory
5. sense_key=long%3:00:05:: | definition=holding securities or commodities in expectation of a rise in prices | examples=is long on coffee; a long position in gold
6. sense_key=long%3:00:04:: | definition=(of speech sounds or syllables) of relatively long duration | examples=the English vowel sounds in `bate', `beat', `bite', `boat', `boot' are long
7. sense_key=long%5:00:00:unsound:00 | definition=involving substantial risk | examples=long odds
8. sense_key=long%5:00:00:provident:00 | definition=planning prudently for the future | synonyms=farseeing, farsighted, foresighted, foresightful, prospicient, longsighted | examples=large goals that required farsighted policies; took a long view of the geopolitical issues
9. sense_key=long%5:00:00:abundant:00 | definition=having or being more than normal or necessary: | examples=long on brains; in long supply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "long" in the comparative form "longer". The context is about survival times in medical studies. The sentence says: "patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had <t>longer</t> survival times". This refers to duration of time.

Among the candidate senses:
1. primarily temporal sense (greater than average duration)
2. primarily spatial sense
3. height
4. good at remembering
5. holding securities
6. speech sounds duration
7. risk
8. provident
9. abundant

Clearly, the context is about survival time, which is a duration. So sense 1 is the most appropriate. Sense 6 is about speech sounds, not relevant. Sense 2 is spatial, not relevant. Others are not relevant. Therefore, the best sense index is 1.

Return {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survival
Target surface form: survival
Context:
Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer <t>survival</t> times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survival%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of surviving; remaining alive | synonyms=endurance
2. sense_key=survival%1:22:00:: | definition=a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment | synonyms=survival of the fittest, natural selection, selection
3. sense_key=survival%1:04:00:: | definition=something that survives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target word "survival" in context from a medical text about cancer treatment. The context talks about "survival time" of patients. This clearly refers to the duration that patients remain alive after treatment. So the relevant sense is the state of remaining alive, not the evolutionary process or a surviving artifact. The first sense (index 1) is "a state of surviving; remaining alive". The synonyms include "endurance". The second sense is about natural selection, and the third is about something that survives (like a relic). The context clearly indicates the first sense. So the answer is sense_index 1.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: times
Context:
Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival <t>times</t> if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "times" in the context: "patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times". The target word is "times" (plural of time). The context is about survival duration. Sense 3: "an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities)" fits well because survival times are indefinite periods. Other senses like instance (sense 1) or resource (sense 2) don't fit as well. Sense 3 has examples like "he waited a long time" which is analogous. So sense_index 3.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contrast
Target surface form: contrast
Context:
Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In <t>contrast</t>, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contrast%1:24:00:: | definition=the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared; , | synonyms=direct contrast | examples=in contrast to; by contrast
2. sense_key=contrast%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distinguishing by comparing differences
3. sense_key=contrast%1:09:01:: | definition=a conceptual separation or distinction | synonyms=line, dividing line, demarcation | examples=there is a narrow line between sanity and insanity
4. sense_key=contrast%1:09:00:: | definition=the perceptual effect of the juxtaposition of very different colors
5. sense_key=contrast%1:07:00:: | definition=the range of optical density and tone on a photographic negative or print (or the extent to which adjacent areas on a television screen differ in brightness)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are asked to perform word sense disambiguation for the target word "contrast" in the given context. The context discusses clinical trial results comparing Alimta (pemetrexed) with cisplatin or docetaxel in non-small cell lung cancer patients, focusing on survival times based on squamous cell involvement. The sentence with the target: "In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta."

The word "contrast" here is used as a noun in the phrase "in contrast". This phrase is explicitly listed as an example for sense 1: "the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared; in contrast to; by contrast". The context is comparing two groups: patients with non-squamous cell cancer had longer survival with Alimta, while patients with squamous cell cancer had shorter survival with Alimta. This is a direct contrast or opposition.

Sense 2 is "the act of distinguishing by comparing differences" but here it's not an act, it's a point of comparison. Sense 3 is about a conceptual separation or distinction, but the example "there is a narrow line" doesn't fit the usage here. Sense 4 and 5 are about color or photographic contrast, irrelevant.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1. The output should be a JSON object with the sense_index. The sense_index is the number before the colon in the sense_key? The instructions say "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". But we must choose the correct index. Each candidate sense is listed with a number, e.g., "1. sense_key=contrast%1:24:00:: ...". So sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, <t>patients</t> whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given a target surface form "patients" in a medical context. The context is about clinical trials for lung cancer treatments, referring to individuals receiving medical care. The candidate senses are: sense 1: a person who requires medical care, and sense 2: a semantic role in linguistics. Clearly, the context is about people being treated for cancer, so sense 1 is correct. We need to output JSON with sense_index = 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose <t>cancer</t> was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "cancer" and its surface form in the context. The context is about medical treatment, specifically lung cancer and squamous cells. The candidate senses are:

1. cancer%1:26:00:: - medical term: malignant growth or tumor.
2. cancer%1:18:00:: - astrology: person born under Cancer.
3. cancer%1:17:00:: - constellation.
4. cancer%1:15:00:: - zodiac sign.
5. cancer%1:05:00:: - genus of crabs.

Clearly, the context is medical, discussing non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy, and squamous cells. So the correct sense is sense 1.

Thus, output should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Morph


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: affect
Target surface form: affecting
Context:
Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was <t>affecting</t> squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=affect%2:30:00:: | definition=have an effect upon | synonyms=impact, bear upon, bear on, touch on, touch | examples=Will the new rules affect me?
2. sense_key=affect%2:29:00:: | definition=act physically on; have an effect upon | examples=the medicine affects my heart rate
3. sense_key=affect%2:42:00:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=involve, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
4. sense_key=affect%2:32:00:: | definition=make believe with the intent to deceive | synonyms=feign, sham, pretend, dissemble | examples=He feigned that he was ill; He shammed a headache
5. sense_key=affect%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=impress, move, strike | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to determine the correct sense of "affecting" in the context. The sentence: "patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta."

Here "affecting" means "involving" or "having an effect on" or "associated with". Specifically, cancer that is affecting squamous cells means cancer that involves or has an effect on squamous cells. This is about the relation between cancer and cell type. The candidate senses:

1. have an effect upon (general) - synonyms: impact, bear upon, etc. This could fit, but it's very general.
2. act physically on; have an effect upon (medical? "the medicine affects my heart rate") - This is more specific to physical action. Here cancer affecting cells is a bit like acting physically on cells, but it's more about involvement.
3. connect closely and often incriminatingly - synonyms: involve, regard. This sense is about involvement or connection. "This new ruling affects your business" means it involves or concerns your business. In the context, cancer affecting squamous cells means cancer involves or concerns squamous cells. This seems most apt.
4. make believe - not relevant.
5. have an emotional or cognitive impact upon - not relevant.

Thus, sense 3 is best. It matches the idea of involvement or connection. The example "This new ruling affects your business" shows a similar usage: something has a connection or relevance to something. So answer: {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: short
Target surface form: shorter
Context:
Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had <t>shorter</t> survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=short%3:00:02:: | definition=primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration | examples=a short life; a short flight
2. sense_key=short%3:00:01:: | definition=(primarily spatial sense) having little length or lacking in length | examples=short skirts; short hair
3. sense_key=short%3:00:03:: | definition=low in stature; not tall | synonyms=little | examples=he was short and stocky; short in stature
4. sense_key=short%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=not sufficient to meet a need | synonyms=inadequate, poor | examples=an inadequate income; a poor salary
5. sense_key=short%3:00:00:: | definition=(of memory) deficient in retentiveness or range | synonyms=unretentive, forgetful | examples=a short memory
6. sense_key=short%3:00:05:: | definition=not holding securities or commodities that one sells in expectation of a fall in prices | examples=a short sale; short in cotton
7. sense_key=short%3:00:04:: | definition=of speech sounds or syllables of relatively short duration | examples=the English vowel sounds in `pat', `pet', `pit', `pot', putt' are short
8. sense_key=short%5:00:02:insufficient:00 | definition=less than the correct or legal or full amount often deliberately so | synonyms=light, scant | examples=a light pound; a scant cup of sugar
9. sense_key=short%5:00:00:improvident:00 | definition=lacking foresight or scope | synonyms=shortsighted, unforesightful, myopic | examples=a short view of the problem; shortsighted policies
10. sense_key=short%5:00:00:breakable:00 | definition=tending to crumble or break into flakes due to a large amount of shortening | examples=shortbread is a short crumbly cookie; a short flaky pie crust
11. sense_key=short%5:00:00:discourteous:00 | definition=marked by rude or peremptory shortness | synonyms=brusque, brusk, curt | examples=try to cultivate a less brusque manner; a curt reply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "short" in the comparative form "shorter". The context is about survival times in cancer patients. The sentence: "In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta." So "shorter" here refers to the duration of survival, meaning less time. This is a temporal sense: limited in duration. Among the candidate senses, sense 1 is "primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration" with examples "a short life; a short flight". That matches perfectly. Sense 2 is spatial (length), sense 3 is height, sense 4 is insufficient, etc. None of the others fit. So the best sense is sense 1. The sense index is 1.

provider: Cloudflare


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survival
Target surface form: survival
Context:
Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter <t>survival</t> times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survival%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of surviving; remaining alive | synonyms=endurance
2. sense_key=survival%1:22:00:: | definition=a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment | synonyms=survival of the fittest, natural selection, selection
3. sense_key=survival%1:04:00:: | definition=something that survives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given a target lemma "survival" with surface form "survival". The context is about medical trials comparing survival times for cancer patients. The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=survival%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of surviving; remaining alive | synonyms=endurance
2. sense_key=survival%1:22:00:: | definition=a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment | synonyms=survival of the fittest, natural selection, selection
3. sense_key=survival%1:04:00:: | definition=something that survives

In the context, "survival time" refers to the duration patients remain alive after treatment. This clearly matches sense 1: "a state of surviving; remaining alive". Sense 2 is about evolutionary biology, and sense 3 is about something that survives (e.g., a relic). The context is medical, not evolutionary. So the best sense is sense 1.

Thus, output JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: times
Context:
Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival <t>times</t> if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "time" in the context of a medical text about survival times for patients. The surface form is "times" (plural). The specific occurrence is: "patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta."

We need to choose the best sense index from the list. The context talks about "survival times" - a period of time that patients survived. That is a measurable duration. Looking at the senses:

1. sense 1: an instance or single occasion for some event - "this time he succeeded; he called four times". Not appropriate because "survival times" are not occasions.

2. sense 2: a period of time considered as a resource under your control - "take time to smell the roses" - not about resource, but about duration.

3. sense 3: an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) - "he waited a long time; the time of year for planting". This fits: "survival time" is an indefinite period marked by the attribute of surviving. Example: "he waited a long time" matches duration.

4. sense 4: a suitable moment - "it is time to go" - not appropriate.

5. sense 5: the continuum of experience - abstract, not specific duration.

6. sense 6: a person's experience on a particular occasion - "he had a time holding back tears" - not about duration.

7. sense 7: a reading of a point in time as given by a clock - not about duration.

8. sense 8: the fourth coordinate - mathematical, not medical.

9. sense 9: rhythm as given by division - musical, not relevant.

10. sense 10: the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned - "prison term" - but here it's survival time, not prison.

The best fit is sense 3: an indefinite period. Also note the examples include "he waited a long time" which is a duration. "Survival time" is a duration. Sense 3 is the most appropriate. So answer: {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mathematical
Target surface form: mathematical
Context:
kalgebra is a <t>mathematical</t> calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "mathematical" in the context: "kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs."

We need to choose the best sense from the five candidates.

Sense 1: "of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics" - This is the most general sense. The context describes a calculator that does mathematical operations. This seems appropriate.

Sense 2: "relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers" - This is more about numerical aptitude. The calculator is not described as having ability to think; it's a tool. So not the best.

Sense 3: "beyond question" - This is a figurative sense meaning absolute certainty. Not applicable here.

Sense 4: "statistically possible though highly improbable" - Also not applicable.

Sense 5: "characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics" - This could be possible, but the context is simply describing it as a mathematical calculator, not emphasizing precision.

The context says "mathematical calculator" and "simple MathML operations". It is clearly referring to mathematics as a field. So sense 1 is the most direct.

Thus, the best sense is sense 1.

Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: base
Target surface form: based
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator <t>based</t> on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=base%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
2. sense_key=base%2:42:04:: | definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
3. sense_key=base%2:34:00:: | definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to select the best sense for "based" in the sentence: "kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language." The verb "base" here means to use as a basis or foundation. Sense 1: "use as a basis for; found on" matches perfectly. Sense 2 is about situating as a center of operations, not applicable. Sense 3 is about cocaine. So sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: capable
Target surface form: capable
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is <t>capable</t> to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=capable%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `of') having capacity or ability | examples=capable of winning; capable of hard work
2. sense_key=capable%5:00:00:susceptible:00 | definition=possibly accepting or permitting | synonyms=open, subject | examples=a passage capable of misinterpretation; open to interpretation
3. sense_key=capable%3:00:02:: | definition=(followed by `of') having the temperament or inclination for | examples=no one believed her capable of murder
4. sense_key=capable%5:00:00:adequate:00 | definition=having the requisite qualities for | synonyms=adequate to, equal to, up to | examples=equal to the task; the work isn't up to the standard I require
5. sense_key=capable%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=able | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We need to choose the best sense for "capable" in the context: "kalgebra is a mathematical calculator ... Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs."

The sentence uses "capable to make" which is a bit non-standard (usually "capable of making"). But the meaning is that the software has the ability or capacity to perform those operations. Let's evaluate the senses:

1. (usually followed by 'of') having capacity or ability. Example: capable of winning. This fits: kalgebra has the capacity to do operations. However, note the context uses "capable to" but meaning is same.

2. possibly accepting or permitting. Synonyms: open, subject. Example: capable of misinterpretation. This doesn't fit; it's not about possibility of acceptance but about having ability.

3. (followed by 'of') having the temperament or inclination for. Example: no one believed her capable of murder. This implies a disposition or inclination, not just ability. Not fitting for a software.

4. having the requisite qualities for. Synonyms: adequate to, equal to, up to. Example: equal to the task. This could fit: the software is adequate for simple operations. But the primary sense is about being up to the task.

5. have the skills and qualifications to do things well. Synonyms: able. Example: able teachers. This is about being competent. Fits as well.

Now, sense 1 is the most direct: having capacity or ability. The examples "capable of winning" and "capable of hard work" align with the context of performing tasks. Sense 4 and 5 are more about being adequate or competent, which are also possible but sense 1 is the most general and typical. The context says "capable to make simple MathML operations" – that is exactly capacity/ability.

Also note the note about "usually followed by 'of'" but the text uses "to", but that's likely a non-native usage. The intended meaning is clearly ability.

Thus, sense_index 1 is the best.

But careful: the answer must be a JSON object with "sense_index" and the number. The candidate senses are numbered 1 through 5. So output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: make
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to <t>make</t> simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are asked to perform WSD on the target word "make" in the given context. The context: "kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to <t>make</t> simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs." So "make" here means to perform or carry out operations. Among the senses, sense 16 is "perform or carry out" with examples like "make a decision; make a move". That seems appropriate. Also sense 3 is "make or cause to be or to become" but that seems less fitting. Sense 6 is "create or manufacture a man-made product" but operations are not products. Sense 16 is specifically about performing an action. So likely sense 16. We need to output the index. The senses are numbered 1-49. Sense 16 corresponds to "make%2:36:12::". So answer should be {"sense_index": 16}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make <t>simple</t> MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the context: "kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra."

The target word is "simple" modifying "MathML operations". The operations are arithmetic and logical, which are basic or fundamental. The sentence says "simple MathML operations" meaning operations that are not complex, easy to perform. Among the senses, sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" fits well. Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated" also fits, but note that sense 2 includes synonyms like elementary, uncomplicated. Both are similar. However, sense 1 is specifically about having few parts, not complex. The operations are basic, so both could apply. But sense 2 is an adjective satellite of easy, and the examples include "an elementary problem". Since the context mentions "mathematical calculator" and "arithmetic and logical", these are elementary operations. But sense 1 is also appropriate. We need to choose the best single index.

Let's examine the candidate indexes: 1 through 7. We can rule out 4,5,6,7 as not fitting. 3 (bare, mere) might be possible but "simple operations" here means not complicated, not "mere". So between 1 and 2. I think sense 1 is the primary sense for "simple" meaning not complex. Sense 2 is a satellite for "easy". In WordNet, sense 1 is the first sense for the adjective "simple" meaning not complex. Given the context, "simple MathML operations" implies operations that are basic, not requiring complexity. That aligns with sense 1. Also, sense 2 is specifically an adjective satellite of "easy", and while the operations are easy, the word "simple" here is more about the operations themselves being uncomplicated. I'll go with sense 1.

Thus the answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: operation
Target surface form: operations
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML <t>operations</t> (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=operation%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being in effect or being operative | examples=that rule is no longer in operation
2. sense_key=operation%1:04:06:: | definition=a business especially one run on a large scale | examples=a large-scale farming operation; a multinational operation
3. sense_key=operation%1:04:03:: | definition=a planned activity involving many people performing various actions | examples=they organized a rescue operation; the biggest police operation in French history
4. sense_key=operation%1:22:00:: | definition=(computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction) | examples=it can perform millions of operations per second
5. sense_key=operation%1:04:02:: | definition=activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign) | synonyms=military operation | examples=it was a joint operation of the navy and air force
6. sense_key=operation%1:04:00:: | definition=a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body | synonyms=surgery, surgical operation, surgical procedure, surgical process | examples=they will schedule the operation as soon as an operating room is available; he died while undergoing surgery
7. sense_key=operation%1:04:05:: | definition=a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work | synonyms=procedure | examples=the operations in building a house; certain machine tool operations
8. sense_key=operation%1:22:01:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=functioning, performance | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds
9. sense_key=operation%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents | synonyms=process, cognitive process, mental process, cognitive operation | examples=the process of thinking; the cognitive operation of remembering
10. sense_key=operation%1:04:01:: | definition=(mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods | synonyms=mathematical process, mathematical operation | examples=the problems at the end of the chapter demonstrated the mathematical processes involved in the derivation; they were learning the basic operations of arithmetic
11. sense_key=operation%1:04:07:: | definition=the activity of operating something (a machine or business etc.) | examples=her smooth operation of the vehicle gave us a surprisingly comfortable ride

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "operation" in the context of "kalgebra is a mathematical calculator... simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical)". The context clearly refers to arithmetic and logical operations in a mathematical/computer science context. Among the candidate senses, sense 10 is "(mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods" with synonym "mathematical process, mathematical operation". Also sense 4 is "(computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction)". The context says "simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical)" which are mathematical operations, but also note that MathML is a markup language for mathematics, and the operations are performed by a calculator. The context is more about mathematical operations (like addition, subtraction) rather than computer instructions per se. Sense 10 specifically mentions "the basic operations of arithmetic" in its example. That matches "arithmetic and logical" operations. Also note that the context says "mathematical calculator", so sense 10 is appropriate. Therefore the best sense is index 10.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: 3d
Target surface form: 3D
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and <t>3D</t> graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=3-d%1:10:00:: | definition=a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance | synonyms=three-D
2. sense_key=3-d%1:09:00:: | definition=having a three-dimensional form or appearance | synonyms=three-D | examples=aren't dreams always in 3-D?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
We are given the target word "3D" in the context: "to representate 2D and <t>3D</t> graphs." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=3-d%1:10:00:: | definition="a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance" | synonyms=three-D
2. sense_key=3-d%1:09:00:: | definition="having a three-dimensional form or appearance" | synonyms=three-D | examples="aren't dreams always in 3-D?"

The context mentions "2D and 3D graphs" - graphs are typically visual representations. The word "graphs" here suggests it's about graphical representations, not movies. The first sense is specifically about a movie with 3D images. The second sense is about having a three-dimensional form or appearance. The example "aren't dreams always in 3-D?" also indicates a general sense of three-dimensionality. In the context of "representate 2D and 3D graphs", "3D" refers to three-dimensional graphs, which is a type of representation. So the second sense is more appropriate: "having a three-dimensional form or appearance". Therefore, the best sense is sense_index 2. But note: the senses are numbered 1 and 2. The output should be {"sense_index": 2}. However, we need to double-check: the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." but we are to return JSON with sense_index. The candidate senses are listed with indices 1 and 2. So answer is 2.{"sense_index": 2}

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: 3d
Target surface form: 3D
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and <t>3D</t> graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=3-d%1:10:00:: | definition=a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance | synonyms=three-D
2. sense_key=3-d%1:09:00:: | definition=having a three-dimensional form or appearance | synonyms=three-D | examples=aren't dreams always in 3-D?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
We are given the target word "3D" in the context: "to representate 2D and <t>3D</t> graphs." The candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=3-d%1:10:00:: | definition="a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance" | synonyms=three-D
2. sense_key=3-d%1:09:00:: | definition="having a three-dimensional form or appearance" | synonyms=three-D | examples="aren't dreams always in 3-D?"

The context mentions "2D and 3D graphs" - graphs are typically visual representations. The word "graphs" here suggests it's about graphical representations, not movies. The first sense is specifically about a movie with 3D images. The second sense is about having a three-dimensional form or appearance. The example "aren't dreams always in 3-D?" also indicates a general sense of three-dimensionality. In the context of "representate 2D and 3D graphs", "3D" refers to three-dimensional graphs, which is a type of representation. So the second sense is more appropriate: "having a three-dimensional form or appearance". Therefore, the best sense is sense_index 2. But note: the senses are numbered 1 and 2. The output should be {"sense_index": 2}. However, we need to double-check: the instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." but we are to return JSON with sense_index. The candidate senses are listed with indices 1 and 2. So answer is 2.{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
We need to interpret the instruction. The user says "Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2." So the correct sense index must be either 1 or 2. My previous answer was 2, but the user says it was invalid. Let me re-evaluate.

The target word is "3D" in "representate 2D and <t>3D</t> graphs." The candidate senses:

1. "a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance" (sense key: 3-d%1:10:00::) - this is a noun sense: a movie.
2. "having a three-dimensional form or appearance" (sense key: 3-d%1:09:00::) - this is an adjective sense: describing something.

In the context, "3D graphs" - graphs are being described as 3D, so it's an adjective usage. Sense 2 is the adjective sense ("having a three-dimensional form or appearance"). Sense 1 is a noun ("a movie"). So clearly sense 2 is correct.

But the user says my previous answer was invalid. Maybe the user expects sense 1? That seems wrong. Perhaps the user misread? Or maybe the user wants me to output the sense index as a number, but I wrote 2, so why invalid? Possibly because I didn't follow the exact JSON format or I included extra text? The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." My previous answer had {"sense_index": 2} with no extra text. But the user says invalid. Could it be that the sense indices are actually 1-indexed and I should choose between 1 and 2? I did choose 2. That is within range.

Alternatively, maybe there is a mistake: the candidate senses are listed as 1 and 2, but perhaps the first sense (3-d%1:10:00::) is actually the adjective? No, the definition clearly says "a movie" so it's noun. The second sense says "having a three-dimensional form or appearance" which is adjective. So for "3D graphs", it's adjective.

Given the user's feedback, I need to reconsider. Possibly the context says "representate 2D and 3D graphs." Perhaps "3D" is being used as a noun here? That is, "2D and 3D" might be nouns referring to types of graphs? But "2D and 3D graphs" is a noun phrase where "2D" and "3D" are modifiers (adjectives). So it's adjectival.

Maybe the issue is that the target lemma is "3d" and surface form "3D". WordNet might have different ordering. But the candidate senses are given. I think my reasoning is correct.

However, the user explicitly says "Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2." That strongly suggests that the correct answer is not 2? Or that I missed something. Let me read the context again: "kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and <t>3D</t> graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra."

"representate" is a typo for "represent". So it says "represent 2D and 3D graphs." This means graphs that are 2D and graphs that are 3D. So "3D" is describing the graph, so it is an adjective. Therefore sense 2.

I suspect the user might be testing if I stick to my reasoning. Perhaps the previous answer was invalid because I didn't output just the JSON? I did output just the JSON in my previous turn? Let's check: My previous turn (the one the user is responding to) I wrote: "{"sense_index": 2}" No extra text. That should be valid.

But the user says "Your previous answer was invalid." So maybe the system flagged something? Or the user wants me to output 1? I'll re-read the instruction: "Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2." That is exactly what I did. I'm confused.

Perhaps the candidate senses are numbered but the first sense (sense key 3-d%1:10:00::) is actually the one that fits? No, it says "a movie". Graphs are not movies.

Wait, maybe "3D" is being used as a noun in this context? For example, "2D and 3D" could be shorthand for "2D graphs and 3D graphs", but the "3D" is still an adjective. In English, "3D" is often used attributively (as an adjective), e.g., "3D movie", "3D graph". So it's an adjective.

Given the strong evidence, I think sense 2 is correct. The user might have made an error in calling it invalid. But as the assistant, I must comply with the instruction. The instruction now says "Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}." So I will output sense index 2 again, but maybe I should output 1? No, I must be correct.

Alternatively, perhaps the issue is that the sense keys: 3-d%1:10:00:: is for noun, and 3-d%1:09:00:: is for adjective. But in WordNet, the noun sense might also be used for "three-dimensional" as a noun? Unclear.

Let's look at the example for sense 2: "aren't dreams always in 3-D?" That uses "3-D" as a noun (in 3-D). So sense 2 can be used as a noun? The definition is "having a three-dimensional form or appearance" which is typically adjective, but the example uses it as a noun phrase "in 3-D". In WordNet, sometimes adjectives are also used as nouns? The sense key 3-d%1:09:00:: likely is for the noun or adjective? The 1:09:00:: part: 1 is noun, 09 is the lexicographer file? Actually, WordNet sense keys: the first part is the lemma, then %, then a single digit for part of speech: 1=noun, 2=verb, 3=adjective, 4=adverb, 5=adjective satellite. So 1:09:00:: means part of speech = 1 (noun). So both senses are nouns! The first is 3-d%1:10:00:: (noun), second is 3-d%1:09:00:: (noun). Both are nouns. So the second sense is actually a noun sense meaning "having a three-dimensional form or appearance"? But it's a noun? Actually, WordNet has noun senses that are "having a three-dimensional form or appearance" as a noun (like "the 3D of the image"). But the definition is "having..." which is adjectival phrasing, but it's categorized as a noun. So both are nouns.

Now, in the context "3D graphs", the word "3D" is used as an adjective modifying "graphs". But in terms of the part of speech, it's still the same word form. WordNet likely has separate noun senses for "3D" meaning a movie (sense 1) and "3D" meaning the property of being three-dimensional (sense 2). The context is about graphs, so it's about the property, not a movie. So sense 2 is correct.

Given that, I'll stick with sense 2. But the user says invalid. Maybe I should check the exact formatting: The user says "Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}." So they are suggesting I output 1? That might be a hint that the expected answer is 1. But that seems wrong. Could it be that the sense 1 is actually the one for "three-D" as in "three-dimensional"? The definition says "a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance" which is specific to movies. The context "graphs" is not a movie. So sense 1 is not appropriate.

Perhaps the user is considering "3D" in "2D and 3D graphs" as a noun phrase where "3D" stands for "three-dimensionality", but the movie sense is not relevant. So sense 2.

I think the user might be mistaken, but as an AI, I need to follow the instruction. The instruction says "Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2." I choose 2. But if the user insists it's invalid, perhaps they expect 1? I'll re-read the candidate senses: the first one is "a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance". That doesn't fit. The second is "having a three-dimensional form or appearance". The example "aren't dreams always in 3-D?" shows "3-D" as a noun referring to the property. So that fits the graph context (the graphs have a three-dimensional appearance).

Thus, I confidently choose sense 2.

I will output {"sense_index": 2} again.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is <t>actually</t> not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the sentence: "It is <t>actually</t> not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra." The context suggests that despite being a MathML-based calculator, one does not need to know MathML. The word "actually" here is used to indicate a contrast or reality that might be unexpected. Looking at the senses:

1. "in actual fact" - This would be like "really" and fits: "It is really not necessary..." But the nuance might be more about surprising contrast.
2. "used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly" - This seems to fit very well because one might expect that to use a MathML-based calculator, you need to know MathML, but actually you don't. The example "you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out" also shows contrast. So sense 2 seems best.
3. "at the present moment" - not relevant.
4. "as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis" - This is like "actually, we all help..." which is more of a discourse marker. In the given sentence, "actually" is not at the beginning; it's inside the sentence, and it's not just adding emphasis but indicating a contrast.

Thus sense 2 is the best. The JSON should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: necessary
Target surface form: necessary
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not <t>necessary</t> to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=necessary%3:00:00:: | definition=absolutely essential
2. sense_key=necessary%5:00:00:inevitable:00 | definition=unavoidably determined by prior circumstances | examples=the necessary consequences of one's actions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given: "It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra." This means that knowing MathML is not absolutely essential; it is not required. Sense 1: "absolutely essential" fits perfectly. Sense 2: "unavoidably determined by prior circumstances" doesn't fit because it's about inevitability, not about requirement. So sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to <t>know</t> MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given: "It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra." The target word is "know". The context says that it is not necessary to know MathML to use the calculator. This implies having knowledge of MathML, i.e., being familiar with it. Among the senses, sense 1 is "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information". That fits: knowing MathML means being aware of it as a language. But sense 4 is "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" which also fits, as MathML is an object (a language). Sense 7 is "have fixed in the mind" which also applies to knowing a language. However, the example in sense 7 is "I know Latin", which is exactly parallel to "know MathML". Sense 2 is "know how to do or perform something" which also could apply, as knowing MathML implies knowing how to use it. But the context says "not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra", meaning you don't need to be knowledgeable about MathML to use the calculator. Which sense is most precise? The sentence says "know MathML", not "know how to use MathML" explicitly. But MathML is a markup language, so knowing it typically means being familiar with its syntax and usage. Sense 7: "have fixed in the mind" with example "I know Latin" is a good match because it's about knowing a language. Sense 1 is more about knowing facts, while sense 4 is about being familiar with a person or object. Sense 2 is about knowing how to do something, which could also work. However, the example for sense 2 is "know how to knit", which is a skill, whereas "know MathML" is more like knowing a language. Sense 1 examples: "I know that the President lied" - that's a fact. Sense 4: "She doesn't know this composer" - that's acquaintance. I think sense 7 is the best fit because it explicitly mentions having fixed in the mind and gives the example of knowing Latin. Also, WordNet sense for "know a language" is typically sense 7. So I'll choose sense 7.

Thus, JSON: {"sense_index": 7}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to <t>use</t> kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "use" in the sentence: "It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra." The context is about using a software application. The candidate senses: 1. put into service, employ; 2. consume regularly; 3. use up; 4. seek advantage; 5. avail oneself to (apply); 6. habitual past. The most fitting is sense 1: put into service, make work or employ for a purpose. The user is employing kalgebra as a tool. So sense_index 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator. Although it was initially MathML oriented it can <t>now</t> be used by everyone with little mathematical knowledge. Here's a screenshot of kalgebra main window

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We are given the target lemma "now" in the context: "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can <t>now</t> be used by everyone with little mathematical knowledge." The word "now" here refers to the present time, in contrast to "initially". It indicates that currently, at the present moment, it can be used by everyone. This matches sense 4: "at the present moment" with synonyms "at present". Sense 2 ("nowadays") also fits, but sense 4 is more precise. Sense 2 is "in these times", which is similar, but sense 4 is specifically "at the present moment". The context emphasizes the change from the past to the present. So the best sense is sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: used
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator. Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be <t>used</t> by everyone with little mathematical knowledge. Here's a screenshot of kalgebra main window

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
We are given the target lemma "use" with surface form "used". The context is about kalgebra, a math calculator. The sentence: "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be <t>used</t> by everyone with little mathematical knowledge." Here, "used" means to be employed or put into service. It does not mean consuming, habituating, expending, or seeking advantage. It's simply that everyone can use (employ) kalgebra. This matches sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose". The example "use your head!" aligns with employing something. Also, the synonym "utilize" fits. So sense_index 1.

Thus output should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: little
Target surface form: little
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator. Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used by everyone with <t>little</t> mathematical knowledge. Here's a screenshot of kalgebra main window

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=little%3:00:01:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=small | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=little%3:00:03:: | definition=(quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with `a') at least some | synonyms=slight | examples=little rain fell in May; gave it little thought
3. sense_key=little%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=small | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=little%5:00:00:unimportant:00 | definition=(informal) small and of little importance | synonyms=fiddling, footling, lilliputian, niggling, piddling, piffling | examples=a fiddling sum of money; a footling gesture
5. sense_key=little%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=small | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
6. sense_key=little%3:00:00:: | definition=low in stature; not tall | synonyms=short | examples=he was short and stocky; short in stature
7. sense_key=little%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=minuscule, small | examples=little a; small a
8. sense_key=little%5:00:00:emotional:00 | definition=small in a way that arouses feelings (of tenderness or its opposite depending on the context) | examples=a nice little job; bless your little heart

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: We need to choose the best sense for "little" in the context: "it can now be used by everyone with little mathematical knowledge." The phrase "little mathematical knowledge" means a small amount of mathematical knowledge. This matches sense 2: "(quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with `a') at least some" with example "gave it little thought". Here "little" is used without an article, indicating a small quantity. Sense 1 is about magnitude or extent, but that sense includes examples like "a little dining room" (size). Sense 2 specifically deals with quantity or degree, and the context is about knowledge (mass noun). So sense 2 is the best. Therefore, answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.